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Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice

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Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice This page intentionally left blank Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice Edited by Lars-Olof Wahlund Timo Erkinjuntti Serge Gauthier CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521875370 © Cambridge University Press 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-50680-2 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87537-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of Contributors page vii Preface xi Section 1: Diagnosis 1 1. Diagnosing vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: concepts and controversies 3 Timo Erkinjuntti and Serge Gauthier 2. Vascular cognitive impairment: prodrome to VaD? 11 Adriane Mayda and Charles DeCarli 3. Clinical evaluation: a systematic but user-friendly approach 32 Oscar L. Lopez and David A. Wolk 4. Cognitive functioning in vascular dementia before and after diagnosis 46 Erika J. Laukka, Sari Karlsson, Stuart W.S. MacDonald and Lars Ba¨ ckman 5. Structural neuroimaging: CT and MRI 58 Wiesje M. van der Flier, Salka S. Staekenborg, Frederik Barkhof and Philip Scheltens 6. Functional imaging in vascular dementia: clinical practice 70 Lars-Olof Wahlund and Rimma Axelsson 7. Biomarkers in vascular dementia 77 Anders Wallin and Tuula Pirttila¨ v vi Contents Section 2: Pathophysiology 93 14. Vascular factors in Alzheimer’s disease: from diagnostic dichotomy 8. Physiopathology of large-vessel to integrative etiology 178 vascular dementia 95 Miia Kivipelto, Alina Solomon and Leonardo Pantoni, Francesca Tiia Ngandu Pescini and Anna Poggesi 9. Small-vessel diseases of the brain 118 Section 3: Treatment 193 Raj N. Kalaria and Timo Erkinjuntti 15. Treatment of cognitive 10. White matter changes 131 changes 195 Franz Fazekas, Christian Enzinger, Serge Gauthier and Timo Erkinjuntti Stefan Ropele and Reinhold Schmidt 16. Treatment of functional decline 200 11. Hereditary forms of cerebrovascular Lena Borell amyloidosis 139 Agueda Rostagno and Jorge Ghiso 17. Treatment of behavioral symptoms in vascular dementia 206 12. Role of vascular risk factors in dementia 155 Catherine Cole and Alistair Burns Chengxuan Qiu and Laura Fratiglioni 18. Control of vascular risk factors 220 13. Cardiovascular disease, cognitive Deborah Gustafson and Ingmar Skoog decline, and dementia 166 Angela L. Jefferson and Emelia Index 235 J. Benjamin Color plates are found between pp. 84 and 85. Contributors Rimma Axelsson, MD, PhD CLINTEC, Division of Radiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Lars Ba¨ ckman, PhD Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD Professor of Neuroradiology Alzheimer Center and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham. Department of Preventive Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemio- logy, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, USA Lena Borell, PhD, OT (reg) Professor of Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Alistair Burns, FRCP, FRCPysch, MD Professor of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Man- chester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK vii viii Contributors Catherine Cole, MRCPsych Deborah Gustafson, MS, PhD Specialist Registrar in Old Age Psychiatry, University Associate Professor, NeuroPsychiatric Epidemiology of Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, UK Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahl- grenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothen- Charles DeCarli, MD, PhD burg, Sweden, Rush University Medical Center, Professor of Neurology and Director, Alzheimer’s Chicago, USA, Medical College of Wisconsin, Mil- Disease Center and Imaging of Dementia and Aging wankee, USA (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Angela L. Jefferson, PhD Davis, Sacramento, USA Department of Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Christian Enzinger, MD USA Department of Neurology and Department of Radi- ology, Division of Neuroradiology, Medical University, Raj N. Kalaria, MD, PhD Graz, Austria Wolfson Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Timo Erkinjuntti, MD, PhD Tyne, UK Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Sari Karlsson, PhD Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Franz Fazekas, MD, PhD Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Neurology, Medical University, Graz, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Insti- Austria tutet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Wiesje M. van der Flier, PhD Miia Kivipelto, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Alzheimer Center and Department Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amster- Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institu- dam, the Netherlands tet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Neurosci- ence and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland Laura Fratiglioni, MD, PhD Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, and Erika J. Laukka, PhD Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Sweden Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Serge Gauthier, MD, PhD Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Research Oscar L. Lopez, MD Unit, McGill Centre for Studies on Aging, Douglas Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Alzhei- Mental Health University Institute, Montre?al, Que? mer’s Disease Research Center, University of bec, Canada Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA Jorge Ghiso, PhD Stuart W. S. MacDonald, PhD Associate Professor, Departments of Pathology and Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Contributors ix Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Psychology, Philip Scheltens, MD, PhD University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada Professor of Cognitive Neurology, Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Adriane Mayda, BS Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Reinhold Schmidt, MD, PhD Davis, Sacramento, USA Department of Neurology and Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Medical Tiia Ngandu, PhD University, Graz, Austria Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Insti- Ingmar Skoog, MD, PhD tutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of NeuroPsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Psychiatry and Finland Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Leonardo Pantoni, MD, PhD Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Alina Solomon Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Francesca Pescini, MD Caring Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Neuroscience University of Florence, Florence, Italy and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland Tuula Pirttila¨ , MD, PhD Salka S. Staekenborg, MD Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Anna Poggesi, MD Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Lars-Olof Wahlund, MD, PhD Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Chengxuan Qiu, PhD Society, Section for Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Stockholm, Sweden Anders Wallin, MD, PhD Stefan Ropele, PhD Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Department of Neurology, Medical University, Graz, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Go¨teborg, Sweden Austria Agueda Rostagno, PhD David A. Wolk, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, NYU Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Uni- School of Medicine, New York, USA versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA Preface The concepts of vascular cognitive
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