International Conference Women in Science & Technology : Creating Sustainable Career (ICWSTCSC-2016)
Editorial Board ICWSTCSC-2016
Prof. Pratapsinh K Desai Dr. Alaa Abd – El – Aziz President, ISTE President & Vice Chancellor University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Prof. Vijai Vaidya Dr. J. D. Patel, Executive Secretary, ISTE Hon. I/C Secretary, CVM
Dr. K. Lal Kishore Dr. M. N. Patel Vice Chancellor, JNTU, Anantapur Vice Chancellor, Gujarat University, Gujarat Dr. K. P. Isaac Vice Chancellor, Kerala Technological Dr. B. G .Patel University Provost, CHARUSAT, Gujarat
Dr. Mahesh Appa Dr. Renu Bapna Vice Chancellor, VTU, Belgaum Joint Secretary, Group IV, Higher Education Department, Govt Secretariat, Govt of Shri Rakesh Kumar Verma, IAS Rajasthan, Jaipur, India Vice Chancellor PTU, Jalandhar Dr. Jyoti Sharma Principal Scientific Officer, KIRAN & Science Prof. Prabir Bagchi for Equity Empowerment and Development Vice Chancellor (SEED) Division, Government of India, India SRM University, Tamil Nadu Lubimova Ekaterina Prof. (Dr.) G. D. Yadav Head of Institute of International Education, Vice Chancellor Ural Federal University, Russia University Dept. of Chemical Technology, Mumbai Dr. (Prof.) Kiran Saxena Head, NITTTR, Bhopal National Institute of Prof. Pradeep Kumar Technical Teachers’ Training & Research, Vice Chancellor Bhopal, India DTU, Delhi Dr. Rita Goyal Dr. Hans J Hoyer Senior Consultant (Academic), NPIU, India Secretary General, IFEES Dr. Rajul Gajjar Prof. (Dr.) rer. Nat. Norbert Gruenwald. Director, GTU Director Robert – Schmidt – Institute Principal, VGEC, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad, Hochschale Wismar Gujarat
Dr. F. S. Umrigar, Prof. R. Hariharan Principal, BVM Engineering College Projects Coordinator, ISTE
International Conference Women in Science & Technology : Creating Sustainable Career (ICWSTCSC-2016)
THEME INDEX
Women and Entrepreneurship Sr. Paper ID Title Page No. No. 1. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_011 Women entrepreneurship development, constrains and problems of women entrepreneurs in India 1 Dr. C. K. Patel , Shri P.K. Desai 2. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_013 Women entrepreneurship development in India 11 Foram L Yagnik 3. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_023 Women entrepreneurship in India-challenges & 17 prospects
Ms. Shivalika Vipul Patel 4. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_030 Is entrepreneurship a gender blind (part II) 25 Jignesh N. Vidani 5. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_090 Pioneer information sources for women entrepreneurship 34 Ms Mayuri Patel , Dr. Chandrakant K. Patel 6. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_107 Women entrepreneur and challenges 44 Prof. Parvatiben K. Kachchhi 7. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_115 Investment climate and doing business report’s reforms and its impact on women entrepreneurship 51 Dr. Manisha Barad 8. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_132 Problems of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing units 61 Dr. Veena S. Samani , Nita M. Khant 9. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_133 Women entrepreneurship in Gujarat 69 Ms. Joe Mary George ,
Dr. Sanjay R Ajmeri 10. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_138 The women entrepreneurs in India: A swot analysis 78 Dr. Jui Shah 11. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_140 Women entrepreneurship: change is not always a process of improvement; sometimes it's a process of 89 invention. Shital D. Bhatt, Sunayana G. Domadia 12. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_153 Women entrepreneurship: a positive change to uplift the society 96 Ms. Priyanka D. Israni, Dr. Maulika Patel 13. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_181 Women entrepreneurship: Issues that affect and get 102 affected International Conference Women in Science & Technology : Creating Sustainable Career (ICWSTCSC-2016)
THEME INDEX
Women and Entrepreneurship Kinjal Rathod 14. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_182 Role of women in SSIs- A look into small scale sector of Gujarat 109 Jignesh K. Barot, Dr. Vijay S. Jariwala 15. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_187 A Review On Revolutionary Changes In Women As 117 Entrepreneur In India
Fenny J. Narsingani, Shweta Y. Prajapati 16. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_195 Women entrepreneurs in India 124 Prof. Pankajkumar J. Vaghela 17. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_210 Women entrepreneurship in India 130 Sneha Shukla, Tejal Tandel, Nikunj Shingala 18. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_213 Microfinance – a magical panacea for women empowerment 136 Daiya Ajaykumar A, Daiya Vishwa A 19. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_225 Women for sustainable engineering: In engineering education and entrepreneurship in Canada and India 141 Amy Hsiao 20. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_241 Plant tissue culture: A entrepreneurial opportunities for women in horticulture 147 Dr. Vimlesh K Patel, Miss. Swati Ganvit , Dr. Vaishali B. Patel 21. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_257 Women entrepreneurship- opportunities and challenges 153 Dr. Namita S.Sathe, Dr. kalaplata Dimri Mrs. Krupali.H.Shah, Ms komal Jani 22. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_295 Women entrepreneurship in India: present status, challenges, and recommendations 159
Sarita R. Visavalia, Narendra C. Chauhan 23. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_306 Concerns for ”women entrepreneurs, the jill of all 166 trades”
Amruta Varu, Kinjal Patel 24. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_312 Woman entrepreneurship in India: opportunities and challenges 173
Dr. Manisha Bhatt, Jayshree Mandaviya 25. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_321 Women and Entrepreneurship 178 Prof. Vandana Pandya, Prof. Renisha Mistry International Conference Women in Science & Technology : Creating Sustainable Career (ICWSTCSC-2016)
THEME INDEX
Women and Entrepreneurship 26. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_340 Women empowerment as an entrepreneur through the use of tattoo motifs in designing a dress 185 Dr. Maneesha Thakur, Dr. Neelam Agarwal 27. ICWSTCSC2016_Paper_359 Role of women entrepreneurship in rural 192 development
Rameshbhai M. Chauhan
WOMEN ENTERPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRAINS & PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA Dr. C. K. Patel*, Shri P.K. Desai† *†Shri S.G.Patel Arts & Commerce College,Nizar-Tapi, Gujarat-India
Abstract
The entrepreneur is one of the important segments of economic growth. Entrepreneurial development is recognized as the most essential and important tool for economic development and human welfare. “Entrepreneur is a person who discovers new idea and business opportunities, brings together funds to establish a business, organizes and manages its operations in order to provide economic goods and services, for the public. Entrepreneurs have strong convictions, self-motivations, the will to grow and prosper tremendously and also the courage to go bankrupt if they fail in their venture. Women Entrepreneur may be defined as a woman or group of woman who initiate, organize and run business enterprise. Ambitious, Enthusiastic, hard work, patience, motivator, skillful, adventurous, conscious, educated intelligent etc. are qualities of woman Entrepreneur. Women must be the part of the economic development because it will ensure the economic and social development of the women along with providing more human resources to strengthen economy of the country. The economic status of women is now accepted as an indication of society’s stage of development. Woman gain recognition, importance and secure status, build her confidence and economic independence due to entrepreneurship. Women gain better freedom and develop their ability to run business. When women move forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves, but our past women were in 3 ks: kitchen, kids and knitting. Government should start special entrepreneurship programme and adequate infrastructure support, procedure of getting finance should be simplify, linkages between product, services and sales centers for women. We can say that women comprise around half of the human population. But Indian society is still male – dominated and women are not treated as equal partner, either inside or outsides the four walls of the house. But now days situation are change, govt. take various initiatives to promote women entrepreneur.
Keyword Woman Entrepreneur, Economic Development, Decision Making, Entrepreneurial Development ______Introduction
The words entrepreneur, entrepreneur and entrepreneurship acquired special significance in the context of economic growth in a rapidly changing socio-economic and socio-cultural climates. The entrepreneur is one of the important segments of economic growth. His role in economic development varies from economy to economy,
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country to country, depending upon its material resources, industrial climate and more importantly, the responsiveness of the political system to the growth of entrepreneurs. Basically, he is a person who is responsible for setting up a business or an enterprise. In fact, he is one who has the initiatives, skill for innovation and who looks for high achievement. Entrepreneurship, the de fact barometer of overall economic, social and industrial growth has brought revolutionary changes in the society. It has facilitated large scale production and distribution. It has widened the area and scope of the marketing of goods and services. It is a creative and innovative response to the environment. Entrepreneurial development is recognized as the most essential and important tool for economic development and human welfare.
Background
Today, entrepreneurial development has gaining increasing significance in developing economy also. Entrepreneurial development along with management has come to be recognized globally as the key to rapid and suitable economic development as well as the welfare and progress of mankind. Entrepreneurship is a core sector, which can be developed in a great way. With various technological and management institutes in India, it is not hard task to develop entrepreneurs. With the growing emphasis on the role of medium and small scale enterprises in view of their contributions to employment generation, capital creation, industrial development, diversification in products, product lines, raising standard of living, regional development and economic growth, the entrepreneurship development movement in India received significant attention.
An entrepreneur is someone who is risk taker and ready to face challenges. The entrepreneur is one of the critical inputs in the economic development of a country or of regions within the country. Entrepreneur is the key person, who envisages new opportunities, new techniques, new lines of production, new products and co-ordinates all other activities. According to J. Schumpeter, women who innovate initiate or adopt business activity are called women Entrepreneur. Ruhani J. Alice described the concept of women entrepreneurship is based on women participation in equity and employment of business enterprise. Women Entrepreneur may be defined as a woman or group of woman who initiate, organize and run business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as owning and controlling an enterprise with a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the entrepreneur to women. In India, women constitute around 48% of total population but their participation in the economic activities only around 32% as per Human development report. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. Women owned business are highly increasing in the economies of almost countries. They are working as a designers, dairy development, contractors, interior decorators, garment manufacturers, exporters, publishers and still new areas of economic participation.
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Qualities of Women Entrepreneurs
Following leadership qualities are essential for women entrepreneurs.
1 Positive Thinking 9 Well Educated
Hard Working 2 10 English efficiency and Computer ability
3 Accept the Challenges 11 Intelligent
4 Ambitious 12 Conscious
5 Imaginative 13 Ability and desire to take risk
Profit Earning Capacity Patience 6 14
7 Keenness to learn new ideas 15 Skillful
8 Adventurous
Why Women Become Entrepreneur?
Following factors affecting to become women entrepreneur
Pull Factors
1. Liking for business 2. To utilize their free time and education 3. To Build confidence 4. To get economic independence 5. To develop risk taking ability 6. To gain recognition, importance and social status 7. Desire to do something new 8. To gain greater freedom 9. Need & Perception of women’s liberation, equity etc.
Push Factors
1. Sudden fall in family income 2. Death of earning member Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 3 | Page
3. Permanent inadequate income of family Other Factors
1. Freedom from Male Dominated business Today, traditionally male-dominated areas, like technology, are opening up more and more to women. We can see a female CEO in certain industries. Women entrepreneurs are becoming commanding position today. As a business owner, women entrepreneurs are empowered to create more jobs and empower more women. In the earlier years, women were in limited to 3Ks (1) Kitchen (2) Kids and (3) Knitting, then came in 3 Ps (1) Powder (2) Papad (3) Pickles. At present, women entered in 4 Es (1) Electricity (2) Electronics (3) Energy and (4) Engineering., 2. Freedom To Work And Live On Your Own Terms If you want to make a successful career with an equally successful home and family life, becoming an entrepreneur is the way to make it happen. These kinds of dream become true in her life. When they start their own business they will enjoy having the liberty to make it happen on your own terms. 3. Unlimited Earning Potential There is unlimited income potential to women entrepreneurs, when they are running their own company. With some creativity, hard work and determination, they can go from six figures to seven figures and beyond. Millionaires are being made every day in business. 4. The Opportunity to Build Something It is a great pleasure to know that women entrepreneur are creating and building something. There is a sense of pride that women entrepreneur get as a business owner that they don’t get anywhere else. Women entrepreneurship has no boundaries. No matter what your background, education or experience level, you can succeed as a business owner with the right formula. 5. Little Investment and Start Entrepreneur Women can start her own business with a little and became her own boss and nobody’s holding on her. It's a great way to get financial backing for business, yet you retain 100 percent ownership. 6. Multiple Streams of Income The women entrepreneurs have opportunities are endless and more than one income stream. They can expand their business by generating additional streams of income through brand endorsements, fashion blogging, coaching and consulting with other up-and-coming entrepreneurs. 7. People are looking for something new Fat ions are always changing, hence, service or products should be suitable to with the requirement. Women entrepreneur can get an advantage to being new services and in the business. Many women entrepreneurs are looking for new partnerships that offer greater value. This doesn't mean you have to sale your product in the lowest
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prices. It's about being able to provide the most value and more efficiency or innovation in your delivery. If Women entrepreneur can do this, she will consistently beat her competition and solidify herself. Constrains & Problems of Women Entrepreneurs
Women entrepreneur have a much wider areas of interaction. They get the opportunity to meet different kind of people. Women entrepreneur are facing various problems.
1. Socio – Cultural Barriers The society plays an important role in entrepreneurial venture and success. Domestic and personal obligations of women are great hurdle in their business carrier. A few women are capable to manage both domestic and business responsibility effectively.
2. Lack of Encouragement in Decision Making Generally, Women are not given encouragement in decision making process of business. Women entrepreneur should be given equal access to and full participation in decision making bodies at every level, including the legislative, executive, judicial, corporate, statutory bodies, as also the advisory Commissions, Committees, Boards, and Trusts etc. Affirmative action such as reservations/quotas, including in higher legislative bodies, will be considered whenever necessary on a time bound basis. Women–friendly personnel policies will also be drawn up to encourage women to participate effectively in the developmental process. Women’s equality in power sharing and active participation in decision making, including decision making in political process at all levels will be ensured for the achievement of the goals of empowerment. 3. Lack of Confidence Women entrepreneur have lack of confidence in strength and competent. The society does not encourage their entrepreneurial growth, but the situation has changed among the Indian women. Now, we can see the increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship. 4. Marketing Challenges Women entrepreneur have to face severe competition from organized industries. Due to stiff competition in the market and lack of mobility of women, women entrepreneurs are facing marketing challenges. The challenges are in the form of competition from cheaper and substitute product, delayed payment and liberal credit terms. Women entrepreneurs neither have knowledge nor access to proper market, thus they sell their product through the middle man. Women entrepreneur find it difficult to capture the market and make their product popular. They are unaware of the changing trend of market. They should make best use of multimedia and internet.
5. Risk Management Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 5 | Page
One prerequisites of the entrepreneurial success is risk taking. It is normally believe that women being feminist gender have low risk taking ability. They are being suppressed by the protected environment and are not allowed most of the time to take any type of risk even if she is willing or she has the ability to bear.
6. Motivation Factors Family support, Government policies, financial Assistance from public and private sectors and appropriate business environment are needed to establish business units. Self-motivation and risk taking attitude is necessary to promote Women entrepreneurs. 7. Mobility Constrains Indian society is a conservative society, hence, women have got restricted mobility and the career of women was limited to four walls of kitchen. But now, women have got more freedom in terms of entrepreneurial activity Mobility problem will be solved to certain extent by the expansion of education awareness to women.
8. Low Knowledge of business Administration It is normally believed that women have low of Knowledge of business Administration. Women must be educated and trained in managerial skill. It can help the women in taking managerial decision and good business network. But now, situation has changed, most of the toppers are from female students in India. In fact, women became stronger in decision making, more logic based skills and handling frustration. The increasing number of female students and their excellent performance in management education is a proof to the fact. Qualified and technically sound women should be encouraged for managing their business rather than depend on wage employment outlets.
9. Dual Role Women entrepreneurs have to perform dual responsibility, one at work and another as family as mother of wife. Women are not available to spend enough time with their families; hence they have to face the conflict... They spend long hours in business and as a result, they find it difficult to meet the requirement and demands of their family members and society as well. Their inability to attend to domestic work, time for education of children, personal hobbies, and entertainment are creating family conflict. 10. Awareness About The Financial Assistance There is lack of awareness in women entrepreneur about the government incentives, loans, schemes provided by the financial institutions. Sincere efforts should be taken towards women entrepreneurs to reach in the rural and backward areas. Finance is essential for venture creation. Women entrepreneurs would have adequate knowledge and information of the various financial institutions.
11. The training programs and Entrepreneurial Aptitude Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 6 | Page
Training programmes and workshops for all kind of entrepreneur are necessary for entrepreneurship skill development. Many women take the training by attending the Entrepreneurship Development Programmes without entrepreneurial bent of mind. Women are offered training by the various social and welfare associations and institutes. Such programmes are more useful for new comers in entrepreneurship.
12. Credit Facilities Credit facility is not easily available to women entrepreneurs Bankers often denied credit facility on the ground of lack of collateral security. Therefore, women's access to risk capital is limited. Women entrepreneurs do not know the complicated procedure of bank loans & financial assistance. Abnormal delay in obtaining the loans create problem to women entrepreneurs. At the same time, a good deal of self-employment program has been promoted by the govt. and commercial banks.
13. Raw-Materials Women entrepreneurs face the problems of shortage of raw-materials. The failure of many women co-operations due to shortage of raw-materials have noted in the past. For example, Women entrepreneurs who engaged in basket making have to depend upon forest policy. They cannot get enough because of the inadequate availability of forest-based raw materials.
14. High Cost Of Production Women entrepreneurs face the problems of high cost of production of the product. Women entrepreneurs are also face the problems of labour, human resources, infrastructure, legal formalities, overload of work, lack of family support, mistrust etc. Government assistance in the form of grant and subsidies to some extent enables them to tide over the difficult situations. But, in the long run, it is advisable to increase efficiency and expand productive capacity and thereby reduce cost to make their product to survive in the market.
15. Other Factors • Cultural practices, tradition, religious interpretations of women's status • Violence: women are the predominant victims of conflict, sexual violence, injury, death, intimidation and human trafficking • Lack of safe work conditions • Women's lack of knowledge about rights and laws (economic, social, political, religious) • Lack of adequate representation in decision-making positions and governance structures • Lack of adequate access to education, training and technology
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Steps Taken by Indian Government to Support Women Entrepreneurs
Following steps are taken by the Indian Government to support women entrepreneurs. These are as under.
1. Mahila Vikas Nidhi 2. District Industries Centre 3. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh 4. Training programmes 5. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 6. Khadi And Village Industries Commission (KVIC) 7. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) 8. Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) 9. Entrepreneurial Development programme (EDPs) 10. Management Development programmes 11. Women’s Development Corporations (WDCs) 12. Marketing of Non-Farm Products of Rural Women (MAHIMA) 13. Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development (ARWIND) schemes 14. Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) 15. Mahila Samiti Yojana 16. Working Women’s Forum 17. Indira Mahila Kendra 18. Micro Credit Scheme 19. SBI Stree Shakti Scheme 20. SIDBI Mahila Udyam Nidhi 21. NGO„s Credit Schemes 22. Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programmes (MSE-CDP). 23. Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana (RGMVP) 24. Priyadarshini Project-A programme for Rural Women Empowerment and Livelihood in Mid Gangetic Plains 25. National Banks for Agriculture and Rural Development’s Schemes 26. NABARD – SEWA bank Project. 27. Exhibitions for women, under promotional package for Micro & Small enterprises approved by CCEA under marketing support Suggestions to improve women entrepreneurs
1. Procedure of getting finance should be simple and easy 2. To set up Special economic zone for women entrepreneurs in the district 3. To establish women entrepreneurs park at each district. 4. To initiate a state/national/international network of women entrepreneurs. 5. Effective Propagation of Programmes and Yojana 6. Technical assistance in price fixation. 7. Regular training on MDP’s and EDP’s for women entrepreneurs. 8. Training on soft skills and technical skills are also needed.
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9. Encouragement to technical and professional education 10. Linkage between Product, Services and markets 11. Government to take steps for the women entrepreneurs of OBC’s to set ventures through Banks. 12. Government support to market the products globally and locally. 13. Banks should not fix any education limitations for availing loan. 14. Compulsory membership in professional organization to get technical and market support. 15. Government should organize Regular meet of women entrepreneurs. 16. Government to purchase the products of women entrepreneurs. 17. Consulting Unit for women entrepreneurs should set up by Govt. 18. Guidance cell should set up by Govt. for women entrepreneurs Successful Women Entrepreneurs of India
1. Dr. Kiran Mazumdar (Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon India Ltd.) 2. Ekta Kapoor (Head of Balaji Telefilm) 3. Chanda Kochar ( MD & CEO of ICICI Bank Ltd.) 4. Sunita Narain (Director of Society for Environmental Communications & Publisher) 5. Neelam Dhavan (Microsoft India Managing Director) 6. Naina Lal Kidwani (Head of Operations HSBC( foreign bank in India) 7. Sujata Firodia Motwani (Joint Managing Director of Kinetic Engineering Ltd.) 8. Dr. Jatinder Kaur Arora (Joint Director in Punjab State Council for Science & Technology) 9. Indra Krishnamurthy (Chairman & Executive officer of Pepsico) 10. Shahnaz Husain 11. Indu Jain (Chairman of Times Group) 12. Geet Brar (Proprietor of Music Production studio) Conclusion Women must be the part of the economic development because it will ensure the economic and social development of the women along with providing more human resources to strengthen economy of the country. The economic status of women is now accepted as an indication of society’s stage of development. Woman gain recognition, importance and secure status, build her confidence and economic independence due to entrepreneurship. Women gain better freedom and develop their ability to run business. When women move forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves forward Government should start special entrepreneurship programme and adequate infrastructure support, procedure of getting finance should be simplify, linkages between product, services and sales centers for women. We can say that women comprise around half of the human population. But Indian society is still male – dominated and women are not treated as equal partner, either inside or outsides the
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four walls of the house. But now days situation are change, govt. take various initiatives to promote women entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship among women, no doubt improves the wealth of the nation in general and of the family in particular. Women entrepreneurship must be sound with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges in global markets. Women entrepreneurs would be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial area. Necessary support and encouragement from the Government, Society and family is required to help them to reach new heights in their business ventures. References
1. Indian Journal of Management and social Sciences Research review vol.1 Issue 3, September 2014. 2. Cartol, Berkin and Horowitz,Leslie 1988, Women's Voices, Women's Lives: Documents in Early American History. Boston: Northeaster University Press. 3. Dhameja S K (2002), Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance and Problems, Deep Publisher (P) Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Dublin, Thomas. Farm to Factory: Women's Letters, 1830-1860. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. 4. Dublin, Thomas 1994, and Transforming Women's Work: New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 5. Gordon E. & Natarajan K, (2007) Entrepreneurship Development – Himalaya Publication House, Second Revised edition. 6. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica 7. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki / Female entrepreneur 8. www.womenentrepreneursinindia.com 9. www.articlesbase.com › Business › Entrepreneurship
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
Foram L Yagnik* *S.M. Patel College of Home Science -Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India
Abstract
Women entrepreneurship development is an essential part of human resource development. The development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India, especially in the rural areas. Entrepreneurship amongst women has been a recent concern. Women have become aware of their existence their rights and their work situation. However, women of middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear of social backlash. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban cities. This paper focuses on women entrepreneur. Any understanding of Indian women, of their identity, and especially of their role taking and breaking new paths, will be incomplete without a walk down the corridors of Indian history where women have lived and internalized various role models.
Keyword: Entrepreneurship, Woman Entrepreneur, Social Backlash
______
Introduction
The Indian economy has been witnessing a drastic change since mid -1991, with new policies of economic liberalization, globalization and privatization initiated by the Indian government. India has great entrepreneurial potential. At present, women involvement in economic activities is marked by a low work participation rate, excessive concentration in the unorganized sector and employment in less skilled jobs.
Any strategy aimed at economic development will be lop-sided without involving women who constitute half of the world population. Evidence has unequivocally established that entrepreneurial spirit is not a male prerogative (Rajendran N, 2003). Women entrepreneurship has gained momentum in the last three decades with the increase in the number of women enterprises and their substantive contribution to economic growth. The industrial performance of Asia-Pacific region propelled by Foreign Direct Investment, technological innovations and manufactured exports has brought a wide range of economic and social opportunities to women entrepreneurs (Sharma Sheetal, 2006).
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In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are an important part of the global quest for sustained economic development and social progress. In India, though women have played a key role in the society, their entrepreneurial ability has not been properly tapped due to the lower status of women in the society (Rao Padala Shanmukha, 2007). It is only from the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards that their role has been explicitly recognized with a marked shift in the approach from women welfare to women development and empowerment. The development of women entrepreneurship has become an important aspect of our plan priorities. Several policies and programmes are being implemented for the development of women entrepreneurship in India.
There is a need for changing the mindset towards women so as to give equal rights as enshrined in the constitution. The progress towards gender equality is slow and is partly due to the failure to attach money to policy commitments. In the words of president APJ Abdul Kalam "empowering women is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation."
When a woman is empowered it does not mean that another individual becomes powerless or is having less power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered her competencies towards decision- making will surely influence her family's behavior (Shiralashetti A S and Hugar S S, 2014).
In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of increase in the number of self- employed women after the world war 11. In USA, women own 25% of all business, even though their sales on an average are less than two-fifths of those of other small business (Dhameja S K 2002). In Canada, women own one-third of small business and in France it is one- fifth.
Background
Concept of Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is a person who combines capital and labor for production. According to Cantillion "entrepreneur is the agent who buys means of production at certain prices, in order to sell at prices that are certain at the moment at which he commits himself to his cost". According to P.F Drucker “he is one who always (1) searches for change (2) responds to it (3) exploits it as an opportunity."
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Main Thrust of the Paper
Categories of Women Entrepreneurs:
A woman entrepreneur is a woman who starts and owns and enterprise by investing at least 51% in an enterprise.
1. Women in organized & unorganized sector 2. Women in traditional & modern industries 3. Women in urban & rural areas 4. Women in large scale and small scale industries. 5. Single women and joint venture. Categories of Women Entrepreneurs in Practice in India:
First Category
1. Established in big cities 2. Having higher level technical & professional qualifications 3. Nontraditional Items 4. Sound financial positions Second Category
5. Established in cities and towns 6. Having sufficient education 7. Both traditional and nontraditional items 8. Undertaking women services-kindergarten, crèches, beauty parlors, health clinic etc Third Category
9. Illiterate women 10. Financially week 11. Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc. Supportive Measures for Women’s Economic Activities and Entrepreneurship:
1. Direct & indirect financial support 2. Technological training and awards 3. Federations and associations Direct & Indirect Financial Support:
1. Nationalized banks 2. State finance corporation
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3. State industrial development corporation 4. District industries centers 5. Differential rate schemes 6. Mahila Udyog Nidhi scheme 7. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) 8. State Small Industrial Development Corporations (SSIDCs) Technological Training and Awards:
1. Stree Shakti Package by SBI 2. Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India 3. Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) 4. National Institute of Small Business Extension Training (NSIBET) 5. Women's University of Mumbai
Federations and Associations:
1. National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE) 2. India Council of Women Entrepreneurs, New Delhi 3. Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) 4. Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWEK) 5. World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (WAWE) 6. Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW)
Table No. 1: Women Work Participation in various countries
Country Percentage India (1970-1971) 14.2 India (1980-1981) 19.7 India (1990-1991) 22.3 India (2000-2001) 31.6 India (2002-2012) 35 USA 45 UK 43 Indonesia 40 Sri Lanka 35 Brazil 35
Some Examples of Women Entrepreneurs in India:
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• Mahila Grah Udyog – 7 ladies started in 1959 • Lizzat Pappad, Lakme – Simon Tata • Shipping corporation – Mrs. Sumati Morarji • Herbal Heritage– Ms. Shahnaz Hussain • Balaji films- Ekta Kapoor • Kiran Mazumdar - Bio-technology
Future Trends
Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India:
Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few problems can be detailed as;
1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal – male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women.
2. The financial institutions are skeptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. The bankers consider women loonies as higher risk than men loonies.
3. The women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women entrepreneurs lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few women have the tangible property in hand.
4. Women’s family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to their business" (Starcher,)
5. The business success is depends on the support the family members. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations.
Ways to Develop Women Entrepreneurs
1. Consider women as specific target group for all developmental programmers.
2. Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from government part. Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 15 | Page
3. Adequate training program on management skills to be provided to women community.
4. Encourage women's participation in decision-making.
5. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to understand the production process and production management.
Conclusion
Entrepreneurship among women, no doubt improves the wealth of the nation in general and of the family in particular. Women today are more willing to take up activities that were once considered the preserve of men, and have proved that they are second to no one with respect to contribution to the growth of the economy. Women entrepreneurship must be molded properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges global markets and also be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial arena.
Reference
[1] Dhameja S K (2002), Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, performance, problems, Deep publications (p) Ltd, New Delhi, p 11
[2] Rajendran N (2003), "Problems and prospects of women Entrepreneurs" SEDME, Vol. 30 no.4 Dec.
[3] Rao Padala Shanmukha (2007) "Entrepreneurship Development among Women: A case study of self help Groups in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh" The ICFAI Journal of Entrepreneurship Development Vol.1V No. 1
[4] Sharma Sheetal (2006) “Educated Women, powered, women" Yojana Vol.50, No.12
[5] Shiralashetti A S and Hugar S S (2014)" Problem and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs in North Karnataka District: A case study" The ICFAI Journal of Entrepreneurship Development Vol. 1v No. 2
[6]Web Sites- www. Google.co. in, www. Wikipedia.com
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA-CHALLENGES & PROSPECTS
Ms. Shivalika Vipul Patel*, *Shroff S R Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Ankleshwar, Gujarat-India
Abstract
It’s a long journey to go for educated Indian women to attain or one may consider to seize equal rights and position due to the so called Indian traditions which are deeply rooted in Indian social system where the system defines the society to be male dominated. Despite of various social obstacles, Indian Aspiring women has firmly risen up high and determined from the rest of the world. They are highly applauded for their achievements in various fields. There is a visible social transformation of the Indian society in terms of realisation of education and its importance for women, and aspiration for better and increased standard of living, which has geared up a change in the life style of Indian women. The women in the business are the recent Phenomena in India. They have been competing with men and have been making a remarkable difference in every walk of life and entrepreneurship is of no new exception for this. As compared to men women leaders are assertive, persuasive and more willing to take up risks. They have an exceptional capability to manage to survive to succeed in such phase of extreme level of competition through their hard work, dedication and perseverance. The research article endeavours to analyse and study the concept of women entrepreneur-the tentative factors leading to women choosing being an entrepreneur, obstacle met in the path of women entrepreneurship in India, Government support and schemes to promote women entrepreneurship in India.
Keywords Women Entrepreneurship, Indian society, Women in business ______
Introduction
The young, aspiring, ambitious and educated Women of India is no more willing to confine her dreams, life aims and objectives limited just within the four walls of a room. A women’s economic independence and social status can be improvised though entrepreneurship. The women entrepreneurship development helps the society to understand and applaud their abilities followed with appreciation. Entrepreneurship advances and enhances their status which leads to integration of women in a country like India which directly or indirectly boosts the economic development also. It is a tool for women to gain psychological satisfaction and generate a deep sense of achievement which motivates them to create a unique identity in the society.
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Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
1. Entrepreneurs are passionate 2. Entrepreneurs are flexible and focused 3. Entrepreneurs have desire to create 4. Entrepreneurs can check their ego 5. Entrepreneurs can cope with the problems 6. Entrepreneurs can communicate effectively. 7. Entrepreneurs have credibility 8. Entrepreneurs are team builders. 9. Entrepreneurs take appropriate risks.
Background
State of Women Entrepreneurs in India.As per the 2015 report released by BNP Paribas that covered the US, Europe, Middle East and Asia, India ranks as the most active and aware country in terms of women entrepreneurship. The reports find that around surprisingly 49% of the entrepreneurs in the country are women. This fact positions India ahead of Hong Kong and France, the other two nations that follow India in terms of active women entrepreneurs.
As per the reports the annual growth of the economy can boost of around 2.4% if India implements pro-growth and pro-gender policies. These findings are supported by the “Dell Women’s Global Entrepreneurship Study” which stated India to be one of the most favourable places for women entrepreneurship so as to set up an enterprise. The study suggested that enterprises or ventures owned by women entrepreneurs will thrive and are expected to grow by up to 90% in the next 5 years. With comparison, similar business groups in the US were expected to rise by 50% and in UK by 24% over the same time period.
The reason as to why more and more women are into starting their business enterprises in various sectors remaining untouched is that women entrepreneurs are acquiring the confidence, education and skills required for entrepreneurship along with confidence, education & skills required for entrepreneurship along with networking capabilities, funding and mentoring.
The major determinants which are responsible for driving the rise of Indian women in entrepreneurship are Traditional family structures of changing from Joint families to
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nuclear families, allowing women greater independence. The second major player is the business environment which is becoming more gender neutral. This allows women to find their marked feet and unlock their potential. The stereotypical image of women as homemakers, kitchen fixtures, doting mothers and economically non-productive members of society is fast changing. Women are successfully now negotiating family and work, finding support to explore their creativity, taking risks and nurturing sustainable enterprises.
Pleasantly surprising is the fact that women entrepreneurs could make reasonably large impact on GDP. An estimation about the annual growth of the economy could get a boost of 2.4% if India implements pro-growth and pro-gender policies as per the report by Organization for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD). These policies could include gender quotas at the national and state parliamentary levels, addressing wage parity between genders, balancing labor laws so that women have equal opportunities. One of the more subtle reasons of women taking to entrepreneurship has been the fact that initiatives can be launched with a small amount of capital. In short even with minimal funding, women entrepreneurs tend to find success. One of the more subtle reasons of women taking to entrepreneurship has been the fact
The fact that women are at the tipping point of entrepreneurship in India and have higher success rates doesn't mean that they don't have any challenges and barriers to face. While there is increased social acceptance of women in the workplace, they still face difficulties in finding team members, mentors and funding to scale up their ideas. These and additional barriers like practical experience and training in the use of technology, if addressed, will collectively form a recipe to accelerate the success of women entrepreneurs.
Challenges to promote Women Entrepreneurship in India.
• Access to start up Finance:
It is one of the major hurdles faces by women entrepreneurs in India. It is observed that they face more problems in this regard or context that small business is general and a very common to have. Having a too old traditional family culture value the families do not favour the idea of supporting their ladies to start a business in the field they are skilled with. Hence they don’t support the idea of starting a business and are unwilling to provide assistance in terms of financial aid.
• Working capital management:
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One of the key disturbing factors for women entrepreneur is to manage the working capital. Working capital is required to manage the finished stock, meet the consumer’s demand, to assure that the production doesn’t get a halt, meeting marketing and other administrative expenses etc. As women are unable to provide security it remains very difficult for them to avail loans from financial institutions.
• Marketing skills:
Women entrepreneurs usually have a problem in availing the access to markets and marketing skills which are weak as compared to male entrepreneurs. Maintaining the current business and to attain fresh business opportunities requires strategic marketing skills.
• Access to technology:
To maintain coordination among the factors of production seems to be a big challenge to women entrepreneurs. They cannot easily coordinate the production process particularly with the constantly changing state of technology. This puts down their initiative to become entrepreneurs. Very few women entrepreneurs survive and successfully pass this hurdle of technological advancements.
• Regulatory requirements:
Regarding administrative and regulatory requirements the real state signifies a greater problem for women entrepreneurs than their male counterparts. This remains due to the disproportionate effect of compliance costs on small companies compared with large enterprises.
• Management skills:
Lack of management skills is also one among the vital problems in women entrepreneurship. In most of the cases women entrepreneurs lack management skills, which is because of lower propensity of previous business experiences. Besides this support lenders make visible discrimination against women entrepreneurs to a greater extension providing these skills.
• Lack of confidence:
Other problems like society’s’ attitude towards women entrepreneurs, unequal opportunities between women and men are very important amongst all, the “lack of confidence” in women are also scaring women entrepreneurs.
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Future Trends
Helping hands to promote Women entrepreneurship
In India there are various associations and agencies that are working at state and national levels to promote women entrepreneurship.
• Self-help groups:
SHGs is an association of small group of self-employed rural or urban women entrepreneurs who come together for encouraging the betterment of women in all aspects especially entrepreneurship. With collaboration of various financial institutions and NGOs, each member contributes little amount of cover seed money considering the leftover part being taken care of by government or an NGO.
• Federation of Indian Women (FIWE):
It is a national level organization founded in 1993 dedicated towards women’s’ entrepreneurship development.
The objective of the organization is to foster the Economic Empowerment of Women, particularly the grass root segment, by helping them to become self-reliant individuals or successful entrepreneurs and become a part of the mainstream industry.
Amongst other objectives, FIWE endeavors to provide: EDP Training, Skill development & training, Technical know-how, Industry research & expertise, and enable grass root level & minorities to become self-dependent through placements; by creating demand skills as well as facilitate growth of tiny & small scale enterprises to succeed in their efforts
• Women India Trust:
It is an organization established in 1968 by Late Kamila Tyabji which started by training the less privileged and unskilled women. It helps women to develop skills and earn income which has changed their lives and lives of their families. WIT has remained women-centred and continues to help less fortunate women secure a better future. WIT remains dedicated to the original aims of its founder, Kamila Tyabji: to help women to help themselves; to encourage women from less privileged backgrounds to acquire new skills; to give them the self-confidence and self-esteem required to earn by their own industry and initiative; to enable them to carry this newly discovered skill and confidence into the wider world as well as within the framework of WIT.
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• SIDBI:
Small industries development bank of India was established to provide facilities to small scale industries. With regard to developing small scale industries by women entrepreneurs, SIDBI has introduced two special schemes for women;
Mahila Udyam Nidhi is for providing equity to women entrepreneurs. Mahila Vikas Nidhi: to provide development assistance for pursuit of income generating activities for women.
• CWEI: It was established with an aim of working for sustainable economic empowerment of women and their families through income generating activities and entrepreneurship development.
Role of Government to develop women entrepreneurs:
The Indian Government has also designed various training ans development cum employment generation programs for women to start their new ventures. Those government initiatives are in the form of the following steps:
Initiative taken by the government during the 7th Five Year plan where a special chapter on the “integration of Women in Development” (IWD), was introduced by the government with various suggestion like:
To treat women as a special target groups in almost all the major development programmes running in the country. To device a diversified vocational training facilities for women adapting their changing needs and skills. To make efforts in order to increase their efficiency and productivity by appropriate technologies, equipment’s and practices. To provide the needed assistance for marketing the products manufactured by women entrepreneurs at their ventures. To involve women in all sorts of decision making activities.
Suggestions for the development of women entrepreneurship in India:
Entrepreneurship for Indian women faces lots of problem in the male dominated society. There are numerous invisible rules which the society blind folded follows. In these bunch of rules most of them pertains to women and encompasses a wide variety
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of social activity like women’s education, their working hours, dress codes and the mentality that they can interact only with known men.
The following are the suggestions to eradicate the hurdles coming between prosperity of Women Entrepreneurship in India:
• The central and the state government should encourage and assist women entrepreneurs to participate in International Trade fairs, exhibitions and conferences. • Several policy initiatives like Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY), Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), and many other policies can be actively re-initiated once again to boost the women empowerment and entrepreneurship in India. • Recently the government has initiated the national policy for the empowerment of women which aims to bring about the advanced development and empowerment of women. • The families of women entrepreneurs should also actively take part and provide all possible support in regard to manage the ventures established by women entrepreneurs. • Complicated government procedures should be simplified (formalities, rules and regulations etc) for those women who are interested to take up entrepreneurship as their career choice.
Conclusion
Due to modernization, urbanization, globalizations and development of education with increasing awareness, women are now seen participating in almost all fields of career. The concept of entrepreneurship will help the Indian women in becoming economically, psychologically and socially strong and independent. Due to social networking women will become self confident, ware and will generate an ability to marshal environmental support. This initiative will not only lead to better health, education and skill but will also improvise and rise their living standards and rise her living condition by being able to use cleaner fuel, better house, better sanitation, and other infrastructural facilities. This will lead to transform the women into a much stronger personality and an overall improvement in the quality of her life.
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References
1. Akhauri, M.M.P and S .P Mishra, “Entrepreneurship education, a concept of approach and methodology”, Indian management, 29 (11-12) November December 1990. 2. Bose A, “Information Technology and Women Entrepreneurs”, third concept, April 2006, p.45. 3. Business Today, “The 25 most powerful women in Indian Business”, September 26, 2004. 4. Gupta, CB., and Shrinivasan, NP(2005), Entrepreneurship Development in India, Sultan Chand and Sons. New Delhi. 5. Raheem, A. Abdul and C. Prabhu Women Entrepreneurs: Problems and prospects. India: Economic empowerment of Women. New Century Publications, New Delhi- India (20007). 6. Ramya, N. “Problems of Women Entrepreneurs”, Third concept, August 2006. P.39. 7. Saritha, R., “Women Entrepreneurship:Problem and need for Environmental Alterations in India” Economic empowerment of Women, P .57, 2007. 8. Sharma, Anjuli. Vandana Kaushik, Indian Rural Women and Entrepreneurship, Third Concept, November, 2007. P,51. 9. Siva Loganafhan,K, “Women Entrepreneurs: Problem and Prospects” Indian economic Paranoma. 12(2), July 2002. 10. Sugura, B., “Planning for Economic empowerment of Women: Social Welfare, 2001.
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IS ENTREPRENEURSHIP A GENDER BLIND (PART II)
Jignesh N. Vidani* *Rai University, Saroda, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-India
Abstract
When we hear the word „woman , our mind thinks of a shy, weak and a coward image of a female following social customs, culture and tradition of a society. But now this social image of women is changing‟ from a „Devis to the „Business Divas . In this 21st century the role of woman is transcending from a normal housewife to a business entrepreneurs. Now businesses are not the monopoly‟ of any specific ‟gender class. Generally when we think about business, we get only one thing in mind that it s the work of a man i.e. male community of a society, which is changing slowly & steadily. We have lots of examples to talk about it. The woman entrepreneurs have proved to‟ the society that entrepreneurship is not a gender blind. Indian Government has come up with various schemes that support the women entrepreneurship. Schemes like TREAD which includes Mahila Coir Yojna etc. Exclusive various institutions have been working for this such as EDPs are regularly organized for the benefit of women. The NIMSME, NIESBUD and the Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship – Guwahati all provide training to women entrepreneurs. We would also focus on the current state and trends of women entrepreneurship in India, as well as what are the qualities that add as an advantage to make a woman into an entrepreneurial Divas.
Keywords Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, TREAD, EDP, MSME, NIESBUD, Divas ______
Meaning of Entrepreneur The word ' entrepreneur' derives from the French word "Entreprendre" (to undertake) in the early 16th Century it was applied to persons engaged in military expeditions, and extend to cover construction and civil engineering activities in the in this 22nd century the meaning of entrepreneurs has changed. Entrepreneurship is more than simply "starting a business."
Literature Review
Oswald Jones and Dilani Jayawarna, 2013: A new educational approach to sustainable development is emerging in the entrepreneurship literature. However, because business schools encourage a ‘profit-first mentality’, critics question their ability to deliver sustainability-related education programmes. This article adapts the theory of planned behavior to examine attitudes to an entrepreneurial form of sustainability education. The relationship between nascent entrepreneurs’ intentions to Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 25 | Page
exploit learning and the extent of a profit-first mentality is examined. The results indicate a strong relationship between perception of learning benefits and intentions of nascent entrepreneurs to exploit those benefits. Although a profit-first mentality is negatively related to perceptions of benefit, learning itself is not affected. The results have implications for research, policy and the practice of entrepreneurship education.
Akansha singh, 2014: Till the turn of the century, man has enjoyed a dominant position. But change in position technological innovation and modern way of thinking can reduce the disparity between man and women, and bring about equality and equity between them, the need of the hour in women empowerment both through provision of employment and enterprise creation. Women constitute around half of the total world population and also in India. They are regarded as the better half of the society. Keeping in view the findings of the study, perceptions of women entrepreneurs and insights of experienced trainers - confidence building, competence, connections and capital are projected as essential management training needs.
Our Perception about the women of India While talking about Indian society, we can divide it into two parts one being the Rural India and other Urban India. Females of both of these areas face different kind of problems which are described as under:-
1. Rural Perception The rural people have the perception that the women in their area have no connection with earning money. They only should engage themselves in the household activities like cooking food, washing clothes, cleaning rooms, caring about family, fulfilling their demand of food items etc. They even think that there is no requirement of them to study or have any kind of education. They have no right to take decision for their family as the societies in rural India are more male dominated. They also have the mentality that women are made to follow all the social cultures and traditions. Even when they are married a huge amount of Dowry is demanded. Secondly they are also not allowed to move out of the four walls of their house without having permission of her husband. They even don’t take dinner until there husband’s have it. They should follow all the customs and traditions based by the elders of the family, those age old practices and customs. They are treated as minor in the family. They care for everybody but no one cares for her. She would look after each and every member of the family but no one even cares for her. The situation is changing nowadays but a very slow and steady pace.
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2. Urban Perception Females living in the urban area are much more independent and educated than compared to the rural females. The problem faced here is regarding giving tough competition to the males in urban area. Here the female child is not preferred and is killed in the mother’s womb itself, the reason behind is there should a male child to carry the generation forward. Second is cases of rape, kidnapping, theft etc are more often here. If the family is broader minded, it gives birth to a girl child than too her education is not given as much importance as that of male child. After marriage they moreover become housewife and get indulge in household activities. If the husband permits her to work than the problem that comes is of managing both social and corporate needs wherein, they have to look after the family and its needs as well as the corporate needs like reaching office on time. One of the issue faced here is male employees don’t like to work under a female boss, because there ego gets hurt which leads to harassment at work place which includes sexual, mental and economical. One of the problem faced here is if a females are well educated than they don’t get perfect match as life partner, because the requirement is well educated life partner which in many cases is more difficult task. If they get married to a joint family and want to work there are chances that the mother in law or father in laws don’t allow due to more household work for all the members living in the house.
Role of women as an Entrepreneur
1.) Imaginative It is related to the innovative approach of the women in developing a product and organizing things in the unique way. They have very well planned approach towards identifying the gap between demand and supply, leading to identifying the entrepreneurial needs. In this regard women have association with knowledgeable people and contracting the right organization offering support and services.
2.) Attribute to work hard. After having an idea of developing a new product or service, the next level that comes is doing a concrete work behind that idea convention into a business opportunity women are hard workers as they manage both house and office together.
3.) Passion Making plans only on paper is not enough they should also have passion to develop their dream project into reality. Study shows that those women had that passion have been successful in forming, organizing and running the enterprise. This has also indicated those women with passion work harder and harder to convert their dreams into the project.
4.) Ability and Desire
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Only having passion is not enough she should have the ability to work for the development of the enterprise and should have the utmost desire to take risk in to the business. They should be risk takes and not risk averse. The study has also shown that those passionate and hard working women have the guts and desire to take risks and create successful organization
5.) Profit Earning Capacity Only having the desire and ability is not enough. She should also have the capacity to earn profit or make profit constantly in the years of business commencement. They are much better than men in the task of earning money. They have the capacity to maintain and run all household expenses in what their husband give to them as monthly expense. In spite of spending the amount on expenses they save out of it and generate savings. So they have the capacity to earn or make profit out of any situation. Those women who are passionate, hardworking and take risk surely make profit in business successfully.
Government schemes and projects for women empowerment The world over has accepted that women have the power to compete with man in the corporate as well as in the entrepreneurial sector also. The government of India as well as USA also thinks the same. To support women entrepreneurship and to make women’s self employed the united nations has set up international trade center (ITC) which works to help women who want to set up her own organization.
Talking about India, it is also not lacking behind in work of encouraging women entrepreneurship. Let us look to some of them:-
1. Trade related entrepreneurship assistance and development scheme for women (TREAD)
Here government works by aligning its hands with various NGO’s working in our country for the upliftment or encouragement towards entrepreneurship. Under this scheme government provides grant up to 30% to the project undertaken by any NGO or the non –profit organization. Rest 70% is gathered from the private and leading agencies in terms of credit.
One thing the government does not do is to grant the money to a private company or an individual, but only to the NGO and so it moves to the extreme bottom level and those who really need the advantage, they get it. It also looks to it that the amount of grant is not misused or is used properly in favor of the women empowerment.
Many SHG’s i.e. self help groups are running under the benefit of this scheme and many backward rural areas are now developing with the alliance of two key supporters i.e. government and NGO.
2. Project Mahila Coir Yojna
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For the development of women in the society and make them independent the Indian government has started Mahila Coir Yojna which enables a rural women for self employment and self dependent. Under this scheme rural women are provided motorized spinning machines (Ratts) at discounted rates so they can spin coir and sell them into the market and earn a living for their family.
Initially when the project started it provided training to the women at a stipend of Rs. 500 a month which has now increased to Rs. 750 a month. It means they are also supported financially at the time of training with a minimum compensation or stipend.
After the training is completed they are offered the motorized ratts at a subsidized rates price of 25% with a maximum range of Rs. 7500 for the motorized ones and Rs. 3200 for the traditional variety of ratts.
This project has encouraged the rural women to earn their own living and become independent owner of her enterprise. It has also boosted the level of entrepreneurship among them leading them towards the path of development (Socially as well as economically)
3. Self-development of women association (SEWA) SEWA stands for self development of women association founded in 1972 by Dr. Ela Bhatt who is Gandhian and Civil rights leader in India. The headquarters of SEWA is located in Ahmadabad which is in Gujarat.
The work of SEWA is to make women competitive to work and support their family economically. SEWA has organized a school for women especially for training them for the works, this school is named as Karmika School of Construction works and was established in 2003. The main aim of this school is to educate and train women in construction industry. After the establishment of such a school many women took part and now are working as helpers to masons and some themselves are working as masons.
SEWA has many other organizations joined with it and they call it sister organization or the subsidiary organization. The list is as follow:-
1.) SEWA Bank 2.) SEWA Academy 3.) SEWA Communication 4.) Shri mahila SEWA Anasooya Trust 5.) SEWA research 6.) Vimo SEWA 7.) SEWA trade facilitation center 8.) SEWA manager ni school 9.) SEWA sanskar Kendra 10.) Sewa kalakruti etc…
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4. Other schemes by Government There are some other schemes of the government that helps the women to select entrepreneurship as an opportunity for career development. They are as below
• Mahila Udyam Nidhi • Micro Cordite Scheme for Women • Mahila Vikas Nidhi • Women Entrepreneurial Development Programmes • Other Schemes
Tips to women to become successful entrepreneurs • Start a business that works for you and your personal life
• Research the product/ service
• Assess the market
• Start business with adequate funds
• Do networking
• Consult with professionals Case study- Srijata Bhatnagar founder of Ethnicshark Ethnic Shack is a brand that makes Fashionable Handmade Products for today's generation. Our Objective is to bring Fashion designed by Hand to see which is modern, quirky and yet affordable. An initiative to celebrate finest arts & crafts to bring back handcrafted products in our daily life!
Ethnic Shack produces and markets real fashionable Apparels, Accessories and Home Decor products that can be used in our daily life. They connect with the artisans, craftsmen and designers to work collaboratively and produce authentic handmade products in affordable price.
Need to start Ethnic shark It was sometime in 2011, when she left her plush job in online product management at ESPN Cricinfo, for soul searching. Prior to this, she worked for Sulekha, Click Jobs, Bharat Matrimony, India Property and other startups. After a couple of unsatisfactory job changes and two years of soul searching, she decided to pursue her dream to become an entrepreneur.
Ethnic Shack happened to her naturally. She was always thrilled about handmade, hand-woven; hand painted and handcrafted products, wanted to do something
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measurable and unique for artisans and craftsmen. She also wanted to give back to the community they live and make it a little better place for all of us. And Ethnic Shack seemed to be the answer to combine both. She went ahead and launched www.ethnicshack.com in September 2013. After that there has been no looking back.
Target Customers The main target audience is today’s multitasking and dynamic generation. Presently our products are targeted towards urban women living in Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities in India with Internet access. They also target men who want to gift unique handmade gifts to their loved ones. Though they don’t actively promote to the international audience, they have had many shipments to USA, Qatar and UAE. There are some customers living abroad who request us to ship to their family and friends in India who can carry it for them.
Funding the Ethnicshark They have fully bootstrapped and funding this initiative mainly with personal savings. However, in the long run they would need to look for funds outside to boost up the operations and grow faster. They are not profitable yet, but optimistic to become profitable soon.
Marketing Strategy They have been covered in ‘Plan Your Wedding’ magazine’s April issue, where they talk about different ways of draping the saree, and how the saree can be brought back to our daily lives.
She got featured in the Kart Rocket Women’s Day special blog titled ‘Leading Women in Indian E-commerce’. So far they have shied away from large scale media coverage, as they wanted to first focus on the initiative and its building blocks, before going all out with it.
Balancing work and family life Because of her parents’ help and her husband’s support that she could make this a reality even though she have a five year old daughter at home. Her husband happens to be her best buddy, she has known him for more than 12 years now and they have grown together through thick and thin. He has always been her partner in crime; and fortunately they have a lot in common but our personalities are poles apart! She thinks this trait helped her be the perfect complement to each other.
Following timeline
• Mar 2013 - The spark to start something of our own business in the mind of Ms. Srijata Bhatnagar.
• Apr 2013 - The Idea was Born from a bunch of ideas through brain storming
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• May 2013 - The Brand was born and the Name was selected from over 100 Options.
• Aug2013 - Business Ovation Solutions LLP is registered. Ethnic Shack is a brand owned by Business Ovation Solutions LLP.
• Aug 2013 - Ethnic Shack Trademark is filed. Soft Launch in an Exhibition and Sale in Bangalore, India on 15th August 2013 (Indian Independence Day). Amazing response to boost their confidence.
• 9th Sep 2013 - www.EthnicShack.com goes live on the auspicious day of Ganesh/Vinayaka Chaturthi - Ganesha is widely worshipped as the god of wisdom, prosperity and good fortune and traditionally invoked at the beginning of any new venture or at the start of travel. Cash On Delivery (COD), Free Shipping in India for orders above Rs. 2000 and Worldwide Shipping Available.
• 26th Oct 2013 - First Ever Free Saree Draping Workshop conducted in Bangalore, India.
• 10th Nov 2013 - The New, Refreshing and Improvised EthnicShack.com Portal goes live.
• June 2014 - Launches Kids Clothing - Made with natural and organic a color that’s easy on the skin. Ethnic Shack got featured in YourStory.in. Read the entire coverage here.
• August 2014 - Crafts on a virtual shelf. Ethnic Shack is purely business with a cause. The aim is to popularize the Indian crafts in the middle class section. Read the entire coverage here in the Hindu newspaper.
• September 2014 - An article "Effects of pre-ordering the new products on e- commerce websites" by Co-Founder & CEO of Ethnic Shack, Srijata Bhatnagar is covered by Technuter.
• October 2014 - Ethnic Shack is featured in an article ''Get Quirky in Gifting This Diwali in The New Indian Express, The Economic Times, The Hans India, etc. An article 'Indian hand-crafted textiles are rich and vivid' authored by the Co- Founder and CEO of Ethnic Shack features in Fibre2Fashion - Leading Portal on Garments, Textile and Fashion
• February 2015 - Ventures into mans category through Hand Painted Silk Ties for man. They Introduced Hand Painted T-Shirts for Women and Kids that are modern yet inspired by traditional art form. Also adds Wall Decor to the portfolio under the Home Decor category. If that was not enough, they launched a new look Ethnic Shack brand portal.
• August 2015 - Selected by Dastkar Bangalore. Participated in 10 day exhibition - 'Dastkar Nature Bazaar'.
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• September 2015 - Participated in 'Sampoorn Vastrabhushana' - 6 day exhibition. Launched Hand Painted Linen Jackets and Dress Materials made of Jute Silk and 100% Cotton.
Conclusion Thus from the above research I conclude that entrepreneurship is not a gender blind. It does not look to your gender details. But it only focuses on the hard work, passion and risk taking. Any person either male or female can succeed in commencing a business if he\she has the exact idea what he\she wants to do, imply his\her skills to the greatest extent, works hard and has a ability and guts to take risk.
References
[1] Pillai J.K., “Women & Empowerment”, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1995 [2] Oswald Jones & Dilani Jayawarna, “Promoting sustainable development: the role of entrepreneurship education”, International Small Business Journal, Volume 31, Issue 08, December 2013, p841 [3] Gary Gorman, Dennis Hanlon & Wayne King, “Some Research perspectives on entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management”, International Small Business Jounal, Volume 15, issue 03, April 1997, p56 [4] Anne De Bruin, Candida G. Brush & Friederike welter, “Introduction to the special issue: Towards Building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship theory and practice, Volume 30, issue 05, September 2006, p585 [5] Bhavita Kukreja, “Top 10 women entrepreneurs and leaders of India”, www.youthkiawaaz.com/top10womenentrepreneursandleadersofindia/, 15th October 2015 at 7:30 PM [6] Ashwini Mamidi, “Training and grants: Government schemes for women entrepreneurs”,www.supportbiz.com/trainingandgrants:governmentschemesfo rwomenentrepreneurs/, 16th November 2015 at 6:30 PM
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PIONEER INFORMATION SOURCES FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Ms.Mayuri Patel*, Dr.Chandrakant K. Patel† *Librarian, Uma Arts & Nathiba Commerce Mahila College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India †Librarian, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
Abstract
In the global economy of the 21st century, the world’s economy depends on the participation of both sexs. The national business Associations and policymakers of the world cannot long ignore the burgeoning power of women in the world economy. Women constitute almost half of the population in the world. Therefore a nation’s development is incomplete without the improvement in the status of women. One way of achieving is by making women come out and become entrepreneurs. Therefore, a congenial environment is needed to be created to enable women to participate actively in the entrepreneurial activities. The Governments across the world, as well as various developmental organizations, are actively undertaking the promotion of women entrepreneurs through various schemes, incentives and promotional measures in developed and developing countries. Moreover the article give some information about women entrepreneurship and also try to focuses on the information sources which are useful for getting success in women entrepreneurs.
Keywords Entrepreneurship, Information sources, Pioneer Information ______
Introduction In the 21st century women perform an important role in building the real backbone of a nation’s economy. Women entrepreneurs should be regarded as individuals who take up roles in which they would like to adjust their family and society, economic performance and personal requirements. There is considerable entrepreneurial talent among women. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a “Woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise”.
“An enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51%of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”. - Government of India
“A woman entrepreneur can be defined as a confident, innovative and creative woman capable of achieving self economic independence individually or in collaboration, generates employment opportunities for others through initiating, establishing and
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running the enterprise by keeping pace with her personal, family and social life.” — Kamal Singh Women constitute almost half of the population in the world. Therefore a nation’s development is incomplete without the improvement in the status of women. This statistical fact indicates that for the economic growth of the nation, women should not be encouraged to make their share of economic contribution towards the country. One way of achieving is by making women come out and become entrepreneurs. Therefore, a congenial environment is needed to be created to enable women to participate actively in the entrepreneurial activities. There is a urgent need of Government, non- Government, promotional and regulatory agencies to come forward and play the supportive role in promoting the women entrepreneur in India.
Importance of Women Entrepreneur India’s First prime minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru said,” When women move forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves.” Employment gives economic status to women. Economic status gives way to social, cultural, psychological & political status in the society there by empowerment. Therefore, if women gain economic strength, they gain empower visibility and voice. So Women Entrepreneurs are likely to become an even more important part of the global quest for sustained economic growth and social development.
There is considerable entrepreneurial talent among women. Many women’s domestic skills such as people and time management and household budgeting are directly transferable in the business context. Women have the ability to balance different tasks and priorities and tend to find satisfaction and success in and from building relationships with customers and employees, in having control of their own destiny, and in doing something that they consider worthwhile. They have the potential and the will to establish and manage enterprises of their own. These qualities and strengths of women are to be tapped for productive channels. The process of economic development would be incomplete and lopsided, unless women are fully involved in it.
Moreover due to globalization, industrialization, capitalization and liberalization the country needs to mobilize and utilize fully all its resources. Women are as valuable as the natural resources in the progress of the county. 49% of the populations of world are women, so women should play an equal part in the national development. Therefore, a nation’s development is incomplete without the improvement in the status of the women. The economic status of women is now accepted as an indicator of a society’s stage of development. So if the economic engine operates only at half power, the national development will be sluggish. Therefore, Women in enterprise building has emerged as an agenda for many policy makers, researchers, trainers as well as for associations and organizations involved in women development.
Women and Entrepreneurship
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Before the 20th century, women were operating businesses as a way of supplementing income. In many cases, they were trying to avoid poverty or making up for the loss of a spouse. The ventures that these women undertook were not known as entrepreneurial at that time; many of them usually had to bow to their domestic responsibilities. In the later 20th century, due to a more progressive way of thinking and the rise of feminism, women become more involved in the business world and female entrepreneurs began to be a widely accepted term. Normally women prefer to work from their own work residence and women entrepreneurship is found in the extension of their kitchen activities like pickles, papads and powder. Few of them venture into service industry like catering, hospitality, educational services, public relations or consultation, beauty clinic etc. moreover we see a lot of women professionals in medicine, engineering, law, corporate sector etc. In the 21st century, the availability of computers and increasing popularity of the internet and globalisation gave a much needed boost to women in business. The technology allowed them to be more prevalent in the business world and showcase their skills to their competitors. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others. Due to the better education facilities and growing awareness, women have started excelling and gradually capturing the job and services traditionally believed to be in a men domain. Women entrepreneurship can make a particularly strong contribution to poverty reduction and the economic well-being of the family and communities. In this way women are not only running or starting their own businesses but they are also employing others, so that they are participating in the growth of their respective economies. Women entrepreneur have face so many problems though they have achieved remarkable success. The female entrepreneurs make up for approximately 25% of all entrepreneurs globally. But in India the actual participation of women in income generating activities is quite unsatisfactory that is only eight to ten percent. The society and government also began to realize the important contribution made by women entrepreneurs in the economy of the country. Thus, governments across the world, as well as various developmental organizations, are actively undertaking the promotion of women entrepreneurs through various schemes, incentives and promotional measures in developed and developing countries.
Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs in India The participation of women in income generating activities has been increasing over time and women owned business is also increasing at a high rate. Government, NGOs, Banks, and other financial institutions have also set up special cells to assist women entrepreneurs. In India, the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises development organisations, various State Small Industries Development Corporations, the Nationalised banks and even NGOs are conducting various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs). To cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational background and skills. The Office of DC (MSME) has also opened a Women Cell to provide coordination and assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems. The Government of India and other women development organizations have taken the following policies,
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schemes and programmes to promote entrepreneurship in our country with special attention to women.
Some of the important information sources which give information about finance, marketing, trainings and workshops for entrepreneur and all the issue for getting successful entrepreneurship are:
. www.bizwomen.com The website contain information of thousands women from across the nation who excel in business. . www.bizchange.in On these website women entrepreneurs can exchange their trade secret &experts show you the way to get success in entrepreneurship. . www.ciionline.org The website gives the information about the institutions supporting women entrepreneurs and profits of successful women entrepreneurs. . www.forbes.com This website gives all about women entrepreneurship in national & international level. . www.indiatogether.org About Surajpur’s co-operative society which empowers women. . www.informit.com The website contains lists articles and books on women entrepreneurship. . www.grantsinterest.com This website particularly for women gives information about free Government grants for small business, also a right way for funding & qualifying the small business grants. . www.indiamicrofinance.com The website gives a list of microfinance Association & Networks for professionals. For example. Sadhan is an association of community development finance institutions. SEEP is smart enterprise education and promotion network. . www.naukrlforwomen.com This is a brand new Career site where only women are invited to apply for jobs. This means, if you apply for a job from this site, you will never be rejected on the basis of gender. . www.sabalaindia.com An organization for women empowerment. . www.score.org/women/site On this web site you will get hit list of links by SCORE'S web editors for women entrepreneurs.
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. http://sitagita.com This is a complete information portal for the Indian women with categories ranging from beauty, fashion, health, diet, travel, cuisine, legal matters etc. It also provides Indian women entrepreneurs directory. It provides business ideas, Articles for working women, fashion tips etc. also. It gives information about loans & Finances.
National Association for Women Business Owners NAWBO
Founded in 1975, NAWBO is a one-stop resource to propelling women business owners into greater economic, social and political spheres of power worldwide. NAWBO is the only dues-based organization representing the interests of all women entrepreneurs across all industries. It is non-profit educational foundation that seeks to provide opportunities for capacity building and organizational development for emerging and established women entrepreneurs.
The National Foundation for Women Business Owners (NFWBO): It is a nonprofits research and leadership development foundation established on th 28 June 1996 by NAWBO. It is the premier source of information & statistics on women business owners and their businesses around the globe.
. www.weon.com Women entrepreneurs’ online networks.
. www.women-finance.com This is a website where women & money grow together. It gives sources of finance and financial advice, Budgeting & borrowing, Articles on various subjects from college, marriage, home buying & all the way to retirement.
. www.webindia123.com This is India's premium reference portal which gives information about the loans offered by public sector banks to women. Andhra Bank, Bank of India, Canada Bank, Central Bank of India, Karur Visya Bank, UCO Bank, United Bank of India & Vijaya Bank etc.
. http://smallb.sidbi.in/bank-schemes/schemes-women
The website gives various Schemes for Women. These are as under. • Annapurna Scheme for Financing Women for Establishing Food Catering Unit • Stree Shakthi Package for Women Entrepreneurs • ALEAP & CGTSI - Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for Women
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• Akshaya Mahila Arthik Sahay Yojna • Marketing Fund for Women (MFW) • Dena Shakti Scheme for Women Entrepreneurs • Mahila Vikas Scheme • Oriented Mahila Vikas Yojana • Scheme for Beauty Parlor Boutiques Saloons Tailoring • Scheme for Professional & Self-Employed Women • P&S Bank Udyogini Scheme
These schemes are 1. Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) Scheme for Women 2. Support for entrepreneurial and managerial development 3. MSE Cluster Development Programme 4. Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme 5. Exhibitions for women under promotional package for micro & small enterprises approved by CCEA under marketing support DC (MSME) 6. Mahila-Coir-Yojana
Grants for Women – Women Net The Amber Foundation Grants began in 1998 to help women who are trying to start small businesses and helps existing ones grow. The funding grants are small but very helpful in getting you started. There is no requirement or expectation to repay the funds.” http://ncw.nic.in/frmAboutUS.aspx National Commission for Women, New Delhi, India This is a Commission for Women which was Set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act 1990. It Helps in • review the Constitutional and Legal safeguards for women ; • recommend remedial legislative measures ; • facilitate redressal of grievances and • Advise the Government on all policy matters affecting women. http://www.iwcwtministry.org/ State Government Schemes for Development of Women & Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) DWCRA is directed at improving the living conditions of women and, thereby, of children through the provision of opportunities for self-employment and access to basic social services.
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Cent Kalyani of Centaral Bank of India
To encourage women entrepreneurs to start new project or expand / modernise the existing unit . http://www.bmb.co.in/ Bharatiya Mahila Bank
Bharatiya Mahila Bank is a one of a kind Bank in India formed with a vision of economic
Empowerment for women. Bharatiya Mahila Bank commenced operations in 2013 and currently has 80 branches across India. https://www.nabard.org http://www.newsgram.com/nabard National bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) NABARD stands for National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. It is an autonomous organization. The primary objective of this autonomous organisation is to provide liberal credit facilities to women entrepreneurs. The followings are some of essential characteristics of NABARD on liberal credit to women entrepreneurs.
• It launched the project in 1992 to provide finance to SHG. • It provides facilities on resources and training in NGO Formation. • It arranges training to bank official on formation of SHG. • It provides refinance to bank against lending to SHG.
Schemes of Ministry of Women and Child Development
• Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP) • Swayam Siddha
Other schemes of the Government Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development Schemes. (ARWIND) Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDPs) Indira Mahila Yojana & Indira Mahila Kendra Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Marketing of Non-Farm Products of Rural Women (MAHIMA) Mahila Bank Exclusively for women to provide banking and financial assistance NGO’s Credit Schemes Prime Minister’s Rojagar Yojana (PMRY) Priyadarshini Project Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariiyojana (RGMVP)
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Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) Women’s Development Corporations (WDCs) Working Women’s Forum (WWF)
Women Entrepreneur Organizations The efforts of government and its different agencies are supplemented by NGOs and associations that are playing an equally important role in the process of economic empowerment of women. Some various women organizations in India, which promoting women entrepreneurship in India are as below.
Women Entrepreneur Associations in India
No. Association Name Website 1 Federation of Indian http://www.fiwe.org/ Women Entrepreneurs (FIWE) 2 Consortium of Women http://www.cwei.org/ Entrepreneurs(CWEI) 3 Association of Lady http://www.aleap.org/index.html Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh 4 Association of Women http://awakeindia.org.in/ Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWAKE) 5 Self-Employed Women's http://www.sewa.org/ Association (SEWA) 6 Women Entrepreneurs Promotion Association (WEPA) 7 The Marketing Organisation of Women Enterprises (MOOWES) 8 Bihar Mahila Udyog http://www.biharmahilaudyogsangh.com/ SanghBihar Mahila Udyog Sangh 9 Mahakaushal Association of http://www.maweindia.com/ Woman Entrepreneurs (MAWE) 10 SAARC Chamber Women http://www.scwec.com/index.htm Entrepreneurship Council 11 Women Entrepreneurs Association of Tamil Nadu (WEAT)
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12 TiE Stree Shakti (TSS) http://www.tiestreeshakti.org/ 13 Women Empowerment http://www.wecindia.org Corporation 14 Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and industry (FICCI) & Federation of Ladies Organization FLO http://www.ficciflo.com 15 Women’s India Trust (WIT) http://wit.org.in/ 16 National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW) 17 Women Entrepreneurship of Maharashtra (WIMA) 18 Aid The Weaker Trust (ATWT) 19 Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Small Scale Industries (AWESSI) 20 Development of Women and Children in Urban Area (DWCUA) 21 Women’s Occupational Training Directorate 22 Self-help groups (SHG) Some Important Journals for Women Entrepreneurship:
• Community of women Entrepreneurship - www.reformsnetwork.org. • Forbes India magazine - www.forbes.com • International journal of gender and Entrepreneurship- www.emraldinsigbt.com • Journal of Business venturing - www:amazon.com • Journal of Entrepreneurship- www.joe.sagepub.com • Journal of Indian Management www.krepublishers.com • Journal of small business & Entrepreneurship-women Emrald.- www.jsbe.com. • Journal of women Entrepreneur in India - www.sitagita.com • Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education- https://ideas.repec.org/s/ibg/jwejou.html
Suggestions for Women Entrepreneurs: These are some important tips to get your career off to a good start. 1) Select a business that you love and know something about. 2) Research the product or service and you need to do your homework first. 3) Assess the market & also consider what will make you unique from everyone else in town. 4) Consult with professionals. 5) Define the legal entity. 6) Protect yourself and your business. 7) Assess your finances. 8) Write a business plan. 9) Network.
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10) Take Professional coaching 11) Keeping your life in balance 12) Be positive, patient, and flexible. 13) Never stop Searching
Conclusion There are a number of excellent resources available on the net, but to find the right information for your project can be a long, arduous and time consuming task. So if all these information resources are available on single platform, which make good use of these resources and useful for getting success in women entrepreneurs and lead a relatively happier life materially, socially, economical, psychologically.
Reference Retrieved November 15, 2015, from https://www.centralbankofindia.co.in.
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WOMEN ENTERPRENEURE AND CHALLENGES
Prof. Parvatiben K. Kachchhi* *Psychology Department, Devmani Arts & Commerce College, Visavadar, Gujarat, India
Abstract The educated Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneur–Reasons women become entrepreneurs -Reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India - suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs- Schemes for promotion & development of women.
Keywords Woman Entrepreneur, Raw Material, Indian Woman
______
Introduction
Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise; undertake risks, introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and providing effective leadership in all aspects of business.
Push-Pull Factors and Women In Business
Women in business are a recent phenomenon in India. By and large they had confide themselves to petty business and tiny cottage industries. Women entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factors. Which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their own legs. A sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 44 | Page
Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence under the influence of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do something new. Such situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them.
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs in India
Women in India are faced many problems to get ahead their life in business. A few problems cane be detailed as
1. Family ties:
Women in India are very emotionally attached to their families. They are supposed to attend to all the domestic work, to look after the children and other members of the family. They are over burden with family responsibilities like extra attention to husband, children and in laws which take away a lots of their time and energy. In such situation, it will be very difficult to concentrate and run the enterprise successfully.
2. Male dominated society:
Even though our constitution speaks of equality between sexes, male chauvinism is still the order of the day. Women are not treated equal to men. Their entry to business requires the approval of the head of the family. Entrepreneurship has traditionally been seen as a male preserve. All these puts a break in the growth of women entrepreneurs.
3. Lack of education:
Women in India are lagging far behind in the field of education. Most of the women (around sixty per cent of total women) are illiterate. Those who are educated are provided either less or inadequate education than their male counterpart partly due to early marriage, partly due to son's higher education and partly due to poverty. Due to lack of proper education, women entrepreneurs remain in dark about the development of new technology, new methods of production, marketing and other governmental support which will encourage them to flourish.
4. Social barriers:
The traditions and customs prevailed in Indian societies towards women sometimes stand as an obstacle before them to grow and prosper. Castes and religions dominate with one another and hinders women entrepreneurs too. In rural areas, they face more social barriers. They are always seen with suspicious eyes.
5. Shortage of raw materials:
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The scarcity of raw materials, sometimes nor, availability of proper and adequate raw materials sounds the death-knell of the enterprises run by women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs really face a tough task in getting the required raw material and other necessary inputs for the enterprises when the prices are very high.
6. Problem of finance:
Women entrepreneurs stiffer a lot in raising and meeting the financial needs of the business. Bankers, creditors and financial institutes are not coming forward to provide financial assistance to women borrowers on the ground of their less credit worthiness and more chances of business failure. They also face financial problem due to blockage of funds in raw materials, work-in-progress finished goods and non-receipt of payment from customers in time.
7. Tough competition:
Usually women entrepreneurs employ low technology in the process of production. In a market where the competition is too high, they have to fight hard to survive in the market against the organised sector and their male counterpart who have vast experience and capacity to adopt advanced technology in managing enterprises
8. High cost of production:
Several factors including inefficient management contribute to the high cost of production which stands as a stumbling block before women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs face technology obsolescence due to non-adoption or slow adoption to changing technology which is a major factor of high cost of production.
9.Low risk-bearing capacity:
Women in India are by nature weak, shy and mild. They cannot bear the amount risk which is essential for running an enterprise. Lack of education, training and financial support from outsides also reduce their ability to bear the risk involved in an enterprises.
10 Limited mobility:
Women mobility in India is highly limited and has become a problem due to traditional values and inability to drive vehicles. Moving alone and asking for a room to stay out in the night for business purposes are still looked upon with suspicious eyes. Sometimes,
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younger women feel uncomfortable in dealing with men who show extra interest in them than work related aspects.
11. Lack of entrepreneurial aptitude:
Lack of entrepreneurial aptitude is a matter of concern for women entrepreneurs. They have no entrepreneurial bent of mind. Even after attending various training programmes on entrepreneur ship women entrepreneurs fail to tide over the risks and troubles that may come up in an organisational working.
12. Limited managerial ability:
Management has become a specialised job which only efficient managers perform. Women entrepreneurs are not efficient in managerial functions like planning, organising, controlling, coordinating, staffing, directing, motivating etc. of an enterprise. Therefore, less and limited managerial ability of women has become a problem for them to run the enterprise successfully.
13. Legal formalities:
Fulfilling the legal formalities required for running an enterprise becomes an upheaval task on the part of an women entrepreneur because of the prevalence of corrupt practices in government offices and procedural delays for various licenses, electricity, water and shed allotments. In such situations women entrepreneurs find it hard to concentrate on the smooth working of the enterprise.
14. Exploitation by middle men:
Since women cannot run around for marketing, distribution and money collection, they have to depend on middle men for the above activities. Middle men tend to exploit them in the guise of helping. They add their own profit margin which result in less sales and lesser profit.
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15. Lack of self confidence:Women entrepreneurs because of their inherent nature, lack of self-confidence which is essentially a motivating factor in running an enterprise successfully. They have to strive hard to strike a balance between managing a family and managing an enterprise. Sometimes she has to sacrifice her entrepreneurial urge in
order to strike a balance between the two.
Tips to Overcome Challenges as a Woman Entrepreneur
Each year more and more women follow their dreams and rise to the challenge of starting their own businesses. However, traditionally entrepreneurship is a male dominated pursuit. As such, there are several common obstacles that female entrepreneurs must overcome to achieve success. The following details how you can accept these challenges and rise above them.
1. Feeling a need to act like a man. As so many successful entrepreneurs are men, it can be tempting to adopt male traits in order to get ahead. Resist the urge to take a stereotypical male attitude. Instead be yourself and have confidence in your own abilities and strengths. If you have to act like someone else to land a job, then the job isn’t a good fit for you. 2. Allowing emotions and nurturing skills to compromise the business. On the flip side, while it isn’t healthy to try to act like men, it also isn’t healthy to let emotion and nurturing tendencies get in the way of running a company. Typically, men see business in terms of the bottom line. Many women are more invested, which can hold them back from making tough decisions.
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3. Getting the support that you need. As the majority of entrepreneurs are men, women often feel isolated. There simply aren’t enough females to provide positive role models for their fellow entrepreneurs. It’s important to seek out opportunities to connect with other women, such as women-focused networking conferences and workshops. 4. Finding a balance between work and home. While every individual who starts a new company struggles to maintain a healthy balance between family and work, women feel the pressure more than men. You can’t beat yourself up over little things, like missing a family dinner once in a while. 5. Not being afraid of failure. The reality of any start-up company is that there is the possibility of failure. Even if you are successful with your initiative, there will be major obstacles along the way. Amidst these challenges, you can’t let your negative inner voice get in the way of speaking up, taking action, or moving outside of your comfort zone.
CONCLUSION
Independence brought promise of equality of opportunity in all sphere to the Indian women and laws guaranteeing for their equal rights of participation in political process and equal opportunities and rights in education and employment were enacted. But unfortunately, the government sponsored development activities have benefited only a small section of women. The large majority of them are still unaffected by change and development activities have benefited only a small section of women i.e. the urban middle class women. The large majority of them are still unaffected by change and development. The reasons are well sighted in the discussion part of this article. It is hoped that the suggestions forwarded in the article will help the entrepreneurs in particular and policy-planners in general to look into this problem and develop better schemes, developmental programmes and opportunities to the women folk to enter into more entrepreneurial ventures. This article here tries to recollect some of the successful women entrepreneurs like Ekta Kapoor, Creative Director, Balaji Telefilms, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, CEO, Biocon, Shahnaz Husain and Vimalben M Pawale, Ex President, Sri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (SMGULP).
References
1. Jose P., Ajith Kumar. & Paul T.M., (1994) Entrepreneurship Development, Himalaya Publishing. 2. Medha Dubhashi Vinze (1987) Women Entrepreneurs In India: A Socio- Economic Study of Delhi - 1975-76, Mittal Publications, New Delhi. 3. Renuka V. (2001) Opportunities and challenges for women in business, India Together, Online Report, Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. 4. Starcher, D. C. (1996). Women entrepreneurs: Catalysts for transformation. Retrieved July 6, 2001: http:// www.ebbf.org/woman.htm 5. "The female poverty trap." (2001, May 8). The Economist. Retrieved March 14, 2001:
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6. http://www.economist.com
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INVESTMENT CLIMATE & DOING BUSINESS REPORT’S REFORMS AND ITS IMPACT ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Dr. Manisha Barad* *Department of KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Every day, firms around the world face important decisions. A rural micro entrepreneur considers whether to open a small business to complement her family's farm income. A local manufacturing company ponders whether to expand its production line and hire more workers. A multinational enterprise evaluates alternative locations for its next global production facility. Their decisions have important implications for growth and poverty in each location. And their decisions will depend largely on the way government policies and behaviors shape the investment climate in those locations. A good investment climate provides opportunities and incentives for firms—from microenterprises to multinationals—to invest productively, create jobs, and expand. It thus plays a central role in growth and poverty reduction. Improving the investment climates of their societies is critical for governments in the developing world, where 1.2 billion people survive on less than $1 a day, where youths have more than double the average unemployment rate, and where populations are growing rapidly. Expanding jobs and other opportunities for young people is essential to create a more inclusive, balanced, and peaceful world. This paper examines how reforms of the regulatory business environment, investment climate inspired by the World Bank’s Doing Business reports and World Bank’s Word Development report 2005 – A better investment climate for everyone, impact the economic participation of women in developing countries. It focuses on gender-related impacts of four business environment reforms in areas of 1) Obtaining Credit, 2) Registering Property, 3) Starting a Business and 4) Employing Workers. The paper begins by describing the methodology of the Doing Business reports and how the suggested reforms would lead to private sector growth. Then, using an institutional economics framework, it traces women’s most binding constraints in areas of credit, land titling, business start-up and female employment that the Doing Business failed to capture. Discussions show how Doing Business-style reforms in the four areas mentioned create ambiguous impacts for women entrepreneurs by either leading to increased economic opportunities or reinforcing constraints and opening up areas for exploitation. The paper emphasizes mainly on impact of investment climate reforms on the women entrepreneurship.
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Keywords Gender, enterprises, institutions, Doing Business, Investment Climate, business regulatory environment, private sector development ______
Introduction For years, women have played important but often underestimated roles in development. This was one of the main arguments of Ester Boserup in her seminal work analyzing the critical contribution of females to economic growth (1970). Not more than half a century later, her arguments still sustain for most of the world’s developing economies, in rural agricultural production and in urban business environments as well. Volumes of research bear evidence that not only are women’s differently than men. economic roles undervalued, women are also affected by − and respond to − reforms Before development research became gender sensitive, policy and processes tended not to address the specific link between women and development. The unintended result was a widening of gender-related inequalities in productive factors such as land distribution, income and employment opportunities (Braig 2000, 13). The fact is, fundamental legislation and social environments of many countries today preclude women from owning property or entering financial agreements without a man’s consent.
In many countries women are legally and informally ineligible to access resources such as education, credit and training which are necessary factors for economic independence (Todaro / Smith 2006, 228). Thus the reality of the developing world is that, due to institutional and social constraints, women make up a substantial majority of the poor, and are frequently restricted to low-productivity, low-paying informal occupations compared to men (Chen 2004, 3). Removing institutional barriers constraining the economy would allow poor countries to flourish and develop more
Results from the worldwide Doing Business survey are translated into suggested reformsrapidly − thatand thatpromise is the increased objective economicthe of World opportunities Bank with thefor Doingall, including Business women.project. Development experience worldwide show that policies tend to fail to deliver equitable, widespread economic outcomes and fail to elevate the status of women when they do not address gender-specific issues. Development experiences also show that what is needed are policies that specifically establish equal rights and opportunities for women and men (IFPRI 2006; Todaro / Smith 2006). With the explicit proposal that “one size fits all” the World Bank argued that the main tool to promote economic growth and expand opportunities for poor people is the standardization of Law along the lines identified by the best legal practice (World Bank 2004, viii, xvi; Ménard / Marais 2006, 10). The Doing Business Report (DBR) quantified several legal procedures with crucial impacts on private sector development into five indicators in 2004, seven in 2005 and ten in 2006, 2007 and 2008.1 While the phraseology of consequent reports was more nuanced, the reports maintain their initial arguments that deregulation creates a large Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 52 | Page
positive impact on economic growth (Djankov / McLiesh / Ramalho 2006, 399; ITUC 2007, 2; Ménard / Marais 2006, 10). A global fact is, in no region of the developing world are women equal to men in legal, social and economic rights. Despite advances in the absolute status of women and gender equality in most developing countries, all societies still exhibit Therefore, when prescribed institutional reforms do not recognize the socio-economic condition of women, andvarying integrate levels gender of gender sensitivity, asymmetries the expected (World increases Bank 2000, in growth 1−2). stemming from increased investment and economic activity may not benefit women. This paper will analyze the World Bank’s Doing Business indicators and Investment Climate surveys and the institutional reforms borne out of the paper. The approach is a critical evaluation of how liberalizing the regulatory business environment would impact the economic status of women entrepreneurs and employees in society. Drawing from literature, the paper will show the various gender-related dimensions of enterprise development that the Doing Business Reports and their subsequent reform suggestions failed to capture. The paper also discusses the critical gender-related dimensions of enterprise development that can be observed in most developing countries
The Doing Business Reports and Gender Dimensions of Enterprise Development.
The Doing Business Reports and Investment Climates The Doing Business Reports (DBRs) began by measuring five indicators (Starting a Business, Hiring and Firing workers, Enforcing Contracts, Getting Credit and Closing a Business) across 133 countries in 2004. This was achieved by collecting various laws andregulations in force and by creating a questionnaire regarding the legal procedures necessary for a hypothetical domestic company to get off the ground. The instrument was answered by local experts, tax officers, labour and financial lawyers, judges and consultants from the countries included in the survey (World Bank 2004, ix). Knowing that among countries and within countries, staggering differences exist in businesses, Doing Business used several assumptions in order to make enterprises statistically of a country’s legal system, and into global rankings that depends on the number of icomparablendicators and (ibid, the 1−7). total Aggregatingnumber of countriesindicators included resulted in anthat assessment year (Ménard of the / qualityMarais 2006, 10). Based on costs, time and procedural steps needed by the hypothetical business to operate, the rankings determined which countries are havens for investors, the easiest to do business in. In the succeeding years, the indicators were updated at the same time that new indicators were added and the total number of economies covered in the reports enlarged. For 2005, two countries and two new indicators were added (Registering Property and Protecting Investors). For 2006, three new indicators were added (Dealing with Licenses, Paying Taxes, and Trading Across Borders) while the total number of countries covered in the reports increased to 155. For 2007, 20 new economies were added, totalling to 175 countries measuring regulations on 10 fronts. Doing Business 2008, the fifth and latest in the series, investigates regulations in 178 economies. Future work involves the inclusion of three more indicators (Paying Bribes, Opportunities for Women and Infrastructure) (World Bank 2008). Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 53 | Page
The intuition behind Doing Business is relatively simple: institutional quality is a major determinant to prosperity and cumbersome business regulations stifles productive activity (World Bank 2004, viii, xi). The objective of the exercise is similarly simple: what gets measured gets done. By measuring and ranking business regulatory environments worldwide, lower-ranked countries will be motivated to reform the manner in which administrative procedures are implemented. Through the report’s benchmarking approach, investment climates worldwide could be evaluated on a standardized scale, posing multiple strategic benefits for local and foreign businesses while at the same time encouraging governments to inspect how well private sector development is supported by their regime. The intuition behind the Doing Business extends towards the consensus that an institutional climate that rewards investments is the key to private sector development. This is because government policies directly determine the risks, costs and benefits for all involved in Doing Business.
Therefore, by identifying and removing regulatory bottlenecks that constrain private sector growth and by creating favourable institutional climates for micro enterprises to large-scale manufacturers alike, governments will be in an excellent position to boost growth through the stimulation of private sector investment. Although there is no doubt that less complicated regulatory environments are beneficial for businesses of all sizes, the creation of a “level playing field” for all entrepreneurs may entail more than simplification of cumbersome procedures and regulations that stifle productive activity. Worldwide, staggering differences in cultural, historical and ethnic characteristics of countries require a variety of development instruments to address the social and economic specificities of each economy.
Gender dimensions of enterprise development For years, policymakers assumed that women were largely concerned with domestic noneconomic activities while men were responsible for the sustenance of their wife and children (Todaro / Smith 2006, 229). This led to the underestimation of the economic potential of women and the tailoring of many policy reforms towards men (Vugt 1991, 6). However, gender orientated research at all levels show that women contribute significantly to economic activities of the household despite the fact that their contributions are oftentimes undervalued. A World Bank study showed that in Sub Saharan Africa, women provide about 70 % of total agricultural labour (Blackden / Bhanu 1998). In Congo alone, women provide 80 % of labour for food production (Rojas 2005, 1). In Asia and Latin America, women provide about 80 % and 40 % of unpaid agricultural labour for cash crops respectively. In the urban areas, women end up working in the informal sector due to their lack of education, skills and financial resources.
In three developing regions namely, South Asia, Sub-Saharan African and Latin America and the Caribbean, research showed that raising women’s status relative to men’s in households, communities and nations has a direct relationship towards improved health, longevity and productivity of children. Moreover, promoting vegetable gardens Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 54 | Page
and food crops, that are often within the purview of women, benefits not only women but the whole household and more importantly, the girls within a household (Smith et al. 2003; Skoufias-McClafferty 2001; Rojas 2005, 2).
Thus, the central role of women in economic production contrasts sharply with the discrimination they face in access to and control over basic assets needed to participate in a country’s development process (Dowuona-Hammond 2008, 2). Oftentimes, powerful social norms upheld by centuries-old tradition and even modern legal doctrines fundamentally restrict women’s rights, their full potential, and socio- economic capabilities. All over the world, women constantly face the absence of economic opportunities, lack of access to economic resources, including land ownership and inheritance, lack of credit, lack of access to education and health services as well as minimal participation in the decision making process. It is because of these constraints that gender gaps in income occur, resulting in an overwhelmingly female-biased world’s poor (Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995; Todaro / Smith 2006, 227). Gendered research shows that women face additional challenges than men when it comes to establishing and developing their own enterprises and accessing economic resources (Mayoux 2001). On top of the common problems faced by all small-scale entrepreneurs, women still need to confront a gender bias in terms of social, cultural, educational, financial and technological challenges for their businesses. Clearly, the gendered nature of development means that alongside poverty eradication, gender is a core development issue, and a development objective in its own right (World Bank 2000, 1).
GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED IMPACTS OF INVESTMENT CLIMATE REFORMS The Doing Business believes that companies must possess a degree of flexibility that allows them to create new businesses and capture new opportunities for growth. By simplifying administrative procedures, private enterprises are believed to increase efficiency and employment as well as decrease bureaucracy. Moreover, less burdensome procedures are believed to shrink the informal economy and diminish the contend that regulatory reforms recommended by Doing Business Reports are encouraginglikelihood of signsabuse of and change corruption for women (World in Bank business 2004, although xi−xii, xiv−xv). they also The admitted World Bank that gender dimensions are not evident in all ten indicators for the 2006 output (Ellis / ). The Doing Business 2008 indicated several disproportionate barriers facing women in business. These are in areas of Starting a Business, RegisteringCutura 2007, Property, 2−3 Getting Credit, and Employing Workers. Since Doing Business 2008 is the latest and most comprehensive report so far, the paper will focus its attention on the four of the ten indicators used in the latest version. Presented in the following subsections are four of the ten Doing Business 2008 indicators, the items measured by each indicator and the potential gender-relevant issues that reforms in these areas will affect.
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Can reforming credit and collateral registries improve women’s economic participation? Could it increase women’s access to credit? To derive the indicator for “Getting Credit” the World Bank used four measures, namely: strength of legal rights index (ranging from 0 to 10, with 10 as the best), depth of credit information index (0 to 6, with 6 as the best), public registry coverage and private bureau coverage (both in percent of adults). The “Getting Credit” indicator basically measures the borrowers, as well as the overall strength of legal rights of borrowers and lenders. On field experience since the first Doing Business in 2004 pointed to five areas of reforms that the World Bank advocates (World Bank 2008, 30). These are: Expanding the range of information available in credit registries Eliminating legal obstacles to sharing credit information − Allowing all types of assets to be used as collateral14 − Establishing registries for all types of collateral − Allowing out-of-court enforcement of collateral The− rationale behind the reforms is that when banks and other credit institutions know the− credit history of prospective borrowers, it is easier for them to permit loans and decide how much interest to charge. In addition, when all types of assets can be registered and accepted as collateral, banks are more willing to lend money to fund productive activities. Thus, for borrowers with good credit histories, and with collateral, obtaining loans will be easier. Countries who reformed in the direction of World Bank suggestions experienced fewer bad loans and thus lower financial risk. With more credit to fund businesses, investment and economic growth are expected to increase. Ellis / Cutura (2007, 6) support that with these reforms, the credit worthiness of women will be finally recognized. Women’s access to credit will be increased because valuable information with regard to their excellent repayment records based on microfinance experience will finally be publicly available to banks and other institutions.
Can easier property registration procedures increase women’s economic participation? Could it increase women’s access to land and property? To measure “Registering Property”, three aggregated indicators were used. These are: the total number of procedures, the time in days and the total cost of property registration as percent of property value (World Bank 2008, 24). “Registering Property” measures the ease of formally registering land and property in order to obtain a document or title that is legally recognized. According to the World Bank, the five most effective reforms that smoothen property registration are as follows (ibid, 27):
1. Simplifying and lowering property registration fees 2. Introducing fast track procedures 3. Making the registry electronic 4. Taking registration out of courts 5. Making the use of notaries optional
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Following de Soto (World Bank 2008), the World Bank maintains that property registration is good for entrepreneurs because with formal property titles, they can obtain mortgages for their assets, and use this to start businesses. By making reforms that facilitate property registration, more lands will be registered, increasing access to finance and opportunities to invest (ibid, 24). By making property transfer cheaper and faster, existing businesses can expand while new businesses can boost much-needed capital. Empirical results also show that registered property was observed to increase in value leading to increases in investment and access to credit (Field 2006; Feder 2002). Poor women’s access to finance is said to improve with easier property registration procedures because they can use the property as collateral (Ellis / Cutura 2007, 6). That property ownership brings unprecedented benefits to women, and in particular, to female entrepreneurs is unambiguous. Earlier it was mentioned that poor women who have access to property were reported to have increased investments in the household, particularly in their children’s health and education (Ellis / Cutura 2007, 6). Women withrights to property find themselves having more bargaining power within the household and community (Meinzen-Dick, forthcoming). And, because there are few or no rules that attempt to equalize women’s land ownership with regards to men’s, transactions at the Governance structure level still reflect society’s discriminatory stance against female land ownership.
Could shorter and cheaper business registration procedures increase women’s economic participation? Could it increase women’s entrepreneurship in general and women’s formal entrepreneurship in particular? The Doing Business used four aggregated measures for the indicator “Starting a Business”. These are: number of procedures required to start a business, total time in days, total cost of starting the business (in percent of income per capita) and the minimum capital needed to start the business (in percent of income per capita, in US$). Basically, this indicator measures the duration and costs required to begin commercial operations. There are five areas for reform that are most successful in this regard namely (World Bank 2008 12): 1. Cutting the minimum capital requirement 2. Introducing a one-stop shop for business registration 3. Standardizing incorporation documents 4. Removing outdated formalities 5. Allowing online start-up The need to simplify administrative procedures with regard to starting a business stems from the rationale that “when it is easier to start a business, more businesses will start up” (World Bank 2006, 13). Additional benefits to reforming include increases in investment, the creation of new jobs, the reduction of corruption and the encouragement of enterprise formalization.
Will making labor regulations more flexible increase women’s economic participation? Could it increase the number of women in the labour force? In “Employing Workers” six measures were used to come up with an indicator. These are: the difficulty of hiring and difficulty of firing indices (both ranging from 0 to 100, Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 57 | Page
where 100 is the best), the rigidity of hours and rigidity of employment indices (both ranging 0 to 100, where 100 is the best), non-wage labour cost (as percentage of salary) and the cost of firing (in weeks of salary). In essence the indicator “Employing Workers” measures the ease and costs of employing and laying-off workers and the stringency of working hours Based on global experience, the World Bank advocates for four areas of reform that will facilitate movement within the labour market namely: Allowing flexible working hours Introducing apprentice wages − Lowering dismissal costs − Raising and equalizing mandatory retirement ages The− rationale behind the “Employing Workers” indicator is that when labour regulations− allow for flexibility without giving up worker protection, more jobs will be created in the formal sector at the same time assisting changeovers from one job to another (World Bank 2008, 19). By having less stringent job laws, formal sector productivity increases, informality and business costs decrease and the incidence of child labor diminishes (World Bank 2006, 23, 26).
Conclusion Thus women play an important role in private sector development and contribute significantly to the economy is a reality. However, women’s productivity and participation are hampered by many aspects at different levels of institutions. The strongest of institutions arise from the level traditions, beliefs and social norms which dictate how resources are allocated in the community. Unfortunately in many developing countries, tradition and norms situate women in an inferior position with regards to men, and disadvantages many in matters of resource access and acquisition. Existing laws and regulations in these countries may either support gender discrimination (when women are accorded less rights) or are crafted in such a broad manner than they do little to improve women’s social standing. Policies and reforms are tools governments possess to influence the institutional environment. Thus, the paper discussed The World Bank’s Doing Business project attempts to create a level playing field for men and women in the private sector by encouraging institutional reforms worldwide. Analysis of the reforms in four areas of Doing Business in the light of the women entrepreneurship traits showed that: • On credit: The lack of access of women to formal credit has customary and statutory origins that tend to trap women into poverty and economic dependence. Microfinance institutions have been highly acclaimed for their tremendous assistance towards female entrepreneurs, however, there are limitations of micro credit that hinder women-led businesses to expand and formalize. Reforms that aim to increase women’s credit access should fully recognize and acknowledge the multi-dimensional nature of women’s lack of credit access and find ways to work around the issue. Customs that limit women’s ownership rights and mobility as well as social perceptions about women’s capacities are important issues the need to be confronted before finding ways to introduce change.
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• On property rights: Access to land remains one of the major barriers confronting many women worldwide. This is because tradition and legislation in some countries tend to disallow or neglect specific women’s rights to land and property acquisition, making it difficult for women to be productive. More often it is strong tradition and norms in rural areas that explicitly prohibit women from owning property, even if legislation favouring female property ownership is present. Policymakers need to realize that local level practices are critical filters for the successful implementation of any policy. Therefore a critical understanding of resource property regimes and the diverse set of factors affecting women’s access to land is needed before attempting to devise policies that promise equitable property rights for all. On starting a business: Many women-led businesses suffer from gender-bias in the procedures needed for start-up, making it more difficult for women entrepreneurs to start businesses or to formalise existing ones. The biases could be traced from traditional and cultural factors but it is the quality of policies at the Institutional Environment that makes a difference on business enabling conditions for all. Business start-up for women is strongly influenced by technological development, macro-economic conditions, and family- related decisions. These factors create significantly different start-up scenarios for men and women, which might not be bridged by reforming business procedures alone. • On female employment: The Doing Business suggests labour market reforms that would allow flexibility for businesses to respond to a changing economy, increase job opportunities and spur growth in the formal sector. The argument against this is that caution needs to be practiced in reforming the labour market because new policies could easily override sensitive worker’s rights as well as not help to “level the playing field” for women workers. Institutional analysis shows that women’s employments are influenced by economic and non-economic factors of which de-regulation and simplification of labour rules could not address. In sum, reforms that arise from the Doing Business are generally positive for both men and women entrepreneurs and encouraging for private sector growth. However, Doing Business manages to address not all of the issues but rather, only a sub-set of the regulatory issues confronting women entrepreneurs and definitely not their most binding constraints. The DB reforms may not be sufficient to overcome barriers to the start-up, expansion and formalization of women-led enterprises and this should be specified in the reports. The key point to remember is that economic growth is also dependent upon the wellbeing of women. Improving the status of women in society is not simply about improving social justice and equalising human rights, but also about creating an environment that enables men and women to productively participate and contribute in the growth process. Accounting for cultural and social values in economic decision- making is important not merely because it removes social and economic constraints of women but also because it paves the way for sustainable growth and development. References 1. Agarwal, B. (1996): A field of one's own: Gender and land rights in South Asia, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press Akua Duncan, B. / C. Brants (2004): Access to and control over land from a gender perspective: A study conducted in
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the Volta Region of Ghana, Washington/DC: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2. Alderman, H. et al. (2003): Gender differentials in farm productivity: Implications for household efficiency and agricultural policy, in: A. Quisumbing (ed.), Household decisions, gender and development: A synthesis of recent research, Washington/DC: International Food Policy Research Institute 3. Almeyda, G. (1996): Money Matters, New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women / Inter- 4. Altenburg, T. / C. v. Drachenfels (2006): The "New Minimalist Approach" to private sector development:American A critical Development assessment, Bank, 61−66in: Development Policy
5. Anker, R. (1997): Theories of occupational segregation by sex: An overview, in: Review 24 (4), 387−411 business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries, in: Journal of International Labour Review 136 (3), 315−339Anna, A. L. et al. (1999): Women 6. Arruñada, B. (2007): Pitfalls to avoid when measuring institutions: Is Doing Business Venturingdamaging 15,business? 279−303 in: Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4),
7. ADB (Asian Development Bank) (1998): Women in Malaysia, Manila: Programs 729−747Department West Division 1, 8. Asian Development Bank (Country Briefing Paper) Calderon-Cockburn, J. A.
paper presented at the ESF / NAERUS International Workshop on "Coping with informality(2001): Official and registrationillegality in (formalization)human settlements of property in developing in Peru, cities", 1996−2000: Leuven a- May 2001 9. Chen, M. (1995): A matter of survival: Women's right to employment in India andBrussels, Bangladesh, 23−26, in: M. Nussbaum / J. Glower (ed.), Women, culture, and development: A study of human capabilities, Oxford: Oxford University Press, s (EGDI) / World Institute for Development Economics of the United Nations University 10. Cutura,37−57 Development J. (2007): Voices Issue of women entrepreneurs in Kenya, Washington/DC: International Finance Corporation, Gender Entrepreneurship Markets and Foreign Investment Advisory Service 11. Daly, K. (2007): Gender inequality, growth and global ageing, New York: Goldman Sachs (Global Economics Paper 154) 12. Davidsson, P. (1995): Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship, in: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 7
(1), 41−62 )
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PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ENGAGED IN FOOD PROCESSING UNITS
Dr. Veena S. Samani* (Associate Professor), Nita M. Khant† *M.V.M. Science & Home Science College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. †A. V. Parekh Technical Institute, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
Abstract
Women want to be good wives, good mothers and better home managers. She wants to maintain her status in the society and be respected by the other members of the family. Her sincerity towards all the responsibilities is itself a cause of trouble. Women are now entrepreneurs in different areas. Present study have total respondents 60, women entrepreneurs’ are in the age group of 20 to 60 years staying in different area of Rajkot city of Gujarat state were selected randomly for present study. Personal interviews were conducted to get information required based on prepared questionnaire. The information collected regarding problems like Issues about Raw Materials, matter of Finance, marketing Problems, Co-operation of family members, problems in terms of wages, 83.33%of the entrepreneurs were found selling their products at local market, tough competition, and suffering from stress etc. found. Different types of injuries to women workers have also noticed.
Keywords Women Entrepreneurs, Problems, Food Processing ______
Introduction
Women are playing vital role in the progress of the country. The problems that present day working women face can be traced back through history to the Neolithic times when a division of laboralready existed on the basis of sex. In those days also, men hunted and women gathered roots and fruits. Women are conditioned with the multiple responsibilities. They want to be efficient workers and try hard to fulfill the job duties.
Food processing is important industry. Various facets can be considered in this type of industries. When women entrepreneurs involves, different factors also considered. With the spread of education and awareness, women have shifted from kitchen to higher level of professional activities. Entrepreneurship has been a male-dominated phenomenon from the very early age, but time has changed the situation and
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brought women as today's most memorable and inspirational entrepreneurs. In almost all the developed countries in the world women are putting their steps at par with the men in the field of business. The role of Women entrepreneur in economic development is to be anticipated. Now-a-days women enter not only in selected professions but also in professions like trade, industry and engineering. Women are also willing to take up business and put in to the Nation’s growth. There role is also being recognized and steps are being taken to promote women Entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship must be shaped properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges global markets and also be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial field.Leadership quality is one of the most important characteristic of a woman entrepreneur. It is the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically towards achieving objectives
However, the problems of women entrepreneurs can be briefly discussed in following areas:
Method and Materials
Total respondents 60, women entrepreneurs are in the age group of 20 to 60 years staying in different area of Rajkot city of Gujarat state were selected randomly for present study. Personal interviews of the students were conducted to get information required based on prepared questionnaire as follows:
• General Information about Women Entrepreneurs. • Issues Regarding Raw Materials • Details of Workers in the Enterprise • Matter of Finance • Marketing Problems • Co-operation of family members, Justice to Domestic Duties, Personal Problems, Other Problem
Table – 1 General Information about Women Entrepreneurs Age 20 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 and Total years years years Above years 04 (6.66%) 25 (41.66%) 24(40%) 07(11.66%) 60 Education Primary Secondary Graduate Postgraduate Total 30(50%) 18(30%) 12(20%) 00 60 Marital Married Unmarried Widow Other Total Status 54(90%) 03(5%) 03(5%) 00 60
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• The sample distribution according to age groups showed that a large majority of women entrepreneurs engaged in food unit belonged to the age group of 31 -50 years. The larger number of women entrepreneurs belonging to the age group of 31 - 50 years may be because by this time they are mature enough to start their own professional life. In addition to this, it may also be possible that by this age they are free from major family responsibilities. • The collected data also pointed that a large majority of selected women had low level of education. 50% of women entrepreneurs had primary education followed by 30% having secondary education, 20% graduation and 0% post graduation. This also points out that most women having higher education preferred service than business. Those having low education may not get suitable job and the need for income generation or creative utilize action of time leads them to undertake entrepreneurship. • The data in above table show that majority 90.% of women were married, 5% were unmarried 5% were widow, 1% of the selected women were single. Others category included divorcee as well as married but separated women. Table -2 Issues Regarding Raw Materials
Raw Materials Yes No Total Availability of Raw Material 60 00 60 Reasonable Cost of Raw Material 60 00 60 Shortage Of Raw Material 00 60 60 • The data regarding raw materials showed that all the selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing had easy availability of raw materials. More than half of them obtained their raw materials at reasonable rates. Majority of the selected women entrepreneurs did not face shortage of raw materials.
Table- 3 Details of Workers in the Enterprise
Numbers Workers in 1 to 10 workers 11 to 20 workers 21 to 30 workers Total unit 47(78.33%) 10(16.66%) 03(5%) 60 Unit of Permanent Unit of Temporary Unit of Daily
Appointment of Workers Workers Wages Workers Workers in unit 16(26.66%) 07(11.66%) 37(61.66%) 60 Workers Related Pay Related Leave Related Productivity Problems in unit 37(61.66%) 13(21.66%) 10(16.66%) 60 Hand/Shoulder Burning Heel/Leg Pain Food Products /Back Pain Eyes 12 (20%) 54 (90%) 45 (75%) 60
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Training given to Training not
Training given to Workers given to Workers Workers in unit 48 (80%) 12 (20%) 60 • The data on number of workers showed that a very large majority of selected women entrepreneurs had 1 to 10 workers in their food processing enterprises. Those having 11 to 20 workers were exactly Triple than those having 21 to 30. However, no enterprise had more than 30 workers. • In case of appointment of workers, the collected data showed that 61.66% selected women entrepreneurs had employed daily wagers. 26.66% selected women entrepreneurs had employed permanent, who had worked more than 5 years. 11.66% selected women entrepreneurs had employed temporary workers, who had worked less than 2 years. • The data in above table clearly indicates that majority of problems were in terms of wages followed by those with respect to leave and productivity. • The work of food processing involved hand and shoulder to a maximum extent. Thus, it was found that workers suffering from hand and shoulder pain were maxim um in number. It was followed by back pain may be because of long hours of sitting or because of lifting heavy loads. As compared to others, problems regarding leg pain and heel pain were found to lesser extent among the workers of food processing entrepreneurs. • 80% training given to worker from women entrepreneurs.
Table - 4 Matter of Finance
Investmen Rs.30,001- Rs.80,000 Rs.80,0001- Rs.1,50,000 - Total t Rs.1,50,000 Rs. 2,00,000 44 (73.33%) 12 (20%) 04 (6.66%) 60 Source of Own Saving Family/Friends/Rela Loan Investmen tives t 25 (41.66%) 08(13.33%) 27 (45%) 60 Loan Demanded loan Accepted to get loan Rejected to Total Details get loan 33 (55%) 27 (45%) 05(8.33%) Source of Private Co operative soc. Bank loan 3 (5%) 10 (16.66%) 14 (23.33%) 27 Process of Slow Process High Interest Documents Loan 14(23.33%) 6 (10%) 7 (11.66%) 27 • Investment data shows that at the start most of women entrepreneurs invested a sum of Rs. 30,000 to 80,000 whereas minimum number invested an amount higher than Rs. 2,00,000
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• The data in above table showed that almost equal number of selected women entrepreneurs’ investment came from own saving or they preferred to take loan. It was found that lesser number of entrepreneurs had borrowed money from family or friends to start their enterprise. • The data regarding loan showed that 33 entrepreneurs wanted to take loan but 27 entrepreneurs were successful in obtaining loan & 5 entrepreneurs were rejected. • The table shows that 14 of the entrepreneurs obtained loans from banks followed by private sector and co –operatives respectively. • Majority of entrepreneurs felt that obtaining loan was slow process. Entrepreneurs also complained of high interest rates and procedural delays such as documents and securities. Table - 5 Marketing Problems
Area of Local State Nation Total Marketing 50 (83.33%) 07 (11.66%) 03(5%) Marketing By Self By Family By Sales men network members 22 18 (30%) 20 60 Faces Yes No Competition 60 (100%) 00 60 Gives Credit Yes No 16 (26.66%) 44 (73.33%) 60 Rejection of Yes No Food 18 32 40 Products Thrown away Taken by Workers Sold at Less Price 08 10 40 • However, 11.66% entrepreneurs found State market, 5% national market and very rare international market for their 83.33%of the entrepreneurs were found selling their products at local market only. • The table shows that marketing is done by self or family members in most number of cases. However, few enterprises also employed sales person for the sale. • The data on competition suggest that as many as 100 % entrepreneurs faced tough competition by rivals. • This should not be surprising because market competition is intense in retail sale. Therefore, even small entrepreneurs had to sell their products on credit. • Given the nature of food products, the researcher was also interested to find out entrepreneurs’ strategy to deal with unsold food items. One third of the selected entrepreneurs faced this problem. In this case, most of them sold the products at reduced price or distributed them among workers. Some other strategies such as self-consumption and free distribution were also adopted as per convenience
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Table -6 Co-operation of family members
Co-operation of family members Yes No Total In-laws 30 30 60 Husband 48 12 60 Other Family Members 16 44 60 Children 06 54 60 • 50% In-laws, 80% husband, 26.66% other members, Only 10% children were co- operated with women Entrepreneurs
Table - 7 Justice to Domestic Duties
Domestic Duties Yes No Total Cleanliness 22 38 60 Cooking 54 06 60 Care of Elders 15 45 60 Care of the Children 48 12 60 • 63.33% women entrepreneurs’ house was not clean at all, 75% not able to look after to their elders. • 90% women entrepreneurs were ready to cook., 80% taking care their children.
Table-8 Personal Problems
Personal Problems Yes No Total Mental Stress 60 00 60 Physical Fatigue 55 05 60 Social Relationship 36 24 60 Hobbies 12 48 60 • Total women entrepreneurs were living under stress, 91.66% suffering from fatigue, 60% maintaining social relationship, 20% spending leisure time for their hobby
Table -9 Other Problems
Problems Yes No Total Out Station Visits due to Work 03 57 60 Night-shift 17 43 60 Government Benefit 03 57 60
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Own Saving 06 54 60 • 5% women entrepreneurs had to go for field work for out station, 28.33% night shift duty, 5% getting government benefit, 10% saving money for them.
Conclusion:
In traditional Indian society women are accorded inferior status in family hierarchy. The Indian society considered women as weaker sex. Such sociological and cultural traditions and taboos have kept women dormant for quite a long time. In our studied, we found that • Majority of women entrepreneurs engaged in food unit belonged to the age group of 31 -50 years. • 50% of women entrepreneurs had primary education • 90% of women were married. • Very large majority of women entrepreneurs had 1 to 10 workers in their units. • 61.66% women entrepreneurs had employed daily wagers. • The data in above table clearly indicates that majority of problems were in terms of wages • The work of food processing involved hand and shoulder to a maximum extent. Thus, it was found that workers suffering from hand and shoulder pain were maxim um in number. • 80% training given to worker from women entrepreneurs. • Most of women entrepreneurs invested a sum of Rs. 30,000 to 80,000. • 33 entrepreneurs wanted to take loan but 27 entrepreneurs were successful in obtaining loan & 5 entrepreneurs were rejected, because of slow process, high interest & demand of documents. • 83.33%of the entrepreneurs were found selling their products at local market only. • 100 % entrepreneurs faced tough competition • 50% In-laws, 80% husband, 26.66% other members& 10% children were co- operated with women Entrepreneurs • 90% women entrepreneurs were ready to cook. 80% women entrepreneurs were taking care of their children. • Total women entrepreneurs were living under stress, 91.66% suffering from fatigue.60% maintaining social relationship, 20% spending leisure time for their hobby • 5% women entrepreneurs were getting government benefit • 10% women entrepreneurs saving money for them.
Bibliography
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1. Chander, S.K., 1991.Development of Women Entrepreneurship in India – A Study of Public Policies and Programmers, Mittal Publication, New Delhi. 2. Dave, L., 1986. Status and Employment of Women in India. B.R. Publishing Co- operation, Delhi. 3. Desai, A., 1995. Research Methodology in management. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 4. Dudhashi, M., 1987. Women Entrepreneurship in India. Mittal Publications, New Delhi. 5. Kumar, A., (2002), Empowering Women, Sarup and Sons, New Delhi. 6. Ram, S., 2004 Women: Socio – Economic Problems. Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi. 7. Ayesha, M.I., (1982), New Status of Rural Women in India. Uppal Publication. Badi, R.V., (2005), Entrepreneurship: Virendra Publication, New Delhi.
Acknowledgement We are heartily thankful to the all the women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing, who provided their inputs in bringing awareness about their work to the world, by the means of this paper and making this paper a valuable piece of information. We are also thankful to Mr. B. J. Marsonia for giving his valuable time in reviewing this paper for not to missing out any important data.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GUJARAT
Ms. Joe Mary George*, Dr. Sanjay R Ajmeri† *Assistant Professor, SEMCOM College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India, †Associate Professor, BJVM College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract Gone are the days of women, who used to confined in the four walls of their houses. The all older concept of women’s association with 3Ps and 3Ks (Pickle, Papad& Powder & Kids, Knitting & Kitchen) are now replaced with 4Es such as Engineering, Electricity, Energy & Electronics. Today’s women are gaining highest positions in different areas such as education, politics, business, banking, insurance, etc. The women of twenty first century are in fact treated equal to men in all respect. Today both the state and central government have realized this importance and have started taking various measures to promote and develop women entrepreneurship. There are many successful women entrepreneurs who gave shape to their thoughts in Gujarat. This research paper is based on secondary data. This paper is focusing on support and assistance from the state and central government for the development of women entrepreneurship in Gujarat & case studies and review of case studies on women entrepreneurs of Gujarat.
Keywords Women, Entrepreneurship, Gujarat
Introduction to women entrepreneurship “Behind every successful man there is a women”, this saying equally contributes for the economic development of any country. “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women” - Jawaharlal Nehru. Definition by the Government of India, “An enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated by the enterprise to women.” The Indian economy has been witnessing a drastic change since mid-1991, with new policies of economic liberalization, globalization and privatization initiated by the Indian government. India has great entrepreneurial potential.
Objectives of the study 1. To review the assistance and support for women entrepreneurs in Gujarat. 2. To highlight the problems faced by women entrepreneurs. 3. To know the successful women entrepreneurs in Gujarat.
Methodology
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The study is focused towards the secondary data collected from different sources like journals, publications, books and websites on women entrepreneurship.
Literature review Rhea Bhandari (2014) argues that women are the key agents of sustainable development. In her opinion the empowerment of women is closely linked to the issue of sustainability which was also the theme of the Rio+20 summit took place in Brazil in June 2012.
Anshuja Tiwari (2014) attempted to examine and highlight the role of financial institutions in the development of women entrepreneurship.
Dr. B Someshwar (2014) in his research article had discussed about the following few Government Schemes, which aimed at empowerment of women, social welfare and rural development in different aspects. But the researcher emphasized that still there is no or less awareness about the government policies among the rural people and particularly among rural women. Hence, the voluntary organization and Non- Governmental Organizations have to act to increase the awareness among the rural women on the government policies.
ParulTyagi and RichaNangia ((2012) in their research paper “Emergence of Indian Women as Global Entrepreneurs: Opportunities and Challenges” finds that the government sponsored development activities have benefited only a small section of women.
Dr. Mu. Subrahmanian (2011) finds that there are various institutions in the financial sector extend their maximum support in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc. Even then every woman entrepreneur may not be aware of all the assistance provided by the institutions Dr. Ajay Sharma, Ms SapnaDua and Mr. Vinod Hatwal (2012) studied the impact on women empowerment through micro entrepreneurship development and SHGs.
Bharathi V Sunagar and MeghaJigulur (2013) had covered the following objectives in their research article such as to understand the socioeconomic back-ground of women entrepreneurs, problems faced by them, support factors from government for women to involve in entrepreneurial activities and reasons in running their enterprises efficiently and profitably.
Mrs. Savita Kumari (2012) in her research had tried to identify the problems faced by women entrepreneurships in India, measures taken by the government to encourage women entrepreneurship and had also put light on the solutions of the problems faced by them.
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Pushpa M (2014) in her research article “Prospects and Challenges for Women Entrepreneurs of India: A Conceptual Study” had described about the challenges faced by Indian women entrepreneurs and has given the suggestions to overcome the same.
Dr. Vijayakumar A and Jayachitra S (2013) in their research work have focused that there is a need of government, non-government, promotional and regulatory agencies to come forward and play the supportive role in promoting the women entrepreneurship in India. Women Entrepreneurship in Gujarat Business runs in the blood of every Gujarati. It has spread its acumen over USA, Canada and many other Western horizons. The Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (CED) was established in 1970 in Gujarat to enhance trader’s expertise and make the business flourishing. In order to encourage more women entrepreneurs from the state, CED started various programmes to train women in this domain (DurvaShastriaProf. U. T. Rao).
The then Honorable Chief Minister Shri Modi, now Prime Minister of India had suggested that women should be made an integral part in the decision making process in almost all the spheres by giving the examples of Ganga Ba, a widow who joined Mahatma Gandhi to Ahmedabad’s Jasuben Pizza’s, Lijjat Papad, Induben Khakhrawala and many more. The Government of Gujarat has taken the steps for women in the coastal areas to encourage them to do more business and earn their livelihood. The scheme is known as Fish Entrepreneur Yojana, which encourages the scheduled caste/ tribe women to sell fishes to be self-reliant. For the same purpose, other facilities like buying weighing machine, insulated box, etc are provided and women are allotted Rs. 10,000/- as unit cost and 50% assistance is also given. Training is provided to them for the growth of “Zingo” fishes under a ten day course with Rs.100/- scholarship.(DurvaShastria & Prof. U. T. Rao)
Women Entrepreneurs of Gujarat Gujarati women, have become successful women entrepreneurs due to their hard work, commitment and co-operation. May it be Lijjat Papad, or Jasuben’s Pizza or Induben Khakhrawala or the Founder of The Riverside School in Ahmedabad and many more. The following cases depicts how from the meagre idea, they have achieved it all. The story of LijjatPapad: Lijjat was started by seven Gujarati women from Bombay, to make a sustainable living for them and the only expertise they had, was cooking. The seven women were Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat, Parvatiben RamdasThodani, Ujamben Narandas Kundalia, Banuben. N. Tanna, Laguben Amritlar Gokani, Jayaben V. Vithalani, and one more lady whose name is not known. It all started with the loan of meagre amount of Rs. 80. Under the guidance of Chaganbapa, the women started preparing two different types of papads, in order to sell the inferior ones at the cheaper rate. Soon, the papad venture expanded as a co-operative firm, and in just few months time, the number of women gone up to 25. They started purchasing essential equipments for their business and in the initial year, their organization made Rs. 6196 as their annual Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 71 | Page
sales. In the year 1962, the papad products were named as Lijjat (Gujarati for “tasty”) and their organization was named as Shri MahilaGrihaUdyogLijjatPapad. Started with a modest loan of Rs 80, the cooperative now has annual sales exceeding Rs 301 crore (Rs 3.1 billion). The essence of the story lies in its distribution cycle. The co-operative follows the philosophy of involving each employee. Every morning a group of women goes to the Lijjat branch to knead dough, which is then collected by other women who roll it into papads. When these women come in to collect the dough, they also give in the previous day's production, which is tested for quality. Yet another team packs the tested papads. Every member gets her share of vanai (rolling charge) every day for the work she does and this is possible only because the rest of the system is geared to support it. Lijjat follows the principle of sarvodaya i.e. collective ownership. All the working members are accepted as the owners and equal partners in both profit and loss. Lijjatpapad has its branches across the states of India some of which are Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, and Madhya Pradesh. Lijjat’s exports alone account for Rs 10 crore (Rs 100 million). At present, 30 per cent to 35 per cent of the production of LijjatPapad is being exported, mainly to countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, the Middle East, Singapore, Hong Kong and Holland.
The story of Jasuben’s Pizza: In Narendra Modi's Gujarat, the pizza is certainly not Italian. Enterprising Gujarati entrepreneurs have converted the oven-baked, flat, round bread, which took birth in Naples, into a desi delight. Jasuben Pizza is a pizza parlour in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was opened by a woman named Jasuben Shah. Jasuben started this pizza business in 1990s along with the couple named Andarben and Jorawar Singh Rajput. After they started making pizzas, Jasuben moved back to Pune where she lived earlier but Andarben continued to run the business. It was Andarben who later developed a "secret recipe" of the sauce that is still used in their pizzas. It is also reported that at a point in time they were presumably selling more pizzas than Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza combined within the city. After the business became a success, she and her family expanded to six branches in the city. The type of pizza served is an Indianized version of the original Italian one. It has been adapted to Gujarati taste. The version served at Jasuben's uses Bhakri, a thin crisp Indian bread as base and is laced with tomato puree, finely chopped onions and capsicum, covered with abundant amounts of local cheese and seasoned with black pepper. The oven used at their different branches was also designed and customized by Andarben and manufactured locally so that pizzas could be stacked on top of each other. The pizzeria sells 20,000 pizzas daily with each piece priced at Rs. 50. Designing and developing indigenous pizza ovens and beating the American brands in their game were no mean business, and till date the pizza business is quite a success in itself.
The story of Smita Jani: Electronic Frontier
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Now, after fifteen years of earnest struggle, Smita has become the only woman entrepreneur in Gujarat to manufacture multimeters and ohm-meters. Her products have become a guarantee of safety and good quality. She plans to supply her products to many reputed industries directly and through dealers. Smita’s edge is possessing several appreciation certificates and awards for her commendable work from prestigious industrial institutions and media. In 2011, she was awarded Best Women Entrepreneur Award (Cash Rs. 1 lakh) by TAI, Bombay and she feels very proud about it. Today, 50 year old Smita is a genial housewife, a grandmother, and a prosperous entrepreneur in the field of electronics. She is a faculty and motivator to entrepreneurship programme to promote more and more women to venture into business.
The story of Rinku Lakdawala: This particular case reflects the journey of a tenacious woman, who withstood and sustained societal and familial norms and made her dreams spectacularly tangible. raight line is more convoluted for women. Rinku Lakdawala, hailing from a traditional & conservative large Gujarati family comprising of fiveEntrepreneur‟s siblings, four path sisters rarely & one a st brother. From a modest financial background, Rink believed to constantly improve, educate and update herself and be among the best. She attention should be paid to technology up gradation and modern manufacturing practices.started her To career have aas near a dress-perfect designer produc intion her set husband‟s- up, every garage. year thereShe believed is a need that to invest great in facilities and renewal of existing machines, and the drive to modernize the procurement procedures which is very important for the design and development. Overcoming all the challenges and upgrading herself with the most innovative ideas, Rinku is one of the most successful Women Entrepreneur in the city of Surat, Gujarat. She has been awarded “Bhaskar Women of the Year Award, 2012. She has also won the “L. P. Savani Women Entrepreneur Award, 2012”, this award is an appreciation of who achieved extraordinary success and done commendable work in their respective field. Rinku represents those enterprises that are managed by women and are done so extraordinarily with them as the decision – makers.
Government support and measures for the development of women entrepreneurship There has been a shift in the government efforts for the women development from “welfare”-oriented approach in the First Five Year Plan to “development” and “empowerment” of women in the consecutive Five Year Plans. Government at the Centre as well at the State designed a number of schemes and programmes for the support of entrepreneurs in general and for women entrepreneurs in particular. In India, the MSME development organizations, various State Small Industries Development Corporations, national banks and NGOs are conducting entrepreneurship development programmes to cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs.
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Training and Employment Programme (STEP) aims to raise the incomes of the women by updating their skill & in the traditional sectors, such as dairy development, animal husbandry horticulture, handloom and social forestry. Since the inception of the programme in 1987 about 3.32 lakh women have been benefited through 61 projects as at the end of March 2000
Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry: Business Women Wing. BWW has a membership of around 160 enthusiastic women entrepreneurs and is currently very active in offering value added services through various initiatives which enables women entrepreneurs to establish, manage or expand their businesses. In 2010, The National Mission for Empowerment of Women was launched by the Government of India in order to strengthen overall processes that promote all-round development of women. The National Resource Centre has been set up which functions as a national convergence centre for all schemes and programmes targeting women. Some of its focus areas are skill development, micro credit, vocational training, entrepreneurship and self- help group development.
Other associations and agencies that are making important contributions at State and national levels to promote women entrepreneurs include: Federation of Indian Women Entrepreneurs (FIWE) - It is the outcome of resolution passed in 4th International Conference of Women Entrepreneurs held at Hyderabad. It was founded in 1993. FIWE interacts with various women’s associations in the country to facilitate members’ involvement in a range of activities. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) - is an institution established at the national level to provide facilities for small-scale industries. As a part of developing small industries by women entrepreneurs, SIDBI has introduced specific schemes for women. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) - established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956, as a statutory organisation engaged in promotion and development of khadi and village industries to provide employment opportunities in rural areas and for women entrepreneurs. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organisation (MSME-DO) - It is the apex body for assisting the Government in formulating, coordinating, implementing and monitoring policies and programmes for MSMEs in the country. MSME-DO provides a comprehensive range of common facilities, technology support services, marketing assistance, entrepreneurial development support among others, to women entrepreneurs. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) - NABARD is an autonomous financial institution which provides liberal credit to rural women entrepreneurs. International Centre for Entrepreneurship and Career Development (ICECD) is a registered trust which has been involved in training women entrepreneurs for MSME development in large scale over the last 25 years. It has extended its operations internationally and has supported women entrepreneurs in over 55 countries.
The Department of Rural Employment and Poverty Alleviation under the Ministry of Rural Development have initiated several schemes in which 30 to 40 per cent of the benefits are reserved for women below the poverty line.
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SwarnaJayanthi Gram SwarozgarYojana Scheme (SGSY), was amended and merged version of the erstwhile Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Integrated Rural Development program (IRDP) and Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), was launched in April 1999. It is a holistic credit-cum-subsidy program, covering all aspects of self- employment. The stipulated 40 per cent reservation for women will be implemented through the Panchayat Samitis (local self- government).
The JawaharRozgarYojana (JRY) provides facilities for women through training and employment. The Indira AwaasYojana, a part of the JRY, aims at providing houses free of cost to poor people. The houses are allotted to female members, or in the joint names of the husband and wife to enable women to own assets.
The Government in 1998 launched a new scheme, called the Trade-Related Entrepreneurship ~ssistance and Development (TREAD). It was designed to generate self-employment for 45,000 women in rural and urban areas. The package involves financial assistance and services through NGOs in the non-farm sector The National Bank For Agriculture and Rural Development
The Scheme for setting up Women's Development Corporations in States was formulated in 1986-87 with a view to identifying women entrepreneurs, providing them with technical consultancy, facilitating availability of credits, promoting marketing of products, strengthening women's cooperatives, arranging training facilities, etc. The scheme was transferred to the State sector during 1992-93, as per the decision of the National Development Council.
Indira MahilaYojana (IMY) was launched in 1995 in over 200 blocks of India, for the holistic empowerment of women. IMY is being implemented in 238 blocks and till now, 40,000 women's groups have been formed under the scheme. Of these, 3,000 groups were formed in 1999-2000
Swa-Shakti Project (earlier known as Rural Women's Development and Empowerment Project) was sanctioned on 16 October 1998 as a centrally sponsored project for a period of five years. The objectives of the project are:
1. Establishment of self-reliant women's Self-Help Groups (SHGs);
2. Sensitising and strengthening the institutional capacity of support agencies to proactively address women's needs;
3. Developing linkages between SHGs and credit-lending institutions;
4. Enhancing Women's access to resources for better quality of life; and Increased control of women, particularly poor women, over income and spending, through their involvement in income-generation activities.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), a national credit fund extends credit facilities to poor and needy women. Indian Journal of Technical Education (IJTE) | Special Issue for ICWSTCSC-2016 75 | Page
At the initiative of the DWCD, the process of monitoring the implementation of 27 beneficiary-oriented schemes for women was reviewed by the Prime Minister's Office.
The Panchayatiraj institutions will play a central role in the process of enhancing women's participation in public life.
Role of Reserve Bank of India. To ensure adequate financial support to women enterprises the RBI took several initiatives.
Supportive Measures of The State Government Some schemes, incentives and facilities made available to registered women entrepreneurs by State and Central governments are listed in the following paragraphs. The government provides following subsidies and incentives: Subsidy for Technical know-how & Feasibility Reports, Development Plots / Development Areas/ Mini Industrial Estates, Incentives for quality Certification, Margin Money Loan, National Equity Fund Scheme (NEF), State Investment Subsidy, State Investment subsidy for Information Technology, Loan to SC/ST Entrepreneurs, Credit Linked Capital subsidy scheme for Upgradation of Technology, Rural Artisans Programme ( RAP), Prime Minister's RozgarYojana ( PMRY), etc
Conclusion Today with the immense support of government, NGO’s, voluntary organisation, SHG’s, various foundations and philanthropists, etc., women are able do much better for their economic independence. Any women who want to start any economic activity can become a successful women entrepreneur with all the support and help of these organisations and institutions. Women and women entrepreneurship have been targeted and treated as a special interest group by the state and central government in all the developmental programmes.
References 1. A Vijayakumar and Jayachitra. “Women entrepreneurs in India-Emerging issues and challenges”. International Journal of Development Research. Volume 3. Issue 4. P 12. 2. B. Someshwar. “Women Empowerment And Rural Development: Policies And Programmes”. ICITMR 2014- Multidisciplinary Studies, The Managerial Perspectives: 21. 3. Bhandari Rhea. "Rural Women and Sustainable Development in Gujarat." Journal of Politics & Governance: 209. 4. Kumari Savita. “Women entrepreneurship in India”. Shodh, Samiksha Aur Mulyankan. Vol 4, Issue 41, P 7. 5. M. Pushpa. “ Prospects and Challenges for Women Entrepreneurs of India: A Conceptual Study”. GJRA- Global Journal for Research Analysis. Volume 3. Issue 8. P 1.
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6. M. Subrahmanian. “Women Entrepreneurs: The Emerging Economic Force”. THAVAN IJREBl: 10. 7. Sharma Ajay, Ms Dua Sapna and Mr. Hatwa Vinod. “Micro Entreprise Development And Rural Women Entrepreneurship: Way For Economic Empowerment”. Arth Prbhand, Vol.1, Issue 6, P 114. 8. Shastria Durva &. U. T. Rao. “Women entrepreneurs of Gujarat”. Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies Annual Research Conference, Procedia Economics and Finance 11 ( 2014 ) 745 – 752 9. Tiwari Anshu. “An Empirical Study Of The Role Of Financial Institutions In The Development Of Women Entrepreneurship”. ICITMR 2014- Multidisciplinary Studies, The Managerial Perspectives: 1. 10. Tyagi Parul and Nangia Richa. “Emergence of Indian Women as Global Entrepreneurs: Opportunities and Challenges”. International Multidisciplinary e- Journal: 82. 11. V. Bharathi, Sunagar and Jigulur Megha. “Critical issues of women entrepreneurship with special reference to specific business units in North Karnataka”. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology: 57. 12. P. Hemantkumar Bulsara, Jyoti Chandwani and Shailesh Gandhi. Women Entrepreneurship And Innovations In India: An Exploratory Study”. International Journal of Innovation. Volume 2. P 32-44. 13.http://www.ced.gujarat.gov.in 14. http://www.gujaratchamber.org/Business-women-wing 15. http://www.smallindustryindia.com
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THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURES IN INDIA: A SWOT ANALYSIS
Dr. Jui Shah* *Associate Professor &Head, Department Home Science, S L U Arts & H & P Thakore Commerce College for Women, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Abstract Global economy in general and Indian economy in particular is poised for accelerated growth driven by women entrepreneurship. Through SWOT Analysis as a parameter this conceptual paper observes some of the most successful Women Entrepreneurs in India, and talks about their growth and motivational factors, problems and remedial suggestions for excellence in the Indian context by reviewing various books, reports, past research papers, Journals, websites, case studies etc.. Successful leading business women in India are ideal role model for our country. The analysis revealed that the Strengths and Opportunities are higher in degree than weakness and threats. The major Strength of Women Entrepreneurs is their certain qualities - commitment, dedication, etc. The major weaknesses are less literacy rate; dual responsibilities, male dominated society, the recognition of equals in society, etc. should be molded properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills. Availing new business areas with the support of Government and other agencies are Opportunities to grab. Facing a stiff competition, financial dependence on men, necessity of having to give up enterprise due to family reason are some main Threats that should be taken care to sustain and strive for excellence in the women entrepreneurial arena. Keywords
Women Entrepreneur, SWOT Analysis, Remedial Suggestions.
______
Background Women entrepreneurs are an important part of the global quest for sustained economic development and social progress. In the words of president APJ Abdul Kalam "empowering women is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured." Education of woman have no doubt given them immense confidence & encouragement to serve & discover new business avenues. However the ground realities do differ to a great extent as far as geographical boundaries are concerned.
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Government of India (1991) has defined Women Entrepreneurs as A small scale industrial unit or industry –related service or business enterprise, managed by one or more women entrepreneurs in a concern, in which they will individually or jointly have a share capital of not less than 51% as shareholders of the private limited company members of co-operative society" [1].“Women entrepreneurship is based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise.”- Ruhani J. Alice.
Women entrepreneurs cover 1/3 of all entrepreneurs worldwide which is Very few among male entrepreneurs [1].The study of Jalbert, (2008) has shown that the women business owners are making significant contributions to global economic health, national competitiveness and community commerce by bringing many assets to the global market.[2].The study of Lall&Sahai, (2008), suggested that though, there has been considerable growth in number of women opting to work in family owned business but they still have lower status and face more operational challenges in running business.[3].In 2013, entrepreneurs in the Asia Pacific & South Asia were an average of 1.87 times more likely to be an improvement- driven opportunity entrepreneur than a necessity-driven one. This ratio was around 1.92 in India that is very small number and needs to improve [4]. “This is an equity issue,” said Dr. Sophia Huyer, (2010) lead researcher and executive director of Women in Global Science & Technology (WIGSAT). “Women are not having access to professional and income opportunities.” [5].Bowen
& Hisrich, (1986), compared & evaluated various research studies and summaries that female entrepreneurs are relatively well educated in general but perhaps not in management skills, high in internal locus of control, more masculine, or instrumental than other women in their values likely to have had entrepreneurial fathers, unlikely to start business in traditionally male dominated industries and experiencing a need of additional managerial training.[6]. Globally women are considered as weaker gender physically and emotionally, therefore prospects open for them to develop into business professionals is an area still quite unexplored and needs attention. Looking to above scenario, the present study has been taken in to the shape.
Research Methodology The conceptual research paper is descriptive in nature and the Secondary data collected and reviewed from various books, reports of Census Surveys, past research papers in Journals, articles and case studies from websites and different online database sources. Through SWOT Analysis as a parameter this paper observes-
1. Some of the most dynamic and idealistic successful Women Entrepreneurs in
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India, 2. Reasons for women becoming entrepreneurs, their role, and support provided by government and others, 3. The factors of hindrance for Women entrepreneurs as well as the way of eradicating it in Indian Context.
Result And Discussion The accelerated growth driven by women entrepreneurship found very less in India as compare to other Nations and Gujarat and U P are leading states in India. (Table-1) Table-1 Statistical Data Of Women Entrepreneurs In India and In World [1].
States No of Units No. of Percentage Country Percentage Registered Wome
Tamil Nadu 9618 2930 30.36 India (1970- 14.2
Uttar Pradesh 7980 3180 39.84 India (1980- 19.7
Kerala 5487 2135 38.91 India (1990- 22.3
Punjab 4791 1618 33.77 India (2000- 31.6
Maharashtra 4339 1394 32.12 USA 45 Gujarat 3872 1538 39.72 UK 43 Karnataka 3822 1026 26.84 Indonesia 40 Madhya 2967 842 28.38 Sri Lanka 35 Pradesh Other States 14576 4185 28.71 Brazil 35 & UTS
Total 57,452 18,848 32.82 Some Successful Women Entrepreneurs in India of 21st Century "I don't agree with westerners having the view that in India women are housewives, "Prime Minister Mr. Modi highlighted how Indian women can lead from the front and have entrepreneur qualities, "In Ahmedabad Jassu Behen's pizza is very popular, people prefer those pizzas over Pizza Hut pizzas. Jassu Behen died 5 years back but her pizzas still capture the markets of Gujarat. Lijjat papad was started by Gujarat's tribal women. It's a model of entrepreneurship,"[7].
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Following are some of Women entrepreneur as an inspiration and role models for all other women who strive to achieve great heights in their lives. [8, 27].
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is an Indian entrepreneur. She is the Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Limited ,Bangalore (Bengaluru), India.
Mitali Kalra, Zao Foods Private Limited, The idea of starting her own cafe took root in 2010.
Aishwarya Nair- launched her bakery brand, Docle, Gourmet pet food in the food and beverage division.
Swati A. Piramalis a Director of Piramal Healthcare Limited - Holding the Padmashri award, (2012 ), Nominated as one of the 25 Most Powerful Business Women in India eight times
Rajshree Pathy, is an eminent entrepreneur from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. She is the Chairperson and Managing Director of the Rajshree Group of Companies and Founder of India Design Forum
Radhika Roy is an Indian media baron and co-Chairperson and Managing Director, NDTV. Won the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award for Information, Communication and Entertainment in the year 2003.
Vandana Luthra of New Delhi Is the founder and mentor of the VLCC, India’s leading slimming, beauty and fitness brand.
Ekta Kapoor Is an Indian TV and film producer. She is the Joint Managing Director and Creative Director of Balaji Telefilms, her production company.
Indu Jain- Young Entrepreneur of the Year award from the Federation of Hotels and Restaurants Association of India, Businessperson of the Year, Economic Times Awards
Priya Paul, Chairperson of Park Hotels. The Park Hotel being rated as one amongst the best 101 Hotels Worldwide by ‘Tatler’ magazine in the UK.
Simone Tata, has been instrumental in changing a small subsidiary of Tata Oil Mills into the largest cosmetic brand in India – LAKME
RifatMushtaq -Establishing a matchbox manufacturing unit, Runs a cardboard box manufacturing unit and a printing press in the industrial area of Zakura, Kashmir
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Ela Bhatt- Founder of SEWA(Self-Employed Women's Association) , 1972, Awarded the Padmashri, the Padmabhushan, and the Ramon Magsaysay Award.
CHETNA GALA SINHA- Founder of Mann Deshai Mahila Sahakari Bank, established in 1994, Completely operated by women and serves women customers, established the Udyogini Business School in 2007.
Jyoti Naik- President of famous Lijjat Papad, Headquartered in Mumbai and has 67 branches and 35 divisions all over India, Had given employment to 42,000 women until 2005.
Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi, chairman and executive officer of PepsiCo, the fourth most powerful woman in the world- Forbes magazine's 2006 poll, She was also named the #1 Most Powerful Woman
i Bi i 2006
THE SWOT ANALYSIS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS SWOT analysis is an analytical method which is used to identify and categories significant internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external (Opportunities and Threats) factors faced either in a particular arena. [9].
Strength - The biggest Strength, common to women entrepreneurs today is their certain specific characteristics and qualities such as commitment and dedication, highly motivated & self-directed, planned and systematic approach; Sacrifice and hardworking nature; good decision making capabilities; and their Positive attitude and clear mindset like they do not think less firm or less mobile then men entrepreneurs. [10, 11]. Unlike the west, the male dominated society in India has always been reluctant to even acknowledge the fact that women are as good as men when it comes to hard work, intelligence and leadership traits [12]. Women as an entrepreneur in better position in India mainly because of change of attitude of people towards women, courageous and risk-taking capabilities of women, support from society people, changes and relaxations in government policies, granting various up-liftman schemes to women entrepreneurs etc. [13].
Weaknesses - The major weaknesses, commonly faced by women entrepreneurs from rural or urban areas today are various social, cultural and economic hurdles or challenges related to finance, marketing and expansion. One major challenge that many women entrepreneurs has faced is the traditional gender-roles society may still have on women. The major problems were lack of entrepreneurial environment, Inadequate facility, less
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literacy rate, dual responsibilities, Male dominated society , susceptible to negative attitude, afraid of failures and criticism, lack of freedom of expression, unjust social, economic and cultural system, lack of social acceptance, Inadequate
motivation, discriminating treatment, role conflict, low ability for risks taking, the recognition of equals in society etc.
The initial problems faced by women entrepreneurs are quite similar to those faced by women in western countries stated D'Cruz., N. K. (2003) [14]. As showed by The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Report on Women Entrepreneurs stated that in nearly every economy there are fewer female than male entrepreneurs, and they appear to show reluctance to scale their businesses or to enter new and less tested markets [15].Cohoon, Wadhwa& Mitchell, (2010) identified the challenges are more related with entrepreneurship rather than gender [16]. Damwad, (2007), described problems faced at five Nordic countries and it broadly identified few obstacles like financing, lack of knowledge & skills in business life, markets & entrepreneurial activity, work life balance including lack of growth & wishes to grow [17]. The study of Lall & Sahai, (2008), suggested that though, there has been considerable growth in number of women opting to work in family owned business but they still have lower status and face more operational challenges in running business[18]. More over lack of processing know-how skills and technology were few obstacles. For the women it is impossible to give more hours to the business in the serrate family and unsupported family [19]. Self-determination, expectation for recognition, self-esteem and career goal is the key drivers for taking up entrepreneurship by women. Male dominance towards women should change [20].
OPPORTUNITIES– The New thrust suggests with the spread of education and new approaches and awareness, women entrepreneurs are achieving higher level of 3E’s- Engineering, Electronics and Energy. Free entry into world trade, consideration increase in government assistance for international trade and establishment of other national and international institutes to support business among nations of the world are the best multi-dimensional platforms to encourage Women Entrepreneurs Business Opportunities. Eco– friendly technology, Bio-technology, IT enabled enterprises, event management, tourist industry, Telecommunication, Plastic materials, Mineral water, Herbal & health care, Food, fruits and vegetables processing etc. are some of Business opportunities that are approaching for women entrepreneurs.
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THREATS- Facing a stiff competition for marketing their products with both organized sector and their male counterparts, Still remain marginalize, financial dependence on men, Fear of expansion and Lack of access to technology, strong mental outlook and optimistic attitude amongst women creates a fear from committing mistakes while doing their piece of work, problems of raising equity capital hence necessity of having to give up enterprise due to family and /or professional hitches are some main Threats that should be taken care to sustain and strive for excellence in the women entrepreneurial arena.
Summary And Suggestions The result of the present study is summarized as bellow:
Multidimensional Roles of Indian Entrepreneurial Women
Through SWOT Analysis as a parameter this conceptual paper summarized as bellow:
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S- Characteristics - Sacrifice and hardworking nature; good decision W- Inadequate facility, less literacy making capabilities; Positive attitude rate, Low Risk- Bearing Ability, towards modern technology, psycho-social factors, Problem of relaxations in government policies, Finance Marketing Problems Stiff granting up- liftman schemes Competition, Lack of sufficient social support network WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR SWOT ANALYSIS
T- Still remain marginalize, financial dependence on men, Male Dominated O- Support from GOs, NGOS, Society ,dual responsibilities, Fear of facilities by other bank, spread of expansion problems of raising equity education and new approaches and awareness, capital - necessity to give up enterprise Multi-dimensional platforms Free entry into world trade
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Suggestions For The Growth Of Women Entrepreneurs The elimination of obstacles for women entrepreneurship requires a major change in traditional attitudes and mindsets of people in society rather than being limited to only creation of opportunities for women. The established and successful women entrepreneurs can act as advisors for the upcoming women entrepreneurs. Women required support from husband and family members should assist them to grow well as an entrepreneur. [21]. Thus, it seems that Mentoring is very important to women, which provides encouragement & financial support of their business and therefore the present study advocates for ensuring synergy among women related ministry, economic ministry, and social and welfare development ministry of the Government of India. Here are some suggestive measures, to solve the problems confronted by them and for running their enterprise smoothly- Improvement of identification mechanism of new enterprise, Proper technical education to the women and opening of women development cells, Inculcating marketing skills Increase in mobility, social support, Assistance in project formulation and follow up of training programmes. Credit facilities, financial incentive and subsidies, Suitable follow-up and Supportive Measures for successful Women's Entrepreneurship[22] such as- 1. Direct & Indirect Financial Support viz.-Nationalized banks, State finance corporation, State industrial development corporation, District industries centers, Differential rate schemes, Mahila Udyug Needhi scheme, Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), State Small Industrial Development Corporations (SSIDCs) etc. 2. Yojna Schemes and Programme viz-Nehru Rojgar Yojna, Jacamar Rojgar YojnaTRYSEM, DWACRA, etc. 3. Technological Training and Awards viz- Stree Shakti Package by SBI, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD), National Institute of Small Business Extension Training (NSIBET). 4. Federations and Associations viz-National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE), India Council of Women Entrepreneurs, New Delhi, Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWEK), World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (WAWE), etc..
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THE FUTURE OF WOMENENTREPRENEURSHIP The study of women entrepreneurship has relevance today, not only because it helps entrepreneurs better fulfill their personal needs but because of the economic contribution of the new ventures. CONCLUSION Through SWOT Analysis as a parameter this conceptual paper concludes that the Strengths and Opportunities were higher in degree than weakness and threats of Indian women entrepreneurs This was a positive indication as women entrepreneurs were confident of overcoming the minor weakness and threats utilizing the major Strengths and Opportunities that they possess. Women have the potential and determination to setup, uphold and supervise their own Enterprise in a very systematic manner, with the appropriate support and encouragement from the media, society, family and government and as a result women entrepreneur can be a part of mainstream of national economy and progress of India.
REFERENCES
1. http:// en Wikipedia.org, http://wikieducator.org 2. Jalbert, Susanne E., (2008). Women Entrepreneurs in the Global Economy, education research. http://research.brown.edu/pdf/1100924770.pdf. 3. Lall, Madhurima, &SahaiShikha, 2008. Women in Family Business, presented at first Asian invitational conference on family business at Indian School of Business, Hyderabad. 4. Sohini Das (updeted 2014). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Survey 2013, www.business-standard.com/article/companies/women-form-one-third-of- early-stage-entrepreneurs-in-india-survey- 5. Dr. Sophia Huyer, (2010).Women in Global Science & Technology (WIGSAT), Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), http://owsdw.org/ 6. Bowen, Donald D. & Hirsch Robert D. (1986). The Female Entrepreneur: A career Development Perspective, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11 no. 2, Page No. 393-407. 7. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04- 09/news/48999945_1_women- entrepreneurs-ficci-ladies-organisation- narendra-modi 8. http://www.news24online.com/Successful-Indian-women- entrepreneurs_News24_23049.aspx# 9. https://conceptdraw.com/a462c3/preview/SWOT%20analysis%20matrix%20diag
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ram 10. Anjali Singh, (2014). Role of Women Entrepreneurs in India: A SWOT Analysis. International Journal of Management and International Business Studies. ISSN 2277-3177 Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 231-238, http://www.ripublication.com 11. Dr. S. Sudha, Dr. R. Kasilingam, (2013). Women Entrepreneurs – SWOT Analysis. http://www.imis.ac.in/title5_jul_dec13.html 12. Sophia Martin,2010.http://www.startupguys.net/women-entrepreneurship-in-india- at-a-glance/ 13. Women Entrepreneurship Development in India, www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC1073/f c1073.html 14. D'Cruz., N. K. (2003). Constraints on Women Entrepreneurship Development in Kerala: An Analysis of Familial, Social and Psychological Dimensions. Thiruvananthapuram, India, Centre for Development Studies. 15. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Report, www.business- standard.com/article/companies/women-form-one-third-of-early-stage- entrepreneurs-in-india- survey) 16. Cohoon, J. McGrath, Wadhwa, Vivek& Mitchell Lesa, (2010). The Anatomy of an Entrepreneur- Are Successful Women Entrepreneurs Different From Men? Kauffman, The foundation of entrepreneurship. 17. Damwad, (2007). Women Entrepreneurship – A Nordic Perspective, August 2007, Nordic Innovation Centre. 18. Lall, Madhurima, &SahaiShikha, 2008. Women in Family Business, presented at first Asian invitational conference on family business at Indian School of Business, Hyderabad. 19. http://www.slideshare.net/ramakrg1/entrepreneurship-and-women- empowermentppt-about- successful-women-entrepreneurs 20. Moore, D. P. & Buttner, E. H. (1997). Women entrepreneurs: Moving beyond New Generation of Women Entrepreneurs Achieving Business Success. 21. http://wikieducator.org/Lesson_11:Entrepreneurship_Development 22. Vinesh, (2014). Role of Women Entrepreneurs in India, Global Journal of Finance and Management., ISSN 0975-6477 Volume 6, Number 5, pp. 473-480, http://www.ripublication.com
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: CHANGE IS NOT ALWAYS A PROCESS OF IMPROVEMENT; SOMETIMES IT'S A PROCESS OF INVENTION.
Shital D. Bhatt*, Sunayana G. Domadia+ *+Department of Electronics and communication, MBICT, New V.V. Nagar, India
Abstract Women plays prominent role for the development of economy. In India the situation is different certain superstitions, controls on women in kept in back. Women success is there in all areas like house wife, teacher, professor, lawyer, engineer, doctor, pilot, scientist, technocrats, economists, etc.., in fact, women can manage the home efficiently, and why cannot she manage the business in an efficient manner. The success of women not in equal in all countries, based on social, cultural, demographical, geographical environments it is changing from one country to another country. Now, Women required certain unique motivational factors apart from economical support, government support. These unique motivational factors stand up women to get success as a women entrepreneur. This paper explains about, what kind of unique problems are faced by women as an entrepreneur, and how to overcome those problems, what solution makes them to be a successful women entrepreneur. What are future ambitions and what things making them to feel stress.
Keywords Entrepreneur, Challenges, women empowerment. ______
Introduction and Influencing factors
Entrepreneurs are the most important actors in our economy: the creators of new wealth and new jobs, the inventors of new products and services, and the revolutionizes of society and the economy. In many societies women do not enjoy the same opportunities as men. In many transitional economies progress has been achieved in opening doors to education and health protection for women but political and economic opportunities for female entrepreneurs have remained limited. Concerted efforts are needed to enable female entrepreneurs to make better economic choices and to transform their businesses into competitive enterprises, generating income and employment through improved production.
Women are one particularly under studied group of entrepreneurs. Women’s productive activities, particularly in industry, empower them economically and enable them to contribute more to overall development. Whether they are involved in small or medium scale production activities, or in the informal or formal sectors, women’s entrepreneurial activities are not only a means for economic survival but also have positive
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social repercussions for the women themselves and their social environment United Nations Industrial Development Organization.Prior experience looms larger in women’s ownestimation of their chances for success than it does formen. Women also rated their professional andbusiness networks more highly as importantcontributors to that success than did men. Finally,when asked about the most important potentialdifficulties facing entrepreneurs, women were more likely to cite the challenge of protecting their company’s intellectual capital, while men tended to worry about the inherent fiscal insecurity of being part of a startup and the lack of available mentors. Several of the identified gender differences indicate that support and encouragement from key people can especially benefit women in their efforts to found successful technical companies. This finding suggests that efforts to promote women’s entrepreneurship should ensure that women have access to the mentoring and support networks that they view as important contributors to their success.[1]
In order to find out the factors influencing the women to become entrepreneurs 18 attributes that can influence their decision were identified such as economic independence, dissatisfaction with existing job, unemployment, seeking challenge, self interest, self prestige, traditional/hereditary, employment opportunities, financial assistance, technical knowledge, encouragement from family members, use of idle funds, infrastructural facilities, entrepreneurial experience, market potentials, family members interest, social status and family background
Status of women entrepreneurs in India Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the development of society. India has been ranked among the worst performing countries in the area of women entrepreneurship in gender-focused global entrepreneurship survey, released in July 2013 by PC maker Dell and Washington based consulting firm Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute (GEDI). Of the 17 countries surveyed India ranks 16th, just above Uganda. Countries like Turkey, Morocco and Egypt have outperformed India. Status of higher education in women in India came out to be lower than most countries in the world. At present, women’s entrepreneurial role is limited in the large scale industries and technology based businesses. But even in small scale industries, the women’s participation is very low. As per the third all-India census of Small Scale Industries, only 10.11% of the micro and small enterprises were owned by women, and only 9.46% of them were managed by women. While the number of women operating their own business is increasing globally, women continue to face huge obstacles that stunt the growth of their businesses, such as lack of capital, strict social constraints, and limited time and skill.[4]
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Top Most Women Entrepreneurs in India There are top most women entrepreneurs in different zone in our India. Some examples are Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Ltd.), Indra Nooyi (CFO, Pepsico), Neelam Dhawan (Managing Director, Microsoft India), Naina Lal Kidwai (Group General Manager & Country Head–HSBC, India), Indu Jain (Chairperson (former), Times Group), Priya Paul (Chairperson of Park Hotels), Simone Tata (former Chairperson of LAKME, Chairperson of Trent Limited), Mallika Srinivasan (currently the Director of TAFE- Tractors and Farm Equipment),Chanda Kochar (MD & CEO–ICICI Bank), Sulajja Firodia Motwani (JMD–Kinetic Motors), Ekta Kapoor (JMD & Creative Director, Balaji Telefilms), Ritu Kumar (Fashion Designer), Shahnaz Hussain (CEO, Shahnaz Herbals Inc), Jyoti nayak (President Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad), Ravina Raj Kohli (Founder & Executive Director, JobCorp), Preetha Reddy (Managing Director of Apollo Hospitals), Keya Seth (Founder of Keya Seth’s Aromatherapy) etc.
• Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs[2]
• Conflicts between Work and Domestic Commitments- Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to their business" (Starcher, 1996) • Gender gaps in education- While women are making major strides in educational attainment at primary and secondary levels, they often lack the combination of education, vocational and technical skills, and work experience needed to support the development of highly productive businesses. • Lack of finance - Access to finance is one of the most common challenges that entrepreneurs face . • Legal constraints in family law- The institutional and legal environment is critical to the growth of female-owned enterprises. Laws regulating the private sphere specifically those regarding marriage, inheritance and land can hinder women's access to assets that can be used as collateral when securing a loan. • Heavy household responsibilities leave a demand on women especially those in rural areas who have more children. They are required to perform their traditional role as housewives and therefore, they have fewer hours of free time than men, both during the weekend and on weekdays. • Lack of family support- Sometimes the family may make the women feel guilty of neglecting household duties in her pursuit of business obligations. • Lack of capital- traditional sources of finance like banks are reluctant to lend to women entrepreneurs especially if they do not have any male or family backing. This is especially true of lower income females. Women do not have adequate finance or legal knowledge to start an enterprise. • Lack of confidence and faith-lack of role models undermines the self
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confidence of women entrepreneurs. • Lack of right public/ private institutions- Most public and private incentives are misused and do not reach the woman unless she is backed by a man. Also many trade associations like ministries, chambers of commerce do not cater to women expecting women’s organizations to do the necessary thing.
Results and Discussion
Research Methodology[5] The following methodology is used in this study: Area of the Study: The survey to be conducted in a specific area. For Example in a paper "A study on the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Nellore, AP, India "study was done in Nellore which is the largest district in Andhra Pradesh. Nellore is a right area for conducting research. There are many trading, manufacturing, Service organizations are available for conducting research.
Sources of Data: The study has used both the primary data and secondary data. Field survey method was employed to collect primary data from 100 respondents in three areas from Nellore (DT). Framed questionnaire is used for data collection. Secondary data were collected through various journals, magazines, reports and newspapers.
Sampling Design: For the purpose of the study 100 respondents have been chosen in Nellore city by using simple random sampling a questionnaire was prepared and administered in person to all the respondents. The information collected have been edited for reliability and consistency and presented in a master table for analysis.
Tools for Analysis: In their study the raw data collected were classified, edited and tabulated for analysis. The following were the some of the tools used. They are: Percentage Method.
Results: Based upon the steps of research methodology the following results were concluded as shown below in the form of tables.
Table 1.Who Advised You Undertake Present Line of Activity?
Sr.no Advisory Percentag e 1 Husband 40 2 Parents 25 3 Friends and Others 15 4 Self-decision making 25
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Table 2. When you face any problem in business with who will you?
Sr.no Respondents Percentage 1 Own 25 2 Advice from Others 25 3 Advice from husband and family 50
Table 3. How do you find the Attitude of the Family Members as an Entrepreneur?
Sr.no Attitude of the Family Members Percentage 1 Helpful 76 2 Non-helpful 10 3 Flexible 8 4 Simpathetic 6
Table 4. Future plans of women entrepreneurs
Sr.no Factors Percentage 1 DIVERSIFICATION 40 2 EXPANSION 30 3 MODERANISATION 20 4 CONTINUED WITH 10 THE PRESENT
Table 5. How do you feel being a house wife and entrepreneur?
Sr.no Factors Percentag e 1 Highly satisfied 60 2 Moderately 20 3 Satisfied 10
Suggestion for the Development of Women Entrepreneur
Right efforts are required in the improvement of women entrepreneurs and their greater contribution in the entrepreneurial activities. Women entrepreneurs need to be
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given assurance, freedom, and mobility to come out of their absurdities. The following actions are recommended to authorize the women to grab different opportunities and face challenges in their business.[3]
(i)Awareness program must be conducted on a huge scale for increasing awareness among women, (ii) There must be a constant attempt to inspire, motivate women entrepreneurs, (iii) By arranging unlimited vocational training to women community to understand them the production process and production management, (iv) Proper training programs must be organized to develop professional competencies in managerial, leadership, financial, production process, profit planning, marketing, maintaining books of accounts and other skills. These all will encourage women to start business, (v) Educational institution should tie up with various government and non-government agencies to support in entrepreneurship development, (vi) Various schemes plans must be provided by the government to develop entrepreneurs in the state. (vii) The financial institutions should lend their hand to provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures, (viii) NGOs and government organizations must spread information about policies, plans and strategies on the improvement of women in the field of industry, trade and commerce. Women entrepreneurs should employ the various schemes provided by the Government, (ix) Workshops and seminars should be organized frequently for women entrepreneurs to make their relations more cordial. (x) Government should recognize the successful or growing women entrepreneurs and award them. This recognition and publicity will motivate other women entrepreneurs. And last but not the list a good support from their family can encourage women in entering business.
Conclusion Women entrepreneurs are not only required motivation in the form of financial assistance, and government permissions and sanctions; they may require support from family members and life partners. The progress of the nation not only depends on men performance and also female. When a country economically strong that country people standard of living would gradually increase. In India there is a possibility to grow our economy, by giving motivation to women in all aspects, and women playing dual role like house entrepreneur. When someone playing dual role definitely there is a street. Family members and life partner should support to avoid stress.
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References
1. Choudhury, Pradeep Kumar, 2014.”Explaining Gender Differentials In The Employment Of Engineering Graduates In India” 2. Goyal, Meenu and Jai Parkash. 2011. “Women Entrepreneurship In India-Problems And Prospects.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(5). 3. NASSCOM-Mencher (2009): Gender Inclusivity in India: Building Empowered organization. New Delhi: NASSCOM. 4. Upadhyay, Carol, 2006. "Gender in the Information Society: Emerging Issues" in Gurumurthy Anita, P. J. Singh, A. Mundkur and M. Swamy (eds.), Gender issues in the Indian Software Outsourcing Industry, , (24) pp. 74-84. 5. A.M. Mahaboob Basha, K. Sai Pranav, R.V.S.S Nagabhushana Rao, K. Madhavi and P. Sri Sudha. 2013 "A study on the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Nellore, AP, India",Research Journal of Management Sciences,Vol. 2(10), pp. 1-5.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A POSITIVE CHANGE TO UPLIFT THE SOCIETY Ms. Priyanka D. Israni *, Dr. Maulika Patel † *G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, VV Nagar, Gujarat, India. †G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology,VV Nagar, Gujarat, India.
Abstract In the 21st century, to undergo the process of sustainable development of society, there is a need to create a balance between social and professional responsibilities for both men and women. During the early centuries, women were only the home makers and men were striving hard for daily bread. But to lead a comfortable life and to be independent, women have stepped forward to enjoy the professional life along with social life. The recent advancement in technology and the modern Automation, world demands high contribution, effective leadership and initiations from the women who can really contribute to the economic growth of nation.
The paper aims to discuss the challenges and issues for women entrepreneurship by highlighting the positive aspect of being a women entrepreneur. The role of education for being an entrepreneur is also discussed along with case studies of successful women entrepreneurs.
Keywords Women, Entrepreneur, Education, Empowerment ______
Introduction
Entrepreneurship means organizing an enterprise by an innovative idea, managing it by the skills and modifying it with respect to the recent techniques and technologies. Women entrepreneurs are those women who are capable of taking initiative and organizing an enterprise by their innovation and confidence, leading an independent life and providing opportunities for employment. Women Entrepreneurship acts as a catalyst for women employment and education.
IIT, Delhi conducted a survey on women entrepreneurship and the findings are given below [4, 9]: 1) Women own one-third of business in USA and Canada and the number is likely to be 50% in the 21st century. 2) Women account for 40% of the total work force in Asian countries.
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3) The percentage of women entrepreneurs has increased from 7.69% in 1992-93 to 10% in year 2000-01, but the number is still significantly low as compared to overall work participation rate i.e. 25.7%. 4) The number of women in technical courses, professional courses and in engineering stream has shown a tremendous rise. Polytechnics and IITs have only 15% girls out of total enrolled students and very less join and set their own enterprises. 5) Around 8% of women have an interest in starting an enterprise or are giving it serious thought, compared with 13% of men. 6) Around one in five women come into self-employment from unemployment compared with around one in fifteen for men. 7) Only 2% of men cite family commitments as a reason for becoming self-employed, compared with 21% of women.
In the survey by leanln.org and MacKinsey women remain underrepresented across organizations especially at senior levels of leadership [6].Fig 1 shows that from entry level to the C-suite, women are underrepresented at US corporations and they are less likely to advance than men. The results shown in the graph emphasizes that the seniority level is inversely propositional to the count of women i.e. as the seniority level is increasing the count of women at that level is decreasing. They face more barriers to senior leadership and this promotes the women entrepreneurship where the growth of a woman is in their hands and not dependent on the social barriers and organization.
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Men 10 Women 0
Fig 1: Results of the survey by leanln.org and MacKinsey [6].
Factors influencing Women Entrepreneurship:
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Various factors influence women entrepreneurship either positively or negatively. Positive factors include leading an independent life, not getting employed, low family income, unable to manage time schedule as per the need etc.
Negative factors include balancing work and family life, social barriers, low self- confidence, less mobility, lack of information and support for enterprise startup, lack of primary funds, lack of contacts and networks etc. The fig 2. gives the pictorial representation of these factors.
Factors Influencing WomenEntrepreneur ship
Positive Negative
Low Unempl Unable to Social Lack Family Mobility Family oyment Schedule barriers of Life income Time Funds
Fig 2: Representation of factors influencing women Entrepreneurship
Qualities of entrepreneurs
The qualities observed in successful women entrepreneurs are: • Courage to take risks: Entrepreneur has to implement innovative ideas which might be successful or unsuccessful. As ups and downs are the part of a business, entrepreneur should have patience during the down phase and also it shouldn’t be over confident during up phase. • Self-Motivation and confidence: Initially, during a startup there is a risk factor since a new idea is implemented. So an entrepreneur should be self-motivated and confident about its idea which will boost the energy level of an entrepreneur • Convincing Power: Entrepreneur should be able to convince the customers about how their products are best than the products of their competitors. • Positive self-esteem: A positive thinking towards oneself boosts up the confidence level which leads to the improvement of oneself and organization.
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• Learning from failures and adaptation: Entrepreneur should evaluate its enterprise and find out the reasons of failures. By knowing the reasons of failures, entrepreneur can adapt to new things at the earliest so that there will be positive change in the enterprise.
Role of Education for being an entrepreneur Education has never been an obstacle to be an entrepreneur. Below are the few examples of successful organizations started by women.
• Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (started in year 1959): It was the creation of seven Gujarati women from Mumbai involved in manufacturing of various fast moving consumer goods with the seed capital of Rs 80. They wanted to start a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had i.e. cooking. The aim of organization is to provide women employment. Currently around, 42,000 people are working in Lijjat. Headquarters of it are in Mumbai and has 81 branches and 27 divisions all over India. It is one of the most remarkable examples for women entrepreneurship initiated by women which leads to women empowerment. • Jasuben Pizza (started in year 1990s): It is a pizza parlor in Ahmedabad started by Jasuben along with Andarben and Jorawar Singh Rajput. After the business became a success, she and her family expanded to six branches in the city. Currently, her business partner Joravar Singh Rajput runs the business in Ahmedabad. A lot of media attention came in 2013 after Gujarat's former Chief Minister who is the current Prime Minister of India; Narendra Modi called it an example of female entrepreneurship in his speech at FICCI.
• Mann Deshi Mahila Sahakari Bank (started in year 1997): Chetna Gala Sinha along with the active participation of illiterate rural women founded Mann Deshi Mahila Sahakari Bank in Satara district in Maharashtra. Chetna Sinha wanted rural women to be financially independent and to remove them from poverty. She also runs a B-school which gives training to women for becoming successful entrepreneurs. Yale University in 2002, appointed Chetna Sinha as a World Fellow, and Harvard University in 2003 recognized her as a 'Bridge Builder'. Along with it, she has received several awards for her innovative work.
• Smita Electronics:Smita Jani is the only women manufacturer of electrical multi-meters in Gujarat. Smita began her career servicing electrical multi-meters. After gaining several years of experience in the industry, she established her own business. After countless unsuccessful attempts to obtain start-up capital, Smita launched her business on rented premises with her own resources. It was only after establishing her business that Smita managed to obtain two micro-credit loans from the International Centre for Entrepreneurship and Career Development (ICECD).
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Major fields where women can become an entrepreneur
Many women are involved in various activities started priory at their homes which leads to a business with huge profit. Here are two such fields. Sewing is one of such fields where large number of rural women is involved. Initially they start alone since it does not require much investment and then lead to an enterprise of designing clothes by employing other women. This provides opportunities for other rural women to get involved and increase the percentage of women employment. Beauty parlor is another such field where mostly urban women are involved and also provide employment for other women. It requires some investment and knowledge of the field.
Advantages of being women entrepreneur over being an employee
• Enjoying the child bearing phase Along with working, women can enjoy the most precious phase of child bearing which is not possible as being employee. • Can bridge the gap between social responsibilities and professionalism Priority can be given to social and professional work as per the need. It increases self- confidence and leads to self-satisfaction. • Creating opportunities for women which lead to Women Empowerment Giving opportunities to women to work from home so that maximum women can be involved which leads to women empowerment. Women Entrepreneur also creates jobs for uneducated women who can do their household work and can contribute to their family income. • Freedom of work The woman has to balance family and work together. If she is able to decide her schedule of work by herself then she can work more effectively.
Conclusion
Women Entrepreneurship acts as a catalyst for solving basic problems especially in rural areas. It is the motivation for the women to lead an independent life and to contribute her skills and knowledge for the betterment of family, society and the nation. We have many examples of illiterate women entrepreneurs who have achieved great heights of success with the only skill of cooking. They even created opportunities for other women to get employed and earn. There are many other fields where women can work from home and keep a balance between work and social responsibilities. Women Entrepreneurship
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natures the creative thinking of a woman which uplifts the society by enhancing women education, women employment and leads to women empowerment.
References: [1]. A report on “Empowering Women Entrepreneurs through Information and Communications Technologies: A Practical Guide”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2014. [2]. Ambiga. S and Ramasamy. M, 2015 “Rural Women Entrepreneurship - A Managerial Perspective”, in the Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 479- 484. [3]. Behara. S, Niranjan. K, 2012 “Rural Women Entrepreneurship in India”, in the International Journal of Computational Engineering & Management, Vol. 15, No. 6. [4]. Kaur. P, 2015 “Economic Empowerment of Rural Women through Women's Entrepreneurship”, Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol.4, No.12. [5]. Mohan Kumar. S, Chandrika Mohan. H, Vijaya. C and Lokeshwari. N, “The Role of Women Entrepreneurship in Modern World” in the International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, pp.100-104. [6]. “Women in the workplace”, McKinsey & company, 2015. [7]. Preeti. R. Rajguru, 2014“Women Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Educational Institutions: Need of an Hour”,in the Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4. [8]. Satpal, Rupa Rathee and Pallavi Rajain, 2014 “Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in the Present Technological Era”, in the International Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering, Vol.2, No.2. [9]. Sharma. Y,2013 “Women Entrepreneur In India” in the IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM),Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 09-14. [10]. Singh. J, 2013 “Women Entrepreneurship and Empowerment in India”, in the journal of Indian Streams Research, Vol. 3, No.1, 2013.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURESHIP: ISSUES THAT AFFECT AND GET AFFECTED
Kinjal Rathod* *SAL College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Abstract
From Nineties, it has been observed that the Emergence of women Entrepreneurs and their contribution in National Economy is noteworthy. Yet some social, cultural and Economic constraints are restricting the development of women entrepreneurship. Though women entrepreneurship is a recent phenomenon in our country, it proposes great future of India. To equip women with training and skills may help women to assert their identities and contribute towards Nation’s Economic Development. Previously women’s initiative towards entrepreneurship were confined to traditional typical businesses only but if more women’s professional energies are diverted in the field of engineering, electronics and other such arenas. There is a need that women in business inculcate in them entrepreneur qualities such as taking decisions, accepting challenges, seeking aim, demonstrating enthusiasm etc. which can be transmitted into them by undertaking skill development programmes.
Keywords Women Entrepreneurship, Nation’s Economy, Women Empowerment
______Introduction Entrepreneurs are the most important and critical actors in any economy. Through innovation and creation, they promote private sector development and drive economic growth. Creating a conducive ecosystem for entrepreneurship is vital to propel economies to a higher level of growth. The involvement of the women while encouraging entrepreneurship is an obvious phenomenon.
Social Responsibility is the basic nature to women entrepreneurs. Women have been relegating an effective role as an entrepreneur not only due to their sufferings for being an entrepreneur, but also because they are seen as a significant driver of entrepreneurship owing to their inimitable role in the family. In order to establish corporate sustainability, the development of women entrepreneurship has been crucial. Women can be and should be empowered and encouraged through entrepreneurship. The labor force is the major place where women’s participation should take place. It will
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enhance productivity and growth. It will also help to reduce the gender- based inequalities and social pressures that restrain female employment and entrepreneurship.
Background of the Study According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, there are countries like Panama, Thailand, Ghana, Ecuador, Nigeria, Mexico and Uganda where women take part in business at rates equal to men whereas in some countries they barely take part at all. [1] Even when women are active business owners, they do not reach their potential: women own almost three in ten American firms, yet employ only 6% of the country’s workforce and account for barely 4% of business revenues.
Entrepreneurship provides the most powerful weapon to empower women economically to upgrade the community and the Nation. Yet it is estimated that globally there are only roughly 9.34 million women owned formal Small and Medium Enterprises in over 140 assessed countries, which is approximately one third of all SMEs. As per the Business Report 2014 and survey conducted by IFC [2], women owned enterprises contribute 3.9% of Industrial output and employ over 8 million people. About 98% women owned enterprises are micro enterprise. The bulk of these businesses, 78% are in the service sector.
The societal and economical set up in India has traditionally been patriarchal, thereby providing power to the men to dominate women. Women were thus considered to be weaker and a dependent group. They are recognized as the subordinates and follower of the decisions taken by male members of the family. The movements headed by women for attaining different rights like rights to vote, rights to attain equal education etc. later on led to change the traditional set up in the modern era. The women achieved the rights of equality in education and this helps increase their educational status. The economic empowerment helped in women’s stake in decision making.
Indian females comprise 45% of its population. According to the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2014, Indian women spent an average of 352 minutes per day on unpaid work whereas men spent 52 minutes.[3] Women seeking and finding employment in paid jobs outside the home do not have anything to do even with this model. According to the same WEF report, India’s women make up slightly over a third of the workforce, get paid just over half of what men get for similar work and on an average, earn a quarter of what men could. Since entrepreneurs typically spend some time in the workforce get paid just over half of what men get for similar work before starting up, less women in jobs are transformed into being entrepreneurs. The chief cause of Indian women for not taking such initiatives are the traditional social set up and the division of labour leading women to feel less motivated to undertake any new venture.
Impediments in Women Entrepreneurship:
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Basically there are certain barriers which put hurdles to women’s way of being entrepreneurs. They are as follows:
1. Inherent and Cultural Barriers: These are the factors existed within the self and the family. SELF: Generally the educated women are turned up to take jobs as there are certainty as far as gaining salary is concerned. These women show passivity towards innovations, questioning mentality to find problems and risk taking. FAMILY AND SOCIETY: Women face and encounter pressures from within the family and society as women have to play the roles of gender stereotypes. These push women to be more attentive to the family and children then to enterprises. 2. Access to Resources: The second most problem is lack of access to resources like credit, technology and markets. Lack of access to formal, easy, collateral, free and transparent financing for women start ups is an arena of concern. According to the IFC Business Report, over 90% requirements of women-owned enterprises are met through informal networks. So the gap between men and women in access to formal financial services is also a vital reason for women not turning up into entrepreneurship. Women also lack access to latest technologies that could enable them to overcome drudgery, improve efficiency/ productivity or enable them climb up the value chain. For example, in agriculture women do not own much of the land. They have little information about better quality of seeds, diverse cropping mechanism, farming trends, technology of the tools, and market demand and prices. In agriculture though the maximum of women’s labour is employed, they have lesser technical knowledge. 3. Technical Skill Gap: The skill gap is also one of the problem considerable putting hurdles into women’s initiatives to take up entrepreneurship women are not equally equipped with adequate knowledge and skills to grab opportunities. They lack exposure to practice aspects of running a business. This further influences their self-confidence to achieve success. 4. Regulatory Practice: Women may face a challenge when it comes to administrative and regulatory practices. For women entrepreneurs, they generally face these problems in micro enterprises. It is because of the disproportionate effect of compliance costs on small companies compared to large firms. 5. Management/ Marketing Skills : Another vital problem encountered by women entrepreneurs is lack of management skills. In most cases women entrepreneurs lack management skills. Women entrepreneurs also face problems of access to markets. To market any
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product or services, one needs strong networking base, women when they start anew venture often feel short of networking base and this may affect their access to marketing.
Corrective Measures to Obliterate Obstacles:
1. The first and foremost change to be brought into is to change and challenge the attitude and mindset of people and society. It is thus, imperative to design programmes that will address to attitudinal changes, training and supporting services. 2. To impart confidence in women and to make the women aware of their existence, their unique identities and their requisite contribution towards the economic growth and development of the country. 3. The socialization of the kids whether the girl or the boy child should be done with equality. The girl child should be imparted the basic knowledge of entrepreneurship. This could be targeted by carefully designing the curriculum that will impart the basic knowledge alongwith its practical implication regarding financial or legal management. 4. Adopting a structural skill training package can pave the way for development of women entrepreneurship. Such programmes help motivate and assist the upcoming women entrepreneurs to achieve their goals. To achieve such objectives, various schemes like World Bank Sponsored programmes can be undertaken. 5. There should be consideration in assisting the women entrepreneurs balance their family and professional life. Women should be trained in IT arena to transmit technical and automation knowledge to them. 6. To boost the morale of women entrepreneurs there can be arranged advisory sessions of some established and successful women entrepreneurs. This may help encourage women to feel confident and it can be resulted into more active involvement of women in enterprises. 7. Government can set some priorities for women entrepreneurs for allocation of industrial plots, sheds and other amenities. There should be some special subsidies proposed for enterprises headed by women.
Associations promoting Women Entrepreneurship:
1. ILO strategy on promoting women’s entrepreneurship development is adopted in 2008, this strategy follows upon a multitude of initiatives for women’s entrepreneurship at the ILO and was driven by a broader call by constituents for more structured action and coordination for the promotion of women’s entrepreneurship development.[4] The global objectives of this strategy concern the
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creation of decent and productive work, gender equality, women’s economic empowerment, combating discrimination in the labour market as well as poverty reduction.
These two special schemes for women entrepreneurs provide equity and developmental assistance to women entrepreneurs.
2. The IOE actively recognizes the particular strategic importance and positive impact of promoting women’s entrepreneurship in developed and developing countries.[5] It has been supporting a range of programmes from various international agencies and institutions to support opportunities of enhanced women’s involvement in the work.
Agencies at State and National Level: Following is the brief analysis of the various associations and agencies that are functioning at State and National levels to promote women entrepreneurship [6]:
1. SIDBI: Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is institution established at the national level to provide facilities to small scale industries. SIDBI has introduced two special schemes for women: i. Mahila Udyam NIdhi to provide justness to women entrepreneurs ii. Mahila Vikas NIdhi to provide development assistance for pursuit of income generating activities to women. 2. SIDO: The primary objective of Small Industries Development Organization is to conduct various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development programme for women.This organization has introduced various development programmes in the areas of TV repairing, leather goods, screen printing and preparation of circuit boards.
3. CWEI:The Consortium of Women Entrepreneurs of India is a voluntary organization consisting of NGOs SHGs and various voluntary organizations and individual business enterprises. It came into force in the year 2001 with the basis objective of providing technological up gradation facilities to women entrepreneurs. Besides extending technological up gradation facilities to the women, it facilitates in the sphere of marketing and export support.
4. WIT: WIT stands for Women India Trust. The promoter called Kamila Tyabji has taken initiative for establishment of this trust in 1968. The sole objective of this trust is to help women entrepreneurs. It has also extended export support to the countries like Australia, Europe and Germany.
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5. SEWA: SEWA refers to Self Employed Women Association. It is a trade union of women which was registered under Trade Union Act, in 1972. The primary objective of this organization is to empower women entrepreneurs in rural sector. Most of members of this organization are originated from unorganized sector. At present SEWA has shifted its operations from rural areas or level to global level and receive substantial grant from international organizations like Ford Foundation and UNICEF.
6. SHGs: SHGs represent Self Help Groups. It is regarded as an association consisting of small group of self employed women entrepreneurs. The women entrepreneurs may be either from rural or urban areas.The primary objective of SHG is to take care as welfare of its associated members. It provides financial assistance as welfare of its members through financial institutions and non-government organizations.
7. FIWE: The Federation of India Women Entrepreneurs came into existence in the year 1993 on the outcome of resolution in 7th International conference of women entrepreneurs. It has helped women entrepreneurs in diversified activities through interaction with various women organizations and associations.
8. NABARD:NABARD stands for National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. It is an autonomous organization. The primary objective of this organization is to provide liberal credit facilities to women entrepreneurs. It provides facilities on resources and training in NGO Formation. It also arranges training to bank official on formation of SHG. It provides refinance to bank against lending to SHG.
Future Trends Women Entrepreneurship is an important source of women Empowerment. If women Entrepreneurship are encouraged at the large scale, women will eventually develop self confidence, awareness and ability to prove themselves and contribute to the economy. The outcomes will not offer the benefits confined to women only, it will lead to the better living standard of the family and National Economy. Encouraging Women Entrepreneurship will lead to women to be stronger personalities and upgrade the standard of the society, State and Nation. In future the cases of the successful women entrepreneurs can be conducted to provide future women generation with authentic data to help them take up initiatives for entrepreneurship. Conclusion Female Entrepreneurship is a foundation medium of innovation, job creation and economic growth in the developing world. Women Entrepreneurship in India confront various issues like societal and cultural barriers, skill gap, access to resource, technical, marketing and management skills, networking base and legal and policy constraints. There are certain organizations like SIDBI, SIDO, CWDI, WIT, SEWA, SHGs, FIWE, NABARD that
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work to boost women entrepreneurship, but the participation of women into entrepreneurship is not up to a mark. Though there are little initiatives taken to curb the gap between women and men, certain innovative initiatives to promote women’s entrepreneurship can be taken up.
References
[1] http://www.gemconsortium.org/
[2] https://finances.worldbank.org/dataset/MSME-Financing-Gap-Summary- Data/b4d6-42j9
[3] http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/women-entrepreneurs- a-positive-change-is-certain/40887/1
[4] www.ILO.org
[5] Anuaghasthiya, M.2014. CSR and Women Entrepreneurial Development. International Research Journal of Business and Management. 3(12): 1-7.
[6] Murugesan G. 2014.Problems and Prospects of Women Enterpreneures in India. Journal of Business Management and Social Science Research 3(11): 12-15.
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Role of Women in SSIs – A Look into Small Scale Sector of Gujarat Jignesh K. Barot*, Dr. Vijay S. Jariwala† *P.G. Department of Economics, S. P. University, V V Nagar, Anand, Gujarat †Deptt. of Economics, M. K. Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract Women entrepreneurs have proved equally to their men counterparts in business activities and are emerging as vibrant and smart entrepreneurs. The study reveals the status and disparities prevailing among the women entrepreneurs of India and Gujarat in SSIs. It further provides the dismal picture of contribution of female in employment in SSIs in India and Gujarat.
Keywords Women Entrepreneurs, Small Scale Industries, Gujarat ______
Introduction The participation of women in the registered and unregistered SSI sector has been identified in three different roles. Some women were owners of the enterprise while others were managers and employees. With regard to ownership, in unregistered SSIs managed by one or more women entrepreneurs in proprietary concern, or in which she/they individually or jointly have a share capital of not less than 51 % as partners/shareholders/directors of private limited company /members of co-operative society is called a “Women Enterprise”. “Women Entrepreneur” is a person, who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and the work situations. Women Enterprises and Enterprises Managed by Women The total number of enterprises managed by women in the unregistered SSI sector was estimated as 17.99 lakh (9.05 %) out of the total SSIs in the country with 10.65 % enterprise in rural and 6.62 % enterprises in the urban areas. Further, enterprises constitute 9.06% of the micro sector of the total unregistered enterprises in the country with a negligible 1042 (3.01 %) number of women enterprises in the small sector. For the enterprises managed by women, 9.05 % enterprises in India give employment to 8.14 % women population, share 6.21 % of market value of fixed assets, 5.59 % of original value of plant and machinery and 7 % of gross output. Rural enterprises managed by women have 10.65% enterprises and urban areas have 6.62 %. Thus, rural
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areas have more dominance of women enterprises. Moreover, women manage 9.06 % enterprises in micro sector and 3.01 % enterprises in small sector.
Table-1 State wise No. of Enterprises Managed and Owned by Women Female Employment in SSI sector Sr. Name of State/UT No. of No. of No. of Female % to Total No. Enterprises Women Employees Managed by Enterprise (in Lakh) Women (in (in Lakh) Lakh) 1 Jammu and Kashmir 0.12 0.12 0.21 0.40 2 Himachal Pradesh 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.30 3 Punjab 0.76 0.78 1.06 1.99 4 Chandigarh 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.14 5 Uttarakhand 0.15 0.15 0.29 0.55 6 Haryana 0.16 0.16 0.32 0.60 7 Delhi 0.19 0.19 1.23 2.31 8 Rajasthan 0.55 0.55 1.43 2.68 9 Uttar Pradesh 0.75 0.75 3.08 5.78 10 Bihar 0.46 0.47 1.45 2.73 11 Sikkim 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.34 12 Arunachal Pradesh 0.06 0.06 0.22 0.41 13 Nagaland 0.04 0.04 0.26 0.48 14 Manipur 0.01 0.01 0.41 0.76 15 Mizoram 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.14 16 Tripura 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.18 17 Meghalaya 0.16 0.16 0.23 0.43 18 Assam 0.20 0.20 0.66 1.23 19 West Bengal 2.04 2.05 7.72 14.49 20 Jharkhand 0.24 0.24 0.61 1.14 21 Odisha 0.89 0.90 4.58 8.60 22 Chhattisgarh 0.12 0.12 0.43 0.82 23 Madhya Pradesh 1.06 1.06 1.97 3.70 24 Gujarat 0.57 0.57 1.06 2.00 25 Daman & Diu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26 Dadar & Nagar Haveli 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 27 Maharashtra 0.85 0.85 1.77 3.33 28 Andhra Pradesh 1.11 1.11 5.27 9.90 29 Karnataka 1.85 1.86 4.17 7.84 30 Goa 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.19 31 Lakshadweep 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.05 32 Kerala 2.31 2.31 6.24 11.72 33 Tamil Nadu 3.02 3.03 7.77 14.59 34 Pudhucherry 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.12 35 Andaman &Nicobar Islands 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 All India 17.99 18.06 53.24 100.00
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Source: 4th Census of SSIs The total number of female employees in the unregistered SSI sector is estimated at 53.24 lakh. Tamil Nadu (14.59 %) has the highest number of female employees followed by West Bengal (14.49 %) and Kerala (11.72 %).The proportion of female employees in the total employment in the total unregistered SSI sector is of the order of 13.02%. There is an increasing and healthy trend of female employment prevailing in the states and the differentials present a positive scenario of the female employment in the country. Small enterprise promotion has continued to remain an important and integral part of Indian development strategy. The Indian policy concerted emphasis upon small firms as a vital vehicle of progress drawn upon this sector’s crucial historical role in generating substantial employment and income at the regional level and acting as a shock-absorber during periods of economic crisis. This sector contributes significantly to the manufacturing output, employment and exports of the country. As per the results of Fourth All India Census of SSIs, the sector contributes significantly to the number of enterprises, employment and output of the country. It is project to nearly 488.46 lakh units, 1,114.29 lakhs of employment and 1,363,700.54 crore Rs. of market value of fixed assets for the year 2013-14. While the share of this sector in manufacturing sector remains stable at 7 % and for service sector it has been nearly 30.50 % for the 2012-13 year. It contributed 37.54 % in GDP and 37.33 % in total manufacturing output for the 2012-13. Data from the Fourth Census revealed that in total 26.6 lakh SSI units are owned and manage by women entrepreneurs. Of these, 2.15 lakh about 13.27 % are registered units and 24.46 lakh nearly 9.09 % units are unregistered. So far employment generated by these units are concerned, nearly 19.04 lakh female employment provided by registered units while 101.52 lakh employment generated for female by unregistered units. SSI and Women Empowerment in India Small scale industries not only play an important role in development of Indian economy but also have a significant contribution in the development of women employees in India. Small scale industries are providing large number of employment to both male and female. A very large number of women are working as employee in SSIs performing various kind of job at different levels. Table-2 Distribution of SSIs by Sex of Owner and Sector Sector Male (%) Female (%) Rural 89.09 10.69 Urban 92.49 6.67 All 90.44 9.09 Source: 4Th All India Census of MSME There is dominance of males in ownership of SSI units in India as per the 4th Census data. The unregistered SSIs sector as a whole, male owned with 90.44 % of enterprises as
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compared to 9.09 % owned by female. There is no significant deviation in this pattern in urban and rural areas, though the dominance of man owned enterprises are slightly higher in urban areas 92.49 % as compared to rural areas 89.09 %. Women Entrepreneurs in Gujarat There are nearly 2.29 lakh SSIs units are working in Gujarat as per the latest 4th Census of SSI. Nearly 2.16 % working SSIs units are owned by Women in Gujarat while rests of the working SSIs units are owned by male. At India level 9.09 % units are owned and operated by women. Taking into account the fixed asset invested in SSIs, only 1.38 % total assets are invested in women owned SSIs. There are only 22,777 (1.83 %) persons are employed in women owned SSIs. While contribution of Women owned SSIs in total Gross output of SSIs is 1.03% as per the forth Census data. It can be revealed from the data that women entrepreneurship so far as SSIs units are concern still in a very meager figure in Gujarat. The following chart 1aptly provides that information graphically.
Ownership of SSI
Fixed Assets (%) 98.62 1.38
Gross Output(%) 98.97 1.03
Employment(%) 98.36 1.64
Working Units (%) 97.84 2.16
96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 100
Male Female
Graph-1 Ownership wise share of man and women in SSIs
The following Graph-2 represents the share of male and female employment in various Small Scale Industries of Gujarat as per the fourth census data. The share of female labour has been found to be nearly equivalent to male for many SSIs. There many SSIs in which the share of female as labour is more compared to male labours. There are SSIs related to Beverages, Tobacco & Tobacco products, Paper Products & Printing, Rubber & Plastic Products, Electrical Machinery/Apparatus and Misc. Manufacturing Industries where the share in the employment for male and female labours
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are almost equivalent. SSIs related to Hoisery & Garments, Wood Products, Leather & Leather Products, Metal Products, Repair Services and Service not e.c., the share of female labourers are more compared to male. While, Food and Food Products, Cotton & various Textiles, Chemical & Chemical Products, Non-Metallic Mineral Products, Basic Metal Products, Machinery & parts and Transport Equipment & Parts are those SSIs where male labourers are higher compared to female labourers.
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Electrical… Food Products Food Repair Services Repair Metal Products Metal Wood Products Wood Servicesnot e.c. Chemical Products Chemical Machinery & Parts Hosiery & Garments BasicMetal Products Non-Metallic Mineral… Beverages Beverages & Tobacco… Cotton various & Textiles, PaperProducts Printing & RubberPlastic& Products Other Services & ProductsServices & Other Leather Leather &Leather Products Misc Manufacturing Indust. Manufacturing Misc TransportEquipment Part &
% Share of Male % Share of Female
Graph-2 Industry wise share of Male and Female Employment
Women have been successful in breaking their confinement within the limits of their homes by entering into varied kinds of professionals and services. Women entrepreneurs have proved to be on par with their men counterparts in Enterprises and are emerging as smart and dynamic entrepreneurs in Gujarat. Concluding Remarks Gender disparities in ownership are sharper, but show a reduction over the two Censuses. Female owned enterprises increased from 11.32% in Third Census to 14.7% in Fourth Census, whereas female managed units increased from 9.56% to 11.54%. It is further noted that not all female-managed enterprises are female-owned. As per Fourth Census 88% of female-managed enterprises were female-owned, but only 69% of female- owned firms were female-managed. Both female management and female ownership is higher in rural than in urban areas. This might seem paradoxical at first glance, but it is
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useful to recall that labour force participation rates for women also exhibit the same pattern in that rural labour force participation rate for women are higher than the urban rates. The differences in activities by gender of owners-managers are more pronounced. In 2006-07, 59.92% of female-managed firms and 48% of female-owned firms were engaged in the manufacture of wearing apparel. These proportions are an increase over the shares in 2001-02, which were 53.61% and 44.84%, respectively. Some other dominant activities for female firms whether managed or owned are food products and beverages which is 13% and textile. While, products like furniture and fabricated metal are much more important for male firms. These differences confirm the findings from other literature. Das (2003) deals specifically with non-farm household enterprises in India, and finds that women continue to operate trades traditionally considered the domain of women. Experimental evidence also suggests that women are more likely to be risk-averse than men (Eckel and Grossman 2008; Niederle and Vesterlund 2007), but we cannot say if this explains the gender difference in propensities to be engaged with certain activities, or if business objectives tend to be different for me and women. Research on female entrepreneurs in developing countries shows that female-led enterprises are typically smaller and experience slower growth than male enterprises (McPherson 1996; Mead and Liedholm 1998). We find differences in size: female-owned and managed enterprises tend to be significantly smaller in terms of the average number of employees 4.64 and 3.14 respectively, compared to male-owned and managed enterprises6.71 and 6.83 respectively. The proportions of female-owned and managed owner-operated enterprises are much higher and have increased much more compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, this forms a significant component of gender disparities in the ownership and management of manufacturing enterprises (Deshpande A, Sharme S 2013). In contrast to the international literature-which documents lower growth rates for female enterprises because of conservative social attitude towards women in traditionally male-dominated arenas, and/or because female entrepreneurs are expected to be less ambitious in terms of growth targets and more concerned with earning just enough to provide for their families. (Coad and Tamvada ). The strong contribution of female ownership and management on growth of the SSIs sector has been observed. It may be because of women owners and managers in registered firms represent a group with much higher inmate abilities than male managers in registered firms. Bardasi et al (2011) also cite self-selection as a possible reason for their finding that in eastern Europe, central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, gender gaps in firm growth are much smaller. Moreover, a large proportion of Indian women have either no or low education, in the segment of population with higher education, women outperform men, suggesting that those able to cross early hurdles have the abilities necessary for success (Khanna ).
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There have been gender disparities in all enterprises characteristics in the registered and unregistered SSI sector for both 3rd and 4th Censuses. The sectoral variations has been considerable in rural-urban and by gender of the owner. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of new era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. In India, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are recognized and are more prominent in the all sectors. But the Indian and Gujarati women entrepreneurs are facing some major constraints Finance, Training, Marketing, Infrastructural and allied.
References 1. Ahl, H. 2006.Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30:5, 595-621 2. Anne de Bruin, Candida G. Brush and Friederike Welter, 2006.Introduction to the Special Issue: Towards Building Cumulative Knowledge on Women’s Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, August, 585-592. 3. Bardasi, Elena, Shwetlana Sabarwal and Katherine Terrell, How Do Female Entrepreneurs Perform? Evidence from Three Developing Regions, Small Business Economics, 37:4, 417-41. 4. Bhatia Anju, 2000.Women Development and NGOs. Rawat Publication, . New Delhi. 5. Coad, A and J P Tamvada, 2012. Firms Growth and Barriers to Growth among Small Firms in India, Small Business Economics, 39:2, 383-400. 6. Das, Maitreyi Bordia, 2003. The Other Side of Self-Employment: Household Enterprises in India, World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 318, World Bank, Washington DC. 7. Deshpande A. and Smriti Sharma, 2013. Entrepreneurship or Survival? Caste and Gender of Small Business in India, Economic and Political Weekly, 28, 38-49. 8. Donald D. Bowen and Robert D. Hisrich, 1986. The Female Entrepreneur: A Career Development Perspective, The Academy of Management Review,11:2, 393-407. 9. Eckel, Catherine and Phillip Grossman, 2008. Men, Women and Risk Aversion: Experimental Evidence, Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, 1, 1061-73. 10. Goldar B N, 1985. Unit Size and Economic Efficiency: A Study of Small Scale Washing Soap Industry in India, Artha Vijnana, 7:1, 21-40. 11. Goldar B N, 1988, Relative Efficiency of Small Scale Enterprises in Industrial Development: The Indian Experience, Sage Publications: New Delhi. 12. Iyer Laxmi, Tarun Khanna and Ashutosh Varshney, 2013. Caste and Entrepreneurship in India, Economic and Political Weekly, 28:6, 52-60. 13. Lalita .N, 2005. Micro Finance and Rural Development. Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhi gram, Dindigal. Tamil Nadu. 14. Lipi. 2009. Women Empowerment: Globalisation and Opportunities in Empowerment of Rural Women in India Kanishka Publishers. New Delhi.
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15. Mead, D C and Liedholm, 1998. The Dynamics of Micro and Small Enterprises in Developing Countries, World Development, 26, 51-74. 16. McPherson, M A, 1996. Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises in Southern Africa, Journal of Development Economics, 48, 253-277. 17. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), 2014-15. Annual Report 2014-15, Government of India, New Delhi. 18. OECD Second conference of Ministers Responsible for Small and Medium-sized enterprises promoting entrepreneurship and innovative SMEs in a Global Economy, 2004.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Istanbul, Turkey. 19. Prabha Singh, 2009. Rural Women and Development of Entrepreneurship with special reference to Punjab in Empowerment of Rural Women in India Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi. 20. Ram Naresh Thakur, 2009. Rural Women Empowerment in India in Empowerment of Rural Women in India Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi. 21. Shobana, Nelaseo and Junofy Antorozarina, 2009. Rural women empowerment through Self-Help Groups in Empowerment of Rural Women in India Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi.
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A REVIEW ON REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN WOMEN AS ENTREPRENEUR IN INDIA
*Fenny J. Narsingani, **Shweta Y. Prajapati *Assistant professor, L.D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. **Lecturer, B & B Institute of Technology V. V. Nagar, Gujarat, India.
Abstract
Women are considered as home makers with little to do with economy. This paper focuses on the changing picture of women entrepreneur from ninety fifty to twenty first century. The drift is changing across India. Women are taking up the entrepreneurial activities to be economically independent. This journey is not possible without looking into Indian history. Women play multiple roles. As women entrepreneurs some opted for leadership roles, some in sports, some in entertainment field and many of them committed themselves to be ideal housewives. This Paper talks about the obstacles faced by women when they stepped out to make their identity and specially taking the role of entrepreneurs and necessary steps to be taken to foster a culture of entrepreneurship among women in India. This paper reflects the revolutionary changes that have occurred in women as entrepreneurs. Indian government has identified the need for women to be the part of economic development and realized that women entrepreneurship is the effective tool to solve the problems of women.
Keywords Decade, Entrepreneurship, Barrier ______
Introduction
Entrepreneurship refers to establishing a new business or stimulating the present business to get benefit from the upcoming opportunities. Women Entrepreneurs are the ones who innovately organize or adopt a business activities. The Woman entrepreneur is a person accepting a challenging role to accomplish her individual needs and to achieve economic self independence by balancing both her family and social life. Women entrepreneurship is acknowledged as a untouched source of financial expansion. Women entrepreneurs generate new opportunities for themselves as well as for the society by providing the solution to the organisation. Even today women entrepreneurs are neglected in the society. The myth that women cannot be involved in productive activities needs to be driven out. In the Vedic period, women were entrepreneurs within the four walls, doing all domestic chores, managing with the limited income resources, making useful products from waste materials. In other words, women had managerial qualities from the very
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beginning since the notion of living in family evolved. At that time also she was considered inferior to man in intelligence but during that time no religious ceremony was performed without her. During last Century, with the social, economic & political changes, woman’s position was deterioted in all the fields. If we take a look at Indian history, we will find several successful women rulers like Razia Sultan, Khatun Biby Begum, Nur Jahan from Uttar Pradesh, Rani Laxmi bai from Jhansi and Rani Padmini[1]. The father of our nation, Mahatma Gandhiji wrote in 1918 in his journal ‘ young India’, “Woman is the companion of man, gifted with equal mental capabilities. She has the right to participate in minute details of activities of man and has the same right to freedom and liberty. By Sheer custom even the most ignorant and worthless man has been enjoying superiority over women which they do not deserve and ought not to have”[9].
After the post Independence,Several Women leaders and administrators like Sarojini Naidu, Padmja Naidu, Indira Gandhi, Sucheta kriplani, Durgabai Deshmukh and Vijaya lakshmi pandit from Uttar pradesh set benchmarks in their respective fields. Recently women like Jayalalitha in Chennai, Rabri Devi in Bihar, Sheela Dixit in Delhi, Uma bharti in Madhyapradesh, Mayavati in West Bengal Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan & Anandiben Patel in Gujarat have proved to be better and Sincere administrator. These Women have proved that they are equivalent to men and good entrepreneurs. In the last few decades, women are no longer restricted only to the household duties but they have plunged into almost every field crossing all the hurdles. We can find women in Law, Medicine, Film Industry, Public Service, Fine arts, Sports, Teaching, Literature, Army, Air Force as well as Police force the so called ‘masculine jobs’[1]. Their intuitive perspective to things, practical ability, knowledge and strong desire for positive things has made them to run well planned industries. Women, as compared to men can bring different ideas to the table. With these changes, women entrepreneurship has achieved importance.
We can’t ignore the fact that women are now gifted economic force. Women are approximately half of the total world population. Along with their household tasks and other responsibilities, women got engaged in business activities as entrepreneurs with the thought of doing something new.
“The best thermometer to the progress of a nation is its treatment of its women.” —Swami Vivekananda ” There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved.” —Swami Vivekananda These thoughts of swami Vivekananda had great impact on the world[2]. Women of India were Kitchen manager and alone did all the domestic activities. So generally people have the view about women entrepreneurs as maker of pickles, papads and masalas but with the changing time, they easily manage all non traditional enterprises. They are growing as leading consultants, publishers, exporters, manufacturers, designers, interior decorators etc[3].The main objectives of this paper is to reflect the revolutionary changes that took place in women entrepreneurs from nineteen ninety five to twenty first century with the
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changing technology from small scale enterprise to IT sector. Moreover papers also aims to reflect the obstacles faced by women when they stepped out to make their identity and specially taking the role of entrepreneur and necessary steps to be taken to foster a culture of entrepreneurship among women in India.
Women Entrepreneurs of different decades: In the last five decades, there has been the unusual change in the position of the women in India.
• Women Entrepreneurs of fifties There are mainly two reasons for the women who emerged as entrepreneurs in fifties. First, there were no men in the family for generating income and second to handle the family business after the husband’s death.
• Women Entrepreneurs of Sixties In Sixties, another change came about when the number of divorce increased; many women were compelled to work outside as they had nobody to look after their needs. So, many women got involved in small scale enterprises and enlarged them.
• Women Entrepreneurs of Seventies In Seventies women moved a step ahead and extended their desire for self employment and employment generation. They wished for the home, marriage, children as well as occupation. They took all the responsibities for the success and development of their venture. They wanted their opinion should be acceptable as a leader to other member or staff, as executives of the company.One of the female entrepreneurs of India of the seventies is Kiran Mazumdar Shaw (Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Ltd.), who started Biocon India in 1978 and was among the 100 most influential people of Time’s Magazine of the world in 2010. In 2011 she was among the top 50 women in business list in financial Times’. As in 2014 she is listed as the 92nd most powerful woman in the world by FORBES[4].
• Women Entrepreneurs of Eighties In Eighties there was more concentration on networking opportunities in the world of female entrepreneurs. Many opportunities came about to help those women, who were interested in starting up their own businesses. Support groups, organizations for educating the female entrepreneurs and other opportunities like seminars and financial help came from many different sources such as the women development centres. During this decade, most of the women pursued sophisticated technology and professional courses. They had their own choices, and with full confidence and courage, initialized their work. Neelam
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Dhawan is in the IT sector for the past 22 years. She is first Indian lady veteran of the Technology Industry. Dhawan is the mascot for the entire women community in the IT Industry [5]. Her Endeavours have been extraordinary.
• Women Entrepreneurs of Nineties The women of the nineties were capable, competent and confident. They were clear of their goals, processes and goal accomplishment. These women were fearless and had learnt to live alone, travel alone and rear children alone in case of failure in marriages. In most of the cases, women moved out, shone out and outperformed their male counterparts. Indra Nooyi (CFO, PepsiCo),joined PepsiCo in 1994. In 2006 she became the fifth CEO in Pepsi co’s 44-year history. She was named as the third most powerful women in business by FORTUNE in 2014 [6]. In Nineties, due to availability of computers and internet most of the women were involved in Business. This technology allowed them to be more prevalent in the business world and show their skills to competitors.
• Women Entrepreneurs of 21 st century In Hindu literature, woman is regarded as an epithetof “SHAKTI” which means the source of power[7]. By their firm determination they were able to achieve miraculous results. In 21st century due to higher education and women’s desire for better living transformed the social foundation of the Indian society. This gave a boost for change in the living of Indian women. Highest women entrepreneurs grew in this century. In this modern India, educated women do not want to be confined within the four walls but she wants to play multiple roles in her life. A woman is the navigator of a family and by extension the nation. Women are demanding equal respect from others. In 21st century many Industries are headed and guided by women as pioneers.They have undertaken many business enterprises. They work as entrepreneurs to have their own identity instead of remaining behind their husband’s name plate.
Barriers faced by Indian Women Entrepreneurs:
1) Family Responsibility: A Woman’s life changes after marriage. She plays new role of daughter in law. Her priority changes. She is expected to do all the household chores, to look after the children and other family members. Expectations from the family and personal commitments are the great hurdles as they are emotionally attached to their home and families. In such situation, it is difficult to concentrate and run an organization successfully and efficiently.
2) Socio-Cultural barriers: All the caste and religion have their own customs which stand as a barrier in front of the growth of women. People always see women with an eye of suspicion.
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3)Dominating nature of male: our social structure is patriarchal since the beginning. Men are considered superior to women. Their entry into business requires the permission of the head of the family who is mostly a male member, Usually entrepreneurship is considered to be a male task.
4)Lack of appropriate education: Literacy rate is very low among women in India. This is mainly due to early marriage, household responsibilities, and poverty. Because of lack of appropriate education, most of the female entrepreneurs are unaware about the new technology, new methods of production, marketing, networking and other governmental support.
5) Lack of financial assistance: Women entrepreneurs suffer a lot in raising and meeting the financial needs of the business. Bankers, creditors and financial institutes do not come forward to provide financial assistance to women borrowers on the ground of their less credit worthiness. They also face financial problems due to blockage of funds in raw materials, inventory, work in progress, finished goods and non receipt of payment from customer in time.
6)Lack of Knowledge of technology: Women entrepreneurs sometimes lag behind in managenerial functions like planning, organising, controlling, directing, motivating, recruiting, coordinating and leading an enterprise. These limited managerial abilities of women also create problems to run enterprise successfully.
7) Limited Mobility factor: Since most women cannot run around for marketing, distribution and money collection, they have to depend on middle men who exploit them in the appearance of helping.
8) Lack of Self confidence: Self motivation and self confidence are the key ingredients for a successful business. Due to inborn nature of women, women suffer from lack of self confidence.
Thus, women entrepreneurs have to face number of problems right from the beginning till the end[8].
Steps to be taken to develop Indian Women Entrepreneurs: 1) Workshops and seminar should be organized frequently for women entrepreneurs to make their relations more cordial.
2) Separate financial assistance should be provided by government so that it helps women for establishing their organization.
3) Training programs, awareness programs must be organized to facilitate the managerial skills, leadership qualities, production process, profit planning, marketing, maintaining books of account and other skills.
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4) Government should provide various schemes to encourage women entrepreneurs in the state.
5) Family should support and encourage women entering the business.
6) Awards should be given to the best women entrepreneurs to motivate and encourage other women.
The World needs the women entrepreneurs and the women entrepreneurs need all of us. It is the time to provide the support and tools to ensure that in 2020 and beyond, the business and enterprises led by women flourish.
Conclusion In this Paper we have observed the Revolutionary changes that took place in women entrepreneur with the changing technology and circumstances in different decades in India. We conclude that the above mention steps will help to reduce the obstacles faced by women entrepreneurs. These steps if taken will foster a culture of entrepreneurship among women in India. Future Prospect As the women entrepreneurs experience conflict between their roles, behavioural research should be carried out. Studies on what is happening to women’s employment in the changing world economy should be done. It will give us an opportunity to know how women entrepreneurship is helpful in growth of developing countries.
Acknowledgement
This paper is made possible through the help and support of my friend Shweta y. Prajapati , my parents, Prof. D. S. Patel and Dr. S.B. Chandak my colleagues and the facility provided by my college. I am thank to Gujarat Technological University for organizing the workshop which provided us the platform to present our ideas. The product of this paper would not be possible without all of them.
References
1. B. S. Rathore and S. K. Dhameja, Women Entrepreneurship in 21st century, Rawat Publication, Jaipur(1999) 2. http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/thoughts-on-women-swami-vivekananda 3. Information on inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11993/.../08_chapter%203.pg-37 4. Information on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Mazumdar-Shaw 8 5. Information on matpal.com/2013/01/neelam-dhawan-biography.html
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6. Information on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Nooyi 7. Sarmistha Nandy and Shalini Kumar,Women Entrepreneurship in 21st Century India, journal of finance and management ISSN 0975-6477 volume 6,number 9(2014)pg 967-976 8. Satpal, Rupa Rathee and Pallavi Rajain, Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in the Present Technological Era, International Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering ISSN 2320 –5539 pg-56
9. https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/journals-by-gandhiji/young-india
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA
Prof. Pankajkumar J. Vaghela* *Sociology Department, Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Meghraj, Gujarat, India Abstract
Entrepreneurship adds significant value to the economy by creating wealth and generating employment. In recent years, the government has been actively striving to recognize and encourage women entrepreneurs. The present paper mainly focuses on women entrepreneurs in India. The study is based on secondary data. Paper focuses on the determinants of women entrepreneurship in the Indian context, provides a brief profile of women entrepreneurs in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector in India and also focuses on the ongoing schemes and policies for women’s entrepreneurship in India.
Keywords Women entrepreneurship, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
______
Introduction: Entrepreneurship is generally regarded as the backbone of economic development. This also holds true for women entrepreneurs. The new industrial policy has also stressed the importance of entrepreneurship among women. Women’s business environment is affected by institutional factors and government intervention directly or indirectly. The creation of government offices or positions pertaining to women’s business ownership is one way of facilitating their development. While, there are no specific reservations for women, there are some concessions/incentives available under these programmes for the benefit of women entrepreneurs (Government of India, 2007). Entrepreneurship is generally regarded as the backbone of economic development. It has been well established that the level of economic growth of a region, to a large extent, depends on the level of entrepreneurial activities in the region. The myth that entrepreneurs are born, no more holds good. Rather, it is well recognized now that entrepreneurs can be created and nurtured through appropriate interventions in the form of entrepreneurship development programmes (Jain, 2010). Entrepreneurship also involves risk taking, being innovative as well as using knowledge and skills to set up new ventures or diversify from existing ones. Entrepreneurship is embedded in the Indian mindset. For example, the small Indian company Hidesign, has built for itself a global consumer brand value without having to wait for decades and without investing millions. Instead of acquiring strong international brand, Hidesign chose to globally promote its own corporate brand by embracing its “Indianness”. This reveals that Indian entrepreneurs possess the capability to create a product, which is very individualistic (Kachru, 2011).
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the Determinants of Women Entrepreneurship 2. To study the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector and women entrepreneurs India 3. To examines the role of government policies and schemes to encourage and support women entrepreneurs.
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY: The study is based on secondary data. The data collection has been done through secondary sources such as books, articles, journals, magazines and internet.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Various research literature has been reviewed includes (1) Government of India, M. o. (2007). Activities and Programmes for women in MSME sector (2) Gujarat, G. o. (2009). Industrial Policy 2009 (3) ILO. (2010). Gender Mainstreaming in Local Economic Development Strategies: A guide . Geneva: International Labour Office.
MAJOR FINDINGS:
Determinants of Women Entrepreneurship Technological development: New information and communication technologies lead to diminished transaction costs and lower minimum efficient scales in many industries, enabling small firms to compete in both new and established industries. Hence, it may be argued that small firms benefit from technological development, either directly (producing new products) or indirectly (making use of new production or communication techniques). Knowledge and information are the key drivers of growth and are an increasingly important aspect of business development. Information about prices, markets, policies and regulations that may affect a business sector, as well as information on buyers and producers are important for all women owned enterprises. Similarly, knowledge of how to use new tools and products for increasing productivity, how to modify and adapt technology and how to deploy technology effectively, is a vital aspect of dynamic economies. India’s Self- Employed Women Association (SEWA), has been organizing women in the informal sector since 1972, and has a membership of over two lakh persons. SEWA has been implementing a well- considered strategic plan for integrating ICT into its major activities. The organization uses software applications, especially developed for its embroidery, watershed development, salt production, managing savings and credit-based projects. The software used by the organization generates customized reports on artisan members; grades products, records market activities, and keeps accurate up to date information for efficient production planning (Sinha, 2007). Economic factors: Literature on women entrepreneurship in India, (Sinha 2010), suggests that women look for work due to economic necessity and for the fulfilment of personal goals. Women from the lower and middle socio-economic groups largely seek income opportunities and those in the upper middle class groups pursue a career for
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fulfilling professional ambitions. Women with a higher level of education have more interest in becoming independent, are career-oriented and also interested in quickly scaling the organizational ladder. The key challenge for women entrepreneurs seems to be the management of their traditional roles as housewives along with their enterprise. Women experience greater pressure to work hard and prove themselves in the workplace and one of the greatest obstacles here is their treatment by men. They often receive differential treatment, reinforcing the stereotypical view of being inferior and less important than men, who also results in their not being offered challenging work and being part of important organizational issues. Demographic factors: Various demographic characteristics affect business units operated by women in the Indian context such as age structure, size of family, occupation, male- female ratio, family life cycle, religious, education and economic conditions. However, significant gender differences in entrepreneurial activity have also been found with respect to levels of national income, government regulations, and industrial profile and activity (Elam, 2008). Institutional factors and Government intervention: Women’s business environment is affected by institutional factors and government intervention directly or indirectly. The creation of government offices or positions pertaining to women’s business ownership is one way of facilitating their development. Such offices could have programme responsibilities such as establishment of women’s business centres, organizing related information seminars and meetings and providing web-based information to those women who are already entrepreneurs, in addition to generating important insights into changes needed to improve women entrepreneurship. Cultural factors: Cultural factors affect the proclivity of women to start and grow their own business; the ability to obtain capital and access to networks. Here country wise variation can also be observed. If women entrepreneurs articulate that they are primarily motivated to start a business in order to better balance work with family life, or that they seek to keep their businesses small and manageable in order to dedicate their time to domestic responsibilities, this response itself is not questioned, highlighting the dominant role of cultural norms in impeding their entrepreneurial spirit. Traits of Women Entrepreneurs: It also becomes necessary to examine the specific traits of women entrepreneurs, highlighted through several studies, and conducted in India and abroad. An examination of these traits is vital to understanding the strengths that women entrepreneurs bring to their enterprise and the areas in which they require encouragement. Paradoxically, the very cultural norms that stifle their entrepreneurial spirit also contribute to the development of traits that facilitate the successful running of their enterprise.
The MSME Sector in India: An Overview The MSME sector is an important constituent of the Indian economy, contributing significantly to its gross domestic product, manufacturing output, employment or export. The role of the Ministry of MSME is primarily to assist the States/Union Territories in their
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efforts to promote growth and development of MSMEs. The main focus of the schemes undertaken by the organizations of the Ministry is thus to provide/facilitate provision of a wide range of services and facilities required for accelerating the growth of MSMEs. The schemes generally focus on capacity building in State/Regions; nevertheless, there are a few schemes, which are individual beneficiary oriented. While, there are no specific reservations for women, there are some concessions/incentives available under these programmes for the benefit of women entrepreneurs (Government of India, 2007) There is no universal definition of MSMEs. An ILO survey of 77 countries shows that 74 countries deploy quantitative classification criteria such as the number of employees or value of plant and machinery. The remaining three countries deploy only qualitative criteria such as the nature of ownership or relative size compared to other players in the industry. The categories of enterprises here include: micro enterprises, small enterprises, medium enterprises and large enterprises (ILO, 2004). Also, combinations of criteria are often used for classifying enterprises. The main criteria here are:
Number of workers/ employees in the enterprise: It is assumed that enterprises with the same number of workers exhibit similar characteristics and may, therefore, benefit from the same policies and/or targeted for the same assistance programs. Usually, the following minimum and maximum numbers are often used for classification purposes: for small enterprises: from 5 or 10 to between 20 and 50 workers. A maximum of 100 workers is also used in some industrialized countries. For medium enterprises: the number of workers may range between 20-50 workers and 300-500 workers, following the above two options for small enterprises. Some countries do not classify some of the above sizes of enterprises separately, while others use further sub-groupings based on additional quantitative and/or qualitative criteria. For example, some countries use a single grouping for micro, small and medium- sized enterprises under the “SME” category, in addition to “large enterprises”. Others use additional groupings based on qualitative criteria such as “cottage industries”, “craft enterprises” or “survivalist micro enterprises”. Value of fixed assets: The value of fixed assets is also used as a classification criterion in many countries. However, it is less easy to use because enterprises do not generally have a precise estimate of their fixed assets, the value of the latter may vary from time to time or the owners of SMEs may not wish to provide this type of information. The value of fixed assets also depends on the level of development of the country and on the sector under consideration. Turnover per enterprise and value-added per worker: Despite its relevance, the MSME sector has, for long, faced various obstacles to its growth. In recognition of these difficulties and after sustained lobbying, the Government of India passed the MSME Development Act of 2006, which brought about major changes in this sector. The basic achievement was a clear and decisive definition of units that fall under micro, small and medium category. The definitions are based on total investment in plant and machinery for manufacturing units and investment in equipments for service units. The new definitions have expanded the plant and machinery limits and now each enterprise level includes
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larger investments than before. There are also allowances for smaller investments in service enterprises. According to the Act, MSMEs are classified into (a) enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production of goods pertaining to any industry specified in the first schedule to the industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 and (b) enterprises engaged in providing or rendering services.
MSME sector and Women Entrepreneurs in India: A Brief Profile Entrepreneurship can be understood as the process of using private initiative to transform a business concept into a new venture or to grow or diversify an existing venture or enterprise. There are various definitions of an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur is variably defined as one who assumes the financial risk of the initiation, operation and management of a business or undertaking; a person who assumes the risk to start a business with the idea of making a profit; an individual who organizes and manages labour, capital, and natural resources to produce goods and services to earn a profit, but who also runs the risk of failure; a business person who accepts both the risks and the opportunities involved in creating and operating a new business venture. In line with these different definitions, risk- taking and treading a fresh path are essential features of entrepreneurship (UNESCAP, 2005). According to the MSME ministry, the Third All India Census of Small Scale Industries conducted in 2001-02 and subsequent estimates found that around 10.11% of the Micro and Small Enterprises in India were owned by women, while 9.46% of the MSME enterprises were managed by women in 2006-07, according to the Fourth All India Census Data. This is a significant pointer to the marginal presence of women entrepreneurs in the MSME sector.
Schemes and policies for women entrepreneurs in MSME sector In recent years, the government has been actively striving to recognize and encourage women entrepreneurs. In this context, gender related awareness becomes important for policy makers and decision-makers at different levels in public and private institutions. The process of policy formulation also necessitates the incorporation of gender mainstreaming strategies. Ministries in charge of the enhancement of the status of women, ministries responsible for MSME development, NGOs, women’s organizations and technical cooperation projects and programmes play an important role in emphasizing gender issues in the creation of a more enabling policy and legal environment (APO, 2007) In this regard, various ministries and departments have evolved different schemes, which seek to promote entrepreneurship among women in India. A range of policies and programs have been formulated, incentives and schemes introduced and institutions established to provide momentum to the emergence and growth of women entrepreneurs.
CONCLUSION In brief, major determinants of women entrepreneurship in the Indian context are technological development, economic factors, demographic factors, institutional factors, government intervention and cultural factors. In our country, presence of women
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entrepreneurs in the MSME sector is very low. In recent years, the government has been encouraging women entrepreneurs through different schemes by various ministries and departments.
Bibliography
. APO. (2007). Entrepreneur Development for Competitive SMEs. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization. . Bajpai, N. J. (2002). Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India. Center for International Development at Harvard University. . Bakhait, S. Y. (2008). Dynamic City-Regions in India:Presentations for five (5) Indian Cases . UNIDO. . Elam, A. B. (2008). Gender and Entrepreneurship: a Multilevel Theory and Analysis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar publishing limited. . Gadwal, N. (2011). Problem and Prospects of Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in India. BIZ n BYTES - a quarterly published Journal of Business & Information Management , 1-9. . Government of India, M. o. (2007). Activities and Programmes for women in MSME sector. Retrieved feburary 2011, from MSME website: http://msme.gov.in/Chapter%2012-Eng_200708.pdf . Gujarat, G. o. (2009). Industrial Policy 2009. Gandhinagar: Government of Gujarat. . ILO. (2010). Gender Mainstreaming in Local Economic Development Strategies: A guide . Geneva: International Labour Office. . Jain, T. M. (2010). Indian Economy and Business Environment. New Delhi: V.K. Publication. . Kachru, U. (2011). India land of a Billion Entrepreneurs. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley. . Kumar, A. S. (2008). Small Business and Entrepreneurship. New Delhi: I.K. publishing House. . Mahajan, V. (1980). Small and Tinny Units. Economic Times. . Rajani, N. (2008). Management Training Needs of Women Entrepreneurs. Anthropologist , 10(4) : , 277-281. . Sinha, P. A. (2007). ICT for Women : Empowerment through livelyhood Generation. New Delhi: Sewa Authors and Writers. . Udhas, P. (2010). Accelerating growth in Gujarat. Retrieved December 2010, from KPMG Website: http://www.kpmg.co.il/Events/india/conference/thought%20leadership/Gujarat.p df . UNCTD. (2005). Entrepreneurship and economic development: the empretec showcase. Geneva: united nations conference on trade and development. . USAID, I. (2009). Implimentation of energy efficiency in SME clusters. INDIA: USAID.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
Sneha Shukla*, Tejal Tandel†, Nikunj Shingala+ *†+ Madhuben & Bhanubhai Patel Women’s Institute of Engineering, Anand, Gujarat-India
Abstract In the era of open market, the participation of women in economic generation is considerably feeble than their male counterpart. To run any business, women mainly require skills, knowledge and support from society as well as the government. Considering them to suffice in terms of skills and knowledge, somewhere the support received from predominant factors like governments as well as help groups incorporating entrepreneurial professionals, should highly be underpinned, thus promoted divergently. It is high time that countries gave rise to these challenges and offered more support systems for encouraging entrepreneurship amongst women. At the same time, it is up to women to break away the stereotyped mind-sets of people around. On the basis of Global Entrepreneurship Report (2014), this paper tries to explore gender differences on societal values towards entrepreneurship and required individual traits to become a successful entrepreneur. The present paper focuses on the challenges faced by woman entrepreneurs in India; and tries to provide some suggestions.
Keywords Business enterprise, Economic generation, Successful entrepreneur. ______Background
Women entrepreneurs refer to a woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on their participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. Accordingly, a woman entrepreneur is “a woman who starts and owns and enterprise by investing at least 51% in an enterprise and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”. This definition is subject to criticism mainly on the condition of employing more than 50 per cent women workers in the enterprises owned and run by the women. In another way, women entrepreneurs are those who perceive a business opportunity, initiate it, mobilize the required resources for function of business, and undertake risks thereby handling the economic uncertainty involved in running a business enterprise. It is also true that the female population is almost equal to male population in the country but their participation in the economic generation is very low than the male members of the society. It reveals that that for the overall economic growth of the nation, women should be encouraged to make their share of economic contribution towards the country. Therefore, for holistic development of the country, it is necessary to provide support to women by making them come out and become successful entrepreneurs.
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Entrepreneurship is not merely an intrinsic pursuit of the entrepreneurs in isolation of the society to which they belong to. To some extent the success or failure of the entrepreneurs is influenced by the entrepreneurial ecosystem around them. Socio-cultural value system of the society forms a large part of this ecosystem. For these reasons, the positive or negative attitude that the society has toward entrepreneurship can strongly influence the intentions of people to become entrepreneurs and, hence, the overall level of entrepreneurial activities in a particular region. In this context, the contribution of female entrepreneurship is of utmost importance especially as women bring into the business practice attributes such as team spirit, synergy, intuition, multi-tasking, commitment and social awareness that are quite beneficial both for entrepreneurial advancement and for society as a whole.
It has been observed that in the Micro Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector worldwide, women constitute around one-quarter to one-third of the total business population and in manufacturing, they constitute about one third of the global labour force. This is not merely a number but a significant change that has been observed in the past few decades. Some of the economies such as China, Malaysia, Thailand etc. have witnessed substantial growth rates in their economies and this has been made possible due to the joint efforts put in by both men as well as women entrepreneurs. However, in spite of their important contributions to socioeconomic development, it has been unfortunate that the potentials of women are underutilized and they still continue to suffer from various constraints, which inhibit them from optimally realizing their potential for economic development. One of the major constraints women face as entrepreneurs is the lack of their appropriate attitude towards entrepreneurship as their career, their perceptions regarding their role in economic development, insufficient knowledge regarding access to productive resources and services, finance, marketing etc. In spite of being talented and having viable and creative business ideas, they are unable to put their plans effectively into action because of all the above mentioned constraints. Most studies find that men have a higher probability of engaging in entrepreneurship than women—Arenius and Minniti (2005); Davidsson (2006); Klyver et al. (2007); Grilo and Thurik (2008); and Kalpper and Paker (2010).
A number of researches in entrepreneurship highlights that entrepreneurship development in the country is the result of the individuals’ personal ability to identify and seize opportunities, and that this process is taking place in the interaction with the environment. In order to have better understanding about the undermined participation of women in entrepreneurship development process, an effort has been made to explore the gender difference on social values, personal attributes and various forms of entrepreneurial activities.
Social Values: In this paper social values towards entrepreneurship is defined in terms of how the society values entrepreneurial behaviour. To understand this aspect, conceptualization of Global Entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) 2014 has been taken. According to GEM, the social value has three concrete dimensions:
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• Starting a new business, a desirable career choice in the society; • Successful entrepreneurs have a high level of status and respect in the society; and • Enough media attention to entrepreneurship by promoting successful ventures.
Individual Attributes: Inthe line of GEM’s conceptualization, individual attributes are defined in terms of perception of opportunities, perception of own capabilities to act entrepreneurially, fear of failure and entrepreneurial intentions.
• ‘Perceived Opportunities’ refers to fair chances of starting a venture in the next six months in their immediate environment. • ‘Perceived Capabilities’ indicate possession of the required skills and knowledge apart from the experience to start a new venture. • ‘Fear of Failure’ refers to individual’s perception of fear to start own venture.
Objectives
The major objectives of the present paper is to identify gender differences on social values and other personal attributes towards entrepreneurship in India, However, specific objectives are as follows: • To explore gender differences on various social values towards entrepreneurship in India. • To examine as well as analyse differences amongst males and females on various personal attributes for entrepreneurial activities.
Findings
It is important to mention here that in the below given study data was taken from GEM global report 2014. The data presented in Table 1 reflects the differences between male and female towards all three dimensions of social values. In order to understand, compare and contrast the gender differences in entrepreneurship, an effort was made to distinguish between the perceptions of men and women. It has been taken for granted that the male respondents have a considerable higher positive attitude toward entrepreneurship in society than their counter part, even though these counter parts portray more ladylike attributes which only add up and polish their entrepreneurial skills. The studies in this direction also support this finding (Davidsson, 2006; Klyver et al. 2007; Grilo and Thurik, 2008; and Kalpper and Paker, 2010. It is a known fact that Indian culture is characterized by high levels of hierarchy and conservatism, this might be reason of such fabricated misconceptions. But the result confirms that the strong socio-cultural environment in India indicates a favourable acceptance of entrepreneurship, thus providing a motivating base for undertaking start-up activities by any potential entrepreneur. This is the supreme
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reason why feminine participation has exponentially increased in taking up entrepreneurship as a career choice.
Table 1: Gender wise Social values toward entrepreneurship in India
SN Social Values Male Female 1 Entrepreneurship as a good career choice 55.1% 44.9%
2 High status to successful entrepreneurs 54.2% 45.8%
3 Media attention to entrepreneurship 57.2% 42.8%
Source: GEM report 2014
The entrepreneurship literature has highlighted traits, personalities, orientations, motivations, structures, policies, mechanisms, processes and cultures that shape entrepreneurial practice; there is now consensus that the process of opportunity identification is important determinant for entrepreneurship (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). Several scholars like Baron, 2007; R. K. Mitchell et al., 2007 also explain the importance of business opportunity identification process for entrepreneurial alertness. Hence, in order to set up a business, it is important for an individual to perceive some kind of opportunity. Koellinger et al. (2005); Elam and Terjesen (2007); and Klyver et al. (2007) find evidences which believe that one’s start-up skills are a predictor of being a nascent entrepreneur and thus are of utmost importance. Therefore, an analysis is carried out to understand the frugal but effective participation of women in entrepreneurial activities.
Table 2: Gender wise Individual attributes in India
SN Indicators Male Female 1 Perceived Capabilities 56.8 43.2
2 Perceived Opportunities 59.2 40.8
3 Fear of Failure Rate 51.2 48.8 Source: GEM report 2014
Table 2 shows the gender differences related to individual attributes. A comparison between these genders reveals that women have, on an average, lower perceptions about new business opportunities and their own capabilities, as well as lower fear of failure than their male counterparts, which is both astonishing as well as high spirited. Almost 59% of Indian males perceive good start-up opportunities in the next six months in their thriving
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areas in comparison to 43% female respondents. A higher proportion of males (57%) believe that they possess the requisite skills and capabilities to start a business whereas; a round about of 41% females recognised themselves as capable of starting their own business. Though, a high proportion of the population perceives good opportunities, this effect is balanced by a high proportion of Indian adults hesitating to start a business due to fear of failing, which seemed superficial and to a lesser degree when compared to that in males. Fear, though influenced to some extent by external environment, is often an innate attribute; whereas perceiving opportunities and capabilities are more shaped by the individual’s exposure to education, work experience, training, etc. This suggests that training programs targeted toward women focusing on awareness and capacity building can have an outstanding and significant influence on women entrepreneurial capability.
Although there have been enough training professionals meant for providing entrepreneurship training in general, there is still dearth of sufficient trainer–motivators primarily focusing on women entrepreneurship in particular. Recognizing this gap, there is a need for a judicious mix of customized training interventions focusing on women entrepreneurship, which may create a cadre of professionals who can motivate, counsel and facilitate more and more women towards new enterprise creation and also accelerate the growth of the existing women entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
Entrepreneurship has become a key driver of sustainable economic growth, and has immense potential as a generator of employment opportunities. Developing a culture of entrepreneurial thinking within the country becomes a focus for governments and societies worldwide. The data presented in this paper clearly reveals that the women still require good start-up opportunities to accelerate and start a business. A need is, therefore, felt for a change in their attitude towards entrepreneurship as a career, their perceptions regarding their contributions towards economic development, their inherent skills in managing resources and overall development of their competencies as business persons. It has been experimentally tested and proved that entrepreneurial qualities, skills, attitudes and perceptions can be instilled and developed through a judicious mix of training interventions, counselling and guidance.
References
1. Arenius, Pia, and Maria Minniti (2005). “Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 24 3: 233– 47http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=150827. 2. Davidsson, P., 2006. Nascent Entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 2(1), 1–76
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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?form_name=journalbrowse&journa l_id=88840. 3. Singer, S., Amorós, J.E. and Arreola, D.M. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report, Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA)http://timreview.ca/article/921, 4. Grilo, I., and R. Thurik. 2008. “Determinants of Entrepreneurial Engagement Levels in
5. Klyver K, Hindle K and Schøtt T (2007) “Who will be an entrepreneur? How cultural mechanismsEurope and the and US.” social Industrial network and patterns Corporate structure Change together 17, 6: 1113−45. influence entrepreneurial participation”. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, IE Business School, Madrid, 7–9 June. 6. Klapper, L. F., & Parker, S. C., 2010. Gender and the Business Environment for New Ferm Creation. (O. U. Press, Ed.) The World Bank Research Observer, 1– 21http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7/fulltext.html. 7. Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L. W., Bird, B., Gaglio, C. M., McMullen, J. S., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 1-27.
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MICROFINANCE – A MAGICAL PANACEA FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Daiya Ajaykumar A*, Daiya Vishwa A† *B.V.M. Engineering College ,V.V.Nagar, Gujarat-India †G.C.E.T Engineering college, V.V.Nagar, Gujarat-India Abstract Empowerment of women, a burning issue all over the world including India since last few decades have been a daunting task for both governments and nongovernmental organizations. This paper includes detail study of role of Microfinance contributing for women’s empowerment includes Economic empowerment, Social empowerment, Education empowerment and Political empowerment.The present study gives deeper understanding of the linkages between MFIs and women’s empowerment, also few important suggestions given for the effective implementation of micro finance programme in India.
Keywords
MFIs (microfinance institutions), NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies) ______
Introduction
What is women Empowerment?
Women Empowerment plays the key role in sustainable development. Women empowerment implies enhancing capabilities and entitlements so that poor women can access better living conditions, education, improved health, greater autonomy in decision- making and fulfilment of their roles as wives, mothers and workers under non-oppressive conditions.
What is Microfinance?
“Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services.”
Microfinance is not just about giving micro credit to the poor rather it is an economic development tool whose objective is to assist poor to work their way out of poverty. It covers a wide range of services like credit, savings, insurance, remittance and also non- financial services like training, counselling etc.
Salient features of Microfinance:
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. Borrowers are from the low income group . Loans are of small amount – micro loans . Short duration loans . Loans are offered without collaterals . High frequency of repayment . Loans are generally taken for income generation purpose
Need for Microfinance:
Though many central government and state government poverty alleviation programs are currently active in India, microfinance plays a major contributor to financial inclusion. In the past few decades it has helped out remarkably in eradicating poverty. Reports show that people who have taken microfinance have been able to increase their income and hence the standard of living.
About 70% of world’s poor are women. For these Women, poverty doesn’t just mean scarcity and want. It means rights denied, opportunities curtailed and voices silenced. Empowerment of women means to let women survive and let them live a life with dignity, humanity, respect, self-esteem and self-reliance. These women have no access to credit and other financial services. Therefore, microfinance often target women. Microfinance is a critical tool to empower women from poor household. About half of the Indian population still doesn’t have a savings bank account and they are deprived of all banking services. Poor also need financial services to fulfil their needs like consumption, building of assets and protection against risk. Microfinance institutions serve as a supplement to banks and in some sense a better one too. These institutions not only offer micro credit but they also provide other financial services like savings, insurance, remittance and non-financial services like individual counselling, training and support to start own business and the most importantly in a convenient way. The borrower receives all these services at her/his door step and in most cases with a repayment schedule of borrower’s convenience.
Background
Microfinance sector has grown rapidly over the past few decades. The concept evolved in 18th century with the publications of Lysander Spooner on benefits from small credits. Friedrich Raiffeisen founded the first cooperative lending banks to support farmers in rural Germany. The modern use of the expression "micro-financing" has roots in the 1970s when Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus started Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. Later this model was replicated in other developing countries in the world.Microfinance in India started in 1974 in Gujarat with Shri Mahila SEWA (Self Employed Women’s Association) Sahakari Bank. Microfinance later evolved in the early 1980s.
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In India microfinance operates through two channels:
1. SHG – Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) 2. Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs)
1. SHG – Bank Linkage Programme:
This is the bank-led microfinance channel which was initiated by NABARD in 1992. Under the SHG model the members, usually women in villages are encouraged to form groups of around 10-15. The members contribute their savings in the group periodically and from these savings small loans are provided to the members. In the later period these SHGs are provided with bank loans generally for income generation purpose. The group’s members meet periodically when the new savings come in, recovery of past loans are made from the members and also new loans are disbursed. This model has been very much successful in the past and with time it is becoming more popular. The SHGs are self- sustaining and once the group becomes stable it starts working on its own with some support from NGOs and institutions like NABARD and SIDBI.
2. Micro Finance Institutions:
Those institutions which have microfinance as their main operation are known as micro finance institutions. A number of organizations with varied size and legal forms offer microfinance service. These institutions lend through the concept of Joint Liability Group (JLG). A JLG is an informal group comprising of 5 to 10 individual members who come together for the purpose of availing bank loans either individually or through the group mechanism against a mutual guarantee.
Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), Co-operative societies, Section-25 companies, Societies and Trusts, all such institutions operating in microfinance sector constitute MFIs and together they account for about 42 percent of the microfinance sector in terms of loan portfolio. The MFI channel is dominated by NBFCs which cover more than 80 percent of the total loan portfolio through the MFI channel.
Banking sector has been emerging in a big way to participate in the microfinance movement. At present many commercial banks are taking much interest in developing schemes exclusively for women. Various leading public and private sector banks have been providing finance under different schemes to the women entrepreneurs with a relief in interest rate on credit. Some of these schemes are listed in below
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Commercial Banks’ Schemes for Women Name of the scheme Bank of India Priyadarshini Yojana Canara Bank CAN Mahila Central Bank of India Cent Kalyani Dena Bank Dena Shakti Oriental Bank of Commerce Orient mahila Vikas Yojana Punjab National Bank Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme Punjab & Sind Bank Udyogini Scheme State Bank of India Stree Shakti Package SIDBI Mahila udyam Nidhi Union Bank of India Viklang Mahila Vikas yojana ICICI Bank Women’s account IDBI Bank Mahila Udyog Nidhi Vijaya Bank Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development (ARWIND)
Besides banks, there are many more agencies and institutions working in the field of micro finance. According to Bharat Microfinance Report 2015 Top 10 MFIs with Loan Portfolio outstanding as of March 2015 are as under
1. Bandhan 2. SKS 3. Janalakshmi 4. SKDRDP 5. Ujjivan 6. Spandana 7. Equitas 8. Satin Creditcare 9. Share Microfin 10. Grameen Koota
Future Trends
In future there would be effective collaboration between government and MFIs to adopt a more holistic approach and pragmatic measures that will take into consideration some of the major social and economic barriers of women empowerment.
Conclusion
Working capital plays a crucial role in the activities of women entrepreneurs. The introduction of MFIs has made it possible for women to have financial support. All in all,
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one can conclude that microfinance programme is making a lot of progress empowering women economically, socially and even psychologically. Its approach of empowering members through training and nurturing them from the management of small funds to bigger funds as well as instilling the saving habit in them is remarkable. Through the programme many women have now become active credit union members and small business operators. Based on the successes of the programme, one can conclude that microfinance would have positive impacts on women empowerment.
References
1. Batliwala, S. 1994 : "The meaning of women's empowerment: New concepts from action." Pp. 127-138 Harvard University Press.
2. Dr. Jyotish Prakash Basu. Microfinance and Women Empowerment An Empirical Study with special reference to West Bengal 3. Vani S. Kulkarni., Women’s empowerment and microfinance An Asian perspective study. 4. Susy Cheston., Opportunity International Empowering Women through Microfinance 5. William Angko. Microfinance and Poverty Reduction Nexus among Rural Women in Selected Districts in the Upper West Region of Ghana 6. Ashok K. Pokhriyal, Rekha Rani, Jaya Uniyal. Role Of Micro-finance in the empowerment of the Women
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WOMEN FOR SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A STUDY OF CANADA AND INDIA
Amy Hsiao* *School of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island
Abstract This paper proposes to discuss the role of sustainable engineering as a driver for engineering education that increases diversity in the university setting. Namely, women are drawn to areas of Engineering that focus on sustainable applications, through benefits to the environment, the community, and the economy. The paper presents the findings of a comparative study of women in engineering in Canada and India, from university students to professional engineers, and discusses the progress of women engineers, to understand the challenges that have been faced, how engineering education has changed to address these changes, and how women have made impact in new ventures and professional roles that focus on sustainable development.
Keywords
Sustainability, entrepreneurship, women in engineering. ______
Introduction
Diversity and its proper management can yield strategic and competitive advantages in the business world. These advantages include the potential for improved problem solving and creativity when diverse perspectives are brought to bear on an organizational problem such as a product or service quality [1]. A study conducted determined that organizations with more gender-diverse management teams have superior financial performance [2]. Benefits of diversity management range from the ability to obtain the best talent for an organization’s resource pool to the ethical desirability of workforce integration [3]. Despite the benefits gained from a diverse workforce and its efficient management, women continue to be under-represented in major professions including engineering. Engineering is one of the largest industries in the world. It works together with other fields in order to impact society. Although engineering is a prominent field, in Canada, as of 2010, women accounted for only 10.5% of the country’s total population of registered professional engineers [4]. In Europe, they make up 17.7 % of the 662,800 certified engineers under the age of 65 [5].The percentage of women graduates in engineering in the United States was 23% in the year 2005 [6]. Though by 2010 the number of women choosing engineering doubled since 2000-2001 in India [7] these numbers are not observed in the workforce. As of 2010, only 6% of women engineers in industry have experience greater than ten years [8]. These
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numbers indicate that women engineers are still a small population in the fields of Engineering. This study examines women in Engineering in two chosen countries, Canada and India. In this work, it is proposed that the introduction and experience in sustainable engineering and sustainable entrepreneurship at the undergraduate level are contributing to the type of engineering students that universities graduate and the type of engineering education these students receive. According to the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of Engineers Canada, engineering institutions must demonstrate that the graduates of their program possess attributes such as: (1) use of engineering tools, (2) individual and team work, (3) communication skills, (4) professionalism, (5) impact of engineering on society and the environment, (6) ethics and equity, (7) economics and project management, and (8) life-long learning [1]. These attributes, if not all of them outlined by the CEAB, are significantly supported by exposure to, and experience in, sustainable engineering and critical to the recruitment of women to Engineering.
Background
Figure 1 summarizes a study conducted by Engineers Canada asking female high school students to indicate their preferred career choice [18].
Occupation Interest (percentage) Physician 16% Teacher 12% Attorney 10% Nurse 10% Accountant 8% Engineering 6%
Fig. 1 Most popular career choices of female high-school students in Canada [18]
Engineering, as indicated in the study, is still the least popular choice of female high- school students. The Engineers Canada survey revealed that the participants indicated that they would pick engineering if it had a biological or environmental dimension where they make a difference and work with people [18]. Research indicates that women have a propensity to choose careers where they can see themselves making a difference [19]. Figure 2 shows the percentage of female enrolment in engineering from 1991-2007 (in Canada). Similarly, the percentage of female enrolment in Engineering has been on the rise in India since 1975, as shown in Figure 3. Research indicates that the increase in female enrolment can be attributed to the introduction of private engineering colleges that gave hope to aspiring students who wanted to pursue engineering but could not acquire seats in government engineering institutions [24]. Electrical Engineering and Civil Engineering attracted more women between 1975 and 1990. A shift towards Computer Engineering was observed in the 1990s in India as a result of major changes in economic policies.
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Liberalization, globalization and privatization spurred the growth of Information Technology and Communication industry creating new jobs within that sector which required computer engineering skills [24]. Figure 4 shows a comparison of a drop in enrolment in Civil Engineering and the rise in enrolment in Electronics Engineering and Computer Engineering for women engineers of India in 1992 and 2002.
Fig 2 Percentage of female enrolment in the different disciplines of engineering in Canada (1991-2007) [18]
Fig 3 Enrolment of Women in Engineering in India (1975-2000) [23]
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Fig 4 Comparison of branch-wise distribution of women engineers (1992, 2002) [23]
Engineering education plays a critical role in determining the future of the profession. In this research, the survey asked participants to state what they believed could be incorporated in order to enhance the curriculum to prepare female engineers for the engineering industry. The following are some of responses of the participants: • “More female professor and role models. Communication and professionalism skills courses.” • “To learn more about soft skills such as communication, leadership and professionalism. And especially to have some knowledge about diversity in the workplace and how to overcome obstacles regarding your sex/religion/race. My personal work experience was challenging, being thrown out to a male dominated working world with no tips/ guidance.” • “Clubs like women in engineering society that provide an opportunity for alumni to come back into the school environment and talk to current female engineering students about their successes in the work-force and the challenges they faced.” • “There has to be more practical and current issues dealt with in the curriculum. The practical lab work should be more emphasized because that is what the employers look for and we seem to greatly lack that.” • “The amount of knowledge gained in terms of academics be it technical or managerial have been immense. I am a better person when it comes to optimising everyday problems, analytics and engineering helped me approach practical issues in a more rational way.” A study conducted at the University of Melbourne placed the Canadian higher education system on the third rank in the global ranking of top post-secondary education systems [56]. The level of educational attainment in Canada is exceptionally high. Fifty-two percent of the adult population has a completed post-secondary certificate which is more than twice the average among countries of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [57]. However, this remarkable ranking has been primarily achieved due to the high participation in non-university post secondary education which comprises of colleges, trade institutions and other vocational educators [57]. Education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality in the society. For India, education is the key to enhance the country’s competitiveness in the global market. With a population of more than 1 Billion, it becomes difficult to ensure that every citizen’s basic needs are met. The reach of education has not yet spread far and wide in India [12].
Sustainable Engineering and Entrepreneurship in Education
The topic of sustainability is a broadly defined one that spans many academic disciplines, from business, economics, and the social sciences, to science and engineering. Sustainability entrepreneurship is the use of innovative enterprise in a strategic manner to address a sustainability-related issue. By its operation, the process of sustainability entrepreneurship adds to the improvement of social, economic, and environmental concerns related to human quality of life. While it is closely related to social
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entrepreneurship, the distinction of sustainability entrepreneurship is making (1) the business activity a characteristic of the innovation and (2) engineering or technology a critical component of the business solution. In both cases, sustainable engineering and sustainable entrepreneurship are critical components of a diverse education environment that focuses on attracting women and creating professional engineers. As shown in Figures 5 and 6, each stage of a material’s Life Cycle has potential for engineering design and innovation.
Fig 5 Life Cycle Assessment
• Materials • Use of raw materials • Manufacture • Altering product dimensions • Transport • Improving physical properties • Use of products • Disposal • Improving product • End of Life Potential performance • New production processes • Scale and form of production
Fig 6 Life Cycle Assessment Linked to Design and Innovation
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Conclusion
In this work, the author discusses how “sustainability entrepreneurship” can be introduced in undergraduate engineering curriculum, specifically through a materials science laboratory, engineering entrepreneurship, and engineering management experiences. Examples via student projects on life cycle assessments in materials selection, and business feasibility studies on consumer recycling and construction waste management, illustrate the overarching premise that sustainability entrepreneurship starts with an (1) understanding the technical issues of sustainability as an engineering student to (2) conversion of that understanding into motivation, drive and identification of an opportunity and (3) creation of a product or service valuable to an identified market and (4) in which the business itself adds to the sustainability of life-supporting systems in the process.
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PLANT TISSUE CULTURE: A ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN HORTICULTURE
Dr. Vimlesh K Patel*, Miss. Swati Ganvit†,Dr. Vaishali B. Patel+ *†Collage of Agriculture, Jabugam wing-India +Sheth M.N.C. College of Education, Dabhoi, Gujarat-India
Abstract Horticulture is fast catching on as a visible business proposition. Participation of women is envisaged as a significant input in such enterprise .Micro propagation or Tissue culture propagation, processing industry, small scale nursery, landscaping and gardening provide good opportunity in this context. Among them micro propagation technique provide one of the best entrepreneurial opportunities for women. Application of plant tissue culture technology, a commercially successful biotechnology, has the potential to radically alter social organization of the horticultural plant propagation process. Micro propagation as a means of rapidly multiplying plants in a relatively small space irrespective of the season of the year has steadily gain the popularity. Planting material in horticultural crops and several other vegetative propagated crops like ornamentals is in perpetual demand and can be met economically if women launched micro propagation as a cottage industry. As against low rate of multiplication with a conventional technology, it is possible to raise many plants from a single starter culture in a years' time using this newer technologies and provide entrepreneurial opportunities for women.
Keywords Tissue culture, women and entrepreneurial ______
Introduction
Global unemployment has been rising at unprecedented rates, increasing by nearly 27 million people since 2007. In 2012, one out of every three people in the labour force 1.1 billion people was either unemployed or living in poverty. Women in general have more difficulty finding jobs than men particularly semi urban and rural women (Reddy, 2007)
Spheres of human life have invariably been affected by technological innovations. Agriculture in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America is still the major source of livelihood for many millions of the population. Rural populations, and particularly disadvantaged groups such as women, have an inseparable association with agriculture and its allied activities. In the present age of information and biotechnology revolution the economics of developing countries are predominantly agriculture based. Applications of plant tissue culture (PTC) technology, one of the most commercially
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successful biotechnologies, in horticultural plant propagation has offered new opportunities to many PTC industries (Prakash, 2001).
Tissue culture propagation or micro propagation is a good candidate among the several biotechnologies available today. Micro propagation is a means of rapidly multiplying plants in a relatively small space irrespective of the season of the year is steadily gaining popularity. Planting material of horticulture crops like banana and several ornamental crops is in perpetual demand and can be meet economically if women launched micro propagation as a cottage industry. Several ornamentals crops have been micro propagated successfully at the cottage industries level as demonstrated by housewives in Kerala with orchids and anthuriums. This paper aims to conceptualise low cost, large -scale micro propagation systems for producing high quality plants for widespread agriculture use with women as a chef players. About the tissue culture Technology:
In plants that are propagated asexually and in crops that need to be planted year after year, e.g. banana, traditionally, banana is multiplied using daughter sucker that arise at the base of the pseudo stem. The farmer usually depends on neighbourhood farm for supply of sucker for raising a crop. This impose certain restrictions, for instance, the desired variety may not be available at the time of need or in the quantities required. Besides, the farmer runs the risk of ending up with infected suckers that may result in yield losses up to 100 % Such constrains can be overcome by resorting to tissue culture method of propagation or 'Micro propagation'.
The advantages of micro propagation are:
1. Very small size explants can be used for micro propagation. This is impossible with conventional technique. Important when limited explants is available. 2. Material multiplied by micro propagation can be maintained in small place, packing and transport is also easy due to small size. 3. Micro propagation is the only viable method of multiplying genetically modified cells or cells after protoplast fusion. 4. In case of dioecious species, where one of the sex is more desirable then under such circumstances plants of desired sex can be selectively multiplied by this technique. 5. The output is clean, healthy and pathogen free, as during micro propagation, fungi and bacteria are usually eliminated. 6. Easy export, no quarantine problem, as plants obtained is pathogen / virus / disease free. 7. Independent of the season; can be carried out throughout the year. 8. In vitro germplasm conservation is possible
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Table 1: Plants for which tissue culture technology has been perfected for large scale propagation. No Plant Crop 1 Fruit Banana, Grapes, Pineapple, Strawberry, Sapota, Date Palm 2 Cash crops Sugar cane, Potato 3 Spices Turmeric, Ginger, Vanilla, cardamomum 4 Medicinal Plant Aloe vera, Geranium, Stevia, Patchauli, Neem 5 Ornamentals Gerbera, Dianthus, Anthurium. Tuberose, Syngonium, Cymbidium, Orchis, Heliconia, Bird of Paradise etc. 6 Trees Teak, Bamboo, Eucalyptus, Populas (Source: Biotech Consortium India Limited, 2005)
Requirement of Tissue culture's planting material in India The requirement of planting material of vegetatively multiplied plants is very high. Although tissue culture is the ideal means of clonal multiplication, it has fails to achieve commercial success in this category of plants because of high cost of the ex-vitro plantlets culture only to produce disease free propagates in a nursery. Such planting materials can be(₹. 10offered to 15 at per price plantlets). acceptable ARTI to (Appropriate farmers. This Rural concept Technology was successfully Institute, Pune) introduced uses tissue into Maharashtra in the case of sugarcane. Other candidate species for this technology are ginger, turmeric, banana, tapioca, elephant's foot, Sweet potato, strawberry, etc., (Leela, 2009)
Table 2: Market projections for tissue culture plants.
(Volume in thousand nos., Value in ₹. Lakhs)
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2020-21 Crops Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value Volume Value Banana 244370 34212 302462 4275 381827 53456 477284 66820 596605 83525 Pineapple 14493 2174 15942 2391 17536 2630 19290 2894 21219 3183 Grapes 2437 609 2681 670 2949 737 3244 811 3568 892 Sugarcane 60138 2406 66152 2646 72767 2911 80044 3202 88049 3522 Turmeric 1991 139 2191 153 2410 169 2651 186 2926 205 Vanilla 2407 168 2648 185 2913 204 3204 224 3524 247 Medicinal and aromatic plants 26313 1316 28944 1447 31838 1592 35022 1751 38524 1926 Ornamentals 45384 4538 49922 4992 54915 5492 60406 6041 66447 6644 Trees 10613 2653 11674 2919 12842 3211 14126 3532 15538 3885
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(Source: Biotech Consortium India Limited)
Role of women in Plant tissue culture. Some PTC company studied that about 73 percent of the total workforce is comprised of women. Excluding workers in administration, the percentage of women employed in actual propagation operations (the production division) accounts for an average of 88 percent of all workers, varying from a low of 83 percent to a high of 93 percent across the five PTC companies. Although all operations involved in the production division are gender neutral, in the sense that the tasks can be carried out by either men or women, the management prefers women because of its perception of women workers’ ability to perform delicate, repetitive operations with patience and diligence. Another position that is filled exclusively by women is bottle washing. The reason for recruiting women for this position has social and cultural roots, as cleaning is one of the important domestic chores that women perform. Thus, in the PTC companies, the task of bottle washing has been assigned to women. The other positions remain gender neutral, including that of managing director. It was observed in the study that in at least one PTC company, the position of managing director was held by a woman. In two of the five companies, the middle level positions i.e.,heads of divisions were occupied by women; in one of those two companies, women who joined with graduate degrees as technicians had been promoted to the level of heads of divisions. This highlights the point that with required minimum educational qualifications and skill women have equal opportunities of being promoted in higher authority (Tanwar 1999). Tissue culture enterprise on a home-scale Now PTC can be taken up at home. A description of these methods and reports of successful completion is given in "Successful plant tissue culture in the classroom or home" by C. M. Stiff, Kitchen culture kits, mc., Moscow, Idaho and plant cell technology, Inc., Washington D. C. Email: [email protected]. Premixed powder for plant tissue culture is marketed in India by many companies. (Leela, 2009). Considering the vast potential of this business to generate self employment in rural areas, ARTI, Puna has established a training-cum production facility comprising a low cost tissue culture laboratory and a nursery. The hardware cost of the tissue culture laboratory, producing about 20000 to 50000 plant The major cost saving is achieved by using air coolers instead of air conditioners, pressure cookers instead of autoclaves and ordinarylets per jam annum, jars instead would beof “Pyrex”only about or “Borosil”₹. 2 to 2.5 ware. lakh. Also the running cost is drastically reduced by using rainwater instead of distilled water, and commercial grade sugar instead of Analar Grade sugar. The running cost or such a
laboratorySocio-Scientific comes to Paradigm hardly ₹. 25,000 of the per Con annum.cept: (Arve, 2000). The concept can fulfill the following socio-scientific objectives:
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• To organize and co-ordinate a national effort on production of food involving woman power with an aim of quick dissemination of popular/ improved cultivars. • To strengthen the ability of women to become self-reliant while participating in national development by using state-of-the-art Science and Technology (S&T) • To co-ordinate, facilitate and support quality planting material production and distribution economically and to exchange information at a cottage industry level
The following merits are using the above approach
• Increase women’s access to land, resource and other capital investment • Ensure adequate involvement in human resources and extension training programmes • Increase the ability of women to generate income • Make available the new tools of Science & Technology • Target some of the new innovations and technology demonstrations to cater to women’s needs • Protect women’s health and nutritional status • Frame appropriate policies with the involvement of women
There are disadvantages too. These include quality of natural resources (land, irrigation, air quality), high population density; high cost of land, Leafy / root vegetables vulnerable to pollution effects, fruit crops demand large area and use of labour twice compared to cereals (465 days/ha in horticulture vs. 223 days / ha in paddy).
Role of government and organization: Several national / state level organizations can be roped in as participants in development through such projects. Outfits like the National Horticulture Board (NHB) promote not only the development but also transfer of such technologies. For instance, the NHB provides technologies. Their aim is 100% financial assistance up to ₹. 10 lakhs per project for introduction of new • Improvement of nutritional status of rural masses • Increase in per capita availability of fruits • Help maintain ecological balance • Utilization of land around homestead The NHB has recognized tissue culture propagation of banana as a modern transferable technology. Among organizations eligible for funding by the NHB are:
• NGOs • Association of growers • Individuals • Partnerships (Source : nhb.gov.in)
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Other sources that can be tapped are Department of Woman and Child Development (HRD) which offers (a) Special thrust on empowerment and training for women (b) Support to training and employment projects (STEP). Conclusion Horticulture is becoming an increasingly important enterprise in many agro-based economies with increasing demand for foods. A major revolution in the horticulture industry has been the commercial application of tissue culture biotechnology. Women constitute almost 50% of the total workforce in any country. Traditionally, breadwinning has been a male bastion with the role of women restricted to home keeping, their contribution to society there of being underplayed. Women could earn economic independence if they launch agri-cottage industries from their homesteads working on their projects during free time. The concept outlined above would give women meaningful employment to help build national food security, thereby, imparting to them a modicum of self-esteem and improving their standard of living. By doing so, they would not only enhance their self-worth but also contribute to national development. References:
1. Arve, A. D. (2000) New Rural Enterprise based on Plant Tissue Culture. In: Taking Biotechnology to Indian Farms, Proc. Natl. Conf. July 26-27, 2000, Ahmedabad. 56pp. 2. Leela Sahijram (2009) A book of Women in agriculture and rural development : A entrepreneurial opportunities for women in peri urban horticulture pp. 53-62. 3. Reddy Raghava (2007) Plant Tissue Culture Industry and Women's Participation: ‘Nimble Fingers’ or Docile Labor?Gender, Technology and Development. 11: 179-198. 4. Tanwar Reicha. (1999) ‘Women and Falling Incomes: The Impact of Cash Economy inRural India,’ in Sethi, Raj Mohini, (ed.), Globalization, Culture and Women’s Devel- opment , Rawat Publications, New Delhi, pp. 129–45. 5. Prakash, S. (2001) ‘Role of Women in Biotechnology and Rural Development.’ Paper published in the seminar papers of Modern Trends in Biotechnology and Sustainable Development NISIET, 20–21 July. 6. Source: Nhb.gov.in : Schemes of NHB : Development of Commercial Horticulture. 7. Source: Biotech Consortium India Limited, 2005 : Summery report on market survey on tissue cultured plants, current market and future projection.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP- OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Dr. Namita.S.Sathe*, Dr. kalaplata Dimri†, Mrs. Krupali.H.Shah+, Ms. Komal K.Jani# *+ B.V.M. Engg.College VallabhVidyanagar, Gujarat -India †Vasant kanya Mahavidyalaya, Varanasi-India #Economics Sardar Patel University, VallbhVidyanagar, Gujarat-India
Abstract Women entrepreneurs are the women who visualize a business enterprise, initiate it by combining all the factors of production together, operate the enterprise through coordination, supervision and leadership, introduce innovations to bridge the gap between the laboratories and the market- place by converting ideas into potentiality of getting converted into a product and undertake the risk of uncertainties in the market. The paper explores on growth of women entrepreneurship especially in India, the problems of women entrepreneurs in developing country like India, the possibilities of building an entrepreneurial society based on equal opportunity and thus developing the required policy recommendations to increase abilities of women in the various areas to participate in labor force and contribute towards creating sustainable career options and thus economic development. The paper divulges on the role of women as a valuable tool for economic development through increase in gainful employment opportunities and purchasing power, mass participation in investment and thus development of the markets.
Keywords Women, Entrepreneurs, Economic Development ______
Methodology
The paper is based on secondary data gathered from economic survey, Journals of Economics and et. al. to discuss the issues and problems of women entrepreneurship and to arrive at the interpretations and suggestions to change the scenario.
Introduction Women who visualize a business enterprise, initiate it by combining all the factors of production together, operate the enterprise through coordination, supervision and leadership, introduce innovations to bridge the gap between the laboratories and the market- place by converting ideas into potentiality of getting converted into a product and undertake the risk of uncertainties in the market are known as women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurship has remained an untapped source of economic growth in India and other developing countries at large. It has the potential to generate
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employment opportunities and set an accelerated pace of economic development, still women entrepreneurs represent a minority of all entrepreneurs in India.
The economic history of presently developed countries like America and Japan emphasizes on the crucial role played by entrepreneurs as prime movers of innovations and technology having the potential of economic growth and development. Parson and swelters* have described entrepreneurship as one of the necessary condition of economic growth. Women in India constitute nearly half of the country’s population but enjoy a very disadvantageous status in the society. Since India is still a male dominated society, women are still caught in age-old taboos and socio- cultural traditions which obstruct their capability development. In Indian economy women entrepreneurship is a new phenomenon which started with an urge to do something and earn independently to tide over there, economic difficulties and family responsibilities.
If conductive conditions emerge and women entrepreneurship is encouraged in the economy, it can make a lasting economic impact in India and other developing countries as under.
• It will lead to capability development of large percentage of population and provide large scale gainful employment. • It may provide impetus to capital formation by mobilizing funds for an economic purpose. • It will help in reducing concentration of economic power in the hands of a few and thus lead is equitable distribution of wealth, income and economic and political power, in the interest of the masses. • It will lead to effective resource mobilization which may otherwise remain unutilized or idle. • It may induce backward and forward linkages giving impetus to economic growth and development through participation of women considered as the better half of the society. • It will emphasize on promotion of women entrepreneurship as an integral part of all development efforts.
Main thrust of the paper
The paper discusses the barriers to the development of women entrepreneurship and thus explores on the building up of possibilities for an entrepreneurial society based on equal opportunity through capacity building to improve the scenario leading to women empowerment.
Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India and Other Developing Countries:
The barriers to development of women entrepreneurship may be enumerated as under:
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Financial crunch: To initiate enterprise finance is essential. Majority of women in India and other developing countries generally do not have property on their names to be used as collateral asset to obtain funds from external sources, women entrepreneurs suffer from shortage of finance. At the same time banks and other financial institutions consider women as less credit worthy due to their poor social status. As such women entrepreneurship succumbs to shortage of finance.
Restricted mobility and familities:Due to various reasons, unlike men, women mobility in India is highly restricted. Working women are still looked down upon with suspicion and have to face humiliation which compels them to give up the idea of doing something innovative and enterprising. Women in India play a pivotal role and are the building blocks of the family. They have to strike a fine balance between her business and family. Women’s entry into the business is greatly influenced by her own upbringing and husband’s family background.
Lesser risk bearing ability and compatibility:Due to lack of education, lack of awareness of business and technology, ignorance about the market movements, women suffer from lack of risk bearing ability and motivation to achieve. Male domination and suppression serves as a barrier to women independence in decision making and initiative to set up and run an enterprise. In addition to these women specific problems related to women entrepreneurship women also face general problems faced by all entrepreneurs in India and in other developing countries, like lack of infrastructural facilities, high cost of production, shortage of power, lack of technical knowledge and et. al.
Future trends: The possibilities of building an entrepreneurial society based on equal opportunity: Recent trends with advancements in the field of science and technology increased educational opportunities and enhancement in awareness; women have increasingly started participating in all spheres of activities whether it is politics, academics, business or administration. As such, the possibilities of building an entrepreneurial society based an equal opportunity have came up where with women participation in business and economy at large may divulge the possibility of mass participation in the development process and equitable economy with equal opportunities and contribution to the face of growth and development. As such various national and international Agencies have appreciated and emphasized on the need to enhance capabilities of women to develop as entrepreneurs to cater to the needs of a growing and modern society
With this view United Nations declared 1975-85 as the decade for women. A program aimed at promoting full and equal opportunities to women in employment and business was adopted by the world conference of the United Nations decade for women
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held of Copenhagen in Denmark on 30th June 1980. The First national conference of women entrepreneurs held in 1981 emphasized the participation of women in the development process of the country through entrepreneurship. It has been advocated at all forums at the national and international level that women empowerment of entrepreneurs is essential for rapid economic growth and development. In recent years the government of India has be giving increasing significance to the development of women entrepreneurs in the country the sixth and seventh five years plans proposed promotion of female employment and integration of women in the development process.
It suggested
• Consider women as specific target group for all development programs. • The vocational training facilities should be devised and diversified to suit the varied needs and skills of women. It emphasized on the promotion of appropriate technologies improving women efficiency and productivity. • They should be provided assistance to market their products • Women should be included in decision making process • Required policy recommendations to increase abilities of women to contribute towards creating sustainable career options and thus economic development.
The potential of women entrepreneurship in contributing towards creating sustainable career through self employment and providing gainful employment opportunities to the masses thus cannot be overemphasized. They may help positively help in contributing towards rapid pace of economic development. The idea has gained immense significance in recent years. To create enabling environment to motivate women entrepreneurship, same required policy recommendations may be summed up here including those that emerged from national consultation on the same. • Access to educational facilities • Access to finance • Access to basic infrastructural facilities Access to technological researches and advancements • Government support • Easy access to markets • Supporting organization to promote start ups- initiatives and risk bearing • Other measures To enhance women’s involvement in the field of entrepreneurship primary education and vocational training of girls is an essential prerequisite. Now a day’s increasing numbers of girls are opting for engineering in various branches. There is the need to provide a contingent atmosphere for their technical development during which they should be informed about technological researches and promoted for the same. At the same time they should be trained to take initiative in the field of technical knowledge gained by them. Every girl should be motivated to have bank account to make them eligible for financial support through banks. Awareness should be generated through camps and workshops,
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about the various financial schemes available for women. Bank should offer incentives for starts up by women offering priority to lending for women entrepreneurship. To engage women in income generating activates the development of basic and infrastructural facilities like education, training, access to technology awareness, child care facilities, land, power and et.al. are essentially required to be fostered to create enabling environment. It is the dire need of the modern economy and society to establish technology centers to provide assistance and dissemination of technology to women entrepreneurs. Special weight age should be given to women entrepreneurs who take the initiative to adopt modern technology by the credit and financial institutions. Researches towards up gradation in technology where women show awareness in universities and technical institutions should be encouraged. The government can support women entrepreneurship by taking policy initiatives for targeting women entrepreneurs, by providing basic and infrastructural facilities, income tax policies to provide rebate that motivates by providing legal assistance, subsidies and reducing procedural hassles through simplification of the same. Attempts should be made to generate plans and policies to promote women entrepreneurship while special efforts are needed to facilitate unrestricted opportunities for women in investment in capital assets, human capital and other productive assets. Efforts should be made to generate and provide information about the markets the standards and their maintenance as well as information about exports to enhance better representation by women. Information and awareness about investment and enterprise should be widely disseminated through various forums in different areas like tax departments, license, excise, industrial schemes and et.al. Last but not the least efforts should be made by NGOs and other forums towards social change to bring about a change in attitude and to bring professionalism in women thus providing them opportunities of profitable occupation removing socio- cultural barriers. Encouraging and motivational framework should be created through social media, vocational and technical training, training related to product selection, initiative, market selection, investment evaluation, behavioral skills and et.al. Should be provided to bring confidence and risk bearing capability in women. Industrial institutes, entrepreneurship development institutes, polytechnics, engineering colleges can provide opportunities for skill development on large scale.
Conclusion
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Since women in India represent about 49% of country’s total human resources (skilled and unskilled), women should be made to contribute in the economy without their participation at par with men in the production process, economy’s progress cannot be facilitated at a rapid pace. The barriers to investment by women should be reduced by addressing the various fronts like societal change, finance, market, infrastructures and et.al. Thus creating a congenial atmosphere for women entrepreneurship.
References
1. Bhardwaj, Gurendra; Nath Prashar, Swati, Pandey, Babita and Puspamita Sahu “ Women Entrepreneurship in India” : Opportunities and Challenges” 2. Bhati, Indira and Sharma, Anuradha, “ Women Entrepreneurship Investigation of Soothing and Impediment Factors 3. Goyal, Meenu and Parakash , Jai, September 2011). “ Women Entrepreneurship in India: Problems and Prospects”; Sri Aurobindo College of Commerce and Management, LudhianaZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 5 4. S.s. khanka, women entrepreneurship in India, journal of Assam university, volume 3( I ) January 1988 pp. 11-16. 5. Fredrick Harbison, entrepreneurial organization as a factor in Economic development, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1956. 6. David c. Mc clelland: The urge to achieve, think, Nov-Dec, 1966 pp 22.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA: PRESENT STATUS, CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Sarita R. Visavalia*, Narendra C. Chauhan* *A D Patel Institute of Technology, Anand, Gujarat, India
Abstract
The position of women and their status in any society is an index of its civilization. Women are to be considered as equal partner in the process of development. Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in economic development of a country. No country can achieve its potential without adequately investing in and developing the capabilities of women. Entrepreneurship is emerging as an important avenue in achieving economic independence for women. Women entrepreneurship is especially based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. This paper focuses on present status of women entrepreneurship in India. The challenges in women entrepreneurship is discussed in two aspects. The first is the problems faced by women willing to be entrepreneur and second is the challenges for the society. In the later part of the paper, some recommendations are given to strengthen women entrepreneur in India.
Keywords
Women Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Development in India ______
Introduction
Entrepreneurship refers to the act of setting up a new business or reviving an existing business so as to take advantages from new opportunities. Thus, entrepreneurs shape the economy by creating new wealth and new jobs and by inventing new products and services. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women.
The Indian economy has witnessed a drastic change since mid -1991, with new policies of economic liberalization, globalization and privatization initiated by the Indian government. India has great entrepreneurial potential. Any strategy aimed at economic development will be lop-sided without involving women who constitute half of the population.
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The last decade has seen a steady rise of women entrepreneur in India. Women entrepreneurship has gained momentum in the last three decades with the increase in the number of women enterprises and their substantive contribution to economic growth.
Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the development of society. Women entrepreneurs, encompass approximately 1/3 of all entrepreneurs worldwide, whereas India has been ranked among the worst performing countries in the area of women entrepreneurship in gender-focused global entrepreneurship survey[9][10]. The first part of the paper focuses on the present status of women entrepreneur in India. The growth of the proportion of women entrepreneurs in developing countries such as India has drawn the attention of both the academic and the development sector. Donors, international public institutions, national and local governments, NGOs, private companies, charities, knowledge institutes and business associations have initiated programs or policies to promote and develop women’s entrepreneurship. They initiate programs for capacity-building of entrepreneurial skills, strengthening women’s networks, provide finance and trainings, or design policies that enable more and stronger start-ups and business growth. The second part of paper focuses on problems faced by women entrepreneur in India and challenges being faced by women if they want to start their own enterprise. The third section of the paper provides recommendations to be considered by women, society and government that may lead to growth in women entrepreneurship in India.
Present Status of Women Entrepreneurship in India
No country can achieve its potential without adequately investing in and developing the capabilities of women. In the interest of long-term development, it is necessary to facilitate their empowerment. In many developing countries, including India, women have much less access to education, jobs, income and power than men. Even after five and half decades of planned development Indian women have not achieved expected success in the mainstream of life. Our country will be unable to have a competitive edge to that of developed countries until and unless the status and role of women is improved.
Studies have shown that successful women entrepreneurs start their businesses as a second or third profession. Because of their previous careers, women entrepreneurs enter the business world later on in life, around their age of 40–60 years. Because women are overtaking their male peers in the level of education obtained, having higher education degrees is one of the significant characteristics that many successful female entrepreneurs have in common. The number of self-employed women has steadily increased over the past 3 decades, putting them at an approximate 33 percent increase [6]. Many women-owned businesses continue to be home-based operations. Most women-owned businesses are in wholesale, retail trade, and manufacturing. Female entrepreneurs have also made a name
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for themselves in professional, scientific and technical services, as well as in healthcare and social assistance.
India has been ranked among the worst performing countries in the area of women entrepreneurship according to gender-focused global entrepreneurship survey, released in July 2013 by PC maker Dell and Washington based consulting firm Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute (GEDI). Countries like Turkey, Morocco and Egypt have outperformed India. Status of higher education in women in India came out to be lower than most countries in the world [10].The Female Entrepreneurship Index (FEI) is an excellent tool to benchmark countries’ entrepreneurial ecosystems. Table 2.1 shows the rank of India as per FEI.
Table 2.1: Rank of India as per Female Entrepreneurship Index [9][10]
Year No of Countries Rank of India 2013 17 16 2014 30 26 2015 77 70
The main reasons that the study identifies for the country's poor score are lack of labour force parity and access to first-tier finance [9]. Strongest areas are innovativeness, new product and new technology. The score by FEI has been generated for the year 2015 for 77 countries of the world. In Fig. 2.1 the comparison of top ten scorer countries with India is shown.
At present, women’s entrepreneurial role is limited in the large scale industries and technology based businesses. But even in small scale industries, the women’s participation is very low. As per the third all-India census of Small Scale Industries, only 10.11% of the micro and small enterprises were owned by women, and only 9.46% of them were managed by women[2]. While the number of women operating their own business is increasing globally, women continue to face huge obstacles that stunt the growth of their businesses, such as lack of capital, strict social constraints, and limited time and skill. As per MSME Annual report 2014-15, no of women enterprises in India are 7.36 % only[7].
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Contrywise Score
100 82.9 74.8 80 70.6 69.7 69.3 68.8 68 66.7 66.4 66.3 60 40 25.3 20 Score 0
Figure 2.1:Comparison with top ten countries as per ranking of FEI 2015 with India [9]
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
A. The problems faced by women entrepreneur in India Women in India face many problems to develop and to manage a business. Literature[1][2][3][4] has already covered the problems and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in India which can be further analyzed from different perspectives such as problems regarding start up an enterprise, problems regarding managing the business and general issues women faces as being women. Here, we focus on the general problems as faced by women as being woman.These are mentioned as below: More Importance to Family Issues and Relationships: Married woman has to make balance between home and business. Generally women in India give more importance to family issues and relationships. As a result they would not be able to give more time to business. Even they would not be able to think about innovative ideas they have. Conflicts between work and domestic commitments: In India the primary responsibility of women can be considered to look after the children and other family members. If women take care of all issues of family, they probably would not be able to give enough time to their business or work commitments. In the reverse case if women spend more time with the business activities, probably they do not take care of issues such as education of their children, quality time with family members and family issues. So, there is trade off between work and domestic commitments. A woman has to make balance between domestic activities and business activities. Inability to take risks: Generally women do not prefer to take risk as compared to male. Female tendency towards life led to stability, intimacy and security. The same psychology is
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applicable in taking risk related to business. So woman entrepreneur suffers from low risk taking ability.
B. The challenges for women entrepreneurs in India Start-up: The first challenge for women entrepreneur is the start-up of an enterprise. Many women entrepreneurs may fear the debt associated with the start-up because they lack confidence regarding the start-up of a business. Lack of business skills: Many women entrepreneurs lack in knowledge of Information Technology and business skills. Less mobility: Women entrepreneur cannot travel as freely as men do. Women have some problems like staying out at night at distance places. There is less freedom of mobility for women entrepreneur. They cannot focus on marketing and sales side of business because of low mobility. They need to rely on others for these sides of business. Lack of Mentoring: Even after start-up of the enterprise, women need support and counselling. Lack of Family Support: The women entrepreneurs cannot succeed without the support of their family. The change in mindset of family members about the women can help women to become successful entrepreneur and even to manage balance between work and home. Social Myth: The typical Indian society is male dominated society and there is a myth in society that doing business is the domain of men. Lack of Government Support: There are no enough schemes to train women for becoming entrepreneur. At present, there is no enough opportunities where women entrepreneur can update their knowledge and get help regarding business skills.
Recommendations to strengthen women entrepreneurship in India To foster the culture of women entrepreneurship in India, efforts should focus to increase - level of higher education, necessary skill, societal encouragement, and government support. Some recommendations are given to make effective development of women entrepreneurs and to encourage women with an entrepreneurial bent of mind. As a result they can come up with the innovative ideas and channelize their efforts to give birth to new ventures. 1. Women should be encouraged and supported by government and society for technical and higher education. 2. Dedicated institutions, like schools, colleges, etc. for women should be started/permitted where women can get education with least fees and expenses. This may help women from financially backward community to get necessary education. 3. Special technical courses, management courses, and skill development courses for women should be started by government and private institutions to increase number of qualified and skilled women in the society.
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4. Investments should be made/increased on the physical and mental strength development of women by society and the government, so that women can develop a mind- set of becoming entrepreneurs. 5. Government should promote women entrepreneurship through various schemes which may provide start-up support, continuous guidance, and mentoring. 6. Women Entrepreneurship Development Cell (WEDC) should be established by government agencies, and private sectors to promote and help the women to start their new ventures and can provide assistance to start the new ventures. Such cells may also be governed by government at state and national level to provoke women entrepreneurship at large scale. 7. The society and family should encourage the women by giving freedom, support and authority for entrepreneurship. 8. To create entrepreneurial attitude in women, workshops, seminars, and training programmes related to entrepreneurship encouragement should be conducted in academic institutions of higher studies. Such programmes should also focus on necessary skill development for women community. 9. In recent trend, social communication media like Whatsapp, Facebook, etc. can also play important role in enhancement of women entrepreneurship in the country. One such popular group available on Facebook called ‘Mompreneurs’ is providing encouragement, advice and support to mothers who seek to provide for their families through their own visions for business. One another group, ‘HerCorner’ [6], aims to bring women entrepreneurs together to collaborate with each other for the betterment of their business. 10. WEDC and other common Entrepreneurship Development Cells (EDC) should support mentorship for converting Ideas to business plan to start-ups. Special skills among women on production processes, production management, and marketing may be developed by support of various entrepreneurship cells for the women. Such cells can also arrange interactions of women with entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and others from the corporate world.
Conclusion As compared to other countries over the globe, India has to pass a long run towards improvement in present status of women entrepreneurship. There are still numbers of issues and challenges that women entrepreneurs face. The support, although provided up to some extent, should be extended by government, different organizations and academic institutions to provide training, counselling and continuous mentoring to aspiring women entrepreneurs. There is also a need to change in mindset about the role and task of women in the society.
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References
1. Dr.Vijaykumar A and Jayachitra S. 2013. Women Entrepreneurs in India – Emerging Issues and Challenges. International Journal of Development Research, 3(4): 12-17 2. Shikha Mahajan, 2013. Women Entrepreneurship in India, Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, ISSN 2248-9878, 3(10): 1143-1148 3. NehaDangi, Ritika, 2014. Women Entrepreneurship and Growth and Performance of MSMEs in India, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, ISSN 2321-7782, 2(4) 4. KrimaHarshil Patel, 2015. Women Entrepreneurship in India: Obstacles and Challenges, International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspective, ISSN 2279-0926, 4(3) 5.http://www.publishyourarticles.net/eng/articles2/what-are-the-problems-faced-by- women-entrepreneurs-in-india/2733/ 6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_entrepreneur 7. Annual Report, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, 2014-15. 8. Annual Report, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India, 2013-14. 9. Female Entrepreneurship Report (FEI), 2015 10. Gender - Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) Executive Report 2014
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CONCERNS FOR :”WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, THE JILL OF ALL TRADES”
Amruta Varu*, Kinjal Patel† *†Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Gujarat- India
Abstract Entrepreneurship among women has been a recent concern. Women has become aware of their existence, there rights and there working situation. However women of the middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear of social backlash. The progress is more visible among the upper class families in urban cities. The paper focus on women entrepreneurship. The paper slides from the era of fifties to the 21st century how the situations have being changed. Also it consists of the various challenges being faced but them and how to overcome them. Along with that how gender gap affects the process of women entrepreneurs.
Keywords Proximate, Chauvinism, Impetus ______
Introduction Women entrepreneurs have been designated as the new engines for growth and the rising stars of the economies in developing countries to bring prosperity and welfare. A variety of stakeholders has pointed at them as an important ‘untapped source’ of economic growth and development .The World Economic Forum identified women entrepreneurs as “the way forward” at their annual meeting in 2012. Others speak of women entrepreneurs as if they are the ‘New Women’s Movement’. They state: “forget aid, focus on foreign investment in women entrepreneurs as key drivers for growth and development”. The growth of the proportion of women entrepreneurs in developing countries has drawn the attention of both the academic and the development sector. Donors, international public institutions, national and local governments, NGOs, private companies, charities, knowledge institutes and business associations have initiated programs or policies to promote and develop women’s entrepreneurship. They initiate programs for capacity- building of entrepreneurial skills, strengthening women’s networks, provide finance and trainings, or design policies that enable more and stronger start-ups and business growth. They all claim that women entrepreneurship is essential for growth and development.
Literature review
Meena Bindra , Founder of India’s largest readymade ethnic-wear brand Biba, grew up inDelhi but lost her father at a young age. She married a naval officer as a result of which she moved around across India, and got into the garments business only after her children grew up. She started off with a local block printer, initial sales to Mumbai stores, and then
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her own company-owned outlets. Her sons joined the company for a while as trusted managers, then struck out on their own. Manju Bhatia, Founder of loan recovery company Vasuli, was born in a business family in Indore. She started off as a receptionist in a pharma company, then moved into the account recovery business from bank defaulters. Though in a male-dominated industry, she used her patience and diplomacy to learn the tricks of the trade and build a successful pan-India company.
Rajni Bector, Founder of food empire Cremica, was born in Karachi and then moved to Delhi with her family. After her children went to boarding school, she noticed that there was huge demand for her desserts, which led her to launch food company Cremica in Ludhiana. Despite setbacks such as the violence in Punjab in the 1980s, she persevered and eventually got contracts from the likes of MacDonald’s for bread and ‘vegetarian’ mayonnaise.
Nirmala Kandalgaonkar, Founder of vermi-composting tool provider Vivam AgroTech, grew up in small-town Maharashtra and decided to launch a rural venture after her children reached school age. She applied her science degree to develop controlled- environment products for soil engineering using earthworms. She had to travel extensively for promotion and training activities, and eventually got government support after a Pragati Maidan exhibition as well as a Tie award.
Ranjana Naik, Founder of Swan Suites, grew up in a family of engineers, doctors and teachers, but became more interested in PR and telemarketing. Along with the IT boom, she leveraged her contacts to get into the serviced accommodation business, and aims to become the ‘Taj’ of serviced apartments. She connected with fellow entrepreneurs via online forums, and an ISB course taught her the importance of continuous market research; her husband also joined the company.
Leela Bordia, Founder of pottery art firm Neerja International, grew up in Calcutta in a family which strongly supported social work. She decided to launch a social enterprise to help pottery artisans from her native Rajasthan.
Women Entrepreneurs from 15th to 21st century
Key changes in women entrepreneurs in last five decades • Women entrepreneurs of the fifties: Compulsive factors led to the creation of women entrepreneurs. • Women entrepreneurs of the sixties: Women began to aspire but also accepted the social cultural traditions. • Women entrepreneurs of the seventies: The women in this decade opened up new frontier. They had not only aspiration but ambition
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• Women entrepreneurs of the eighties: Women were educated in highly sophisticated, technological and professional education. They became equally contributing partners. • Women entrepreneurs of the nineties: This was the first time when the concept of best rather than male heir was talked about. • Women entrepreneurs of the twenty first : “Jill of all trades”, Today we find successful women in each and every field.
Issues/Problems Faced By Women Entrepreneurs • Problem of Finances arrangement:- Finance is said to be the “life blood” of every business undertaking, be it large or medium or small scale enterprise. Usually women entrepreneurs face the problems of shortage of finance on two important grounds. Firstly, women do not generally have property on their own names to use that as collateral securities for obtaining loans/funds from banks and other financial institutions. Thus their access to external sources is very limited .Secondly, the banks also consider women less credit worthy and discourage women borrowers on the belief that they cannot repay back the amount of loans taken by them. • Limited mobility factor in case of women entrepreneurs: -Unlike men, women mobility in India is highly limited due to many factors/reasons. A single women asking for room is still looked with suspicion. Cumbersome exercise involved in starting with an enterprise coupled with officials humiliating attitude towards women compels them to give up their spirit of surviving in enterprise altogether. • Family responsibilities, ties as well as commitments: -In India, mainly a woman’s duty is to look after her children and manage the other members of the family. Man plays a secondary role only. In case of married women she has to strike a fine balance between her business and family. Her total involvement in family leaves little or almost no time or energy to be diverted for the business activities. Support and approval of husbands seems to be necessary condition for women entry into business. Accordingly, the educational level and family background of husbands also influences women participation in the field of enterprise. • Lack of education and prevalent levels of illiteracy amongst women:- In India, around 3/5th (60%) of women are still illiterate. Illiteracy is the root cause of socio-economic barriers or hurdles. Due to lack of education and that to qualitative education, women are not aware of business, technology and market knowledge. Also lack of education causes low achievement motivation amongst women. Thus lack of education creates problems before women to set up competitive enterprises. • Domination by male and ideology of male dominated society: - Male chauvinism is still prevalent in many parts of the country yet. The constitution of India speaks about the equality between both the sexes, i.e. men and women. But in practice, women are looked upon as “abla” i.e. weak in all respects. Thus women suffer from a number of problems, in a nutshell in a male dominated society, women are not treated equal to men. This in turn, serves as a barrier to woman’s entry into business.
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• Lesser risk and uncertainty bearing attitude:- Women in India lead a protected life. They are even less educated and economically not stable neither self-depended. All these factors reduce their ability to bear risks and uncertainties involved in a business unit, which is the most important criteria of every business activity. Explaining the gender gap: proximate and ultimate determinants Recent global surveys indicate that the gender gap in entrepreneurship persists at different levels and varying widely across countries. Yet a quick scan of current research suggests that there are some commonalities as to the proximate and ultimate determinants of these differences. • Inadequate training and access to information: -One challenge often mentioned in research on women entrepreneurs in developing countries is that they enjoy a relatively low level of education and skill training. This, combined with a lack of career guidance, generally seems to limit their access to various publically and privately offered support services including business development services and information on business growth. Others found that a lack of experience and skills also accounted for the fact that women entrepreneurs had a preference in industry. • Work-family interface:-Another more recently frequent mentioned challenge is the combination of the business with family responsibilities, which may undermine the success of the business. Women entrepreneurs indicate that they deploy several strategies to cope with the double workload and challenges deriving from combining business with family. But while self-employment may provide flexibility,. Furthermore, the location of the business at home may also undermine the legitimacy of the business as perceived by customers and creditors. • Women’s safety and gender based violence:-Others identify the issue of safety and protection of women entrepreneurs, especially those operating in the informal economy. Even though less documented in academic research, there are numerous stories of killings, harassment and rape of female vendors and micro-business owners. This results in stress, constant fear and not having the opportunity to freely choose your business location and time of opening hours which seriously limits the chances and choices of becoming a successful entrepreneur for women in some developing countries. However, more research is needed on for example alternative coping strategies (besides policy frameworks) and how women that are facing these challenges can best be supported. • Lack of societal support Furthermore, scholars point out that normative constraints and societal attitudes based on cultural and religious beliefs in some countries are not supportive of the work of women in general or that of women in entrepreneurship in particular . In a variety of countries, the perception is that entrepreneurship is an appropriate career choice for men and not women, or only for the poor and not the educated, which in most cases are women. These perceptions are mostly based on the association of entrepreneurship with traditional male stereotypes. • Legal barriers and procedures
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Varying across countries, the lack of government support in terms of policy, laws and services has been identified as a barrier for women entrepreneurs across countries, most research indicates that regulations, taxation and legal barriers can pose serious obstacles for running and starting a business. This may affect both men and women to a certain extent and more research is needed to identify country specific issues. Data from the annual report Women Business and the Law (World Bank, 2012) measured that in all Middle Eastern and North African countries, women have fewer inheritance rights than men and moreover, there are 1 or more legal differences between women and men that limit women’s economic opportunity in over 75% of the world’s economies. According to that same report, women only own 1% of the world’s property and in 2/3 of countries, legal rights of women decline with marriage, 44 countries restrict the number of hours women can work and 71 countries restrict the types of industries.
Future Trends and Suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs Women entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence, and mobility to come out of their paradoxes. The following measures are suggested to empower the women to seize various opportunities and face challenges in business. • There should be a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-operate women entrepreneurs. • An Awareness programs should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of creating awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business. • Attempts should be there to enhance the standards of education of women in general as well making effective provisions for their training, practical experience and personality development programs, to improvise their over-all personality standards. • Organize training programs to develop professional competencies in managerial, leadership, marketing, financial, production process, profit planning, maintaining books of accounts and other skills. This will encourage women to undertake business. • Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to understand the production process and production management. • Skill development to be done in women’s polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops. • Educational institutes should tie up with various government and non-government agencies to assist in entrepreneurship development mainly to plan business projects. • International, National, Local trade fairs, Industrial exhibitions, seminars and conferences should be organized to help women to facilitate interaction with other women entrepreneurs • Women in business should be offered soft loans & subsides for encouraging them into industrial activities. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures.
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• The weaker section could raise funds through various schemes and incentives provided by the government to develop entrepreneurs in the state.
Conclusion Women constitute almost half of the total population in India but they are not enjoying their freedoms, equalities, privileges, at par with their male counterparts, several policies and approaches were made to reduce inequalities between women and men. As a result a shift from ‘welfare’ to ‘development’ to ‘empowerment’ to ‘human development’, many approaches have been taken to change the position and status of women. Steps should be taken by each members of the society to empower women, women’s economic empowerment may be visualized only with the development of women entrepreneurship. With the impetus given to women entrepreneurs they have shown significant impact on all segments of the economy in India one the example can be seen below. Life of an Entrepreneur – Vandana Luthra (INDIA) Vandana Luthra is the Founder and Mentor of VLCC (Vandana Luthra’s Curls and Curves), the leading beauty, slimming and fitness brand. In childhood, she enjoyed cutting everyone’s hair and experimenting facials on her mother’s face. She graduated from Delhi University and later pursued specialized courses in nutrition, cosmetology, food, skin care and beauty and fitness from London, Germany, Munich and Paris. She started India’s first Transformation Centre in New Delhi in 1989. Today VLCC has successfully spread its wing of fitness and beauty right in the Sou1th Asia and Middle East. VLCC manufactures Indial’s widest and largest range of skin, hair and body care products. All the products are sold through over 75,000 retail outlets. VLCC has its own large team of trained professionals that include doctors, psychologists, nutritionists, cosmetologists, fitness trainers and physiotherapists. In 2005, VLCC arrived into overseas markets and it has presence in 8 countries – Sri Lanka, UAE, Kuwait, Bangladesh, Oman, Nepal, Bahrain and Qatar. In India, VLCC has about 48 institutes in 13 states, 150 centres in 75 cities. Due to efforts done by Vandana Luthra, the ‘Anti-Obesity Day’ is observed on 26th November of every year. VLCC comprises separate men and women salons, apart from individual cubicles for therapy. Apart from weight-loss programs, her center also offers an assortment of skin care treatments.
References
1. Global Journal of Finance and Management. ISSN 0975-6477 Volume 6. 2. Dhameja. K (2002) Women Entrepreneurs, Opportunity, Performance, Problems, Deep Publications (P) Ltd. New Delhi. 3. Ms. Yogita Sharma. Women Entrepreneur in India. Business and Management 2013; 14(9-10):2278-487X. 4. Gurendra Nath Bhardwaj, Swati Preacher , Dr. Babita Pandey , Puspamita Sahu Women Entrepreneurship in India: Opportunities and Challenges.
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5. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies.ISSN 2248-9878 Volume 3, Number 10 (2013), pp. 1143-1148. 6. International Journal of Multidisciplinary ResearchVol.1 Issue 5, September 2011, ISSN 2231 5780.
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WOMAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Dr. Manisha Bhatt* ,JayshreeMandaviya† *C.Z. Patel College of Business &Mangament, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India †Anand Commerce College, Anand,Gujarat-India
ABSTRACT: The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneur in India what are the reasons to become an entrepreneur, reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India, what schemes are render by Government of India for promotion and development of women entrepreneur in India. “When woman moves forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves” Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Keywords Entrepreneurship, Women, economic contribution ______
Introduction Women Entrepreneur is any women who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or group of women who initiate, organize and co-operate a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Out of total 940.98 million people in India, in the 1990s, females comprise 437.10 million representing 46.5 percent of the total population. There are 126.48 million women workforce but as per the 1991 census, only 1, 85,900 women accounting for only 4.5 per cent of the total self-employed persons in the country were recorded. As per a rough estimate the numbers of SSIs are expected to be2.5 billion having 9% women entrepreneurs in to it. Considering this trend, women participation in another five years was 20 % more, raising the number of women entrepreneurs to about 5, 00,000. Combined effect of motivational drive, preparation of information material, conducting training, creation of women industrial estates, and training of promoters and use of mass media all together is bound to accelerate the process of women entrepreneurship development.
Some psycho-social factors impede the growth of women entrepreneurs are as follows: • Poor self - image of women
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• Inadequate motivation • Discriminating treatment • Faulty socialization • Role conflict • Cultural values • Lack of courage and self - confidence • Inadequate encouragement • Lack of social acceptance • Unjust social, economic and cultural system • Lack of freedom of expression • Afraid of failures and criticism • Susceptible to negative attitude • Low dignity of labour
The Indian women are no longer treated as show pieces to be kept at home. They are also enjoying the impact of globalization and making an influence not only on domestic but also on international sphere. Women are doing a wonderful job striking a balance between their house and career. Here are a few:(Top 10 Women Entrepreneurs and Leaders of India)
• Dr. KiranMazumdar - Shaw, Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Ltd., • Ekta Kapoor, creative head of Balaji Telefilms , • NeelamDhawan, Managing Director, Microsoft India , • NainaLalKidwai, According to the Economic times, she is the first woman to head the operations of a foreign bank in India. ( HSBC) • Indu Jain, the multi -faceted lady used to be the Chairman of the Times Group the most powerful and largest Media house India. • PriyaPaul , she has a bachelor’s degree specialising in Economics from Wellesley College, USA. She entered her family business and is currently the Chairperson of Park Hotels. • SimoneTata,TataOilMillsinto the largest cosmetic brand in India –LAKME, • MallikaSrinivasan,currentlytheDirectorofTAFE – TractorsandFarmEquipment-India. • PreethaReddy,ManagingDirectorofApolloHospitals,Chennai. • RanjanaKumar,currentlyVigilanceCommissionerinCentralVigilanceCommission,after her retirement as the Chairperson of NABARD-National Bank For Agricultural and Rural Development, is a prominent Indian banker. • Women like these are an inspiration for all other women who strive to achieve great heights in their lives. Taking them as our role models each one of us can be there where they are right now. All we need have is faith in ourselves, confidence and above all a fixed aim that we need work towards.
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• Women setup an enterprise due to economic and non - economic reasons as well. Various reasons can be due to (1) Motivational Factors & (2) Facilitating Factors.
Motivational Factors: • Economic Necessity • Educational Qualification • Independence • Family Business • Success stories of others • Social Status
Facilitating Factors: • Adequate Financial Facilities • Self-Satisfaction • Innovative Thinking • Co - operation from family • Morale support from friends and relatives
Opportunities: • Free entry into world trade. • Improved risk taking ability. • Governments of nations withdrawn some restrictions • Technology and inventions spread into the world. • Encouragement to innovations and inventions. • Promotion of healthy completions among nations • Consideration increase in government assistance for international trade. • Establishment of other national and international institutes to support business among nations of the world. • Benefits of specialization. • Social and cultural development
Challenges: • Problems of raising equity capital • Difficulty in borrowing fund. • Thought -cut completions endangered existence of small companies. • Problems of availing raw - materials. • Problems of obsolescence of indigenous technology • Increased pollutions Ecological imbalanced. • Problems of TRIPS and TRIMS. • Exploitation of small and poor countries, etc.
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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA: No. of unit No. of women State Registered Entrepreneur Percentage Tamil Nadu 9618 2930 30.36 Uttar Pradesh 7980 3180 39.84 Kerala 5487 2135 38.91 Punjab 4791 1618 33.77 Maharashtra 4339 1394 32.12 Gujarat 3872 1538 39.72 Karnataka 3822 1026 26.84 Madhya Pradesh 2967 842 28.38 Other States & UTS 14576 4185 28.71
WOMEN CORPORATE IN INDUSTRIAL SECTORS: Percentage of Women Sr. No Industry Corporation 1 Transportation and Warehousing 15.1 2 Agriculture Forestry Fishing and Hunting 14.6 3 Whole Sale Trade 14 4 Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 13.5 5 Manufacturing 13.3 6 Management of Companies 12.4 7 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 11.8 Administrative Support and Waste Management 8 Remediation Service 10
Suggestions:
• Govt. should provide separate financial fund of women’s entrepreneur. • We should provide her special infrastructure facilities whatever she deeds. • Govt. should arrange special training programmes of women entrepreneurship • Govt. should felicitate top ranked women’s entrepreneur. • Women entrepreneur should more competitive and efficient in the local & international market.
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• Use should invite successful women entrepreneurs from foreign countries.
Conclusions Women entrepreneurs have become a strong driving force in today’s corporate world. Not only are they able to equalize their duties of both motherhood and entrepreneurship but they also comprise of almost half of all businesses owned today. Many Women entrepreneurs have an average age of 40 –60 years old because they have had previous careers in other areas. Their primary goal is not monetary reward but rather personal satisfaction and community involvement. Many of them are educated and assemble into groups in order to pool business ideas and resources together.
References 1.http://nipccd.nic.in/reports/women-e.pdf 2.http://www.indiastat.com 3.http://indiabudget.nic.in/survey.asp
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WOMEN AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Prof. Vandana P.Pandya*, Prof. Renisha Mistry† *†Parul Polytechnic Institute,Limda,Vadodara,Gujarat-India
Abstract Entrepreneurship of Women development is an essential part of human resource. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India, especially in the rural areas. However, women of middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear of social backlash. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban cities. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this.These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneur–Reasons women become entrepreneurs -Reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India - suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs-Schemes for promotion & development of women entrepreneurship.
Keywords Entrepreneurship, Women, economic contribution ______
Introduction
Women entrepreneur" is any women who organizes and manages any enterprise, usually with considerable. Initiative and risk. However, quite often the term "women- owned business" is used relative to government. Contracting. Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. Accordingly, a woman run a enterprise is defined as ¡°an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51%of the employment generated in the enterprise to women¡±. Women entrepreneur constitute 10 % of the number of the number of entrepreneur in the country. This has been a significant growth in self-employment of women with women now starting new ventures at three times the rate of men. They constitute 50% of the population of our country with a lower literacy rate than men. This statistical fact indicates that for the economic growth of the nation, women should not be encouraged to make their
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share of economic contribution towards the country. one way of achieving is by making women come out and become entrepreneurs. In the traditional society, they were confined to the four walls, playing household roles, but in the modern society, they are coming out to participate in all sorts odd activities. Normally, women entrepreneurship is found in the extension of their kitchen activities, mainly in preparing commercially the 3.P.s namely, Pickles, Papads and Powder. Few of them venture into services industry relating to hospitality, catering, educational services, consultation or public relations, beauty clinics, etc. Women enter entrepreneurship due to economic factors which pushed them to be on their own and urge them to do something independently. Women prefer to work from their own work residence, difficulty in getting suitable jobs and desire for social recognition motivate them towards self-employment. We see a lot of women professionals in engineering, medicine, law etc. They are also setting up hospitals, training centers, etc. An enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated by the enterprise to women. Government of India A woman entrepreneur can be defined as a confident, innovative and creative woman capable of achieving self economic independence individually or in collaboration, generates employment opportunities for others through initiating, establishing and running the enterprise by keeping pace with her personal, family and social life.
Objectives of the study 1. To explore the reasons why women start business of their own: Key to success. 2. To study the characteristics of women entrepreneurs. 3. To study the categories of Women Entrepreneurs in India. 4. To find the problems encountered by women in starting business Enterprises. 5. To study Development of Women Entrepreneurs.
Review of literature Bowen & Hirsch, (1986), compared & evaluated various research studies done on entrepreneurship including women entrepreneurship. It summaries various studies in this way that female entrepreneurs are relatively well educated in general but perhaps not in management skills, high in internal locus of control, more masculine, or instrumental than other women in their values likely to have had entrepreneurial fathers, relatively likely to have first born or only children, unlikely to start business in traditionally male dominated industries & experiencing a need of additional managerial training.
Women Entrepreneur In India, Ms. Yogita Sharma: IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Vol15, Issue 3 (Nov.- Dec.2013), PP09-14
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, entrepreneurs were frequently not Distinguished from managers and were viewed mostly from an economic perspective. Richard T. Ely and Ralph H. Hes 1937,
Inside Innovation of SMEs in the Knowledge-Based Economy Quality Management Strategies and Performance Investigation and Use of Information Sources In Location Decisions. Women Entrepreneurs From India: Problems factor. Women Entrepreneurs from India: By shwetavats, December 2011JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP VOL. 15 NO.4 WINTER 2000-2001
Singh, 2008, identifies the reasons & influencing factors behind entry of women in entrepreneurship. He explained the characteristics of their businesses in Indian context and also obstacles & challenges. He mentioned the obstacles in the growth of women entrepreneurship are mainly lack of interaction with successful entrepreneurs, social un- acceptance as women entrepreneurs, family responsibility, gender discrimination, missing network, low priority given by bankers to provide loan to women entrepreneurs. He suggested the remedial measures like promoting micro enterprises, unlocking institutional frame work, projecting & pulling to grow & support the winners etc. The study advocates for ensuring synergy among women related ministry, economic ministry & social & welfare development ministry of the Government of India.
Research methodology
The study focuses on extensive study of Secondary data collected from various books, National & International Journals, published reports of RBI, NABARD, Census Surveys, SSI Reports, newspapers, publications from various websites which focused on various aspects of Women Entrepreneurship.
Reasons for becoming a women entrepreneur Many studies have concluded that women started their own businesses for a variety reasons. These reasons generally included the followings: Economic Independence, Establishing their own creativity, establishing their own identity, Equal status in society, Greater freedom and mobility and Additional income to the family.
Successful women entrepreneurs in india of 21st century • Akhila srinivasan, Managing Director, Shriram Investments ltd. • Chanda Kocchar, Executive Director, ICICI Bank • Ekta Kapoor, Creative Director, balaji Telefilms Ltd. • Jyoti Naik, President, Lijjat Papad. • Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Chairman & Managing director, Biocon Ltd. • Lalita D.Gupte, JMD, ICICI Bank. • Naina Lal Kidwar, Deputy CEO, HBSE.
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• Preetha Reddy, Managing Director, Apollo hospitals. • Priya Paul, Chairman, Apeejay Park Hotels. • Rajshree Pathy, Chairman, Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals ltd. • Ranjana Kumar, Chairman, NABARD.
Problems faced by Indian women entrepreneurs
Besides the above basic problems the other problems faced by women entrepreneurs are as follows:
1. Self Motivation: Attitude to take up risk and behavior towards the business society, family support, financial assistance from public and private Institutions and also environmental suitable for Women to establish business units
2. Family ties: Women in India are very emotionally attached to their families. They are supposed to attend to all the domestic work, to look after the children and other members of the family. They are over burden with family responsibilities like extra attention to husband, children and in laws which take away a lots of their time and energy. In such situation, it will be very difficult to concentrate and run the enterprise successfully.
3. Male dominated society: By women. Greatest the family structure is generally male dominated, hence the Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women.
4. Lack of education: Women in India are lagging far behind in the field of education. Most of the women (around sixty per cent of total women) are illiterate. Those who are educated are provided either less or inadequate education than their male counterpart partly due to early marriage, partly due to son's higher education and partly due to poverty. Due to lack of proper education, women entrepreneurs remain in dark about the development of new technology, new methods of production, marketing and other governmental support which will encourage them to flourish.
5.Problem of finance: Women entrepreneurs stiffer a lot in raising and meeting the financial needs of the business, Bankers, creditors and financial institutes are not coming forward to provide financial assistance to women borrowers on the ground of their less credit worthiness and more chances of business failure. They also face financial problem due to blockage of funds in raw materials, work-in-progress finished goods and non-receipt of payment from customers in time.
6. Tough competitions: The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women entrepreneurs in the business management process. Despite the fact that women entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service prompt and delivery in time,
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due to lack of organizational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have to face constraints from competition.
Categories of women entrepreneurs in India
First category established in big cities, having higher technical qualifications. Sound financial positions.
Second category established in cities and towns having sufficient education Undertaking women services- kinder garden, crèches, beauty parlors, health clinics etc.
Third category Illiterate Women Financially week Involved in family business like agriculture, dairy, handlooms power looms horticulture etc.
Steps taken by the Indian government
The growth and development of women entrepreneurs required to be accelerated because entrepreneurial development is not possible without the participation of women. Therefore, a congenial environment is needed to be created to enable women to participate actively in the entrepreneurial activities. There is a need of Government, non-Government, promotional and regulatory agencies to come forward and play the supportive role in promoting the women entrepreneur in India. The Government of India has also formulated various training and development cum employment generations programs for the women to start their ventures. These programmes are as follows:
a) Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana and EDPs were introduced to develop Entrepreneurial qualities among rural women. b) “Women in agriculture” scheme was introduced to train women farmers Having small and marginal holdings in agriculture and allied activities. c) To generate more employment opportunities for women KVIC took special Measures in remote areas. d) Women co-operatives schemes were formed to help women in agro-based Industries like dairy farming, poultry, animal husbandry, horticulture etc. with Full fina.ncial support from the Government. e) Several other schemes like integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDP), Training of Rural youth for f) Self employment (TRYSEM) etc. were started to Alleviated poverty.30-40% reservation is provided to women under these Schemes. g) State Industrial and Development Bank of India (SIDBI) has introduced following schemes to assist the women entrepreneurs. These schemes are:
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i) Mahila Udyam Nidhi (ii) Micro Cordite Scheme for Women (iii) Mahila Vikas Nidhi (iv) Women Entrepreneurial Development Programmes (v) Marketing Development Fund for Women
Training programmes:
The following training schemes especially for the self employment of women are introduced by government:
(i) Support for Training and Employment Programme of Women (STEP). (ii) Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA). (iii) Small Industry Service Institutes (SISIs) (iv) State Financial Corporations (v) National Small Industries Corporations (vi) District Industrial Centers (DICs) (vii) Mahila Vikas Nidhi (viii) Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
Conclusion
India is a male dominated society and women are assumed to be economically as well as socially dependent on male members. Women entrepreneurs faced lots of problems like lack of education, social barriers, legal formalities, high cost of production, male dominated society, limited managerial ability, lack of self confidence etc. Various factors like Pull and Push factors influencing women entrepreneurs. Successful leading business women in India. Government takes various steps for the upliftment of women entrepreneurs in 7th five year plan, 8th five year plan and in 9th five year plan. Women have the potential the potential and determination to setup, uphold and supervise their own enterprise in a very systematic manner, appropriate support and encouragement from the society, family, government can make these women entrepreneur a part of mainstream of national economy and they can contribute to the economy progress of India.
References
1.2. Arora,Baporikar, R and N. Sood, (2007) S.K.(2005), Entrepreneurship ―Fundamentals Development of Entrepreneurship & Project Management and Small -Business Himalaya Publication House.
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3. Brush, C. (1997). Taori ,Dr. Kamal - Entrepreneurship in the Decentralised Sector Women-Owned Businesses: Obstacles and Opportunities, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship.
4.Desai, V: (1996) Dynamics of Entrepreneurial & Development & Management Himalaya publishing House - Fourth Edition, Reprint.5.Dhameja S K (2002), Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance and Problems, Deep Publisher (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Gordon E. & Natarajan K.: (2007) Entrepreneurship Development – Himalaya Publication House, Second Revised edition.
7.Hattangadi Dr. Vidya: (2007) Entrepreneurship – Need of the hour, Himalaya Publication House, First edition. Schemes and Programmes of Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro & Rural Industries, Govt. of India Kalyani Publishers.
8. Kumar, A. (2004), "Financing Pattern of Enterprises Owned by Women Entrepreneurs", The Indian Journal of Commerce, Vol. 57, No. 2.
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WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AS AN ENTREPRENEUR THROUGH THE USE OF TATTOO MOTIFS IN DESIGNING A DRESS
Dr. Maneesha Thakur*, Dr. Neelam Agarwal† *†Govt. Women’s Polytechnic College, Jabalpur, (Madhya Pradesh) India
Abstract Every culture of the world has its unique and distinct history and tradition. India is a nation not only rich in history and tradition, but also one composed of so many diverse cultures. One such culture of India is tattooing. This study was motivated through the observation that various tattoo designs found on the body of tribal peoples. It may be very suitable as motifs on ornamented fabric in textile design decoration.
The objectives of the study were to document the tattoo design motifs and adapting them for contemporary use on ornamentation techniques of fabric decoration. Data was gathered through personal interview and questionnaire. The study revealed that the peoples liked tattoo design motifs in designing a dress. Fashion designers as an entrepreneur can grow up their businesses using these tattoo motifs in designing of dresses and can empowered her/him self.
Keywords
Women empowerment, entrepreneur, tattoo motifs ______
Introduction
Women empowerment is empowering the women to take their own decision for their personal dependents. Empowering women is to make them independent in all aspects from mind, thought, right, decisions etc. To establish as a successful entrepreneur, women can’t only the empowered herself but also contributes in development of nation.
In context of these women can be a successful entrepreneur in broad field of designing. Most of the women in fond of fashion hence fashion designer as an entrepreneur can grow of their businesses using tribal tattoo motifs and can improve their work too. They can enhance the beauty of textiles and designing of fabrics too.
The culture of Indian tribal art can be alive as well as its help the upliftment of women in designing field and help in empowerment of women.
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Taking into consideration the significance of tribal tattoo, the present research work has become very significant. The special significance of this work relates to use of tribal tattoo motifs by textile designers in reproducing these tattoo motifs on dresses. Though tribal motifs are set to both an ancient origin yet their significance can be understood that they are being used by modern fashion designers all over the world.
Background
This study was motivated through the observation that various tattoo designs found on the body of tribal peoples. It may be very suitable as motifs on ornamented fabric in textile design decoration. Tattoo motifs reflect not only the environment of the tribals but also their occupation and tools.
There are few literature review that are very relevance to the present study:-
Alou, D.D. (2006) conducted a study ‘adaptation of traditional design on crafts of Southern Kaduna as motifs for textile resist technique’ and described that Southern Kaduna has design motifs that are symbolic to the culture of the people. Among these symbolic motifs in the ancient Nok-Head which symbolizes and articulates the artistic culture of Southern Kaduna and create a link between Southern Kaduna and ancient Nok culture. The design motifs of Southern Kaduna are suitable for adaptation on textile fabric using screen printing and batik resist techniques.
Musabasyarahil, (2011) described that bright colours and tribal motifs prints is still a trend in the row collection Fall/winter several leading brands. One of the motifs are quite popular this season are a tribal motifs. Generally tribal motifs released in the form of dress or tops.
Main Thrust of the Paper
The problem of this study is the selection, documentation, exploration and preservation of tattoo design motifs found on the tattoos of tribal peoples and adapting them for contemporary use on ornamentation techniques of fabric decoration.
In orders to consider this problem effectively, it was necessary to critically survey, indentify unveil, study and documents some of the traditional tattoo design motifs found on the tattoos of tribals for adoption on textile fabrics using contemporary ornamentation techniques of screen printing and zardosi. Questionnaire was developed to survey the assessment of tattoo designs with regards to the traditional tattoo design and their adaptation.
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The practical exploration was essentially started with pencil. First of all, all these tattoo design motifs were sketched on the paper. All the tattoo design motifs transferred on hanky sets. After transferring the design motifs, all the ornamentation techniques applied on hankies.
For the study two ornamentation techniques have been selected. These are – (1) Screen Printing (2) Zardosi
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(1) Screen Printing
Screen printing is a method for printing or repeating images. Screen printing on fabric became popular for many reasons. It was quicker than block and roller printing. Freer and more spontaneity designs were possible using screens and this aspects of screen printing appealed to the artists of the day, who were quick to dabble in it.
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(2) Zardosi
Zardosi is an art which create magic on the fabric with its intricate mango motifs reflecting the royal effects. Zardosi is a very famous kind of embroidery done on fabrics with the help of golden, silver and multicoloured metal threads.
It is found that more respondents preferred zardosi pieces followed by screen printing may be because their elegance and classic in appearance. These pieces looked contemporary/modern with traditionality. It expresses skill and creativity too. It also indicates the passion towards embellishing their costumes and growing interest towards ethnic fashion.
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Table No.1Responses regarding preference for Ornamented Pieces
S. No. Ornamented Responses (n=30) Pieces (f) (%) 1 Screen Printing 12 40% 2 Zardosi 18 60%
Table No.2Responses regarding awareness of tattoo motifs
S. No. Ornamented Responses (n=30) Pieces (f) (%) 1 Yes 21 70% 2 No. 09 30%
Future Trends
This type of research very essential and important for preserving the existence of amazing art of tattooing and their motifs.
The research works aims at:-
Exploring and generating motifs for textile design through the use of selected tattoo designs to broaden the knowledge of arts students and textile designers to have a large scope of areas for their design works.
Providing an illustrative report to serve as a reference documents for people to know about tattoo design motifs and its significance. This will serve as research material for designers in textiles and related field in art and increase their knowledge and creativity.
Conclusion
Motifs are the building block in design and craft. People create motifs on their arts and crafts to captivate their consumers interest and give symbolic meaning to them as the mirror of the society.
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Fashion designers as an entrepreneur can grow up their businesses using these tattoo motifs and improve their works.
The culture of Indian tribal art can help the upliftment of women in designing fields and can empowered the women.
References
1. Alou, D.D., 2006. Adaptation of traditional design on craft of Southern Kadund as motifs for textile resist technique. At http://kubanni.abu.edu.ng:8080 2. Enakshi, B., 1974. Folk and Tribals Designs of India. Taraporevala sons & Co. Pvt.Ltd.PP.51. 3. Musabsyarahil, 2011.Wearing cloths Tribals Motifs. At http://www.computersight.com/operating system/ wearing-clothes-tribal-motifs
Acknowledgement:
The authors are grateful to the knowledge providers tattoo artists from Lalpur village, Dindori (M.P). Thanks are also due to local guides for their guidance and hospitality during fields study. Last but not least; authors are thankful to referees for theirs valuable suggestion.
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ROLE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rameshbhai M. Chauhan* *Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Government Commerce College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract In the Globalised world, women entrepreneurship is playing a vital role and they have become important part of the universal mission for the sustained economic development and social improvement. In India, especially in rural development, though women entrepreneurship has played a key role in the civilization, their entrepreneurial ability has not been properly tapped due to the lower status of women in the society. In India, the women entrepreneurship role has been explicitly recognized with a market shift in the approach from women welfare to women development and empowerment from the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) onwards and today the significant role of women in entrepreneurship constantly increasing due to various global factors. The Government of India has been implementing several policies and programmes for the development of women entrepreneurship in India like Govt. of India has develop separate women and child development ministry, livelihood programmes, women sponsored programme, women mission mangalam programmes etc. In India, entrepreneurship among women is of recent origin. These women leaders are self-assured, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut- throat competition with their hard work, thoroughness and resolve. The present paper focuses on Role of Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Development.
Keywords Women entrepreneurship, Economic development, Rural development ______
Introduction In developing economies, Women entrepreneurship of the small, medium and cottage industries are able to create livelihood to the poor and needy of the society in rural area. The small savings of rural areas are contributing more in establishing the small and micro enterprises in India. In the light of demise of rural artisanship, entrepreneurship has been given much importance as well as empowerment too. The women empowerment has been important role of Governments and other non-governmental organizations. The women are capable with innate power that can make them successful entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurship is inherent and also a natural process. Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. The Government of India has defined a woman
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entrepreneurship as "an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to women". In India, women constitute around 48 percent of the population but their participation in the economic activities is only 34 percent. As per the Human Development Report (2007), India ranks 96th on the gender related development index of 137 nations. The gender empowerment measures, which estimate the extent of women participation in the country's economic and political activities, rank India as 110th of the 166 nations. In the emerging complex social scenario, women have a pivotal role to play. Now women have taken up entrepreneurial role in order to create a meaning for themselves. The traditional roles of housewives are gradually changing into women entrepreneurs. Some of the factors responsible for these changes are better education, changing socio cultural values and need for supplementary income. When proper exposure, education and knowledge are imparted to them, Indian women will prove themselves to be highly potential productive force for the rural development of the nation.
Review of Literature Women in India divulge that empowerment of women and development of women entrepreneurship to bring actual reality through constitutional goal of equality. Lalitha constraints faced by women entrepreneurs and reflects upon specific policies and Iyer‟s study (1991) on “Women Entrepreneurs Challenges and Strategies” analyses major Women Entrepreneurs has made an attempt to diagnose the women entrepreneurs profile andprogrammes has identified for women dominating entrepreneurship entrepreneurial development. traits, Kamalatheir motivational Singh‟s study forces (1992) and on performance both quantitatively as well as qualitatively. This work aimed at understanding the entrepreneurial development among women is a unique attempt for highlighting their existing status and contribution in the national economy.
The study also found that, family support and encouragements are the highest facilitating factor which helped women to aspire entrepreneurship (Pillai and Anna, 1990). Traditional concept of the entrepreneurship cited the desire to self-employed, to generate income and to utilize skills according to Hookoomsing and Essoo (2003), (Richardson et al., 2004).
Objectives and Research methodology of the study The study is based on secondary data which is collected from the published reports of RBI, NABARD, Census Surveys, SSI Reports, newspapers, journals, websites, etc. The study was planned with the following objectives
1. To discuss the rural development through women entrepreneurship like small and medium enterprises 2. To draw attention to the factors influencing the women entrepreneurship in rural area. 3. To study the major constraints faced by the women entrepreneurship. 4. To draw conclusions and offer suggestions
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Rural development through women entrepreneurship Status of women freedom depends on economic conditions even more than political. If a woman is not economically free and self-earning, she will have to depend on her husband or someone else, and dependents are never free. These were the ideas of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, who vividly highlighted the importance of economic independence of women. These views are antagonistic to the laws of Manu written early in the Christian era which stress the need to control women because of the “evils” of female character. The 1991 Industrial Policy has envisaged special training programmes to support women entrepreneurs. Accordingly women entrepreneurs are receiving training through Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPS) conducted by various institutions and organizations both at central and state levels. The Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO), with its field offices all over the country has been carrying out development programmes for women entrepreneurs and is providing technical schemes for setting up of SSI units. In view of the changing outlook for the promotion of women enterprises, the SSI Board in 1991 revised the definition of women enterprises by omitting the condition of employing 50 per cent of women workers. This provided a boost to women entrepreneurs to take up business and avail all facilities / concessions as are applicable to SSIs. “Women in business” is considered a recent phenomenon in India. The fact that almost half the population of this large country comprises of females while businesses owned and operated by them constitute less than five per cent is a reflection on social, cultural as well as economic distractions in the decades of development. Indeed, women’s participation in economic activity and production of goods and services is far greater than formal statistics might reveal, since much of it takes place in the informal sector as also in the households.
Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs In India, the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises development organisations, various State Small Industries Development Corporations, the Nationalised banks and even NGOs are conducting various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) to cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational background and skills. The Office of DC (MSME) has also opened a Women Cell to provide coordination and assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems. There are also several other schemes of the government at central and state level, which provide assistance for setting up training cum-income generating activities for needy women to make them economically independent. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) has also been implementing special schemes for women entrepreneurs. In addition to the special schemes for women entrepreneurs, various government schemes for MSMEs also provide certain special incentives and concessions for women entrepreneurs. For instance, under Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), preference is given to women beneficiaries. The government has also made several relaxations for women to facilitate the participation of women beneficiaries in this
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scheme. Similarly, under the MSE Cluster Development Programme by Ministry of MSME, the contribution from the Ministry of MSME varies between 30-80% of the total project in case of hard intervention, but in the case of clusters owned and managed by women entrepreneurs, contribution of the M/o MSME could be upto 90% of the project cost. Similarly, under the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises, the guarantee cover is generally available upto 75% of the loans extended; however the extent of guarantee cover is 80% for MSEs operated and/ or owned by women. Some of the special schemes for women entrepreneurs implemented by the government bodies and allied institutions are provided below.
At present, the Government of India has over 27 schemes for women entrepreneurship operated by different departments and ministries. Some of these are:
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Khadi And Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) Prime Minister„s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) Entrepreneurial Development programme (EDPs) Management Development programmes Women„s Development Corporations (WDCs) Marketing of Non-Farm Products of Rural Women (MAHIMA) Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development (ARWIND)schemes Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) Working Women’s Forum, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Indira Mahila Yojana, Indira Mahila Kendra Mahila Samiti Yojana, Mahila Vikas Nidhi Micro Credit Scheme, SIDBI„s Mahila Udyam Nidhi SBI„s Stree Shakti Scheme, NGO„s Credit Schemes Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programmes (MSE-CDP). National Banks for Agriculture and Rural Development„s Schemes Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana (RGMVP) Priyadarshini Project- Livelihood in Mid Gangetic Plains„ NABARD- SEWA Bank project Exhibitions for women, underA programme promotional for package ‗Rural for Women Micro Empowerment& Small enterprises and approved by CCEA under marketing support.
Future Trends
From this research it is quite observable that for development and promotion of women entrepreneurship, in the region, there is a need for multi dimensional approach from different sector, namely from the government side, financial institutions, individual women entrepreneurs and many more, for a flexible integrated and coordinated specific approach.
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Conclusion
It can be said that today we are in a healthier position wherein women contribution in the field of free enterprise is increasing at a considerable rate. Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population. At this point in time, effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial responsiveness, orientation and skill improvement programs to women and group of women entrepreneurship. The role of Women entrepreneur in economic development is also being recognized and steps are being taken to promote women entrepreneurship in rural areas.
References
1. Gupta, R. (2001) “Creating Indian Entrepreneurs. India Today”, 19 2. The Economic Times (Feb 20,2009) Social Entrepreneurs in India Webhttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news‐bycompany/corporate‐trends/soci al entrepreneurship‐ in india/ article show/4157842.cms 3. TRANS Asian Journal of Marketing & Management Research Vol.2 Issue 7, July 2013, ISSN 2279-0667 women entrepreneurship in india- role of women in small and medium enterprises 4. Lalitha, I. (1991), Women entrepreneur’s challenges and strategies, Frederich, Ebert Stiftung, New Delhi.
Acknowledgement I heartily acknowledged my institute Govt. Comm. College, GTU Gujarat, ICWSTCSC team and last but not least all above referred faculties for the same.
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International Conference Women in Science & Technology : Creating Sustainable Career (ICWSTCSC-2016)
AUTHOR INDEX
Women and Entrepreneurship
Sr. No. Author Page No. 1. Amruta Varu 166 2. Amy Hsiao 141 3. Daiya Ajaykumar A 136 4. Daiya Vishwa A 136 5. Dr. C. K. Patel 1 6. Dr. Chandrakant K. Patel 34 7. Dr. Jui Shah 78 8. Dr. kalaplata Dimri 153 9. Dr. Maneesha Thakur 185 10. Dr. Manisha Barad 51 11. Dr. Manisha Bhatt 173 12. Dr. Maulika Patel 96 13. Dr. Namita S.Sathe 153 14. Dr. Neelam Agarwal 185 15. Dr. Sanjay R Ajmeri 69 16. Dr. Vaishali B. Patel 147 17. Dr. Veena S. Samani 61 18. Dr. Vijay S. Jariwala 109 19. Dr. Vimlesh K Patel 147 20. Fenny J. Narsingani 111 21. Foram L Yagnik 11 22. Jayshree Mandaviya 173 23. Jignesh K. Barot 109 24. Jignesh N. Vidani 25 International Conference Women in Science & Technology : Creating Sustainable Career (ICWSTCSC-2016)
AUTHOR INDEX
Women and Entrepreneurship
25. Kinjal Patel 166 26. Kinjal Rathod 102 27. Miss. Swati Ganvit 147 28. Mrs. Krupali.H.Shah 153 29. Ms komal Jani 153 30. Ms Mayuri Patel 34 31. Ms. Joe Mary George 69 32. Ms. Priyanka D. Israni 99 33. Ms. Shivalika Vipul Patel 17 34. Narendra C. Chauhan 159 35. Nikunj Shingala 130 36. Nita M. Khant 61 37. Prof. Pankajkumar J. Vaghela 124 38. Prof. Parvatiben K. Kachchhi 44 39. Prof. Renisha Mistry 178 40. Prof. Vandana Pandya 178 41. Rameshbhai M. Chauhan 192 42. Sarita R. Visavalia 159 43. Shital D. Bhatt 89 44. Shri P.K. Desai 1 45. Shweta Y. Prajapati 117 46. Sneha Shukla 130 47. Sunayana G. Domadia 89 48. Tejal Tandel 130