602 Dharwad District

CHAPTER 13

EDUCATION AND SPORTS

s elsewhere, in Karnataka too, Mutts, Ghatikasthanas, Brahmapuris and Agraharas were centres A of learning. Agraharas were exclusive townships founded by kings, queens, big officers and philanthropic rich men to further the cause of education. Scholars were invited and were made to settle at these places by donating them with land for their living. Although the Agraharas consisted of Brahmin-settlements, others also used to live there. Otherwise, they would live in the nearby hamlets, known as Kaluvallis, carved out of the land donated for scholars, who were known as Mahajanas. Agraharas were centres of higher learning, and the Brahmins living there were expected to pursue with earnestness, the Shatkarmas (Yajana, Yaajana, Adhyayana, Adhyaapana, Daana and Pratigraha) and master the fourteen branches of learning, starting with the Vedas. Such Agraharas could be found all over the country. The word Agrahara connotes settlement of scholars. Ghatikasthanas were examination centres for the candidates trained in these Agraharas. Gadag, Lakshmeshwara, Potteyuru, Kotumachigi and others had such Ghatikasthanas. They used to house Traipurusha temples.

While the Agraharas were exclusive settlements for Brahmins, Brahmapuris were rows of houses of scholars doing the same duties as the Brahmins of the Agraharas. Mutts were established in the vicinity of temples, where both the teacher and the taught lived together. One of the Brahmins among those who lived in the Agrahara would be appointed on ‘akkariga vritti’ to teach young children. Those Agraharas, which were established when Shaivism became dominant, came to be known as Shivapuris. After the advent of the Veerashaivism, there was a prolific establishment of Mutts, which became centres of Primary Education. Such Mutts were in existence even in the beginning of this century. Apart from these, there were private teaching centres, which were known as Odisuva Mutt, Kooli Mutt, and Sali Mutt.

Agraharas were existing in towns such as Lakshmeshwara in Dharwad district from the time of the Badami Chalukyas. We have evidence of the existence of such places at Kadiyuru (Kalasa), Manthrawadi, Shiggaon, Shishuvinahalli, Nirgund (Neelagund), Chinchilu and Kimule, even during the reign of the Rashtrakutas. There is evidence to show that as many as 72 scholars (Mahajanas) lived in the Gadag Agrahara, 200 in Nargund, and 120 in Puligere. During the rule of the Kalyani Chalukyas, Education and Sports 603

Hombal had 200, Jakkali 200, Tiluvalli 1000, Chikkerur 1000 [this is described as ‘Anadi Agrahara’ in an inscription dated 1408, and the scholars living there were called Sarvajnas] Haveri 400, Doni 60, Lokkigundi or Lakkundi 1000, Benthuru 60, Amminbhavi 400. Evidences are available to show that the scholars living in the Agraharas of Navalur, Hubballi (Eleya Purvahalli) and Soraturu were masters in all the fourteen branches of learning. In an inscription of Gadag dated 1099 AD, details are available with regard to the endowment made by the Chief-of–Staff of Chalukya Vikramadithya VI, Someshwara Chattopadhyaya, for the establishment of Prabhakara Vykhanasa Shale at Lakkundi. Here only very famous Agraharas are enumerated but one can surmise that an average of 10 to 15 Agraharas existed in each of the present day taluks. Agraharas not only imparted knowledge with regard to the Vedas, the Vedangas, the Tarka and the Vyakarana, but also knowledge of sciences such as Ayurveda, Jyotishya and Natyasastra. The scholars in the Agraharas were well versed in encyclopaedias like ‘Brihat Samhita’ of Varahamihira and ‘Lokopakara’ of Kshemendra which have details regarding such trades as Agriculture, Carpentry, Pottery and the like. Therefore, they could guide the local people with regard to these skills. These Agraharas had separate arrangements for imparting knowledge of the skills of writing and arithmetic. Mutts and schools were established with this purpose. An inscription dated 1127 AD gives details regarding an endowment made to a teacher (Upadhyaya) who taught grammar (Kaumara Vyakarana) at the Rameshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara (Puligere). It seems the school was higher than that of primary level. There are references to the teacher as well. There is a reference in an inscription of 1189 A.D. to an effort to build a school jointly by the 200 Mahajanas of Eleya Puravahalli (Hubballi) and members of the Kurubaseni (the guild of shepherds). We could well surmise that the Jains who were dominant in this region must have arranged to impart education in their Basadis. The Kalamukha Monasteries were eminent centres of learning and we find many Kalamukha Mutts in this district, like Manthrawadi, Chikkerur and many others.

Though Agraharas and Brahmapuris were mainly meant for religious education, worldly learning also found a place in them. It may not be the complete truth to say that education was exclusively meant for the Brahmins. Vocational training was prevalent among people of all trades. Though not belonging to the Brahmin Caste, the members of the beauracracy and the trading class for whom the three R’s (reading, writing and arithmetic) were a must, must have learnt them at the educational centres mentioned above or through privately arranged teachers by them. The system of teaching in public places, known as Kooli Mutts, must have been in existence, on fees collected from the pupils or on public donations. Arrangements to appoint tutors to teach ladies at home, also must have existed.

We find extensive references to erudite women, like the Chalukyan princesses Akkadevi and Mailaladevi Padmaladevi, the lady of Malladeva of the Gutta lineage, and Vennele Settikatti, wife of the feudatory king Kamisetty of Konavanthi (Hirekonathi) and others. The renowned Attimabbe, wife of the Chalukyan Chief-of-staff, was well known as an erudite lady as well as a donor of books. These are references found in the inscriptions. There must have been many more not mentioned in them. However, it is true that education for women did not get as much importance as that for men.

In the Agraharas, both the teachers and students were given with all academic amenities. There are references in inscriptions to ‘Bhyshajjya’ or medical care to students. An edict of Sudi in Ron taluk explicitly says that discipline was given prime importance in the Agrahara of that place and that the indisciplined students faced rustication. 604 Dharwad District

The curricula at the primary level of education included ‘Balashikshe’ and ‘Karnata-balashikshe’ and learning the Kannada alphabet. Higher education was imparted in branches of learning such as ‘Nyaya’, ‘Tarka’, ‘Mimamse’, ‘Prabhakara’ and ‘Vyakarana’.

The administrative personnel of the Agraharas were known as ‘Mahajanas’ and they were in charge of the revenue administration, maintenance of Law and Order and providing civic amenities. They were not only looking after the administration of the Agraharas, but were running educational institutions as well, according to an edict dated 1124 A.D. of Alur in Mundargi taluk. The Mahajanas of the Agraharas would look after the administration of the local bodies, and those in the Brahmapuris would assist in the administration of the concerned villages.

After the advent of the Mohammaden rule, Madrasas were attached to the Masjids (Mosques). Apart from the formal education, these institutions were imparting religious education as well. Many Brahmins in the Agraharas had by then replaced their traditional duties by taking up professions such as soldiers, administrators, accountants, traders and the like. This had begun from the Vijayanagara times and encouragement for the establishment of the Agraharas declined during the Mohammaden rule. The land grant to the Mahajanas became insufficient for maintenance during the course of three or four generations. In such cases of exigencies for division of landed property, the heirs of Mahajanas were compelled to seek other vocations. They included the teachers in ‘Kooli Mutts’ and many others learnt languages like Persian and Marathi which helped them get government employment.

When the Maratha rule was established, Marathi was taught as a subject in ‘Kooli Mutts’ and the teachers there were known as ‘panthojis’. This term was prevalent in old Mysore area also. Teaching in ‘Kooli Mutts’ and ‘Lingayat Mutts’ continued till the advent of the British rule.

Many luminaries who were born in the nineteenth century and were living during the first quarter of the twentieth century recalled that they had their early education in the ‘Kuli Mutts’ or the ‘Sali Mutts’. Dr. Sigihalli has said that the surname of a teacher of Deputy Channabasappa was Salimatha itself. It is also known that there were teachers who bore the surname ‘Sali’. This system was followed by the establishment of schools known as ‘Gavati shale’. These continued to exist even after the British took over the responsibility of education. The District Gazetteer (1884) has documented the fact that 36 private schools existed during 1882-83. Out of these, 21 were administered by the Jaghirdars or the local feudatories. The province of Savanur itself had six such schools.

In Gavati schools, the practice of ‘Dhoolakshara’ was prevalent which consisted in practising writing with fingers, alphabet on a layer of sand. ‘Barakhadi’ is the Marathi equivalent of this term. The school going pupil would carry a bag of sand with him (the expression ‘I carried sand to the school’ is still in vogue). After mastering the alphabet, one would be entitled to write on the slate with the help of pot-stone pencil (Balapa). Before the advent of the Mohammaden rule, when the use of paper was not known, writing on palm leaf with the help of ‘Kantha’ was followed. This, of course, was replaced by the use of paper. There were many centres in Dharwad district which manufactured ‘Kori Kagada’ even during the 16th century.

Pre-primary Education

The Christian Missionaries and other private managements had established the Kindergarten or L.K.G. and U.K.G classes in a few places in the district at the beginning of this century. These were found in the Anglo-Vernacular schools. In some primary schools, pre-primary classes named as ‘bhinna Education and Sports 605 iyatte’ and ‘ardha bhinna iyatte’ existed. This was aimed at inculcating school going habit among children. After the Kindergarten, children find it easy to follow lessons in the primary school.

There are three Teacher Training Institutes in the district to train pre-primary teachers and one of them is a government institution. The other two, viz., the Mahila Vidyapeetha at Hubli and the J.N. Teacher Training Institute, are privately managed. They receive grants from the government. A total of 535 (376 male and 159 female) candidates, and 520 (372 male and 148 female) candidates were trained in these institutes during 1991-92 and 1992-93 respectively. A total of 109 candidates took the examination and 70 of them passed (64.22 per cent) in 1991-92. During 1992-93, out of 131 candidates who took the examination. 106 (80.92 per cent) passed. A total of 13 and 20 girls belonging to the scheduled castes, and six and four girls belonging to the scheduled tribes, studied in these three institutes respectively during the above two years. Likewise, there were 13 and 20 staff working during those years respectively.

Primary Education

Since Dharwad was part of the Bombay Province before the State’s Reorganisation, influence of Marathi was considerable and hence Marathi schools out numbered Kannada schools. Kannada was being used only in the Veerashaiva Mutts. Apart from Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit and Arithmetic were also being taught here. A semi-government organisation by name ‘Bombay Native Education Society’ started one Marathi school each in Hubli and Dharwad in 1826. Thus, the Government entered the field of education. In 1826, there were 12 Kannada schools with 1,341 children studying in them. By 1882, the number of schools increased to 341 and the student strength rose to 29,711. The then collector of Belgaum, Tensend has reported that in Ron, there were two local schools and a total of sixty students were studying in them and that all of them had learnt the Ten Commandments by rote.

At Dharwad, an English school was started in 1848 and later in 1867 a Girls’ School was established. By 1873, the number of Girls’ Schools had risen to 11. In 1881, the percentage of literacy in the district was 6.19.

In 1882, there were 356 government schools in all in the district, at the rate of one school for four villages and the total teacher strength was 960. There were 36 other schools also in the district. Out of them, 20 were run by the Jahgirdars (feudatories), and the remaining 16 were receiving financial grants from the government. Out of the 16 privately managed schools, eight schools (five Boys’ Schools and three Girls’ Schools) were under the administration of the Basel Mission. Of the 20 schools under the Departmental supervision, six were in the Savanur State, ten were in the Lakshmeshwar region of Miraj State, and the rest were functioning in the other parts of Miraj province. In 1882, one school each was started in Dharwad and Hubli, exclusively for the children belonging to the scheduled castes, where 105 and 50 students respectively enrolled.

In Dharwad, the first Girls’ School was started in 1867. In the following six years this had increased to eleven and the student strength had risen to 429. In 1880, there were 20 schools and 979 students. By 1883, the number of schools had increased to 24, out of which 17 were Government Schools, three Missionary Schools and four were Estate Schools. (The Department of Education was established in 1885.)

Rural schools: These schools were not under the government, before a definite education policy was formulated . The curriculum in these schools included only reading hand written letters, drafting 606 Dharwad District

letters, calculation of simple interest, Arithmetic and verbal calculations. A fee of two to four annas was collected from each student, out of which the teachers’ remuneration was paid. Apart from this, on the day of ‘Halagi pooje’ (Chaturdashi), each teacher would get a gift of some food-grains and cash of one duddu. The teachers would dine in their pupils’ houses on one day in a week. By 1882, there were 150 children belonging to scheduled castes studying in these schools. The number of these Gavati schools dwindled as the government schools came to be established.

English teaching heralded its entry in Dharwad district, when in 1892 a Government English School was started there. Walter Eliot, the then Assistant Collector of the Dharwad division, argued that the establishment of Marathi schools in 1826 in that region was not justified. He initiated the beginning of a Kannada school at Dharwad and personally bore all the expenses to run it for three years. His recommendations regarding teaching of Kannada and preparation of text books were accepted. Under his supervision, three textbooks, ‘Aesopana Niti Kathegalu’, ‘Ganitha Pusthaka Purnanka’ and ‘Shala Paddhati’ were prepared and printed at the Mission press at Ballary. They have the distinction of being the first ever Kannada textbooks of the Bombay Presidency. According to the administrative report of the Bombay Presidency for the year 1882, Dharwad was considered an educationally advanced district of the southern region. There were three Girls’ Schools at Dharwad, Lakshmeswar and Savanur with a combined strength of 150, and these were considered the best schools of the region. As the language of the so called ‘Southern Maratha’ region was Kannada, the Bombay government took a far reaching decision in 1835 of introducing Kannada as the medium of instruction in schools and as the language of administration in offices. This resulted in an increase in the number of Kannada schools.

The Department of Education of Bombay Presidency was under the ‘Board of Education’. The entire province was divided into three regions for administrative convenience. The southern region comprising four Kannada districts got Allan William Russell as Inspector in 1864 who took much interest in giving the due status to Kannada, the language of the region. He saw to it that Kannada- knowing teachers were appointed in schools and adequately provided Kannada textbooks. The Primary School at Savanur had only five classes until 1912. Consequently, students had to go to either Dharwad or Hubli for higher classes. To avoid this inconvenience, the Nawab of Savanur upgraded this into a High School in 1917 and called it ‘Majid High School’. The first Matriculation examination was held here in 1919. Writers like Venkatarango Katti and Madivaleshwara Turamuri prepared Kannada textbooks under the guidance of Russell.

National Schools : During the movement of the Division of Bengal, a National School was started at Dharwad by the efforts of Alur Venkata Rao. One Mr.Burse started a similar National School at Hubli. Such schools existed at Navalgund, Agadi and Nargund also. These schools were considered by the then Government to be imparting pernicious education to children and hence the government ordered their closure in 1910.

Again during the Non-Cooperation Movement, similar schools started functioning at Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Mishrikoti and other places. At Gadag, the school was run at the residence of one Mr. Morab. Here, a High School also came into being later. Dambala Venkata Rao, Dambal Narayana Rao, S.V.Malagi and others served as teachers in this school. Students of these schools were taught such classics as Kannada Jaimini Bharatha, Kumaravyasa Bharatha, Girija Kalyana, Someshwara Shataka and Rajashekhara Vilasa. They were introduced to important English and Sanskrit works. These schools were run by the Karnataka Rashtriya Vidyapitha of Dharwad. Examinations for the students of these schools were being conducted by one Vinayaka Baba Joshi, who was an Education Officer. During this Education and Sports 607 period five more National Schools were started at Gadag-Betgeri. They were managed by Mushti Fund, and people like Dr.Narayan Rao, Umachagi Gopala Rao and others collected funds in the form of grains for this purpose. In the school founded at Dharwad, eminent people like Bendre, Diwakar and Sham. Ba.Joshi served as teachers.

Deputy Channabasappa, who rose to the highest position in the Department of Education of the Bombay Presidency, contributed his mite to improve the position of Kannada. During his tenure, the number of Kannada schools increased considerably. He encouraged use of Kannada among the common people, and ordered the teaching of Kannada numericals and multiplication tables in schools. He even took action against those who failed to implement his order. He became the Principal of the Normal Teachers’ Training School at Dharwad in 1856, and consequently became the Education Officer. He was responsible for the continuation of academic reforms started by Eliot.

At Jakkali of Ron taluk, a Boys’ School was started in 1867, where 25 students were studying. The student strength rose to 100 in 1882, and in 1893 the school became co-educational. In 1911, there were 143 boys and 13 girls out of whom, three boys took the Mulki examination, and two of them got through. (Mulki was the public examination at the end of seven years of schooling). The Municipal school Board at Gadag-Betegeri was founded in 1925.

Administration : At the time of States’ Reorganisation, the district educational administration was being looked after by the District Education Officer of Bombay. The supervision of Primary education, administration of Government Schools and Training Institutes, as also the administration of High Schools, Agricultural, Commercial and Technical Schools came under the purview of the department. There were several inspectors to assist him, who would supervise Physical Education, Audio Education (equivalent to today’s speech and hearing) and Commerce Education.

As far as the Primary Education was concerned, the Deputy Education Officer of Dharwad was supervising its working on behalf of the government. It was in this capacity that Deputy Channabasappa worked briskly. He accorded recognition to private schools. During 1900-01, the number of schools in the district was 549 and the total student strength in these schools was 23,330, out of whom 1826 were girls. By 1920-21, the number of schools became 764 and the student strength rose to 44,005, of whom 12,303 were girls. In 1952-53, there were 1,554 primary schools in the district, which had classes from 1 to 7 out of which 151 schools were exclusively meant for girls. There were 82,533 boys and 50,615 girls studying in classes from 1 to 4; and in classes from 5 to 7, there were 19,697 boys and 3,536 girls studying and the total student strength was 1,56,381. A total of 4,227 teachers were working in these schools, out of which 593 were ladies. Out of them, only 1,979 men and 396 women teachers were trained. During this year, there were ten Training Institutes in all, in the district. Again, of them, seven (One government and six private) were meant for men; and three (one government and two private) for women. In all, a total of 618 (371 men and 247 women) candidates were trained in them. In this year, as many as 107 schools were managed by the Municipalities in Gadag, Dharwad and Hubli. Apart from these, there were 28 private schools in the Municipal areas. While the number of students in the first category was 25,475, it was 5,353 in the second. As per the statutes governing the District Local Boards of Bombay, the District School Boards consisting of elected members took over the administration of the primary schools.

In 1943, the District School Board of Dharwad implemented the Compulsory Education for children between 6 and 11 years in the Municipal areas of Byadgi, Haveri and Ranibennur. Though the 608 Dharwad District number of eligible children of these Municipal areas was 23,738 (13,143 boys and 10,595 girls), only 18,653 enrolled in the schools for that year.

D.C. Pavate, the then Director of Public Instruction of the erstwhile Bombay State, made significant contribution for the reformation of Primary Education. He took appropriate decisions with regard to the constitution of a committee for selection of teachers, opportunities to improve teachers’ qualifications, better their emoluments, selection of good textbooks, distribution of free books and uniforms and free lunch, and re-introduction of English in the curriculum of Middle Schools.

The State of Bombay passed in 1947, a law to enforce free and compulsory education to achieve definite results. The purpose of this law was to provide compulsory primary schooling for seven years for each child. The responsibility of implementing this law was entrusted to the District School Boards and the official Municipalities. The Municipalities at Dharwad, Hubli and Gadag-Betgeri were then considered official.

There were 1,554 Primary Schools in the district, consisting of classes from 1 to 7, in 1958. Out of this, 151 were Girls’ Schools. Of these, 697 were District School Board Schools, four Aided Schools, 149 Municipal Schools, 676 schools getting grants from School Boards, 27 schools receiving grants from Municipalities and one unaided school. The language-wise break-up of these 1554 schools was as follows: 1,359 Kannada schools (711 government and 648 private), 173 Urdu schools (127 government and 46 private), 12 Marathi schools (9 government and 3 private), three English Schools (all private), two Telugu Schools (private), three Tamil Schools (one government and two private) and two Gujarathi schools (private).

Training College, Dharwad

In the North Karnataka region, where influence of Marathi was more, there was an urgent necessity to start Kannada schools. In order to train Kannada teachers, a training institute was started in 1856 under the name, ‘Normal School’. Deputy Channabasappa officiated as the first superintendent of this institute and gave a new dimension to the concept of Teachers’ Training. As the Educational Inspector’s office was situated at Belgaum, this Institute was shifted to Belgaum in 1861. This Normal School was upgraded as a Training College in 1864, and Deputy Channabasappa himself became its first Principal. When in 1866, Channabasappa was made the Deputy Inspector, Venkatarango Katti, a renowned scholar was appointed Principal of the college. This college was transferred back to Dharwad in 1875. Another renowned writer, Gangadhareshwara Madivaleshwara Turamuri, who served as a teacher in various places of the district between 1848 and 1877, learnt English on his own and became the government translator in 1865. Recognising his capacity, he was appointed vice-Principal of the Training College in 1872. He compiled a Kannada Dictionary entitled ‘Shabdamanjari’ with financial assistance from the government. During the same period, Sha.Ra. Kittur, who was working at Sardar High School at Belgaum, was transferred to this college as a Kannada teacher. It is believed that the German Missionaries, Kittel and Worth, learnt Kannada under his guidance. In 1864, there were two sections in the college at Belgaum with 12 and 14 students respectively. About half of them were Konkanis. During that year, renowned persons such as Huyilagol Bhujanga Rao, Rodda Srinivasa Rao and Venkatarango Katti served as its Principals. Bhaskara Buva Bakhale, who was considered a confluence of Gwalior, Jaipur and Agra Gharanas of Hindustani Music was a music teacher here in 1908. This Training College functioned like a University in those days and brought about qualitative improvement of Dharwad district in areas like education and culture. Education and Sports 609

Deputy Channabasappa who started a Kannada Movement in those days, also brought out an educational magazine by name ‘Matha Patrike’ in 1865 as a journal of the institution, which is being brought out even today, with the name, ‘Jivana Shikshana’. It is getting printed in the printing press owned by the institute. About 10,000 copies of the magazine are printed every month and are being sent to various schools throughout the state. The ‘Matha patrike’ was functioning as the gazette of the department, giving guidance and inspiration to the teachers.

The Practising School, which was established in 1875, in the premises of the Training College, is functioning even now. This school is getting full grants from the Central Government through State Educational Research and Training Centre and the state government. In this school, one Principal of the cadre of a Deputy Director and seven heads of independent departments are working.

This institution gives admission only to in-service teachers and has 25 teachers as faculty. Training in various disciplines is being imparted here depending upon the requirement of the teachers deputed from various schools. A Primary Teachers’ Training Institute with 120 students, a Primary School with a strength of 800 students and an Art School are attached to this. An endowment established in the name of Deputy Channabasappa has hitherto brought out 30 books of educational value.

This institute had conducted 80 training programmes and had trained 3600 in-service teachers by 1993-94. The campus is known as ‘Shikshana Santhasa’, an abbreviation for Community for Educational Resource and Training.

Under the New Education Policy, this institute is renamed as District Institute for Educational Training since 1993. After the government accorded permission to establish training colleges to the private managements, two institutes - Navalgund Training College and Basel Mission Training College were started in 1944 and 1947 respectively.

Training Institute for Women, Dharwad

This is the first ever Training Institute for Women in the state, established in Dharwad in 1895, with nine trainees. As education became popular among women, there was a dearth of trained women teachers, and hence this institute was begun. It took its birth as ‘Training class’ under the guidance of the then District Educational officer, Rodda Srinivasa Rao and Sahasrabuddhe. In 1903, it acquired the name ‘Female Normal School’. Only British ladies served here as Principals until Independence. Balakrishna Rango Kadadi was the first Indian Principal. In 1908, this was renamed as Government Training Institute for Women. In 1958, a training section for pre-primary teachers was started with 15 candidates and later this was extended to train primary teachers also. The Urdu teachers of this region had to go to Pune for training. To overcome this, a section was opened here to train Urdu teachers. This institute has to date, trained more than 6000 women teachers. At present, the institute has three sections, one to train Kannada and Urdu teachers, another for training pre-primary teachers, and third, a Model and Experimental Primary School with pre-primary training. There are 170 teacher- trainees and a total of 800 children studying in both the schools.

Primary Teachers’ Training

A mention has already been made as to how the ‘Normal School’ which was established in 1856 became a Training College and the establishment of the Training College for Women and a section to 610 Dharwad District train Urdu teachers here. Many private managements also have given a thrust to the teacher-training programme by establishing Training Institutes for primary teachers. Mention must be made here of the establishment of Mahila Vidyapeetha at Hubli by freedom fighter Sardar Veeranagouda Patil. Under the auspices of this, Akkamahadevi Training College was started in 1949. Among the other eight private institutes, five were aided and the remaining three, unaided. During 1991-92, 1,056 students (439 men and 617 women) in total were studying in all these ten institutions. During 1992-93, this figure rose to 1319 (437 men and 882 women). Out of 451 students of the first year who took the examination during 1991-92, 177 passed (72.24 per cent); Out of the 381 students of the second year, who faced the examination that year, 214 got through (56.17 per cent); and 437 took the second year examination and 327 passed (74.83 per cent). Of the 437 candidates who took the first year examination in 92-93, there were 300 Kannada-medium candidates, 86 English-medium candidates and 29 belonged to Urdu medium. The language break up for the second year was as follows; 300-Kannada; 88-English and 29-Urdu.

During 1991-92, while in the first year there were 37 male candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and 15 female candidates of the same category there were 13 male candidates of scheduled Tribe and 14 female candidates of the Scheduled Tribe category; there were 25 male candidates of the scheduled caste category, and 22 female candidates of the same category, and 13 males and 12 females of the scheduled tribe category, in the second year. During 1992-93 the break-up was as follows: 19 scheduled caste males and 22 scheduled caste females, six scheduled tribe males and six scheduled tribe females for the first year; and 23 scheduled caste males, 17 scheduled caste females and five scheduled tribe males and nine scheduled tribe females for the second year. There were 113 teachers working during 1991-92; and 108 teachers during 1992-93 in all these institutions.

Progress of Primary Education

During the three decades between 1960 and 1990, there was considerable improvement in the field of primary education. Apart from the 17 taluks, separate zones of Hubli and Gadag were formed for the smooth academic administration supervised by the Deputy Director of Public Instruction of the district. After the passing of the Karnataka Local Board and Village Panchayat Act of 1960, the District Boards became defunct and Primary Education came under the direct control of the government.

There were 2,149 Primary Schools in the district in 1991-92, out of which 902 were Lower Primary Schools (classes from 1 to 4), and 1,247 Upper Primary Schools (up to class 7). Out of these 834 were Government Schools and the remaining 68 were private ones. There were 1,162 Government Upper Primary Schools, while the remaining 85 were private schools. Of the 902 Lower Primary Schools, 777 were in the rural areas. The remaining 125 were situated in the urban areas. Out of the total 1,247 Upper Primary Schools, 895 were in the rural areas and the remaining 352 were in the urban areas. The above cited 2,149 Primary Schools had a total strength of 5,65,868 of which 3,05,059 were boys and 2,60,809, girls. There were 65,893 students belonging to the scheduled castes and 23,425 to the scheduled tribes among them. There were 3,65,510 children studying in 1,672 rural schools. Out of this, 45,000 belonged to the Scheduled Castes category, and 17,536 to the Scheduled Tribes catagory.

During the above period, the total teacher strength was 9,529, out of which 6,583 were males and 2,946 females. Out of them, there were 1,037 and 136 teachers belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes respectively. Among the 9529 teachers, 1,814 teachers served in Lower Primary Education and Sports 611

Schools, while 7,715 worked in Upper Primary Schools. Of these, 1,774 working in Lower Primary Schools and 7,586 working in Upper Primary Schools were trained. This shows that 98.2 per cent of the teachers working in the district were trained. Of the 1996 Government Schools, 1,691 had their own buildings. Likewise, of the 153 private schools, 58 functioned in buildings of their own.

The tables on the following pages (tables 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6 and 13.7) indicate the details regarding number of teachers, number of beneficiaries of the Mid-Day Meal facility, number of beneficiaries of Free Text Books and Uniforms distributed, for the three years between 1991-92 and 1993-94. Also, there are tables regarding talukwise break up of the student strength during 1993-94. All the information was provided by the District Education Officer.

Middle School Education

There was enough importance as well to the Middle School Education which is the next stage after Primary Education. The English School at Dharwad, which was established in 1884, belonged to this category. The Christian Missionaries also started many Middle Schools in the district. However, these schools are not functioning now. They have been subsequently upgraded as High Schools. The Municipal Secondary School at Haveri was started in 1892 with three classes. This was converted into Anglo-Vernacular school in 1922, and came under the administration of the Municipality. Later, the first three classes came under District Local Board administration, while classes 4 and 5 were transferred to the administration of the Municipality. Classes six and seven were started during 1924 and 1925 respectively. There were five Middle Schools in the district imparting English education in the beginning of the century and 203 boys and 85 girls were studying in them. There were six Vernacular Schools giving education in the local language, with a combined student strength of 352. While the number of schools of the first category remained unaltered, in 1921, the student strength rose to 424; and the number of schools belonging to the second category was increased to nine and the student strength rose to 404.

The Gadag Municipality started an English Middle School in 1885. In 1890, a Middle School was started by Vidyadaana Samithi, where Bendre, Gajendragadkar, Adavi and Hunagund worked as Head Masters. The Model Secondary School, which was started in 1946, became a High School in 1952.

Contribution of Missionaries to the field of Education

The Basel Mission started its activities in Dharwad in 1836. Though the main aim was propagation of their religion, they did yeoman service in the field of education. Initially, Samuel Hebic and Rev. Mogling were appointed as Missionaries. Hubli and Dharwad were considered official headquarters of the Basel Mission in 1837 and 1839 respectively. At first, the Basel Mission started its schools at Betegeri, Unakal, Itagi, Kalghatgi, Ranibennur, Motebennur and Chalageri. These schools provided free education to Christian students. Mogling took a Brahmin’s house for rent in the Bazaar Street at Dharwad and started an English School. Some Europeans and a few Tamil Christian students were studying there. Likewise, a Boarding School for girls was started in 1846 and 14 girls studied there. All the Missionary Schools except the one by Rev. Mogling, opened Kannada Schools only and the Missionaries also taught there. In 1837, Rev.Lehner and his wife started Kannada schools in surrounding villages. Mrs. Lehner supervised the administration of Girls’ Schools apart from teaching Kannada, English and Tailoring. 612 Dharwad District 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 BGBGBGBGBGBGBGBGBG Table 13.1 : Details of School drop outs for three years in the district from 1991-92 to 1993-94 Table Dharwad Corp. not sent information 1. Byadgi2. Dharwad Tq.3. Gadag City 3144. Gadag Rural 6125. 58 Hangal 330 1796. Haveri 12 927. 150 Hirekerur 2000 048. 148 83 Hubli 3002 674 02 575 217 329. 718 Hubli Tq. 538 300 35 325 174 580 1150 nil 396 not availalbe 15 118 170 1750 122 128 760 19 140 300 3003 207 311 140 85 2806 350 17 not sent information 568 110 200 270 680 01 633 114 288 290 522 216 02 117 1506 550 200 not available 239 1717 160 98 158 106 275 130 130 2237 nil 183 194 330 1737 130 100 288 415 260 18 475 190 32 329 not available 775 429 02 1500 210 29 85 1675 187 56 270 64 96 nil 300 28 78 113 250 01 72 260 02 19. Shirhatti 76 48 21 16 03 09 64 27 32 13 08 12 58 32 39 21 11 09 10. Kalghatgi11. Kundgol12. 1821 Mundargi 166213.Nargund694409050604362710070403946907080504 14. Navalgund15. not given 1914 Ranibennur16. 1676 Ron 346017. Savanur 292518. not given 685 Shiggaon 590 100 780 496 160 115 364 300 30 1161 2820 110 1210 10 1880 98 445 10 not sent information 280 75 not sent information 10 1781 603 1662 160 810 not sent information 175 150 245 not given 155 20 175 96 15 149 88 115 10 650 15 900 110 203 100 150 250 115 15 119 15 17 Taluk / RangeTaluk Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. B = Boys; G = Girls; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste; ST = Girls; SC = Boys; G = B = Education and Sports 613 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 BGBGBGBGBGBGBGBGBG Table 13.2 : Details of Primary School Teachers for three years in the district from 1991-92 to 1993-94 13.2 : Details of Primary School Teachers Table Dharwad Corp. 443 103 34 62 13 16 377 1105 43 76 14 16 492 1084 45 72 19 24 1. Byadgi2. Dharwad Tq.3. Gadag City4. 308 280 Gadag Rural5. 214 Hangal 237 406. 347 Haveri 35 204 457. Hirekerur 49 28 138. 398 09 Hubli 43 377 14 19 8779. 12 585 Hubli Tq. 15 138 30 09 12 92 02 25 31 305 08 03 260 65 216 209 06 09 239 62 163 03 31 351 08 227 10 50 12 52 44 15 02 08 10 02 385 42 17 372 19 11 07 490 60 137 10 11 12 111 03 02 38 39 283 20 03 58 231 261 216 08 14 03 246 188 04 64 27 37 230 336 17 10 44 27 15 34 04 13 02 14 09 412 21 46 11 522 08 451 149 05 14 09 113 05 95 02 41 03 24 59 246 54 12 05 187 04 23 09 19 14 05 10 03 12 05 Taluk / Range/ Taluk Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. 19. Shirhatti 313 76 45 10 15 01 305 79 45 09 23 03 315 97 48 08 25 02 10. Kalghatgi11. Kundgol12. Mundargi 18213. Nargund 27214. 91 Navalgund 21815. 105 Ranibennur 26 175 6116. 32 Ron 348 1317. 32 530 34 Savanur 09 6518. 06 Shiggaon 140 16 13 11 43 01 45 599 04 225 08 03 20 163 91 21 52 10 05 253 05 78 30 21 26 03 198 104 03 27 10 05 08 183 51 32 349 06 536 26 78 09 29 09 78 07 146 20 32 12 12 27 40 01 618 06 13 02 213 05 166 21 91 11 04 247 45 21 98 16 30 03 192 96 24 06 22 07 10 187 62 27 09 352 10 555 25 80 36 08 10 85 179 10 36 20 12 11 02 37 32 02 619 05 12 206 01 06 15 95 15 64 05 22 48 32 01 27 06 16 11 11 81 11 37 02 B = Boys; G = Girls; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste; ST = Girls; SC = Boys; G = B = 614 Dharwad District 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 BGBGBGBGBGBGBGBGBG Table 13.3 : Details of beneficiaries Mid-day-meal Programme in the district from 1991-92 to 1993-94 Table Dharwad Corp. 8438 1562 1516 620 105 68 4581 4419 1508 1444 576 578 1. Byadgi2. Dharwad Tq.3. Gadag City 38544. Gadag Rural 5660 31465. Hangal 1030 25326. Haveri 675 20687. 1115 Hirekerur 2434 543 7308. Hubli 2566 2717 281 260 44209. 1580 1883 Hubli Tq. 3705 63 3700 67 1716 890 2295 625 35 nil 1031 755 547 500 691 350 5440 543 264 717 2690 57 2649 198 10962 253 2351 3391 928 1150 46 6821 not implemented Programme 510 2609 416 6456 28 451 446 364 967 14 384 92 317 745 nil 1043 180 1027 296 957 139 107 24888 1997 73 1703 79 204 2096 73 183 65 nil 2027 9489 8181 820 631 605 402 10. Kalghatgi 11. Kundgol12. Mundargi 13. Nargund 374114. Navalgund 325915. Ranibennur 3427 72516. 2826 Ron 2193 560 1960017. 1786 Savanur 510 12400 76718. 110 4452 Shiggaon 264 530 3108 808 1200 1750 289 2580 3695 395 800 1250 143 2420 2810 401 388 300 20100 1749 568 11900 2073 288 378 1241 538 4280 1869 274 100 467 3210 505 446 246 304 68 3860 480 333 1149 3116 203 1200 8875 543 14862 851 800 146 7791 12113 403 147 3220 834 4213 300 9440 2190 3949 108 7791 378 8629 289 370 115 20 100 751 2006 347 604 Programme not implemented 08 68 662 270 13782 847 11105 208 751 1205 967 No programme 167 1559 19. Shirhatti not implemented Programme Taluk / RangeTaluk Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. B = Boys; G = Girls; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste; ST = Girls; SC = Boys; G = B = Education and Sports 615 available not available 3675 3845 not available not available no proper information sent no proper information sent no proper information sent 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 BGBGBGBGBGBGBGBGBG Table 13.4 : Details of distribution of Free Text Books in the district from 1991-92 to 1993-94 Text 13.4 : Details of distribution Free Table Dharwad Corp. 978 1178 not available 3123 2396 not available 1. Byadgi2. DharwadTq. 3. Gadag City4. 3017 Gadag Rural not given5. 2008 Hangal 1556 1920 20176. 17043 1400 Haveri 11594 1510 10007. 1193 Hirekerur 582 1450 10008. 989 Hubli 1140 1008 143 10615 178 26409. 8426 436 Hubli Tq. not given 224 2065 5065 128 1450 1435 1638 3718 18237 1140 948 1498 13335 2719 not given 1147 1172 491 1965 1205 875 1034 960 9196 1117 152 6125 285 2344 776 397 not given 6033 2018 263 502 149 4118 1206 1452 350 18958 3163 not 1150 given 952 13539 not available 4007 1148 1138 382 1188 10847 901 1066 556 1073 159 7457 523 261 3069 386 1789 370 158 139 1510 276 1073 not available 1026 890 727 509 Taluk / Range / Taluk Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. 19. Shirhatti 4735 3415 1741 1051 811 855 6039 5290 2011 1194 1342 1465 9649 7617 503 207 359 261 17. Savanur18. Shiggaon 1805 1317 1160 889 905 527 503 383 900 129 577 1298 84 822 1776 643 1440 1314 410 1077 655 512 412 392 2421 2696 1728 2075 1761 2075 1361 830 660 621 412 453 10. Kalghatgi 11. Kundgol 12. Mundargi 13. Nargund14. Navalgund15. Ranibennur 203616. Ron 1972 10650 893 11580 3160 685 2990 3020 528 2800 2020 not 351 available 2150 11000 1284 not available 10900 923 3450 3050 2972 731 2860 2080not 608 1865 453 12850 10310 315 3210 2292 no proper information sent 275 1794 2680 718 1985 645 465 336 B = Boys; G = Girls; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste; ST = Girls; SC = Boys; G = B = 616 Dharwad District 16267 6850 4550 3187 1524 1718 1426 not available 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 BGBGBGBGBGBGBGBGBG Table 13.5 : Details of distribution of Free Uniforms in the district from 1991-92 to 1993-94 13.5 : Details of distribution Free Table Dharwad Corp. 6030 6770 not given not given 4028 3784 not givengivennot 3905 1360 not given not given 7. Hirekerur8. Hubli 39609. 3040 HubliTq. 3267 2416 not supplied 693 not supplied 624 not given 4113 3828 not given 2003 1924 871 2110 830 1904 502 3931 3387 420 1979 1722 not given 1852 900 1665 835 510 430 1. Byadgi2. Dharwad Tq.3. not distributed Gadag City 1920 20074. Gadag Rural 1510 2008 10995. 1450 Hangal 1007 1400 11406. 1008 Haveri 834 1000 not given 989 1000 1450 2640 142 5070 1140 2065 638 3880 224 1147 1435 2956 338 1156 875 948 2253 1482 369 1205 2114 864 298 1117 1034 163 not distributed 2801 263 not implemented not avaialbe 2462 868 1073 769 156 no proper statistics received 375 158 331 304given not Taluk / Range / Taluk Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C. S.T. Total S.C.19. Shirhatti S.T. 4735 3415 1741 1051 811 855 6039 5290 2011 1194 1342 1465 9649 7617 503 207 359 261 10. Kalghatgi11. Kundgol12. Mundargi not given information 13. Nargund not given information 14. Navalgund not given information 15. Ranibennur 2816 172216. 1621 Ron 16500 1293 944 1280017. Savanur 1100 298518. 549 Shiggaon 808 2110 376 11400 1730 395 1790 9490 1210 347 1210 401 not given 16800 sent not information 1450 800 11986 2030 1076 3250 not given 1610 660 2090 356 1047 13260 990 1680 12150 415 736 1170 550 not given 242 362 17666 1785 13817 270 360 1230 3180 not given 4260 2620 855 727 15690 14110 3195 1450 660 614 not given 1376 3350 930 319 954 570 314 not given 683 2384 203 565 1852 258 1722 1382 662 470 B = Boys; G = Girls; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste; ST = Girls; SC = Boys; G = B = Education and Sports 617 Table 13.6 : Details of students from class 1 to 7 in the district during 1993-94 Table BGBGBGBGBGBGBG Total 56,870 53,381 55,129 51,073 54,888 48676 46,710 40,244 37,385 30,065 29,414 23,371 25,108 18,711 Dharwad Corp. 7704 6964 7550 6839 8820 6851 7044 6519 6698 6027 5791 5295 5143 4552 1. Byadgi2. Dharwad Tq.3. Gadag City4. Gadag Rural 4364 17895. Hangal 4301 19976. 1786 Haveri 26477. 3659 Hirekerur 1689 17088. 2606 Hubli 3806 3576 2034 1743 27359. 3929 Hubli Tq. 3109 3053 3451 1881 1854 2464 3891 3444 3050 3130 1935 1651 2768 3607 2561 2998 3106 2718 1727 1700 2270 3338 2546 3218 3007 2181 1921 1510 2216 3731 2723 3117 3158 2122 1609 1232 1830 3206 2359 2564 2883 1527 1766 903 1836 3089 2700 2505 2755 1548 1367 1024 1240 2423 2542 1802 2328 1137 1380 658 1426 2243 2400 4396 2195 1380 1229 839 863 1772 2291 1233 1837 1197 825 604 1553 1142 2030 1210 1731 1037 1492 694 1941 1040 1417 1425 1540 932 1457 1154 1380 1162 1359 1045 19. Shirhatti 3023 2899 2718 2464 2528 2193 2245 1757 1881 1475 1306 953 1098 818 10. Kalghatgi11. Kundgol12. Mundargi13. 2404 Nargund14. 3369 Navalgund 224415. 1213 Ranibennur 215716. 2024 1365 Ron 1314 218217. 2275 Savanur 1873 3519 1235 175418. 2236 Shiggaon 2200 1651 1398 3261 1645 2620 2173 3383 1531 2386 4287 1286 1641 2432 2176 2064 3245 1465 2444 1280 3756 1470 2371 2404 2049 3310 1181 2007 4150 1073 1363 2195 2170 1790 3102 1137 1692 4195 988 1142 2168 2418 1574 3251 2039 771 3623 812 985 1835 2169 1442 2894 1616 2943 838 717 876 1622 2066 1178 3076 1524 2887 548 1215 1802 548 695 929 2679 1189 2234 700 1305 1720 540 666 2343 1094 973 2636 1062 431 918 1796 395 778 755 757 1773 1105 1045 1700 466 2098 562 823 1041 693 1061 1296 321 608 965 1398 660 813 854 382 688 Taluk / RangeTaluk Cl-1 Cl-2 Cl-3 Cl-4 Cl-5 Cl-6 Cl-7 B = Boys; G = Girls; SC = Scheduled Caste; ST = Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste; ST = Girls; SC = Boys; G = B = 618 Dharwad District

A Kannada School with 50 students under the supervision of Rev. Supper functioned in 1839 at Hubli, near the Bazaar. Lingayat teachers taught in them. Rev. Supper is said to have started the first Girls’ Primary School at New Hubli in 1842, and again in August another school at Old Hubli was opened, with 12 students in each of them. By 1844, the number of schools increased to 13. Agricultural Training Centres were started at Gadag-Betgeri, Siddhanabhavi and Gummagol in 1880 where Basel Mission experts such as Polter and John Stahlen worked as teachers. Rev. Herman Reach was posted as Inspector of Schools in 1895. Rev.Channappahalli became the Supervisor of schools at Betgeri. Rev.Nidhanappa Ramatal became the House Father of the Students’ Home started by the Basel Mission at Dharwad in 1914, and he served there until 1925. In 1906, two Montessories, one High School and an Orphanage were started by the Basel Mission. This organisation started the first High School in the district at Dharwad in 1863. Mention must be made of the great service rendered by such eminent Missionary scholars as Wigel, Ziegler, Mogling and Kittel. Ziegler served as Principal of the High School at Dharwad between 1870 and 1883 and he was the President of Vidyavardhaka Sangha. Rev.Kittel was its Principal during 1883-84. Prof.T.S.Venkannayya worked as the Kannada teacher in this school later. He was responsible for opening a High School for girls in 1945, and a Training School in 1947 at Dharwad.

Higher Education

The Basel Mission founded the first High School of the district in 1863 at Dharwad. At Kundgol of the Jamakhandi State, Harabhatt High School was started in 1877. Later at Kamanakatti in Dharwad, the Victoria High School was founded in the year 1882 (after independence the name was changed as Vidyaranya School). The founder members of the school-Shambhurao Kirloskar, Krishnarao Gadagkar and Hanumanthacharya Morab-floated Karnataka Education Society in 1901, and took over the administration of the Victoria School. In 1912, Hukkerikar Ramarao was its Head Master. Bendre, Diwakar and Sham.Ba.Joshi also were teachers in this school. St.Mary’s School at Hubli, Municipal High School at Haveri, were taken over in 1890 by K.E.Board, in addition to the already existing Vidyaranya, Karnataka and K.E.Board Schools at Dharwad. Dr.N.B.Kabbur, a freedom fighter served for long as the President. The schools which were started till the time of the States’ Reorganisation were: Lamington High School, Hubli (1904), New English High School, Hubli (1909), Convent High School, Hubli (1911), Anglo-Urdu Secondary School, Hubli (1917), R.L.S.High School, Dharwad, (1922), K.E.Board High School, Dharwad (1936), City High School, Hubli (1937), Kalmeshwara High School, Hole Alur, (1941), Mamle Desai High School, Shiggaon(1946), P.S.B.D Girls’ High School, Lakshmeshwar (1946), R.V.High School, Naregal (1946), Jagadguru Gangadhara High School, Hubli (1946), Model High School, Gadag-Betgeri(1946), Fathima High School, Hubli (1948), D.R.Tambakada High School, Hirekerur (1952), Basel Mission Higher Secondary School, Hubli (1953) and Government High School, Karjagi (1955). (The above list does not include details with regard to the schools who have not sent information). At the beginning of the century, there were High Schools in the three British taluks of the district with 637 students studying in them. One of these was the Government School (Dharwad), and there were 247 students in it. Of the remaining two schools, one was aided and the other, unaided. One school each was established in the years 1913, 1917, 1919 and 1920; and there were in 1920, a total student strength of 2,604. The services rendered by S.S.Basawanal to the field of education is memorable. He was the Principal of R.L.S. High School, Dharwad and he served the fields of literature and Co-operation also. Education and Sports 619

Before the unification of Karnataka, the Secondary School Examination Board had its headquarters at Pune. High Schools had seven classes; the first three classes were classified under Middle School, while the remaining four constituted the High School. Until 1938, the medium of instruction was English and later, regional languages were made the medium of instruction. In 1954, Dabali High School was started at Shirhatti, but later in 1958, it became a Multipurpose High School, with Agriculture as a subject.

There were 43 schools in the district in 1952-53; of these, two were directly under the control of the Central Government. While five schools were exclusively meant for girls, a Technical Institute, governed by the Director of Technical Education, was also included in them. In the Mumbai Province classes eight to eleven constituted High School. Those who passed the ‘Mulki’ examination (seventh class) used to be admitted to the High School, and would take S.S.C examination, after four years of schooling. After the States’- Reorganisation, from the year 1970-71, the High Schools were confined to three classes’ viz., 8, 9 and 10, which was followed by the newly introduced two year Pre-University course. There were 480 High Schools in the district in the year 1993-94. Table 13.7 on the following page gives the details of the students who appeared for the S.S.L.C examination and their results.

Navodaya Schools

As per the New Education Policy of the Central government enunciated through the Ministry of Human Resources Development, one Navodaya School in each district was established in 1986. Such an institution was started at Dharwad in 1987 with 63 students and five teachers. These co-educational schools have residential facilities also, giving education from standard 6 to 10. Rural students are preferred in these schools and those seeking admission have to face an entrance test. To facilitate a switch over, instruction is through the medium of local language for the first two years. However, the medium of instruction thereafter is either English or Hindi. There were 475 students (with 143 girls) in the Navodaya School at Dharwad during 1993-94. Among them were 78 girl students belonging to the scheduled castes, and 33 belonged to the scheduled tribes with no boys students under those categories. The staff during that year consisted of 20 teachers, of whom nine were women.

Female Education

Until the turn of the previous century, ninety-five percent of women did not get any education, due to family and social constraints. The five percent of the women who got education, was confined mostly to primary level. In the beginning of the present century, importance of female education was realised and they turned to modern education. Institutions exclusively for women were established from the Primary level up to Higher level of Education. Though there were only five to ten admissions in each school initially, there was a big increase after 1930. These institutions became more popular, as there was opposition for co-education. As the awareness for the need of female education increased, colleges also came to be established for them.

The Primary, Middle and High schools founded exclusively for the benefit of women by the Fathers of the Basel Mission, went a long way in giving encouragement to the cause of female education. The first ever school for girls in Dharwad was started in 1867. The same year at Hangal also, a Girls’ Primary School was founded. In the next six years, the number rose to eleven, and in all, 429 girls were studying in them. Of these, two were run by the Basel Mission and the remaining were government schools. The number of schools went up to 20 by 1880 and the student strength 620 Dharwad District of results Percentage Appeared Passed Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Table 13.7 : Statistical details of the SSLC Examination in district for four years Table Year New Scheme 741 243 984 193 73 266 27.03 1990-91April 1990-91October 1991-92April 1991-92October 21,8191992-93 April Old Scheme 3,169 10,248New Scheme1992-93 23,293October Old Scheme 1073New Scheme 32,067 2,605 21,725 110121993-94 April Old SchemeNew Scheme 4411 4242 2,463 11,288 8821993-94 34305 15,243October Old Scheme 1,381 1,376 884 26,535 33,013 7,591 3487 634 2,232 4,574 395 16,777 13,048 5,787 3,347 22,834 14,727 283 8,412 1,748 674 39,583 1,776 746 8,434 71.20 1,238 25,189 917 403 6,322 2,906 302 23,070 15,892 627 234 175 73.42 21.61 1,048 8,607 1,168 69.88 1,865 613 72 578 24,499 563 30.05 229 21.58 306 17.26 61.89 1,731 842 17.22 27.38 29.97 Education and Sports 621 increased to 979. After three years the number of schools was 24, of which, 17 were Government Schools, three Mission Schools and four were Estate Schools. In 1882, in the girls’ schools at Savanur and Lakshmeshwar, there were 50 students each. These schools were well known all over the Southern India. By 1895, the Normal School which was started as a training institute for women, became Government Training College for women. This is serving as an excellent Institution even today. The present University Public School for a long time functioned at Dharwad (till 1977-78) as Anglo-Saxon Girls’ School. Apart from these, there are many women Teacher Training Institutes, organisations like Vanitha Seva Samajas, Karnataka Training College, vocational institutes such as Modern Tailoring Class, Industrial Training Institutes functioning in the district. They are discussed under relevant chapters.

Private Educational Institutions

Many private bodies have rendered valuable service to the field of education by establishing schools and colleges. Gilaganchi Gurusiddappa and Aratala Rudragouda jointly founded the Lingayata Vidyabhivriddhi Samsthe at Dharwad, in 1883. This was granting scholarships and foreign travel grants for higher education for Lingayat students. A renowned scholar, S.S. Basawanal was the first head master of a Middle School started in 1922, and he continued in that position until 1933. The school was started in a hired building, and with the munificent donation made by Raja Lakhamanagouda, acquired own building and later the school became popular as Raja Lakhamanagouda (R.L.S) High School. ‘Maratha Vidya Prasara Mandali’ was founded in 1893 to provide educational facilities to Maratha students. The next year, the organisation started a primary school which was later closed down due to the outbreak of plague. Sri Sahu Chatrapathi Maratha Boarding School, started in 1919, provided free boarding and lodging facilities to Maratha students.

‘Lingayata Vidyabhivriddhi Samsthe’ was founded in 1883. The organisation, which celebrated its centenary in 1983, began working at Dharwad with an initial deposit of Rs.30,000 donated by Rao Bahadur Gilaganchi and R.S.Aratala. Janatha Shikshana Samithi started functioning at Dharwad in 1947. Acharya B.M.Sri was working as the Principal here and breathed his last here. Karnataka Education Board (1944) which had started this college handed this over to freedom fighter Ramarao Hukkerikar and he brought it under the administration of ‘Janatha Shikshana Samithi’, his own brain-child, and shifted it from the premises of Vidyaranya High School to Vidyagiri (Mylara Lingana Gudda). This organisation is running a degree college, a Technical Institute (Kabbur Institute), an Economic Research Centre, a Working Women’s Hostel, a Creche and a Women Rehabilitation Centre. After the demise of the founder, Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Trust has taken over the administration of the society.

Anjuman Islam Institution was founded by Mahaboob Alim Khan at Hubli in 1903. This was granting scholarships, school fees and free textbooks initially and in 1917 began a Karnataka Urdu School. At present, this organisation is running an Anglo-Urdu Higher Secondary School, an Anglo-Urdu Girls’ High School and the Nehru Arts Science and Commerce College. Non-Muslim students also study in these institutions. The total student strength in all the above institutions is about 3000. Secularism is practised by its staff members also.

‘Hulakoti Vidya Samsthe’ was started at Hulakoti, Gadag in 1921. This society is running English and Kannada Middle Schools, an Evening School conducting Hindi classes and free hostels, two Students Hostels, a Creche, a Middle School, Hostels for backward class students and Junior Colleges 622 Dharwad District

at various places in Gadag, Navalgund and Ron taluks. ‘Maratha Vidyavardhaka Sangha’ was founded at Gadag in 1958. ‘Kanakadasa Sahakari Shikshana Samithi’, a prominent organisation at Gadag, started Sangolli Rayanna Junior College in 1965 and is running a College of Education, an Arts, Science and Commerce College, a High School and the Kalidasa Public Reading Room. Kanakadasa Hostel provides free food and accommodation to students irrespective of castes. Prof. Dandin is the moving spirit behind this organisation. The other private organisations rendering service in the field of education are as follow. New Education Society, Hubli; Shiggaon Taluk Shikshana Samithi, Shiggaon;K.K.Sangha, Gadag; Mathanga Maharshi Jagrutha Vedike, Ranibennur; Basaveshwara Vidya Samsthe, Shiggaon; Bharathiya Shikshana Samsthe, Savanur; Bharathiya Shikshana Prasara Samithi, Gadag; J.A.V.Samithi, Mundargi; Sarvodaya Shikshana Trust, Alnavar; Maruthi Vidya Samsthe, Godachikonda; Kalmeshwara Vidya Prasaraka Samithi, Hole Alur; Azad Education Society, Hubli; Murugharajendra Vidyapeetha, Chitradurga; Veerabhadreshwara Shikshana Samithi, Karadagi; Bhuvaneswari Vidya Samithi, Masur; Thontadarya Vidyapeetha, Gadag; H.T.E.Society, Haveri; Channabasaveshwara Grameena Vidya Samsthe, Kalakeri; Janatha Sikshana Samithi S.J.M.V.Sangha, Haveri; Santhakavi Kanakadasa Vidya Sangha, Varadahalli; Bireshwara Vidyadana Samithi,Honnapur; Sharanabasaveshwara Vidyapeetha, Motebennur; S.S.S.Education Trust, Anandavana, Agadi; Kirthi Vidya Samsthe, Bankapur; Veeramaheshwara Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Kudupali; Lions’ Education Society’s, Jagadguru Ajatha Nagalinga Vidyapeetha, Navalgund; Grama Seva Mantapa, Hanumanahatti; Bharathi Viswa Seva Sadana, Somapur; Rashtriya Shikshana Samithi, Vadavi; U.F.E.Society, Hubli; Samaja Parivarthana Abhivriddhi Samsthe, Medleri; Durgadevi Shikshana Samithi Jiveshwara Shikshana Samithi,Hubli; Rural Education Society, Sangur; Mahatma Gandhi Education Society, Ranibennur; Matharavinda Grameena Vidyodaya Samithi, Billahalli; Malathesha Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Balambeed; Lal Bahadur Shastry Shikshana Samithi, Renukamba Shikshana Samsthe, Kiravadi; Vemana Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Hubli; Grama Bharathi Shikshana Samithi, Shigli; Shivasharana Haralayya Vidya Samsthe, Domaramattur; Karnataka Kirthi Vidya Samsthe, Bankapura; Jnanaganga Shikshana Samithi, Haveri; Bharathiya Shikshana Samsthe, Hubli; Karnataka Kurubara Sangha, Korlahalli; Veera Madakarinayaka Vidya Samsthe, Ranibennur; Haleshwara Vidyapeetha, Yarebeleri; Chalageri Shikshana Samsthe, Chalageri, Gajanana Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Thumminakatti; Honnammadevi Mahila Mandala, Honnatti; and Thulaja Bhavani Shikshana Samithi, Hubli and others.

Dakshina Bharatha Hindi Maha Sabha

This organisation which was established under the auspices of the Dakshina Bharatha Hindi Prachara Sabha, Madras, later started functioning independently. This has its headquarters presently at Dharwad. It started the first B.Ed. College at Bangalore in 1984 and the second was started at Dharwad in 1985. Totally, this organisation is running 12 such institutions all over the state. The latest addition was at Hubli in 1991. All these institutions confer ‘Shiksha Snatak’ degree. The Post-graduate study centre that began at Dharwad in 1987 offers M.A. and M.Phil. courses. The same year post-graduate diploma course was begun. In 1990, this institution was recognised as a centre to confer D.Litt.Degree. Though in 1989-90, this institution started the M.Ed. course, it was wound up the following year due to some technical problems. Since 1992, instruction is offered here to prepare students for Prathama, Madhyama, Rashtrabhasha and Praveshika examinations.

District Sakshara Dipa Samithi

This is a registered body, started in 1992 at Dharwad, working under the guidance of the ‘Rashtriya Saksharatha Mission’. This does a supplementary work to that of the Department of Public Instruction Education and Sports 623 imparting literacy to the pupils of the age groups of 9 to 14 years and 15 to 37 years. The concerned District Deputy Commissioner is the ex-officio president of the committee, while the Chief Secretary of the Jilla Parishat officiates as its secretary.

This committee has as its target of making some 3,50,000 people – in nine taluks of Hubli, Dharwad, Kalghatgi, Shiggaon, Hangal, Haveri, Ranibennur, Byadgi and Hirekerur – in the age group between 9 and 37, functional literates. To achieve this, ‘Complete Literacy Campaign’ was launched in 1993, with the help of voluntary organisations.

During the literacy census for the year 1991, 31,320 Urdu-speaking illiterate people were identified and out of these, 11,000 were trained to read Kannada books. 43 resource persons and a large number of trainers were identified to train another 2000 illiterates. A total of 54,567 school drops-outs in the age group of 9-12 years were also identified and arrangement to make them continue their studies was made. A separate committee is formed to train 70 per cent of the women in the district who are illiterates.

Women art groups at the taluk and mandal levels are constituted and Women Vigilance Forums have been formed at the taluk level. There are facilities for vocational training in some training centres.

The committee has so far identified 3,72,121 illiterates in the age group from 9 to 35, and 54,564 in the age group from 9 to 14, which include school drops-outs and child labourers. There are 34,401 training centres. Out of the 2,87,568 people who appeared for the internal evaluation, 2,74,049 scored more than 70 per cent and have acquired temporary eligibility to be declared neo-literates.

Pre-University Education

As in the other parts of the state, several High Schools in the district were converted as Higher Secondary Schools and started the eleventh standard. Initially, Pre-University education was of one- year duration. But in 1972, the two-year Pre-University education was introduced. This course is included both in High Schools (called composite PU colleges) and in Degree Colleges. This is equivalent to the erstwhile Intermediate course. The government also started Independent Pre-University colleges and gave permission to private managements to open such institutions. In the year 1994-95, there were 164 Pre-University Colleges in the district-19 Private Independent Colleges, two Government Independent Colleges, 19 Pre-University sections in Private Degree Colleges in the district. In 1992-93, 31,040 students (22,887 boys and 8,153 girls) took the Pre-University examination; out of which 12,148 students (8,281 boys and 3,867 girls) passed. The percentage of passes was 36.18 and 47.43 respectively. 12,129 students (9,203 boys and 1,926 girls) took the October examination of the same year, and out of them 2,618 (1,180 boys and 738 girls) passed. The percentage of passes was 20.43 and 25.22 for boys and girls respectively. During 1994-95, for the April examination 28,823 candidates appeared (20,837 boys and 7,986 girls), out of whom 12,224 (8,350 boys and 3,874 girls) passed. While the percentage of passes for the boys was 40.07 it was 48.51 for girls. In the October examination of the same year, 10,538 candidates (7,776 boys and 2,762 girls) took the examination and 2,834 candidates (1,937 boys and 906 girls) passed. The percentage of passes was 24.91 and 32.80 for boys and girls respectively. (This information is collected from the Directorate of pre-University Education). 624 Dharwad District

Vocational Education

The Programme of introducing Vocational Education with the Pre-University classes was introduced in 13 centres of the state from the year 1977-78. Of these centres, four were in Dharwad district and they were - The Vidyaranya Pre-University college, The Basel Mission Pre-University College, The J.S.S. College, and The Municipal Pre-University College, Gadag. At present, 38 colleges offer vocational courses in 26 different subjects. This course is divided into four semesters and is equivalent to the Pre-University. Those who have passed the tenth standard are eligible for admission to the course. In recent times, the Directorate of Vocational Training has been functioning independently. These courses are supervised by a Deputy Director, in the district who has jurisdiction over the districts of Belgaum and Bijapur also in addition Dharwad district. Since the beginning, Vocational Education in Dharwad district is getting grants of 50 per cent each from both the Central and State Governments. There are 44 different courses in Pre-University Colleges and 13 courses in Polytechnics of the district. ‘Electrical Wiring’ and ‘Clothing and Embroidery’ are attracting more students.

The National Cadet Corps

The district unit of the NCC started in 1921 with the nomenclature ‘First Bombay University Training Corps’, is one of the oldest N.C.C. units. The first batch of cadets came from the Karnatak College, Dharwad and the Lingaraja College, Belgaum. Before independence, the Commanding Officers of the N.C.C were known as Commandants, who were the British and the first Indian Commandant, Lt.Cl. R.Karmarkar, was posted in 1940. He was the Officer Commanding until 1947.

After independence, one of the units of the ‘National Cadet Corps’ was named as ‘15th Bombay Battalion’. After State’s Reorganisation, this was changed as the ‘Third Mysore Battalion’. After the China aggression, NCC training was made compulsory for college students all over the State. During that time, the Royal Battalion was started at Hubli, Gadag and Belgaum. When the state was named Karnataka, all the Mysore Battalions were renamed Karnataka Battalions.

The district unit of the NCC comes under the Group Headquarters at Belgaum and the 24th Karnataka Battalion at Dharwad, the 27th and the 28th Karnataka Battalions at Hubli and the Fifth Karnataka Girls Battalion at Dharwad are functioning at various schools and colleges in the district. The Fifth Karnataka Girls Battalion in 1964 at Dharwad was started as the Second Mysore Girls Battalion with three senior wings and six junior wing troops. These troops are functioning in seven colleges of Dharwad, Hubli, Kittur, Belgaum and Davangere, and in six schools at Dharwad, Hubli, Belgaum and Yellapur. For the year 1993-94, this Battalion had 70 cadets in Kittel College at Dharwad, 65 in the P C Jabin Science College at Hubli, 100 in the Basel Mission High School, 10 in Girls’ High School at Hubli, 50 in the Vanitha High School at Dharwad, and 50 in the KNK High School, 50 in K E Board High School, all located at Dharwad.

In the various camps held at several places in Andhra, Kerala, Maharashtra, Ooty, Delhi, Uttarakasi, Ahmadabad and Bangalore, 191 cadets from the Junior Wing and 232 from the Senior Wing participated. In the Republic Day Parade held at Delhi, 23 cadets from the Junior Wing and one from the Senior Wing participated. An officer of the rank of the Lieutenant Colonel would be the Officer Commanding of the NCC unit.

The 24th Karnataka Battalion is one of the oldest N C C units in the country which was named as Bombay University Training Corps in 1921. There were 100 Senior Wing cadets each in Karnataka Education and Sports 625

College, Arts College, Kittel College and Vidyaranya Junior College and 100 cadets each in U P School, Karnataka High School, K E Board High School, Basel Mission High School, Vidyaranya High School and R L S High School. In the various camps conducted in the district, 577 senior and 378 junior wing cadets participated. An officer of the rank of a Major would be the Officer Commanding of these units. The 27th Karnataka Battalion NCC was started in Hubli as the 69th Mysore Battalion in 1963. This Battalion consists of 160 senior cadets each from KS Arts College and HSK Science College, 160 from Arts and Science College, 80 from JH College at Haveri, 80 from Government Junior College at Byadgi, 160 from R T E Science and Arts College at Ranibennur, 160 from Mahanthaswamy Arts and Science College at Hamsabhavi, and 10 cadets each from S J G H High School at Hubli, Harbhat School at Kundgol, Anglo-Urdu High School at Hubli, Municipal High School at Haveri, S J J M High School at Byadgi, and Kendriya Vidyalaya at Hubli. 486 Senior Division cadets and 96 officers, and 114 cadets and 3 officers from the Junior Division participated in the annual training camp for the year 1993-94.

The 28th Karnataka Battalion NCC was started in 1969 at Hubli with eight Senior and two Junior division troops. At present it has 480 Complete Companies and 320 Half Companies of the Senior Division and 400 cadets of the Junior Division. The other institutions having Senior Division companies are - the P C Jabin Arts and Science College (160) and the J G Commerce College (160) at Hubli and the J S S College (80) at Dharwad. The KNE High School at Hubli has 100 Junior Division Cadets.

Bharath Scouts and Guides

This district organisation was started at Dharwad in 1920. This is an independent service organisation, working under the guidance of the Scouts and Guides International. This movement has aims of inculcating not only physical, social and spiritual development of children, but also such values as patriotism, communal harmony, rural service, peace and unity among them. In 1952, this organisation was registered as an educational institution.

This has many official and non-official workers who work with the spirit of service and without any remuneration. Its activities are conducted with munificent donations by the public, donors, officers and state organisations.

Children are trained for various examinations, to acquire leadership qualities, to compete for the Governor’s and President’s medals. Community and rural-service camps and annual Jamborees are also conducted. All the taluks have taluk units and interested persons are put in charge of these units. This organisation participates in the national jamborees and during 1993-94, 33 Scouts and 25 Guides won national certificates. Besides, 25 candidates and teachers were sent to participate in various international activities held in Japan, America, Canada, Sri Lanka, and Iran. The organisation celebrated its Platinum Jubilee in 1995.The secretary of this district unit has been awarded ‘ Silver Star’ from the President of India for meritorious service.

Collegiate Education

The Karnatak College, the first institution of higher learning for the North Karnataka area, was established in 1917. Rodda Srinivasa Rao, Aratala Rudragouda and Siddappa Kambali are persons who worked for its establishment. Before this, students who passed Matric had to go to Pune, Mumbai or Kollapur to pursue their studies. The Karnatak College had many scholars on its faculty and many students passing out from there became eminent persons later. The college was well equipped and had post-graduate sections. Though the then Victoria High School became the Karnataka Education 626 Dharwad District

Society College in 1920, it was closed the next year due to the Non-Cooperation Movement. The other colleges established later in the district were; K E Board Arts College Dharwad (which later became Banashankari Arts College of the Janatha Shikshana Samithi) Jagadguru Gangadhara Commerce College, Hubli (1947); College of Agriculture, Dharwad(1947); B V B Engineering College, Hubli (1952); and Janatha Shikshana Samithi’s Law College (1955). The first Kannadiga graduate (B A), Bhaskara Rao Jathara was nicknamed B A Jathara; and the first Kannadiga to pass M A, R H Deshapande as M A Deshapande. The first lady from Karnataka to proceed to England for higher studies, Kamalabai Jamakhandi belonged to Dharwad.

During 1993-94, there were 64 First Grade Colleges out of which 10 were Government Colleges, 26 aided ones and 28 unaided colleges. In the Government Colleges, there were 2,593 (1,945 boys and 658 girls) students, out of whom 217 boys belonged to scheduled castes, 43 were scheduled caste girls, 140 were scheduled tribe boys and 10 were scheduled tribe girls. In the aided private colleges, there was a total of 28,874 students (16,418 boys and 12,456 girls), out of whom were 1,099 scheduled caste boys, 869 scheduled caste girls, 613 scheduled tribe boys and 354 scheduled tribe girls. In the unaided colleges, the total student strength was 6,786 (5,163 boys and 1,623 girls), out of whom 475 were scheduled caste boys, 114 scheduled caste girls, 246 scheduled tribe boys and 32 scheduled tribe girls. That year the total student strength in all the categories of colleges put together was 38,253 (statistics provided by the Directorate of Collegiate education).

Teachers’ Training Colleges

There are five Teachers’ Training Colleges in the district; one of them is managed by the Karnatak University, and the remaining four are private and unaided colleges. These are - Jagadguru Panchacharya Teachers’ college, Gadag; K L E Society’s Teacher’s College, Hubli; Janatha Education Co-operative Society’s Teachers College, Hangal; and Vijayanagar Teachers’ College, Hubli. In all these colleges, in 1991-92 , there were 451 students who studied through Kannada medium, while 84 studied through English medium and in 1992-93, there were 246 and 274 respectively for the said mediums. During the above two academic years, there were 105 (75 men and 30 women) and 100 (66 men and 34 women) students respectively in the University Teachers’ College; and in private unaided colleges, the number was 430 (301 men and 129 women) and 520 (306 men and 159 women) respectively. From all the colleges put together, for the year 1991-92, out of 523 (364 men and 159 women) candidates who appeared for the B.Ed., examination, 476 (350 men and 126 women) candidates (91.10 per cent) passed. For the 1992-93 examination, out of 515 (371 men and 144 women) candidates who took the examination, 385 (298 men and 87 women) passed, the percentage being 74.76.

Karnatak University

The committee constituted in 1947 under the chairmanship of Justice Lokur recommended the establishment of The Karnatak University. The University with its jurisdiction over the districts of Dharwad, Bijapur, Belgaum and Uttara Kannada came into being in 1949. The headquarters of the University, at the beginning located in Bombay, was later shifted to Dharwad and housed in the Training College. This was the second University in the state of Karnataka and R A Jahgirdar was its first vice-chancellor. On the first March of 1950, it became a statutory body. When Wrangler Pavate was its third Vice-chancellor, a new site at Chota Mahabaleshwar (now, Pavate Nagar) was earmarked and an imposing campus came up. He was the Vice-chancellor of the University for thirteen years and was responsible for it’s allround development. The University has faculties of Arts, Science, Commerce, Education and Sports 627

Social Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, Law, Ayurveda and Education. It has 236 colleges spread over the above mentioned four districts affiliated to it. Of these 95 institutions belong to the district of Dharwad itself. There are departments of Post-graduate studies and Research on the campus at Dharwad in 38 different disciplines. The campus has gardens, swimming pool, auditorium and recreation centres on it. Prof.S.S.Wodeyar was the registrar of the University for a long time and later became its Vice-Chancellor. The Pavate-Wodeyar team did an excellent job in the development of the University during the initial years. After the States Reorganisation, the whole of the Hyderabad Karnataka and Manipal Institutions were brought under its jurisdiction. Later when a Post-graduate centre was begun at Gulbarga, which after some years (1980) became a separate University, the colleges in that region were affiliated to it.

In the 95 colleges under its jurisdiction in Dharwad district, during 1993-94, there were 31,692 students (23,131 boys and 8,562 girls). Among these, 2,720 candidates (2,141 boys and 579 girls) belonged to scheduled castes and 1,121 (961 boys and 205 girls) to scheduled tribes category. The strength of the teaching staff was 2,147 of which 360 were women.

By 1992-93, there were 4,033 candidates who had been admitted to the post-graduate studies, M.phil. and Ph.D. Of this, 2,896 were men and 1,330 women. Among them, 413 (358 men and 83 women) students belonged to scheduled castes and 83 (73 men and 10 women) belonged to scheduled tribes category.

There is a well-equipped library with over three lakh books and periodicals to cater to the needs of various sections of students. The library attached to the Institute of Kannada Research is unique. It has a huge collection of palm leaf manuscripts and printed books and periodicals pertaining to art, culture, history, epigraphy, linguistics, Sanskrit and folklore. The libraries in the University College of Education, and the University College of Law have a good collection of books in relevant disciplines.

‘Prasaranga’, the publication division of the University has brought out 1000 books and it has the distinction of having the renowned poet Channavira Kanavi as one of its Directors. The department has been organising ‘Extension Lectures’ in rural areas and thus successfully disseminating knowledge among the village folk.

The University trains candidates for All India competitive examinations. It has started a Foundation Course Lecture series to harmoniously bridge the gap between the academics and the society. Inter- collegiate sports are conducted every year. The Departments of Post-graduate studies have been carrying out exemplary research work in the respective disciplines. Karnataka Research Institute, (KRI), Kanali Institute of Management studies, the Department of Criminology, the Department of Foreign Languages and the Department of Yoga Studies attract students from far and wide, including foreigners.

The Governor of Bombay province used to be the Chancellor of the University in the beginning. Presently, the Governor of Karnataka is its Chancellor. Under his guidance the Vice-chancellor, the Senate, the Syndicate and the Academic Councils function.

The University Library, with about 10,000 books gifted by the Mudhol Provincials, started functioning in 1950 in the Training College for Men, Dharwad. 628 Dharwad District

Karnataka Medical college

This institution was established at Hubli in 1957 by the government of Karnataka. The buildings presently housing the college and the hospital were opened in 1960. The College offers graduate and post-graduate courses in various subjects pertaining to medicine. There is provision for 130 candidates for graduate courses and 150 for post-graduate courses every year. There are four hostels attached to the college. The college is affiliated to the Karnatak University and has the recognition of the Indian Medical Council. It has a well-equipped library, with more than 20,000 books and periodicals. Its hospital with 800 beds is considered to be one of the best hospitals in the state. The uniqueness of this institution is that all the three units namely, the college, the hospital and the hostel are located in the same campus.

Besides, Sri Manjunatheshwara Dental college at Dharwad, offers BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) degree.

Legal Education

J S S College of Law was started at Dharwad in 1955, with 55 students initially. This is the first such institution in the district. When the University started its own Law College in 1962, this was shifted to Hubli. In addition, there are three Law Colleges (one run by the University), two at Hubli, and one each at Gadag and Ranibennur. Seven Law Colleges in all are functioning in the district.

Technical Education

At the time of re-organisation, there were several technical institutions in the district that did not come under the jurisdiction of the University, but were under the control of the Department of Technical Education of Mumbai. They were the Vanitha Seva Samaja and Karnataka Tailoring college at Dharwad, the Certified School, School of Industry, Modern Ladies Tailoring Class and B V B Engineering College at Hubli. The Thimmasagara Technical Training School and The Industrial Institute at Hubli were established in 1950. The Technical Training School had Kannada, English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geography, Workshop Technology, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and others as subjects of study. Here the students were trained for S S C. The Industrial School offered courses in Mechanical Apprenticeship, Carpentry, Agricultural Implements and Furnace work. The Mumbai University conducted examinations and the successful candidates were awarded certificates.

Industrial Training Institutes

There are 26 such institutes in the district. These institutes come under the control of the Department of Employment and Training. Out of these, while 24 are government institutes, only two are governed by private managements. They are the Mahila Vidyapeetha Industrial Training Institute at Gadag and the Industrial Training Institute at Hubli. The Institute at Hubli offers course in Shorthand exclusively for women. This Institute started in 1948 as The Industrial Training Centre and managed by B V B Engineering College, became The Industrial Training Institute and in 1962 it moved to its own building. The annual student intake of this is 360 and of this, during 1993-94 there were 50 students of scheduled castes and 13 of scheduled tribes category. Education and Sports 629

The Government Polytechnic

This was started at Hubli in 1962. Courses offered here are in Electronics and Computer, Computer Science, Civil Engineering, Commercial Practice and Costume Designing and Dress Making. These are Diploma courses. The annual intake is 40 for each subject except Commercial Practice, which has thirty seats each for men and women. There is a hostel with accommodation for 180 students.

Junior Technical School

This was started at Hubli in 1950 under the name ‘Technical School’. This is one of such six institutions in the State. Children who have passed class seven are eligible for admission to this school. Along with other formal subjects, technical trades such as Turner, Fitter, Electrical and Carpentry are taught here. All these are compulsory in the eighth class and from the next year, the students are free to opt for subjects of their choice. Those who pass the tenth class can continue their studies in colleges. (This is a High School level institution). They are preferred in admission to polytechnics. The admission is restricted to 60 students. Students in class 8 and 9 are eligible for a stipend of Rs.10/- per month, while the stipend for students of class tenth is Rs.15/-.

Nettur Technical Training Foundation

This institution aimed at equipping youngsters with technical knowledge was established at Dharwad in 1963, in collaboration with Switzerland with an initial intake of twenty candidates. This is functioning as an independent trust now. The institution is run with the financial help from the State and the Central governments. In the annual intake, 50 per cent of seats is reserved for students from the Kannada medium. Admission is through an entrance test. The roster does not apply to this institution. There is provision for an intake of 30 and 15 candidates for the Diploma and certificate courses in Tool and Die Making respectively. Training is imparted free of charge. There is a part-time course in Tool Design Theory and Tool Design Drawing, charged with the fee; these classes are conducted twice a week in the evenings. There are 15 members on the faculty. Under Informal Education Scheme, the institution runs a one-and-a-half year course in, Machinist; one year course in Computer Application and other courses depending upon demand, for the benefit of candidates deputed by different industries. The attached hostel caters to the needs of students coming from other parts of the state.

Technical Education Colleges

The B V B College of Engineering at Hubli is one of the oldest colleges offering graduate course in engineering. This was started in 1946 at Gadag by the KLE Society and was shifted to Hubli in 1947. Initially, there were only Civil and Mechanical branches. Later, Electronics, Architecture, Industrial Engineering, Production Engineering were added, besides Post-graduate courses and an evening section.

Sri Manjunatheshwara Engineering college was started with 90 students and nine members on the faculty, at Dhavalagiri at Dharwad in 1979. After its stint of 25 years of existence, it has now a student strength of 1,495, including 119 women. Of them, 17 belong to scheduled castes and seven to scheduled tribes. The present strength of the faculty is 88, of whom 10 are women.

Another Engineering College at Ranibennur is run by Taralabalu Vidyasamsthe (of Chitradurga). The district thus has three Engineering Colleges. 630 Dharwad District

University of Agricultural Sciences

In 1947, the Agricultural College was started under the jurisdiction of The Karnatak University, with 75 students. In 1965, the college was affiliated to the Agricultural University at Bangalore. On the 1st October 1986, it was converted into the second independent Agricultural University of the state. The University has its aim of striving for the development of agriculture in North Karnataka by giving instruction at various levels to students, and training to farmers, to strive to mitigate technical problems faced by them and to promote research in the field of agriculture. To achieve this, the University has three wings, namely, Teaching, Research and Extension Activities. It has jurisdiction over the districts of Dharwad, Karwar, Bijapur, Belgaum, Bellary, Raichur, Bidar and Gulbarga. The post-graduate centres at Dharwad and Raichur, two Agricultural Colleges at Dharwad, Veterinary College at Bidar, Institute of Agricultural Technology and the College of Forestry at Dharwad are the institutions affiliated to this University.

The Agricultural College at Dharwad offers degree course in Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing ,Co-operation and Forestry. The Rural Agricultural College offers degree courses in Home Science, Agriculture Science, Horticulture, Soil Science, Entomology, Plant Pathology, Microbiology, Seed Technology, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering, Sericulture and such others.

The 28 Agricultural Research Centres functioning under the University are engaged in research activities pertaining to major crops of the region, viz., Paddy, Jowar, Tobacco, Oil seeds, and Cereals and Horticultural crops such as Chillies, Tomato, Brinjal, Pepper, Cardamom and others. The outcome of the research is promptly disseminated among farmers through its extension activities.

The University has an extent of 1,171 acres of land spread over its jurisdiction, with different varieties of soil collection, exclusively for research work.

During 1993-94, there were 104 (88 men and 16 women) students studying for B.Sc., (Agri), and 16 (all men) in B.Sc. (Marketing), in the Agricultural College. In the College of Home Science, there were a total of 164 students (18 scheduled caste women and six scheduled tribe women) and 16 as teaching staff members. (See also Chapter 4 for details)

Sanskrit College

This college was started in 1887 with the initiative taken by Gurunatharao Pathak as ‘Srimad Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sanskrit College’, and it was registered with the government as ‘Sanskrit Literary Society’. The aim of the college was to promote ancient Indian tradition, courses in Veda, Astrology, Yajnika, Nyaya and Vedantha are also offered. Pontiff of the Sri Mutt of Sringeri, Sri Sacchidananda Nrisimha Bharathi Mahaswamiyavaru and Sri Kudli Jagadgurugalavaru have helped munificently for the institution. The renowned scholar, Balachandra Shatri was guiding the institution for a long time. The library of this college has rare manuscripts. There were 20 students in the college during 1993-94. Besides this, there are 27 other Sanskrit Institutions functioning in other parts of the district. Education and Sports 631

ACADEMIC ORGANISATIONS

Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha

This was started in 1889 at Dharwad by the efforts of Ramachandra Hanumantha Deshapande, with the aim of promoting cultural, social and academic excellence. This was the first such cultural organisation of Karnataka. The first secretary of this institution was Deshapande himself while the first President was Shamarao Kaikini. Zeigler, Rodda Srinivasa Rao, Alur Venkata Rao, Deputy Channabasappa and others played an important role here. The Sangha has the distinction of organizing the first conference of Kannada writers. It has done yeoman service for the cultural awareness in Karnataka.

Karnataka Historical Research Institute

This institute was founded in 1924 at Dharwad, to create awareness among the public about our historical heritage, cultural grandeur, ancient art and sculpture. Those who took active part in the establishment and growth of the institute include Alur Venkata Rao, R S Naragundkar, S R Deshapande, N S Rajapurohit, Halabhavi and other scholars and dignitaries. The diamond jubilee of the institute was celebrated in 1978. R S Panchamukhi also had contact with the institute. The members of public can borrow books from its library. The research scholars can get historical information from here.

The United Nations Publication Centre

This was established in 1967 with ten thousand books in the precincts of the Karnataka University Library and now the collection exceeds 30,000, which specially pertain to Economics, Agriculture, Food Technology, Botany, Commerce and other subjects and provides the latest global information on these matters. The centre receives authentic information on these matters every year. Annual Reports of various international organisations including the UNICEF are available here. All the Universities of the state can borrow publications from this centre Research students are allowed to collect information from here.

Hostels

Hostels are an integral part of educational system and Dharwad district has been having hostels since long. Some of them are attached to the educational institutions, while others exist separately. The Christian Missionaries started Student Homes and Orphanages for the benefit of poor students of rural areas, in addition to educational institutions and training centres. There was a Boarding School for girls at Dharwad in 1846 with 14 girls in it. A hostel by name Students’ Home was started in 1896 and we learn that there were High School students of the Christian community as boarders there. The Students’ Home founded by the Basel Mission in 1914 at Dharwad had K Nidanappa Ramatal as its Housefather until 1925. ‘Murugharajendra Prasada Nilaya’ in Murughapur of Haveripet at Dharwad was started in 1918, offering free boarding and accommodation for poor students. With the same intention, Maratha Vidya Prasaraka Mandala was started in 1919, Tekare Boarding in 1924, and Adarsha Nilaya in 1946. Sangameshwara Free Boarding Home at Hubli, Annadaneshwara Vidyavardhaka Sangha and Sarvodaya Ashrama at Gadag, Free Students’ Home for Scheduled caste Students and Lamani Free Boarding Home at Dharwad – are some other voluntary organisations engaged in such service-oriented activities. 632 Dharwad District

The other major hostels rendering noteworthy service in the district are - Nijalingappa Hostel for Men and Women, Udaya Hostel and Pioneer Hostel of Karnataka University, J S S Hostel, and Hostel for Working Women, Dr. Ambedkar Hostel, Zeigler Hostel, Bhavasar Community Hostel and Prahlada Hostel.

Libraries

It is learnt that the ‘Native Journal Library’ which was started in 1854 at Dharwad by Lakshmana Sripada Nagapurkar was the first library in the district. The library had 414 English, 30 Marathi and seven Kannada books at the beginning. A library was established at Hubli, in 1865 and the Municipality was giving financial help. It had its own building. The one at Ranibennur, started in 1873 was running on public donations. Two public Reading Rooms one each at Dharwad and Hubli were started in 1854 and 1856 respectively. Similar libraries were started at Gadag, Haveri, Nargund, and Navalgund in 1876, 1880, 1882 and 1893 respectively. ‘Shantesha Vachanalaya’ at Dharwad was merged in 1889 with the library run by Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha. (In 1949, ‘Karnataka Granthalaya‘ also merged with it). Kurudoz Library was started at Gadag in 1894. Though ‘Veerashaiva Tharuna Granthalaya‘ was started at Gadag in 1919, it was not very active for some time but was restarted in 1930 as ‘Basavaraja Vachanalya’. Its women wing was started in 1961. In 1922, ‘Saraswathi Vidyaranya Free Library’ was started at Hubli. The volunteers of the library collected donations from houses in the form of rice, and the money realized after selling it was utilised for running the library and the reading room. The Marathi Vanmaya Premi Mandala was established in 1929 at Gadag by Dr.Chaphekar. ‘Veerashaiva Journal Library’ (1932), Somavamsha Sahasrarjuna Kshatriya Library (1934), Ikbal Reading Room (1940), Jivanaprakasha Vachanalaya (1949), Settlement Vachanalaya (1949), Kshatriya Vachanalaya (1951), Jnanodaya Vachanalaya (1960), Ambabhavani Jnanodaya Sangha (1968), Kalidasa Vachanalaya (1968), Someshwara Vachanalaya (1973), Islamic Library (1973) and other private libraries were subsequently established at Gadag. After 1925, the Public Library, Chatrapathi Shivaji Vachanalaya, Nagarkar Library were started at Hubli, followed by many libraries at different parts of the district. Thus, the library movement acquired a new dimension.

The Village Library Scheme was introduced in 1956 under the Social Education Project. About 430 village libraries were started under this scheme at various places of the district, the supervision of which was done by the Deputy Director of Public Instruction. When Karnataka Public Libraries Act was introduced, the library facility was provided to the public all over the district. Central Libraries were established at all district headquarters of the State. Likewise, such Libraries were established separately for urban and rural areas of the district under different Librarians.

There were 4,27,102 books in the Dharwad Urban Library during 1993-94 and it was receiving 135 periodicals. Daily readership averaged at 8,700 and an average of 3,640 books was lent to members. The total membership was 29,027. The library had eight branches at Dharwad and 12 at Hubli. There was a Mobile Library and seven Service Units to cater to the needs of the readers of the twin-cities.

Sports

It is discerned that Sports and Physical Education have been given due importance in the district. There were Wrestling Training Schools (Garadi Mane) in each village in the past. Competitions in Weight Lifting, Weight Pulling by oxen were conducted during annual fares. The ‘Young Men’s Football club‘ founded by Huilagola Srinivasa Rao is considered the first organisation to be established Education and Sports 633 in the district to encourage a modern game. ‘Bala Maruthi Vyayama Samsthe’, established in 1916 moved to its own premises in 1926 under the new name, ‘Karnataka Vyayama Vidyapeetha’. The European officers founded the Gymkhana Club at Dharwad in 1886. The then Collector of the district Sathe improved it in 1955. The Police Officer’s club, which can be seen near Dharwad bus station even now, was established in 1940 and ran successfully for a long time. The Nawab of Savanur, Abdul Majid Khan, was a national level player of Cricket and Polo and he participated in the Polo Competition held at Delhi in 1911. He had donated a Rolling Shield to the Karnataka College to hold competitions in cricket. ‘Saraswathi Football Team’ started by the enthusiastic youth of the district used to organize competitions at the national level. V N Badami and friends started a ‘Yoga Vyayama Shale’ in 1932 at Gadag. ‘Merchants Team ‘ was a reputed football team of the district. The ‘Social Club‘ at Savanur, established in 1945, had a Tennis court and Billiards Table. It also had a radio set for the benefit of its members.

The district got much encouragement for Hockey, and the game was included in the annual competitions in schools. The first Hockey player Salunke belonged to Dharwad, and he represented India in the 1936 Olympics under the captaincy of Dhyanchand. The District Police Hockey Team was in the limelight between 1940 and 1950. By this time, ‘Campbell Cup‘ Hockey Competition had been started, and it continued until 1956. By 1920, ‘Settlement Area Hockey Team’ of Gadag was popular and won several national level championship trophies. The Railway Hockey Team of Hubli also was very popular. The team had in it, the Gokak brothers, who were expert Hockey players. Batade brothers, Siddhalinga, Bhanubhat, Kathavate brothers and others of the district were players of national stature. H S Prasad, P Y Hosamani, B Arunkumar, S S Ranibennur, goalkeeper Sayyad Hashim Ali, Khaji Bathija, Husainsab Sindagi, Sayyad Sahib Sindagi, B M Nargund and others are remembered as very good players of Hockey in the district. Goud Yellar represented India in the 1989 Asian Women Hockey Championship.

An I C S Officer by name Chinnamulugund gave unprecedented encouragement to Tennis in the 1920s. Rao Saheb Ananthagiri’s ‘Cosmos Club’ and ‘Mithra Samaja’ were famous during the same time. Famous players of those times include Narasapur, Anna Shirhatti, Koyamattur, Narasi Joshi, Limaye, Vamana Jamakhandi, Yalaburgimatha, Sathish Tagarpur, and Railways Tennis players such as George Mirajkar and K P R Shetty and others. They were national level players. The Tennis centre of Dharwad, ‘Rajadhyaksha Pavilion’ is being converted into a Tennis Academy and the force behind this being the Deputy Commissioner R B Agavane, P Aravind Jadava and Sathish Tagarpur. The then World Champions, Bill Tildon and Henry Kosh played in this court in 1938. The much renowned Amritraj brothers also have played here.

The game of cricket became popular in 1920s with the efforts of the European officers. Competitions in the name of North Court, the then Collector, were conducted for ‘North Court Field Cup’. Aggu Bhaskar, who was very popular then, had represented India in the Rest of India against England and had scored 85 runs. K K Lele was another popular player. Captain of the Karnataka College team Jakkanagouda was nicknamed Mushtak Ali of Karnataka. By 1936, Kopikar was renowned as a player of cricket in Mumbai Karnataka. Melli and Wens Paul were the famous allrounders of the 1950s. Cricket Club of Karnataka (C C K) of Dharwad was founded in 1949 and it contributed good players to Karnataka. Hubli Sports Club was founded in 1950. The popular players of the1960s include Shirur, Ganu Samshi, Kesarakodi, Hemmadi, Moulvi, Kalasawada, Dinesh Trikannada, Sathish Tagarpur, Dilip Phadke and Katayya and were also renowned players of South India. Hubli Cricket club that was 634 Dharwad District started in 1970 is now called ‘B D K –11’. During the present decade, Baba Bhusara, Sudhakar Rai, Sitaram and Saliyan of Hubli Railways are renowned players. At present, Karnataka Star Sports Club at Hubli is one of the famous teams. Sunil Joshi, hailing from Gadag is a cricketeer of Inter National repute. He not only captained the Ranaji Tourney but has contributed considerably for securing a prominent place for the State on the cricket map of the world, as an allrounder.

Table Tennis gained popularity in the district only after 1950. The Railways Team of Hubli and the Cosmos Team of Dharwad were reputed as good teams of Table Tennis. The early players of the game in the district were Jayashilan and Karunakaran. In 1960s, Sudhir Gokhale, J. Purushottama Rao, Sathish Tagarpur and Ravi Kulkarni were players at the national level. Sarala Jamakhandi was the woman champion at that time. George S Henry of L I C team had represented the South Zone Team, and is now an able Table Tennis referee of national reputation. Charles Upadhyaya is not only the secretary of the District Table Tennis Team, but is a good player and a national level referee. Of late, Ravi Wodeyar, Jevoor, Nanda Deshapande, Ravikumar Nayak, Sanadi Brothers among men and Arathi Vasan among women players are good at the game. Sabeena Sanadi represented the Sub-juniors of the district team in 1985.

Volleyball became popular in the district in the 1930s. The earliest teams, ‘Mangalagatti’ Team and ‘Ranibennur Team’ and Hubli’s ‘Railway Team’ had very good players in them. Volley Ball got much encouragement from Khan Brothers. Bashir Khan was the captain of the University team and his brother, Jamir Khan was Captain of the Railway Team. Former Minister Hindasageri is a good player of the game.

By 1945, Badminton had become popular. Adamkhan Pathan, Tile, Javali, Ghootegalekar, and Haladipur were good players. During the 1950s, J S Deshapande earned national reputation. Nandu Natekar a good tennis player in the beginning, became a famous badminton player also. Ravi Phadke, Vinaya Javali, Guru Deshapande were also good at the game. Among women, Joseph sisters had good reputation. Padma Kamalani became the woman champion by the close of 1950s.

Football also gained popularity after 1930. The ‘Saraswathi Football Team’, The ‘Merchant’s Team’, The Railway Team of Hubli, and the Police Team of Dharwad had good players. At present, the Settlement Team is very popular and it has players of State and National repute. Moulvi, Wild, Fernandes and Col.Kanabargimath are very well known for their dexterity.

Even before the University came into being, Athletics was popular. George Bunyan of Hubli, Sindhe, Major Majumdar, Kachavimatha, Shalini, Gataradiyal of Dharwad were well known athletes of the district. Cylin O’ Konel of Hubli was the national champion in the Discus Throw in 1955. Z A Khilledar of Hubli Railways was a national champion in Hammer Throw. George Peters, Susainathan, George Manikyam, and Mohammad Yusuf were well known in various events. Lakshmana Harikopa Benakannavar of Kadikop in Hubli taluk covered a distance of 46 kilometers in 13 hours, 19 minutes and 50 seconds and won a silver medal in the All India Marathon held at Vasco in 1980. Hanumavva Chulaki of Dharwad established a world record by covering a distance of ten kilometers in walking race in 32 minutes and 18 seconds at the sixth Asian Veterans Athletic Meet held at Kuala Lampur. ( The previous record was 32 min. 36 sec).

Since 1960, Kabaddi has gained popularity. ‘Navarang’ team of Mulgund and the Byadgi team, have good players. Kaddi and Kale are University players of repute. Education and Sports 635

Swimming got a take off technically as an athletic event in the 1960s. J V Muddennavar and S Raghavan won the second and the third places respectively in the competitions held at Thiruvanathapuram in 1990-91. Krishnarao Nadagir Master gave physical education a new dimension in the district. He is responsible for developing physical education systematically in The Mallasarja Gymnasium that was started in 1928. He was a Physical Education Teacher and a sports coach in Janatha College.

Though Kho Kho is not very popular in the district, Gejji of K E Board is, of late, giving encouragement to it. M L Joshi and Sathish Kannayya have been conducting trekking training through their ‘Youth Club’. Mala Honnathi is a known name as a woman trekker of the district. After chess was acclaimed as an international game, Mangalawede and Bhat are giving short-term courses and conducting Lightening Chess Tournaments.

Karnatak University Athletics

After the University was established, several sports persons were trained, who later gained state and national recognition. Among the early sports personalities, Bunyan could participate in several events of athletics and others like Col.Kanabargimatha, Gatradayal, Major Vajandar and Javali were well known. They had represented Mumbai University from Dharwad. Major Vajandar participated in the World Universities Olympiad. A S Kasabe won the Golden Double in 1500 and 5000 meter running in 1950. Among the women athletes, Cel O’ Konel has the distinction of winning nine medals at a time in the Hurdles, the Discus and the Javeline Throw. Trikannad and D B Patil were considered all rounder athletes. J J Samuel got second place in Javeline throw held at Aligarh in 1954. Z A Khilledar got medals successively in Hammer Throw at Calcutta in 1956, at Poona 1957 and at Jabbalpur in 1958. Well known runner Kelwin Braganza and woman High Jumper Chougule got many laurels. Then came Samyuktha Kesarakodi who was an all-rounder athlete. The 1960s and 1970s were not fruitful years as far as sports activities were concerned in the district. Later Uday Prabhu became as famous as Milka Singh the ‘Flying Sikh’. S V Kamath who was placed third in Javelin Throw at Jaipur in 1971, became the champion at Gwalior in 1973. P K Gaekwad, Y R Gettiyavar among men, and Kundan Shinge among women were recognized as eminent runners of the decade. While James Valentine was a good polevaulter, B G Sunnagar won four gold medals in 5000 and 10000 meters running in 1979 and 1981. Other reputed athletes of the district include P I Nayak, C Sailas, Della Rodrigues, the nationally acclaimed Arjun Devayya, Gurudev Hirematha, A B Gaekwad, Ms Shimlanath, Denzel Fernandes, G C Hegde, D A Alagoudar, M R Janamatta, Ms Bharathi, Ms R Shobha, Ms Dakshayini Asooti, and Ms.Ranjitha. Eminent cricketers who were in the limelight between 1950 and 1980 were- S R Kadle, Suresh Kittur, Tulapule, C S Patil, V R Tombath, Dinesh Trikannad, Suresh Kalasawad, Sathish Tagarpur, Dalavi, Bhosle, Tejpal, Baba Bhusar, Sudhakar Rai, George D Monte, J M Setty, Vijay Kamath, Bapu Patil, Pramod Kamath, Kailas, Munavar, Sunil Kulkarni, Iyengar Brothers, Nawab Brothers, Sindigeri and Anand Shroff. The University Cricket Team under the captaincy of Easwar Noolvi won the Inter- University South Zone championship. The recent talents in cricket at the university level are Shankar Sholapur, Parthas Sathwalekar, Madan Bandekar, Supreet Tagarpur, Muthalik Desai, Irfan, Sanjay Ghatge and Suresh Babu.

While among men Tennis Players, Sampathkumar, Sathish Tagarpur, Ravi Kulkarni, Sangam Bylur, Ravi Wodeyar, Sanadi and Ravikumar are popular, Jyothi Karkhanes, Mahagaonkar, Kamath and Vanamala Parab are well known among women. 636 Dharwad District

Among Badminton stars, J.S.Pande, Sudhir Khot are prominent and in 1970s, Ravi Bhadke and Gurunath Deshpande won laurels in the Inter-University tournaments. In 1980s, Santosh Kamath and Vinaya Javali were runners up. Among women Badminton players, Samyuktha Kesarkodi and Latha Revanakar are important. Usha Murthy and Sudha Padmanabhan represented India in the ‘Uber Cup’. B Havaldar became the runner up in Wrestling at Benares in 1957. Later in 1990, Manturagi got the third place at Kanpur. M M Lode was placed third in Weight Lifting and in Physical Fitness in 1959. Prabhu got second place in the same 1971 at Bangalore and M M Byahatti got first place at Hyderabad in 1973. Sudhir Devadas got third place in 1987 in gymnastics at Bilaspur. In Tennis, Sugandhi Bijapur, Sathish Tagarpur, Dr.Sher Pathan were pioneers while Ravi Huilgol, K S Venkatesh, Hosamath, Benne, Joshi brothers are stars of later years. Among Hockey players, the important early players Bandu Patil and S Lakshman were University goalkeepers and Madivale, Bepare Brothers, Simon Fernandes, Gokak, Manjrekar and the team players of Gadag are prominent among the recent players.

Stadia

There are ample opportunities for the development sports activities in the district. A well equipped sports stadium with a seating capacity for 30,000 has been constructed at Dharwad at a cost of Rs.35 lakhs while at Hubli, Nehru stadium with a seating capacity for 25,000 people has been built by the City Corporation. The well-equipped Railway Stadium is still the favourite of railway players. Several Stadia are being built at various taluks and the ones at Gadag, Haveri, Ranibennur and Hangal are being completed. Swimming is gaining more and more popularity and to encourage this sport two Swimming pools - one each at Hubli and Dharwad are being put to use.

At Dharwad, Moortha Gude,a bank officer, is running a well-equipped Gymnasium of his own. Mallasarja Gymnasium at Dharwad has maintained its popularity since 1928. This Gymnasium also has a library with a good collection of books on sports. The Department of Youth Services and Sports ran a hostel until 1994, providing free boarding and accommodation for sports aspirants, besides supplying sports kits.

Folk Games and Entertainment

There still exists in the district such age old body building activities as Wrestling, ‘Mallakamba’ and Suryanamaskara, and ancient sports like Tilali, Chinaphani and Kabaddi and others indoor games ‘choukabara’ played especially by women. We can come across wrestling schools (‘Garadi Mane’) in many towns and villages of the district. Here the youth engage themselves in physical exercises in the mornings and participate in wrestling competitions. Jagadish and Adarsha are known wrestlers of the district. The special game of the district viz Aatya-Paatya has attained national recognition and has been recommended to be included in the Olympic games. Talawara of Dharwad is a popular player of this game. ‘Hejjemela’ which was started at about 1920 in Ulavi Basappa temple is a religious game. This is still being played there in the month of ‘Shravana’. Jangu dance performed on the Mondays of the month of Shravana, Kavayatu, Lazium, Kolata and ‘Sakri arathi’ performed on the eve of Gouri Hunnime, special dance on the day of Moharrum are still popular among villagers. Cattle are decorated on the day of Sankranthi and are made to participate in ‘crossing the fire’. The pair of bullocks fed on gram, wheat and milk, owned by Alam Sab Jamkhanewala, of Revadihal village in Hubli taluk have participated in several cattle running race competitions and won many prizes and certificates.