LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT PLAN
on the
GAUNGXI ROADS DEVELOPMENT II PROJECT
in
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)
Guangxi Communications Department Nanning, PRC
This report was prepared by the Borrower and is not an ADB document.
Version dated: 30 June 2004
Contents
Terms and Definition in the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan ...... 1 I. General Description...... 3 A. Introduction...... 3 B. Impacted Areas...... 5 C. Minority Nationalities ...... 5 D. Technical and Economic Feasibility Study...... 6 E. Preliminary and Final Designs of the Project...... 6 F. Project Ownership...... 6 G. Investigation on Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 6 H. Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan...... 9 II. Socio-economic Condition in Project Area ...... 11 A. General Socioeconomic Situation...... 11 B. Present social and economic conditions ...... 21 C. Nature resources their related industries...... 35 D. Productive material and tenure of land...... 42 E. Community Organization ...... 44 F. Community Public facility...... 46 G. Education...... 48 III. Minorities, Women and Vulnerable Groups ...... 50 A. Minorities ...... 50 B. Women and the vulnerable groups...... 57 IV. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Impacts...... 59 A. The Definition of Project Influence...... 59 B. Measures to Minimize Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 59 C. Impact dimension...... 61 D. Permanent land acquisition impacts ...... 61 E. Affected Population Characteristics...... 62 F. Temporary Land Occupation...... 65 G. Affected structures...... 66 H. Affected other assets ...... 67 I. Estimate of the affected people ...... 68 J. Impact of the Project on minority nationalities ...... 70 K. Resettlement Solution Effect Analysis...... 71 V. Legal Framework...... 73 A. Policies and Rules ...... 73 B. Abstract on law, Rules of law and Policies ...... 73 C. ADB Policy...... 82 D. Compensation Standard for the main line and connector roads of the Project...... 82 E. Compensation Standard for the inter-county roads of the Project...... 88 F. Entitlement Matrix...... 90 VI. Resettlement Budget and Funding ...... 94 A. Resettlement fees and capital flow direction ...... 94 B. Basic fee...... 94 C. Management Costs...... 95 D. Contingencies...... 95 E. Estimation of resettlement cost ...... 95 F. Receiver of basic fees ...... 99 G. Sources of relocation and resettlement funds ...... 99 VII. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Programs ...... 101 A. Target and Task ...... 101
B. Resettlement Guideline and Principle...... 101 C. Overall Scheme of Resettlement...... 102 D. Resettlement Carrying Capacity Analysis...... 103 E. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan...... 103 F. Vulnerable Group Supporting Arrangement...... 110 G. Rehabilitation Plan for Special Facilities...... 111 H. Progress Schedule...... 111 VIII. Resettlement Organizations...... 113 A. Structure Frame...... 113 B. The Responsibilities of the Organizations ...... 115 C. Staff...... 118 D. Measures to strengthen the organizational ability ...... 118 E. Training Plan...... 119 IX. Consultation and Participation, Redress of Grievances ...... 122 A. Public Participation ...... 122 B. Disclosure of Resettlement Policy and Resettlement Plan...... 125 C. Grievance and Appeal...... 125 X. Monitoring & Evaluation...... 127 A. Internal Monitoring...... 127 B. External Resettlement Monitoring and Evaluation...... 128 C. Reporting ...... 131 Annex 1 Resettlement Information Booklet...... 134 1. Project Background...... 134 2. Project Affected Area and Inventory...... 134 3. Resettlement Planning...... 134 4. Resettlement Policy and Implementation Arrangements...... 135 5. Organizations responsible for resettlement...... 140 6. Grievance Procedures...... 140 Annex 2 Socio-economic background and initial land acquisition data of the affected village groups ...... 142 1. Socio-economic background of the affected village groups ...... 142 2. Initial land acquisition data of the affected village groups ...... 156
Proposed Expressway Alignment 1
Proposed Expressway Alignment 2
Proposed Expressway Alignment 3
Proposed Expressway Illustration Map
Complementary Road Illustration Map
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Terms and Definition in the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan
The resettlement action plan has been compiled based on the relevant law and regulations of P.R.C and Guangxi and the Involuntary Resettlement Policy of Asian Development Bank. Its objective is to ensure that the impacted people can get benefit from the proposed highway project so that their living standard can be raised or at least can be restored to that before the construction of the project.
Acquisition of land and other assets for the project will adversely affect the livelihood of persons who live, work or earn their living on the land that will be acquired for the project. APs are defined as those persons whose income or livelihoods will be adversely affected by land acquisition for the project. APs include the following categories:
a) persons who have a title, right, interest, in structures (houses, enterprises, shelters, or public buildings), land (including residential, agricultural, and grazing land) or any other asset acquired or possessed, in full or in part, permanently or temporarily;
b) persons who use the structures, land or assets described above; or persons whose business, occupation, work, place of residence or habitat adversely affected; or
c) persons whose standard of living is adversely affected as a consequence of land acquisition and/or resettlement activities.
Project Area The main line and connector roads of the Project cover 2 prefectural level cities and 6 counties (districts), including Nanning and Baise City, Yongxin District and Long’an County of Nanning city, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, Tianyang County, and Youjiang District of Baise city. The inter-county roads cover 1 prefectural level city and 3 counties (districts), including Baise City, Youjiang District, Jingxi County, and Napo County of Baise city. The minority village roads cover 2 prefectural level cities and 4 counties, including Nanning and Baise City, Long’an County of Nanning city, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, and Tianyang County of Baise city.
Affected persons “Affected Persons” means persons who on account of the execution of the project had or would have their: a) standard of living adversely affected; or b) right, title or interest in any house, land (including premises, agricultural and grazing land) or any other fixed or movable asset acquired or possessed, temporarily or permanently; or c) business, occupation, work or place of residence or habitat adversely affected, and “Affected Person” means individually all those who qualify as “Affected Persons.”
Project Affected Persons (APs) may be individuals or legal entities such as a company or a public institution.
Definition of APs is not limited or restricted to their legal registration or permission to live or conduct business in the affected location, or their title to property. Thus it includes:
a) all those affected by the project regardless of their legal rights or absence thereof to the assets being taken; and
b) persons without a residential permit to live in a certain area.
Therefore all such persons who are affected will need to considered and recorded as APs, regardless of their legal status regarding assets, land or location. 12-2
All APs are entitled to the improvement or at least restoration of their standards of living, and compensation for the material losses they suffer. Compensation for assets will cover replacement cost. No deductions or discounts will be applied to the compensation amount for depreciation or other reasons. All APs deriving an economic benefit from the affected land and property are entitled to receive rehabilitation benefits in addition to the compensation for their assets lost. Those APs without title, authorization or legal permission to reside, conduct business, cultivate land or construct structures are eligible for rehabilitation of their livelihoods and compensation for their assets in a fair manner comparable with those with formal legal title, authorization or permission to the assets.
Resettlement Resettlement includes the following aspects:
a) The relocation of living quarters; b) Finding acceptable new employment for those whose jobs are lost or severely affected; c) Restoration (or compensation) of affected productive resources such as land, workplaces, trees and infrastructure; d) Restoration of other adverse effects on APs’ living standards (quality of life) through land acquisition, indirect resettlement impacts or other project impacts; e) Restoration of or compensation for affected private and public enterprises; f) Restoration of those adversely affected on cultural or common property.
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation means the restoration of the APs’ resource capacity to continue with productive activities or lifestyles at a level higher or at least equal to that without the project.
The objective of this Resettlement Plan (RP) is to provide a plan for the resettlement and rehabilitation of the APs so that their losses will be compensated and their standards of living will be improved or at least restored to the pre-project levels in a sustainable manner. Affected productive resources of businesses, enterprises (including shops) and public facilities and infrastructures will also be improved or at least restored to their pre-project levels.
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I. General Description
A. Introduction
1. Nanning (Tanluo)-Baise Highway is one important part of the Hengyang-Kunming National Artery Highway under the planned “Five North to South and Seven West to East” National Trunk Lines. It provides a convenient sea outlet corridor for the southwest provinces such as Yunnan and Guizhou to reach the Guangxi coastal area, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. It is also an important component of the corridor link to connect China with the ASEAN regions. The proposed highway project is one of the key highway projects under the Tenth Five-year Plan for the Country and Guangxi and is also one of the key projects in Guangxi under the Great Western Development Strategy.
1. Significance
(1) A major project of the new millennium is to improve the sea outlet passage for the southwest of China. The proposed highway is a major section of the most convenient sea outlet passage for the southwest regions, and an important part of the Hengyang-Kunming National Trunk Line under the national plan of “Five North to South and Seven West to East Artery Highways”. It is one of the key projects under the Great Western Development Strategy. Its construction will improve access to the ports for the southwest regions facilitating trade with Hong Kong, Macao, Guandong and other rich coastal provinces.
(2) It is an important part of the inland route connecting China with the ASEAN countries. The proposed highway connects with the Nanning-Youyiguan Highway in the east, and links Baotou-Baise-Tianyang-Youyiguan Expressway. This project is being carried out under the National Eleventh Five-Year Plan in the west. It connects with Vietnam and ASEAN countries at both ends of the Project. Thus an international highway link from China to the ASEAN countries has been established.
(3) It favors the formation and development of Nanning, Guiyang and Kunming Economic Zone by encouraging economic development in the southwest regions. The Nanning (Tanluo) - Baise Highway starts in Nanning in the east and provides connections to the west through Kunming, Longlin and Nandan in the north to link with Guiyang. It is a key link for the Nanning, Guiyang and Kunming Economic Zone and its construction will promote the development of the economic zone.
(4) The existing Nanning-Baise Class II highway is of a low technical standard and is inadequate to accommodate the high growth of traffic in the corridor. This lack of capacity is a constraint on the economic development of Guangxi and the Southwest regions.
(5) It is advantageous to speed up the exploration of Diandong and the resources in western Guangxi in order to assist the minority people to become wealthy and to promote regional economic development.
2. Previous work
2. The feasibility study of the project began in 2000, and its report was completed in October 2001. The supplementary report to the feasibility study was finished in April 2003 according to the
12-4 comments from the Ministry of Communications. The project preliminary design was completed in December 2003.
3. The environmental impact assessment of the project was undertaken by the Highway Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications, and its report was completed in June 2003.
4. An investigation into the impact of land acquisition and house demolition and resettlement was started in December 2002. The National Economy Research Institute of Guangxi Social Science Academy (GASS) was entrusted by the Department of Communications of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GCD) to set up an investigating team. This team carried out an investigation on the impact of land acquisition and house demolition as well as the existing socioeconomic situation. In June 2003, an initial Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan was compiled.
3. Components relating to resettlement
5. The Project includes the following 4 components relating to resettlement. Component 2, 3 and 4 are called the Complementary Road.
(1) Main line. The proposed highway starts from the terminal of Nanning-Tanluo Expressway and ends at the starting point of the Baise to Luocunkou Highway. The recommended scheme is 188 km long and has been designed as a four-lane expressway. The alignment starts near Tanluo town, Yongxin District, Nanning and connects with the end point of the on-going Nanning-Tanluo Expressway. It crosses over Youjiang River near Dinglin, and takes the north bank bypassing Long’an Sugar Refinery, Xiaolin and Long’an County. It then crosses over Youjiang River for the second time in Naxu and follows the south bank of the river bypassing Lianlong, Dingheng Reservoir, Xin’an town and Guohua town of Pingguo County, Silin, Xiangzhou town, Naman town of Tiandong County, Napo town of Tianyang County. It then crosses over the River again near Baifeng Township and then it passes Sitang town, Liutang town of Youjiang Prefecture and the Guangxi Dahua Chemical Plant. The alignment crosses over the River again to the south bank near Shazhou, passing Longjing Reservoir, and ends in Shangsong of Youjiang District, Baise City, at which point it connects with the starting point of the Baise- Luocunkou Highway.
(2) Connector roads. In order for the proposed highway to provide socioeconomic development in the counties/cities along the line, connector roads that link with the counties and tourist spots have been included in the project. The total length of the connector roads is 25 km. The roads are designed as Class II standard in plain rolling terrain.
(3) Inter-county roads. The road between Baise, Napo and the areas bordering Vietnam, was selected for inclusion in the Complementary Roads. The total length of the inter-county roads is 245.6 km. The road is designed as Class III and IV standard. The existing road comprises a mixture of Class IV and Unclassified standard roads (in most sections) with a gravel pavement, and only 18 km of the road section is paved with oil mat.
(4) Minority village roads. Mainly in Long’an County of Nanning city, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, and Tianyang County of Baise city, totally 500 km of village roads, chiefly in mountainous areas, were chosen to be upgraded. A separate report of the resettlement policy framework and procedural guidelines was prepared for the resettlement of the minority village roads.
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4. Construction Scale and Major Technical Indexes
6. The recommended scheme for the proposed highway is as follows.
(1) The section from Nanning (Tanluo) to Liutang, total length 177 km is of four-lane expressway standard with a design speed of 120 km/h. The section from Liutang to Baise totals 11 km and has a design speed of 100 km/h; the main carriageway is 2×7.5m wide; the minimum radius of horizontal curve is 700m and the maximum longitudinal gradient is 3%.
(2) The connector road adopts Class II highway standards for plain rolling terrain. The designed speed is 80 km/h. The subgrade is 12 m wide; the driveway is 9 m wide; the min. radius of horizontal curve is 600 m; the maximum longitudinal gradient is 3.9%. The designed load of bridge is: truck-super 20, trailer-100.
7. The proposed project includes: two (2) extra large bridges, 23 large, 7 medium and 9 small bridges. The total length of bridges is 6,636 meters, which is about 3.5% of the total alignment length. There are 10 interchanges and 7 service stations and parking areas.
5. Investment and Implementation Schedule
8. The investment for the Project amounts to CNY 6,040,000,000, including $ 200,000,000 financed by the Asia Development Bank.
9. The project will be started in October 2004, has a total construction period of 3 years and will be completed and opened to traffic in 2007.
B. Impacted Areas
10. The main line and connector roads of the Project cover 2 prefectural level cities and 6 counties (districts), including Nanning and Baise City, Yongxin District and Long’an County of Nanning city, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, Tianyang County, and Youjiang District of Baise city. The inter-county roads cover 1 prefectural level city and 3 counties (districts), including Baise City, Youjiang District, Jingxi County, and Napo County of Baise city. The minority village roads cover 2 prefectural level cities and 4 counties, including Nanning and Baise City, Long’an County of Nanning city, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, and Tianyang County of Baise city.
C. Minority Nationalities
11. Counties in the project area are inhabited by minority nationalities, including Zhuang, Yao and Hui. Zhuang comprise most of the population, Yao second and Hui third.
12. The Zhuang nationality has longer history than all the other minority nationalities in Guangxi and mainly lives on farming. It is also relatively well developed in metallurgy, ship production, pottery, textiles and dyeing. The Zhuang have their own language and scripts. The Zhuang People are accomplished singers and March 3 is its traditional singing festival. The Zhuang people have lived with Han people for thousands of years and their relationship is so harmonious that intermarriage is common between the two people. Most of the Zhuang people are inhabited in the relatively level areas in Guangxi.
13. The Yao people are scattered in a lot of places, they are widely dispersed but settle gregariously in small groups. They usually live in mountainous areas. For example, Du’an Yao Autonomous County is thickly distributed with villages, but most of them are small (with less than 30 households). The living condition of the Yao people is usually poor. They adopt a monogamy system, and seldom marry other nationalities. They have their own special festival Zhuzhu Festival, their own language, but no scripts.
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14. The life style of Zhuang can be summarized as follows.
(i) The minority nationalities mainly live on farming by planting crops and fruit trees, together with raising pigs, sheep, cattle, ducks and fish. Part-time jobs are an important means of increasing their income.
(ii) People’s educational levels are generally high, with only a small percentage of illiterates. Most children have a primary school education. In the wealthier areas, the parents indicated that they will give their children full support for them to get a higher level of education.
(iii) Women play an important role in both families and communities. Many young and strong peasants go to work outside leaving women to undertake the routine farm work and the children’s education. Thus they play a more important role than in other parts of the country.
(iv)The area where the proposed highway passes is underdeveloped in communications. This adversely impacts economic, cultural and other activities and hence directly affects the living standards of local people. The local residents are, therefore, anxious to have the highway constructed. Construction of the highway can not only improve the present transportation conditions there and hence boost the local economy and raise the people’s living standard, but also promote the development in other aspects, and it will play an important role in solidification of the country.
D. Technical and Economic Feasibility Study
15. The Technical and Economic Feasibility Study has been submitted to the Ministry of Communication and the National Planning Committee of the PRC for approval.
E. Preliminary and Final Designs of the Project
16. The preliminary design was completed in December 2003, and the final design was started in February 2004.
F. Project Ownership
17. The project ownership belongs to the Department of Communications of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GCD).
G. Investigation on Land Acquisition and Resettlement
1. Investigation objective
18. In order to thoroughly and correctly reflect the social environment status along the line and prepare a high quality RP and mitigate the negative impacts of land acquisition and housing relocation, a comprehensive investigation for land acquisition and resettlement was carried out.
2. Investigation organization
19. Entrusted by the Guangxi Communications Department, the assessment group from Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences to make the first field survey to the six counties/cities along the line from Dec.24, 2002 to January 16, 2003.
20. Based on the preliminary design, the GCD, with the assistance from PPTA team,
12-7 organized the resettlement data updating, the impact data of land acquisition and housing relocated on the affected people were collected and analyzed.
3. Investigation scope and objects
21. The scope includes the impacted counties (districts), township, village and enterprises and especially the villagers to be impacted by land acquisition and resettlement. The detailed scope and objectives are:
(1) Scope and subjects of sample survey: 500 villager households of 25 villages in 12 townships of 5 counties. The investigated subjects were farmers.
(2) Scope and subjects of general survey on impacted county/township/village. The scope refers to the directly impacted city/county/township/village (villager group) totally 2 cities, 6 counties, 18 townships, 70 administrative villages and 505 village groups. The subjects mainly include officers of relevant authorities, townships and villages.
(3) Scope and subjects of forum. Scope: Cities, counties, townships and relevant villages. Relevant departments such as government administrative office, planning committees, land resource bureaus, communications bureaus, poverty alleviation offices, nationality affair bureaus, civil administration bureaus, statistics bureaus, forestry bureaus, agriculture bureaus, economy and commerce bureaus, commercial bureaus, tourism bureaus, hydropower bureaus, environment protection bureaus, telecom bureaus, electric power bureaus, highway administration bureaus, the Women’s Federation, business associations, labor unions and the disabled associations were involved in the forum. There were more than 1000 participants totally during this period.
(4) Scope and object of special topic survey: In order to learn about the possible impact on resources (such as cultural relics, minerals and tourism etc.) In the project area, special topic interviews were held to learn about some resources. The interviewees include specialists, officers and other people from relevant departments.
4. Investigated Contents
(1) Sample survey
22. Mainly includes: 113 items such as basic condition of impacted families (population, nationality, sex, profession, age and education degree etc.), income and expense, production and consumption, housing condition, farmland and planting situation, comments on the highway construction, and measures to restore family production etc. (Refer to the sample form for details).
23. The basis for selecting sample locations is as follows:
(i) Select sample survey points from 5 counties along the line, which covers 11 townships, 25 administrative villages. All the selected points are located in the direct impact zone.
(ii) Except for one or two persons, the 500 selected villager households are mostly direct impacted residents living in different terrain conditions.
(iii) Most sampled households are Zhuang nationality; a few of them are Han nationality.
(2) General Survey Contents
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24. In order to assess the basic conditions of impacted township (town) and villages along the line, the assessment group carried out a general survey on the direct impact township, administrative villages and natural villages. There are a total of 18 townships, 70 villages and 505 villager groups. The general survey contents are:
25. Social economy of the township: quantity of households, population, nationality, area of land, area of farmland, GNP, output of grain, farmer’s net income per capita, persons engaged, land categories, land acquired for highway, annual per mu yield taken over three years, number of impacted families and population, poverty condition, vulnerable groups, major economic crops and village infrastructures etc.
(3) Purpose of Forum
(i) To learn about the attitude of people in various levels towards the project construction, plan regarding land acquisition and resettlement; and discuss the resettlement measures with local cadres and people.
(ii) Find out the conditions of relocated houses and locations for restoring production.
(iii) Consult the people about their attitude and requirements for the compensation standard of national resettlement policy.
(iv) Discuss and justify the resettlement project design with the local government in order to avoid or minimize land acquisition and resettlement.
(v) Identify the potential poverty risk and vulnerable groups including those seriously affected due to land loss, low-income group, and other groups (such as the disabled, the elderly, the unemployed and illiterates etc). Propose special mitigation measure as required.
(vi) Analyze and summarize the social environment impact on related group including income level, income source, living condition, career, consumption pattern, land ownership, basic skill and assets (production and living), as well as project benefit, project impact, resettlement right, preference for relocation and tendency of life rehabilitation etc.
(vii) Cooperate with the local governors to define the types of impact and the compensation treatment for impacted people; provide a matrix diagram of compensation including the compensation and other assistance for all kinds of impact; and restore the lost assets, income level and means of livelihood; and lay down the compensation rate according to the land law, local stipulation and the non-voluntary resettlement policy of ADB.
(4) Public Participation
26. Public participation is one indispensable item for social investigation. During this investigation, the latest international participation investigation methods were adopted to good effect. The main contents of participating investigations included: resource distribution, traveling routes, planting and breeding sequence, income sources, rank of poverty causes, rank of annual output of main crops and measures to rehabilitate production and increase income. In addition discussions on impacted village restoration plans were held with the community. Nine investigations involving more than 150 person/visits were conducted (Refer to participating investigation section chapter for details).
Basis for sampling:
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(i) Regionalism. Different type of investigated spot was selected for different regions. The selected spots were typical ones representing various economic types along the line.
(ii) Nationality. Sample locations were selected to cover different nationalities. Nine locations containing Han, Yao and Zhuang nationality were selected, which reflect the economic characteristics of different nationalities and different requirements for land acquisition and resettlement.
(5) Special visit
27. Consultations were held with local governors, supporters and objectors of the impacted community. Their concerns were evaluated and as a result the quantity of acquired land and the impact resulting from resettlement was minimized as far as were possible. During this investigation, more than 100 people were interviewed.
H. Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan
28. Based on the investigation, various data were colleted, summarized and analyzed, and then the RP was compiled.
29. During compiling, quantitative and qualitative methods have been adopted to scientifically forecast the general condition of the project area, the impact and the potential impact, on the basis of which, the resettlement plan and measures has been proposed. The main contents of this plan include:
30. General: The general description of the proposed project, investigation and assessment method and the main contents.
31. Social economic conditions: Describes the socioeconomic conditions of the project area such as population, nationality, employment, income, social organization, means of livelihood, impact and loss etc.
32. Minority, woman and vulnerable groups: Describes the various minority nationalities, vulnerable groups and woman, and the special supporting policy and measures etc.
33. Impact of land acquisition and resettlement: The impact of the project area including land, houses and infrastructure facilities etc.
34. Policy framework, qualification and rights: Outlines the resettlement targets of China and ADB resettlement policy, policy, law, compensation rate and the rights of resettled people etc.
35. Budget and financing for land acquisition: cost items and estimates for compensation, and fund sources etc.
36. Resettlement and rehabilitation implementation plans: Proposed restoration plan and measures for rehabilitating and raising the production and living standards of impacted people.
37. Resettlement Organizations: The various implementing organizations, their responsibilities for staffing and training etc.
38. Consultation and participation, complaint and resolution: Describes the consulting method and resolution for complaints in the eventuality of critical problems occurring during the Project Implementation stage;
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39. Monitoring and assessment: organization: The procedures and targets for monitoring; the problems to be considered and recommendations. Analysis of the seven most critical problems found during the investigations and provides recommendations.
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II. Socio-economic Condition in Project Area
A. General Socioeconomic Situation
40. The main line and connector roads of the Project cover 2 prefectural level cities, 6 counties (districts), and 18 townships, i.e., Yongxin District and Long’an County of Nanning city, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, Tianyang County, and Youjiang District of Baise city. The inter-county roads cover 1 prefectural level city and 3 counties (districts), i.e., Youjiang District, Jingxi County, and Napo County of Baise city.
1. Nanning City
41. Nanning is located in the mid-south of Guangxi. It is the capital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region with 7 counties (Yongning, Wuming, Hengxian, Bingyang, Shanglin, Mashan, and Long’an) and 5 districts (Xingning, Xincheng, Chengbei, Jiangnan and Yongxin) under its jurisdiction. Nanning City has a total area of 1,834 km2 and is inhabited by more than 30 ethnic groups such as Zhuang, Han, Miao, Yao, Dong, Molao and Maonan. In 2002 its total population was 2,977,100 including a non-agricultural population of 1,240,800.
42. Economic character of Nanning City:
i) Agriculture. The main cereal crops include paddy rice and corn; the main economic crops include sugarcane, subtropical fruit (mainly Longan, Lichee, water melon etc), breeding of live pigs and live chickens and duck.
ii) Industry: There is a large range of industries producing foodstuffs, light textile, machinery, electronic, chemical, medicine, metallurgical products, constructional materials, coal and electricity etc. With the industrial system taking shape, Nanning is becoming a new industrial city near to the south border of China. In 2002 there were 13,862 industrial enterprises and the gross industrial output value of the City in the year of 2002 was 20.6 billion Yuan (at 1990 price levels).
iii) Commerce, Nanning is the largest material distribution and commercial center and the biggest commercial city in Guangxi. There are more than 300 state-owned commerce organizations and 2000 network outlets. The annual total income of goods is valued at 17.7 billion Yuan and the total product sale value is 37.8 billion Yuan. There are 3,347 network points of catering service outlets, 360 hotels, 692 banking organizations; Nanning is the financial center of Guangxi.
iv) Traffic, there are currently 161 roads with a total mileage of 1,462 km and five bus stations and 406 long distance passenger bus lines, 89 of which are inter-provincial ones connecting Guangxi and other provinces. There are 59 bus lines within the City and the trunk lines of Nan-Kun, Xiang-Gui, Qian-Gui, Li-Zhan and Nan-Fang Railways, connect Nanning with the other parts of China and Vietnam. The Inner River Navigation company vehicles connect Nanning up to Baise and Longzhou, and down to Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macau. Eighteen (18) domestic air lines, one regional airline and two international airlines are available for flights to more than 20 cities such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Hanoi and Bangkok.
v) Telecommunications, Nanning is equipped with international standard telecommunication facilities enabling communications to be made with all of China and 195 countries and regions in the world. In 2000 over 228,900 households had telephones; the ownership rate of telephones (including cell phones) is 32.1%, of which 24,100 are cell phones. This is the highest ownership rate for all cities in
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Guangxi.
43. The proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will go through the Yongxin District and Longan County of the City.
(1) Yongxin District
44. Yongxin District of Nanning City is located in the mid-west part of Nanning City, the capital city of Guangxi. It is the local traffic hub of Nanning City and trade and commerce center, farming trading center, and major gathering and distributing center. The District governs four towns and three urban community offices; the total area of the District is 752 square km and the total population is 276,810, of which the urban population is 140,000. There are 258,000 Mu of cultivated fields. As the largest District in terms of area of Nanning City, Yongxin District has all the attributes of a hub centre for sea traffic for the Southwest region. The proposed highway will go through the District.
45. Yongxin District has a large variety of produce. It is the Food Basket of Nanning City and provides all kind of fruits and melons, sugarcane, cucumber, corn and all kinds of fresh vegetables in all seasons. Seasonal produce includes the “Jintanwang” banana which is well-known all over Guangxi and other provinces. Rich tourism resources can be found in the District including Yangmei Ancient town, Xieleng folk culture village, Zhixin ecological tourism village, Yonghe Huang’s Grand Yard, Three-River Mouth, Taiyang Island, Jinsha Lake which are great places for tourism, leisure, and relaxation. The projects of One Lake (Xiangsi Lake), One Riverbank (DiYuan Road), One Bridge (Yonghe Bridge) and One Road will help to revive the urban centers.
(A) Tanluo Town 46. Tanluo Town is located 42 km to the west of the Nanning City. The Nanning to Baise G324 Class II Highway, the Nanning to Tanluo Expressway and the project highway all pass through Tanlou. The Zuojijnag and Youjiang Rivers also flow through the town. The geographical location is very favorable. The town hall is located in Tanluo village. The total area of the whole town is 229 square km, with 15 administrative villages, 116 natural villages, 13,453 households and has a population of 52,100 people. There is 96,226 Mu of cultivated of which 32,722 Mu is paddy field, and 63,504 Mu is dry land. Electricity, highway and telephone, are available in every village within the town, satellite TV have covered six villages, and running water system were setup in over 150 natural villages. The average annual net income of the farmers is 1,980 Yuan. Agriculture is the major business in the town and includes fruits such as banana, longan, lichee etc. and therefore the town is renowned as the town of Fruits. Industries are just being established and an industry park will be developed as part of the Nanning City 11th Five Year Plan.
(2) Longan County
47. Longan County is located to the southwest of Guangxi downstream of Youjiang River. It is adjacent to Wuming to the east, Nanning City to the southeast, Fusui and Congzuo Counties to the south, Tiandeng, Daxin Counties to the west, Pingguo County to the north. It is 82 km from Nanning to the east, 150 km from Baise City in the west. Youjiang River, Nankun Railway, the G324 National Highway and the proposed Nanning (Tanluo) – Baise Expressway pass through the County, providing good water and road communications.
48. The total area of the whole County if 2,264.7 square km, of which 750 square km is mountain area (33.11%); 1036 square km is hill area, (45.7%); The County governs six towns and six townships, 117 administrative village, 15 neighborhood committees, 2,438 Village groups and has a total population of 368,700. There are 14 ethnic groups such as Zhuang, Han, Yao, living in the county, with Zhuang comprising 97% of the total population. There are 33,222 hectares of cultivated land. There are rich natural resources within the county. The most important resource is the silver mine which has the fourth biggest reserve in China. There are large hydro power
12-13 resources and the county possesses some tourism resources such as the famous Longhu Mount Longan Pagoda and Ecological forests etc.
49. The modern agriculture is mainly sugarcane, fruit, and flowers; it is worthy the name of “the back yard garden” and “the back yard orchard” of Nanning City. It has seven agricultural bases namely, the high quality paddy production base, the sugarcane base, the special and high-quality fruits base, the fine breed banana base, the vegetable plantation base and the bamboo production base. In addition fine breed fish breeding and poultry raising have been built up. The major industries are sugar refining, silver mining and processing etc. and the third industry is mainly commerce and tourism.
50. Nanning-Baise Highway goes through the three town and townships of Nadong, Chengxiang and Yanjiang of the County
(A) Nadong Town 51. Nadong Town is located in the southeast of the Longan County, bordering with Dingdang Town in the east, Tanluo Town of Nanning City to the south, Qiaojian Town to the west and faces Chengxiang Town to the north across the wood and a river. The shape of the town is approximately rectangular and it has a flat topography. Its total area is 187 square km. The Town governs 12 administrative villages, 301 Village groups, 10,600 households. The population is 45,522 of which 1,468 households and 3,919 people are nonagricultural population. The township government is located in Nadong town, which is 24 km from Longan County and 57 km from Nanning. The Youjiang River navigation channel lies within the Town, and seven villages are built along the river. The Nanbai Class II Highway and Nankun Railway pass through the town which has two railway stations. The entire town is covered by Telecommunication signals which provide a good communication system. Nadong is not only a town characterized by its agriculture, but is also an important industry town of Longan County. The agriculture consists mainly of plantations of paddy, corn, sugarcane, cassava, lichee, longan, Chinese chestnut etc. while the industry includes the Nadong Sugar refining factory of Longan County, the Nitrogenous Fertilizer Factory of the County, and the Starch Factory. It is the proposed site for the Industrial Park of Longan County and is listed as one of the 204 key development towns of Guangxi.
(B) Chengxiang Town 52. Chengxiang Town is located in the southeast of Longan County and is the capital of Longan County and the political, economic and culture center of the county. The total area of the town is 210 square km, total cultivated land area is 36,379 Mu, among which 19,545 Mu is paddy field, and 16,834 Mu is dry land. The town governs 10 administrative villages and one neighborhood committee, 102 natural villages, 2344 Village groups, the total population is 46,800, 30,400 are agricultural; population. More than ten ethnic groups such as Zhuang, Han, and Yao are living in the town. The three industries are all available in the town. The total gross agriculture production of the town in the year in 2001 was 69,460,000 Yuan, foodstuff production was 19,911 ton, finance revenue was 5,600,000 Yuan, and the annual net income of the farmers was 1,577 Yuan.
(C) Yanjiang Town 53. Yanjiang Town is located in the north of Longan County with a total area of 115 square km, 18 km from the county, neighboring the Minyang Township, Chengxiang Town and Yangwan Township of the County at the southeast bordering Xinan Town and Chengguan Township of Pingguo County at the northwest. The town governs one neighborhood committee, nine administrative villages, 86 natural villages, 179 Village groups, 6,300 households and 26,946 people, most of who are Zhuang people. Youjiang River, Nanbai Class II Highway and Nankun Railway go through the township. Yanjiang Town’s Natural resources are relatively small. Apart from hydro electric resources, there are few resources of development value. Due to the slow development of the second and the third industries, 90% of the residents are employed in agricultural production on an average cultivated land of less than one Mu. The main plantations are of paddy, corn, soybean, sugarcane etc. there is almost no industry, and there are a few
12-14 self-employed businessmen and incomes are low. In 2001 the GNP of the whole town was 86,590,000, foodstuff production was 13,604 ton, and the finance revenue was 889,000 Yuan which is not sufficient to cover the regular expenses of the town and so a subsidy of over 2,000,000 from the county is needed every year. The average annual net income of the farmer is 1,288 Yuan. There are still five villages classified as poverty villages in Guangxi.
2. Baise City
54. Baise City is located in the west of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region bordering with Yunnan and Guizhou in the west, and Vietnam in the south. It is on one of the most convenient routes for the Southwest areas to access the sea. Baise City used to be Baise Prefecture but it was redesignated as Baise City by the State Council with the original governing area unchanged. Baise is an “old revolutionary, minority, border, mountain and poverty” area and is one of the most famous revolutionary areas of China, where Mr. Deng Xiaoping started and led the famous Baise Uprising in 1929, and important contributions were made for the foundation of the New China. There is one Autonomous County (e.g. Longlin All-minorities Autonomous County), two counties are designated as minority Autonomous Counties (Xiling County and Lingyun County) and there are 15 minority Townships. Living on the land of 36,300 square km are 3,650,000 people of Zhuang, Han, Miao, Yao, Yi, Gelao and Hui etc. Baise is located in the southwest of the motherland, and Napo and Jingxi counties are bordering with Vietnam with a border line of 360 km. Baise is a typical mountain area, the mountain area occupies 95.4% of the total area (in which 30.4% are rock hills, 65% are earth hills), the area of cultivated land is 2,750,000 Mu. It is one of the 18 poverty area of in China. Ten counties of Baise was listed in the poverty counties list that need additional support as confirmed by the State Council, two others are listed as poverty counties by the Autonomous Region. There are still more than 200,000 or 5.5% of the total population people who lack of food and clothes.
55. Baise City occupies a broad land with abundant natural forest resources, biological resources, minerals, irrigation, hydro-power and tourism etc.
56. There is a total forest area of 27,280,000 Mu, with a timber reservation of 44,000,000 cubic meters, and a percentage of forest coverage of 54.2%. There are over 500 kinds of animals and plants varieties which have gained Baise fame as a “a warehouse of specialties” and “a storeroom of natural Chinese Herbs” Of particular note is the sub-tropical natural green house in the Youjiang River valley has become one of the few big scale off season producer bases in China.
57. The mineral resources are abundant and varied with large reserves. Over 150 ore deposits have been found among which the aluminum ore resource is the richest and is the largest in China. Baise has the biggest aluminum industry base in Guangxi and China. Further to the 2nd and 3rd phases of expansion and technological innovation of electrolytic aluminum production, the Pingguo Aluminum Company had a productivity of 1,200,000 tons of aluminum oxide and 380,000 tons of electrolytic aluminum during the 10th Five-Year Plan. Baise Aluminum Factory, which is being expanded, will eventually achieve a productivity of 200,000 ton per year. Currently, the development of the aluminum oxide of Tianyang, Debao and Jingxi Counties are being accelerated and aluminum oxide projects and further aluminum processing plants are under construction. An annual production of 3,000,000 tons of aluminum oxide and 1,000,000 tons of electrolytic aluminum will eventually be achieved.
58. Baise City is located in a sub-tropical area, which is suitable for the plantation of sub-tropical fruits and vegetables. Currently there is a total area of over 1,000,000 Mu and an annual production of over 400,000 tons of sub-tropical fruits such as mango, banana, lichee, longan etc. There is a total of 800,000 Mu of plantations and 1,600,000 tons of annual production of vegetables including tomato, chilly peppers ,cucumber, gourd, white gourd, kidney bean. The largest bamboo shoot production and processing bases in Guangxi have been set up in Baise. The plantation of bamboo is over 234,000 Mu and the annual bamboo shoot production is
12-15
100,000 tons.
59. There are rich hydro-power resources in Baise where the state’s key projects Tianshengqiao Level I and Level II Power Plants have been completed and put into production. Projects such as Baise Water Conservancy Complex, Pingban Power Plant, Naji Water Conservancy and Navigation Complex and the expansion and Improvement of Tiandong Boiler Plant are under construction. Other power plants such as Tianlin Dongba Power Plant, Wacun Hydro Power Plant can also be built. This will lay down a solid foundation for the implementation of the strategy of “combining aluminum production and Electricity”. Moreover, there are rich coal resources in Baise, too, so a strategy of “combining coal and electricity” can also be carried out. The wood paper industry and construction component industries including cement and, ferroalloy industry can also be developed.
60. Baise is rich in tourism resources including the cave groups in Dashiwei and Leye County, Tongling Great Canyon in Jingxi County, Paleolithic Culture sites in Baise, south border scenery and culture, Zhuang and Yao scenery and culture. Revolutionary sites are also available.
61. The proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will go through the four counties/district of Baise: Pingguo, Tiandong, Tianyang, Youjiang District and 12 towns/townships.
(1) Pingguo County
62. Pingguo County is located in the southwest of Guangxi, to the east of Baise City 130 km from Nanning and 215 km from Baise. The Youjiang River, Nanbai Class II Highway and Nankun Railway going through it. Convenient land and river traffic make it an important town on the route to the sea for the Southwest and an important traffic hub for Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. The county has an outstanding position since Pingguo Aluminum is a key state-owned enterprise and the 500KV transformer substation project is of high priority for the South and Southwest.
63. The area of the whole county is 2,485 square km with a cultivated land area of 20,800 hectares. Rock mountains and hills occupy 64%of the total area. The county governs 8 towns, 9 townships, 180 administrative villages where most residents are Zhuang and Yao. The total population is 454,500, of which 396,800 are agricultural population, or 87.3% of the total population, non-agricultural population is 57,400 or 22.7%; and 421,200 are Zhuang which made a percentage of 90.47%; 2500 are Han, or 5.5%; 17800 are Yao or 3.91%.
64. There are abundant Natural resource in the County and more than 20 mineral resources have been explored, of which aluminum, gold, marble, limestone etc. are of exploitable value. Aluminum ore has a proven reserve of 29,000, 000 tons and a further prospective reserve of over 1 billion tons. There are rich tourism resources such as the Ming Dynasty Tusi’s Tomb, the site of an ancient Ming Dynasty city wall and ancient cliff graves in Beiwang Hill, Bailongyan
65. The agriculture and farming resources of the county are mainly vegetables, sugarcane, fruit, fish breeding and poultry farming. The industry of the county includes Pingguo aluminum, water-free alcohol, fluorine related industry, cement and sugar etc. Baise will hopefully become one of the aluminum capitals of Guangxi and even China. With the favorable geographic position, Pingguo is expected to become a new industry city of Guangxi and a tourist centre.
66. The Proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will go through Xin’an Town, Guohua Town, Matou Town and Chengguan Town. These towns are described as follows.
(A) Xin’an Town 67. Xin’an Town is located in the south of Pingguo County, bordering with the town of Pingguo County, the Nanbai Class II Highway goes through it. It is considered as the east gate of Baise City. The proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will pass behind the town centre thus giving it an
12-16 important position and geographic location. The total area of the town is 242 square km; the cultivated land area is 37,609 Mu. There are 19 administrative villages, 741 Village groups, 10,999 households; the 50,200 people are mainly Zhuang and Han. The GDP of the town in 2001 was 4,549,080,000 Yuan and the net annual income of the farmers was 1,316 Yuan. The Town is mainly agricultural with sugarcane, fruits, and foodstuff as the major crops.
(B) Guohua Town 68. Guohua Town is located in the west of Pingguo County bordering Taiping Town to the east, Matou Town Xin’an Town and Pingguo Aluminum Company to the South, neighboring with Tiandeng County in the west and bordering Tiandong County and Tiandeng County to the north. It is 26 km from the Town of Pingguo County. The Youjiang River, Nanbai Class II Highway, and Nankun Railway go through it. The proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will also go through the town. The town governs 18 administrative villages, 1 community, 121 natural villages, with a total population of 48,047 who are mainly Zhuang and Han. The population of Zhuang is 46,840 and there are 1207 Han. The average life span is 71.3. The labor force is 24,465. There are 19,289 employed in agriculture and 439 are in the business of industry, construction traffic, and wholesale and retail. In 2002, the GNP of the town was 103,410,000 Yuan, the average annual income of the farmers was 1,158 Yuan, and the average food storage is 405kg.
(C) Matou Town 69. Matou Town is the Pingguo County town and has the largest non-agricultural population among the 17 townships and towns in the county. The town governs 8 administrative villages, 37 natural villages, and 191 village groups with a total population of 41,284 who are mainly Zhuang and Han. The Zhuang population is 35186, Han 5773 and Yao 288. The total area of the town is 38.66 square km, the total cultivated land area is 4206 Mu, of which 1405 Mu is paddy field, and 2801 Mu is dry land.
(D) Chengguan Town 70. Chengguan Town governs 10 administrative villages, 96 natural villages, and 139 village groups with a total population of 25,695 who are mainly Zhuang and Han. The Zhuang population is 24,635, Han 1,039 and Yao 20. The total area of the town is 182.63 square km and the total cultivated land area is 21,523 Mu, of which 11,809 Mu is paddy field, and 9,714 Mu is dry land.
(2) Tiandong County
71. Tiandong County is located in the southwest of Guangxi, east of Baise City, bordering Pingguo at the east, Tiandeng and Debao counties to the south, Tianyang County to the west, and is next to Bama Yao Autonomous County. The total area of the county is 2,816 square km. The county governs 11 towns, two townships, 167 administrative Villages (neighborhood committees) with a total population of 390,000. There are 12 ethnic minorities in the county, among them, Zhuang, Yao and Miao have been living there for a long time and occupy 84.94%, 4.01% and 0.027%of the total population. Nanbai Class II Highway, Nankun Railway and Youjiang River pass through it providing convenient traffic connections.
72. Tiandong County has rich natural resources and 18 kinds of mineral have been located including coal, petroleum, natural gas, bentonite, limestone, sand stone, aluminum earth, manganese, iron ore, gold ore, antimony ore. Coal reserves are 283,400,000 ton, distributed along the Youjiang River Valley. Petroleum reserves are 7,994,400 ton with prospective reserves of 15,000,000 ton and are distributed around Pingma Town, Xiangzhou Town; bentonite reserves are 36,000,000 ton distributed in Xinzhou, Balin to Fuping, Dongping ore blocks; bauxite reserves are 11,730,000 ton mainly distributed in the Longlan Aluminum ore area in Silin Town; manganese reserves are 1,444,000 ton, distributed in Longhuai and Yixu manganese ore areas. Tourism resources are rich and the famous sites including: Youjiang River Revolutionary Memorial Hall (National key relics protected unit), the Red Tour in Tiandong, ancient human culture sites - Shanhe village of Lingfeng Town, Baxian hill, Xiangyangguan, Longxu River scenery, Guangyinyan, Xiangshui, Lianghua Hill, Ten miles of Grand Lotus Pond etc. Tiandong is one of
12-17 the tea and horse ancient roads and one of the foreign trade centers of Zhuang in the Song Dynasty (e.g. Hengshan Castle Fair).
73. Tiandong County is one of the important agriculture counties in the Youjiang River valley and grows mainly sub-tropical fruits and vegetables, while the industry consists mainly of new types such as petroleum refining, and natural gas production. The third industry led by tourism is growing.
74. The proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will go through Silin Town, Linfeng Town, Pingma Town, and Xiangzhou Town.
(A) Silin Town 75. Silin Town is located in the east of Tiandong County and the bank of Youjiang River. Due to its important geographic position, historically it has been an important place for the warlords to fight over. The location of the town is unique and traffic is well catered for. The town hall is 148km and 98km, from Nanning and Baise respectively and 27km from the county site. Nankun Railway, Nanbai Class II Highway, Youjiang River go through the middle of the town. The proposed Nanning-Baise Highway is located on the south bank of the Youjiang River of the town. The total area of the town is 265.4 square km. The town governs 19 administrative villages, 155 Village groups. Most of the residents are Zhuang, Han, and Yao. In 2002, the total population of the town was 40,239, GNP was 263,650,000 Yuan (of which, the gross industrial output value is 170,850,000 Yuan, the gross value of agricultural output is 91,420,000 Yuan), other revenue is 11,650,000 Yuan. The gross value of the output of the township and village enterprises is 598,160,000 Yuan. The area of sugarcane is 26,800 Mu. Township and village enterprises and sugarcane are two of the main supporting industries of the town.
(B) Linfeng Town 76. Linfeng Town is located in the middle of Tiandong County bordering Silin Town to the east, Pingma Town in the west, Daowu and Suoliang Towns in the north, Yincha Town in the south. The Nanning to Baise Class II Highway, Nankun Railway and Youjiang River go through the town. There are 14 administrative villages, 259 Village groups, 9,004 households, 39,201 people, 38,483 of agriculture population, 6033 of Han, 30,070 of Zhuang and other minorities. The total land area is 211 square km, cultivated land area is 49,518 Mu, of which paddy field is 22,675 Mu and dry land is 26,843 Mu. The major industries are agriculture and township and village enterprises. The agriculture and industry is mainly sugarcane, fruits and related processing. Township and village enterprises are mainly cement production. In 2001, the gross income of the whole town was 111,010,000 Yuan, the average annual net income of the farmers was 1,656 Yuan, and the grain output was 13,900 tons.
(C) Pingma Town 77. Pingma Town is located in the plain of the Youjiang River. As the county town of Tiandong County, it is the political, economic and cultural center of the whole town. Nankun Railway and Nanbai Class II Highway will go across the town. The total area of the town is 218 square km with a population of 68,000, and it governs 17 administrative villages, 5 communities, and the area of the cultivated land is 55,460 Mu. The residents are mainly Zhuang (90%), Han, and Yao. The town has rich nature resources such as coal, petroleum, bentonite clay, aluminum etc. It is one of the agriculture areas in Guangxi where tropical crops can be grown. There are five villages in the river valley where some of the farmers are mainly engaged in business, service, and processing and transportation etc. while some others are engaged in vegetable plantation in the fall and autumn, and cash crops etc. Therefore income levels are relatively stable. In 2002, the average annual net income of the farmers was 2,680 Yuan. Eighty (80) %of the farmers in the other 12 villages are mainly engaged in agriculture production, the other 20% go in for construction, transportation, trade, and service industries and so their annual income is lower than those of the valley. In 2002, the average annual net income of the farmers was 1,690 Yuan. In 2002, the gross value of agricultural output for the whole town was 1.73 billion Yuan, the total income of the township and village enterprises was 1.3 billion Yuan, and the total revenue was 28,020,000
12-18
Yuan.
(D) Xiangzhou Town 78. Xiangzhou Town is located in the middle of the Youjiang River valley, 7km from the county town and is adjacent to Pingma town in the east, Baiyu Town of Tianyang County in the west, Dengxiang town and Bubing Town in the south, Nabo Town and Suoliang Town in the north. Nankun Railway, Nanbai Class II Highway, Youjiang River go through it with convenient transportation and telecommunication. The town has moderate hills to the south and north, and plains to the east and west. The total area is 143 square km, the cultivated land area is 47,932 Mu, the dry land area is 14,447 Mu, and the barren hill area is 180,000 Mu. The town governs 13 administrative villages, 114 natural villages, 236 Village groups, 8,640 households. There are a total of 37,400 people who are mainly Zhuang, Han, and Yao. There is petroleum; coal, natural gas, and bentonite clay in the town area. There are substantial tourism resources. The specialties of the town are bananas, fragrant rice, vegetables, mango, watermelon, sugarcane etc. There are 1189 self-employed business people with 3,450 staff. Transportation is relatively convenient. There are 13 administrative villages and 112 natural villages which are accessible by car, and the telecommunications are well developed. In 2002, the gross value of agricultural output of the whole town was 162,500,000 Yuan, while the total revenue of the township and village enterprises is 55,930,000 Yuan the total revenue is 9,180,000 Yuan, and the average annual net income of the farmers was 1,923 Yuan.
(3) Tianyang County
79. Tianyang County is located to the southwest of Guangxi, east of Baise City and the middle of the river Valley of Youjiang River with Nankun Railway and State Road 323, 324 and the Provincial Road 20312 going through. The County is bordering with Tiandong County in the east, Baise City Youjiang District in the west, Debao County in the south, Bama Yao Autonomous County, and is 223 km from Nanning and 39 km from Baise City. The total area of the whole county is 2,394 square km and the total cultivated land area is 22,400 hectares. The County governs 7 towns and 8 townships with a total population of 326,814 (162,166 are female) and most residents are Zhuang. It is one of the most important of Zhuang’s Buluotuo Culture sites, and it is also the hometown of Madam Wa, the famous Anti-Japanese heroine of the Ming Dynasty.
80. There are rich Natural resource in the County of which 17 are worthy of exploitation including coal, aluminum ore, petroleum, iron etc. The sub-tropical crops are mainly mango, banana, sugarcane, vegetable, watermelon etc. it is the first “China’s Town of Mango” named by the state and is also one of the commodity grain producing centers of China. The biggest produce wholesale market is located in the country and one of the major bases for “shipping vegetables to the north and has also been named by the state as “an advanced county in science and technology”. The agriculture of the county is characterized by a group of modern agriculture gardens which have been set up to produce vegetable, tomato, mango, caraway which have high yields and sales. The industries mainly include sugar refining, cement etc. The third industries are mainly commerce and tourism.
81. The Proposed Nanning-Baise Highway with go through the Naman Town, Tianzhou Town, Napo Town and Baifeng Township of the county.
(A) Naman Town 82. Naman Town is located in the south riverbank of Youjiang River in Tianyang County, neighboring Tiandong County in the east, Wucun Township in the south, Qinhua Township in the west, confronting with the Baiyu Township across the Youjiang River in the north. It is one of the oldest towns along the Youjiang River. The site of the town hall is 22 km from the Tianyang County town hall. The total area of the town is 138.33 square km, and the cultivated land area is 23,711 Mu, among which paddy field 7,050 Mu is, dry land is 16,300 Mu, the area of cultivated land per capita is 1.07 Mu. There are 13 administrative villages, 141 natural villages, 201 Village groups, 5,433 households with 23,000 agriculture population and 21,447 of nonagricultural population.
12-19
The Zhuang population is 18,347, and the Han population is 4,653.
83. There are five villages such as Neijiang etc. in the Youjiang River’s valley plain and three villages such as Baigan in the hilly country, and five villages such as Guangqin in the rocky mountain area. The main business is agriculture with the major produce being vegetable, banana and mango in the valley. In the hilly country sugarcane plantation is the main crop while in the rocky mountain area cultivation has been abandoned and the land returned to forest and bamboos have been planted widely. In 2002, the GDP of the whole town was 1,400 million Yuan, and the gross value of agricultural output was 89,030,000 Yuan, the revenue was 6,000 Yuan, and the average annual net income of the farmers was 1,562 Yuan.
(B) Tianzhou Town 84. Tianzhou Town is located in the middle part of the Youjiang valley. It is the county town of Tianyang County and the political, economic and cultural center of the County, Nankun Railway, Nanbai Class II Highway and Youjiang River navigation Channel goes through the county. It is 4km from the Tianyang airport, and it is the golden area in the path for the southwest area of Guangxi to approach the ocean. The town is bordering with Banyu Town in the east, Napo Town in the west, Naman Town in the south, Toutang and Yufeng Towns in the north. The total area of the town is 113 square km. It governs 10 administrative villages and 4 communities, and Tianyang Nanhua sugar industry Co. Ltd, Tianyang Paper Mill’s No.1 Branch. The total population of the town is 62,986, among which agriculture one is 31,068. The residents are mainly Zhuang and Han, among which Zhuang take 78%. Han 18%, the rest are minorities.
85. There are rich natural resources in the town and the major mines are aluminum ore, natural gas, coal and titanium ore. The major industries are grains, sugarcane, vegetable, farming and aquaculture and fruits. It is the most important town for shipping vegetables from south to north, and has a modern agriculture sci-tech modeling base in Baise City, and the famous Town of Mango, the producing base of the nuisance-free vegetable producing center confirmed by the state Science and Technology Ministry. The county is relatively flat with 36,027 Mu of cultivated land, among which 21,677 Mu are paddy field, 14,350 Mu is dry land, with a plantation of vegetable of 80,000 Mu, mango of 12,000 Mu.
(C) Napo Town 86. Napo Town is located in south of Tianyang County. It used to be the site of the county hall of Tianyang County in KMT era. The town is 9km from the county. The total area of the town is 132.75 square km. The town is governing 14 administrative villages, 135 natural villages, 215 Village groups, with a total population of 27,243. There are 31164 Mu of cultivated land, (among which paddy field is 14,000 Mu), the average cultivated land per capita is 1.1 Mu. The whole town is located in the middle of the Valley of Youjiang River composed by plain, hills and rock hills and forming three different kinds of different economic zone. In the valley plain grains ,vegetable ,fish breeding and poultry raising , produce processing are the main developed business, in the hilly country, fruits, sugarcane ,cash forest are encouraged to developed, while in the rocky hill area , bamboo, sugarcane ,weed-eating animals farming and stone material developing and transportation are the main business. Now, eight big bases have been formed, namely, the mushroom base, vegetable base, fruit and sugarcane base, mango base, bamboo base, grain field base, fish breeding and poultry raising base etc. township and village enterprises mainly developing coal, brick, lime, stone material processing and transportation etc.
(D) Baifeng Township 87. Baifeng Township is located in the west of Tianyang County along the bank of Youjiang River, with the total area of 121.5 square km. The town hall is 25 km from the county. There are 7 administrative villages, 59 natural villages, 95 Village groups, 11,075 of population, among which agriculture population is 10,803. There are 14,732 Mu of cultivated land, 5,699 Mu of paddy field, 9,033 Mu of dry land. Most of the residents are Zhuang, some Hans and other minorities live mixed with the Zhuang in the villages along the rivers too. The farmers earn their income mainly from sugarcane and labor service export to the other places. The township has abundant coal,
12-20 phosphate ore and construction stone material. It is an important channel for the income of the farmers in the Township to make the industry resource exploitation as a drive to bring a strong development of the transportation and service industry. The major crops are paddy, sugarcane, vegetable, fruits (mango, longan and lichee etc.). In the Year of 2002, the gross value of agricultural output of the whole township is 59,600,000 Yuan; the finance revenue is 3,900,000 Yuan.
(4) Youjiang District
88. Youjiang District is located in the wet of Guangxi, the upper stream of Youjiang River, bordering Tianyang County in the southeast and the east, Funing County of Yunnan Province in the west, Jingxi and Debao Counties in the southwest, Tianlin and Lingyun Counties in the northwest and the north, and Bama Yao Autonomous County in the northwest. It is the site of the government of Baise City and the political, economy and culture centers of Baise City. Youjiang District used to be the county-level city (Baise City) of the former Baise prefecture and was changed Youjiang District in September of the Year of 2002 when the Baise prefecture level city was founded.
89. The total area of Youjiang District is 3,713 square km. There are 4 towns and 8 townships, 116 administrative villages, 5 neighborhood committees. The population is 350,000; with most of the residents are 19 nationalities such as Zhuang, Han, and Yao etc. Over 73% of the population is Zhuang. There are rich Natural resources with 24.26 square km of forests with a coverage percentage of 65.1%. The major cash crops are oil-tea, tung tree, anise tree etc. There are a variety of wild lives such as pangolin, masked civet, macaque, otter, turtles etc. and the mineral resources are brown coal, crystal, silicon, titanium, diabase etc. and rich human culture resources are available in the District including the well preserved Cantonese Hall in Guangxi, the headquarter site of No. 7 Corps of the Red Army, Baise uprising Momentum, museum, Century Copper Drum Building, ancient culture site.
90. The Proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will go through the Sitang Township and Nabi Town of the District.
(A) Sitang Town 91. Sitang Town is located 15 km east to in Baise City, bordering with Toutang Town and Baifeng Township of Tianyang County in the east and the south, Nabi Town in the west, Yongle and Bailan Townships in the north. Nankun Railway, Nanbai Class II Highway goes through the town from east to the west, Bailan highway, Gonglou Highway goes vertically from North to south. Cars can reach every village in the town and the Youjiang River goes through Guiming and Fuwen villages in the south with a 20 km long of river section in this town. There are 7 administrative villages, 95 Village groups, and the total area is 153 square km, the cultivated land is 31,700 Mu, among which 12,435 Mu is paddy field, the population is 15,558 people, most of whom are Zhuang and Han. The town is mostly hilly area; the riverside of the Youjiang River in the south is low plain area (which is the main paddy production area). It has a tropical monsoon climate favorable which is suitable for Sitang to develop its sub-tropical cash crops and therefore Sitang has become an important producing base for grains, sugarcane and fruits and vegetables of the Youjiang District. Black Leaf Lichee and high quality balsam pear are well-known all over. In 2001 the average annual net income of the farmers was 1,750 Yuan.
(B) Nabi Town 92. Nabi Town is located in the valley of the Youjiang River and to the southeast of the suburb of Youjiang District with Youjiang River, Fulu River, Nankun Railway ,Nanbai Class II Highway passing though and Baise railway station and Baise harbor located in the town providing convenient water and land transportation. The Proposed Nanning-Baise Highway will go through the south of the town. There are 16 villages, 48,000 people (34,000 are agriculture population), and the total area is 313 square km. There are 300,000 Mu of forestland and 54,300 Mu of cultivated land. There is abundant coal, sand and brick earth for making bricks.
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93. The major businesses of the town are grains, sugarcane, fruits, vegetable, forestation, fish breeding and poultry raising and township and village enterprises etc. Characteristic crops are Nawu lotus root, Dahe sugarcane, Dawan High quality rice. Nabi piglet, Nahe cubic fish breeding and poultry raising are famous everywhere, and tourism and well-to-do village construction are also profitable. In 2002, the gross value of agricultural output of the whole town was 197,530,000 Yuan, financial revenues were 6,030,000 Yuan, and the average annual net income of the farmers was 1,986 Yuan.
(5) Jingxi County
94. Jingxi County has a population of 567,000, which includes 277,300 female, and 125,029 households. There are 11 nationalities, including Zhuang, Han, Yao, Hui, Miao, Man, Dong, Jing, Tujia, Maonan, Buyi in Jingxi. 99.7% of the population is Zhuang there so Jingxi is a county where mainly Zhuang inhabit. The total area of the whole county is 3,322 square km and the total cultivated land area is 34,176 hectares. The county governs 24 towns and townships, and 294 administrative villages. In 2002, the GDP in whole Jingxi is CNY 1,439,840,000, and the per capita GDP is CNY 2482.
(6) Napo County
95. Napo County has a population of 191,000, which includes 91,100 of female, and 44,366 households. Zhuang, Han, and Yao have 90.59%, 5.38%, and 2.57% of the total population separately. The total area of the whole county is 2,231 square km and the total cultivated land area is 10,881 hectares. The county governs 12 towns and townships, and 130 administrative villages. In 2002, the GDP in whole Napo is CNY 338,250,000, and the per capita GDP is CNY 1762. So Napo is one of the poorest counties in Baise City.
B. Present social and economic conditions
1. Major economic indexes
(1) Major indexes of the County (District)
96. Except for Yongxin District of Nanning City, the data for which is included in the whole data of Nanning urban areas, the socio-economic indexes of other five counties(district) are as follows:
Table 12-1 The Major Economy Development Indexes of the Project Area
Indexes Population (10,000 persons) GDP (100 million Yuan ) Grain output (10,000 tons) 1995 2002 annual 1995 2002 annual 1995 2002 annual City/ increase rate increase rate increase County rate Longan 36.43 36.90 1.69 6.64 10.90 7.04 11.84 12.82 1.88 County Pingguo 44.17 45.70 4.96 10. 22 21.48 11.83 12.62 13.21 0.88 County Tiandong 38.64 39.30 1.55 9.84 20.11 11.27 13.90 13.31 -1.52 County Tianyang 33.01 32.70 -1.06 9.17 17.26 10.6 13.42 11.12 -2.15 County Youjiang 30.73 32.71 9.89 14.86 29.86 11.00 8.48 8.25 -0.02 District Total 182.98 187.31 50.73 99.61 60.26 58.71
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Notes: The increasing rate is the average annual increase rate from 1995 2002, the unit of population increasing rate is ‰, those of the rest is %.
Table 12-2 The Major Economy Development Indexes of the Project Area
Indexes The finance revenue (billion The average annual net income of Social consumption retail sale value Yuan ) the farmers is (Yuan) (10,000Yuan) 1995 the Year annual 1995 the Year annual 1995 the Year annual City/ of 2002 increase of 2002 increase of 2001 increase County rate rate rate Longan 4002 11344 10.91 987 1576 8.11 20046 48237 15.76 County Pingguo 4561 22801 28.30 970 1392 4.87 35566 66353 10.95 County Tiandong 4277 8614 12.92 1185 1518 2.88 32822 51489 7.79 County Tianyang 5346 8725 9.87 1252 1559 2.48 30758 48681 7.95 County Youjiang 6841 17477 16.00 1272 1523 2.03 59455 80936 6.19 District Total 25027 68961 1133 1431 178647 295696
(2) Major indexes of the towns (townships)
97. The town/township indexes reflect the economic and social situations of the areas directly affected by the project. Analysis was made in the five aspects of population, cultivated land, GDP, grain output and the average annual net income of the farmers as shown as Table 2-3:
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Table 12-3 The Economic Development Situations of the Areas Directly Affected by the Project in 2001-
Indexes Population Cultivated land GDP Grain output The average annual net income of the farmers
City/ person 10,000 hectare\ Mu 10,000 Yuan\Yuan 10,000 ton\kg Yuan County
total per capita Total per capita Total per capita
Yongxin District
Tanluo Town 53620 0.61 1.70 10926 2037 1.47 274 2055
Longan County
Nadong Town 41603 0.69 2.49 22943 5515 2.44 586 1932
Chengxiang Town 32334 0.26 1.21 11764 3638 1.34 415 1577
Yanjiang Town 25195 0.18 1.07 8659 3436 1.30 516 1288
Pingguo County
Xinan Town 50200 0.25 0.74 45908 8828 1.29 256 1103
Guohua Town 48047 0.45 1.40 9618 2001 1.47 306 1093
Matou Town 41284 0.03 0.47
Chengguan Town 25695 0.14 0.88
Tiandong County
Silin Town 40239 0.30 1.12 24782 6158 1.40 348 1324
Linfeng Town 39201 0.33 1.26 11101 2831 1.39 355 1656
Pingma Town 48000 0.36 1.13 17200 3583 1.37 284 2058
Xiangzhou Town 37683 0.32 1.27 26155 6940 1.74 461 1815
Tianyang County
Napo Town 29511 0.21 1.07 39611 13422 1.14 386 1425
Baifeng Township 11075 0.10 1.35 2997 2706 0.53 475 1498
Naman Town 22201 0.16 1.08 10530 4743 0.61 276 1362
Tianzhou Town 36553 0.25 1.03 21350 5840 1.31 359 2468
Youjiang District
Sitang Town 15558 0.21 2.02 8751 5624 0.85 546 1750
Nabi Town 34338 0.37 1.62 19753 5758 1.64 476 1736
Total 574976 5.11 1.33 294890 5128 21.78 378 1597
98. The table shows that, in the town/townships directly affected by the project, the per capita cultivated land is 1.33 Mu, per capita GDP 5,128 Yuan, per capita grain output is 378 kg, the average annual net income of the farmers is 1,597 Yuan, so the major economic indexes are among the relatively low level in Guangxi and China.
2. Livelihood models
99. Livelihood here refers to “the way to keep the pot boiling”, or the means and source of attaining living essentials including food, clothes, housing and transportation.
100. The most common livelihood models for farmers in the project obtained from the surveys are as follows: The first is fish breeding, animal husbandry and poultry raising. The most common animals are fish, pig, duck, chicken, and geese. Secondly crop farming: mainly grains
12-24 crops such as paddy, corn and cash crops such as fruits, vegetable, sugarcane, cassava and peanuts. The third is going to work in other places and the remaining models are commerce, transportation and work in the township and village enterprises. See Table 2-4:
Table 12-4 Typical Major Livelihoods of Farmers in the Project Affecting Area
Location Description Major Livelihoods Tanluo Town, which is close to Nanning Paddy farming, fruit farming, sugarcane, City, the per capita cultivated land is 1.70 fish breeding and poultry raising, Yongxin Mu, is suitable for developing the suburb working in towns, township and village District economies of small scale cultivation, fish enterprises etc. breeding and poultry raising and going to work in the city The per capita cultivated land area is Paddy farming, corn growing, fruit Longan relatively big at 1.72 Mu per capita. The growing (longan, lichee, banana, County land is fertile, of high quality and high Chinese chestnut etc.), growing yielding. The location is close to Nanning sugarcane and cassava, fish farming, City, convenient for transportation and and poultry raising. Working in other so it is suitable for a diversified economy. places. Tourism is suitable for those close to the Longhu Mount resort area. Sloping fields, paddy fields and dry land, Paddy farming, corn, fish breeding and the per capita cultivated land is only 0.79 poultry raising, fruits, a few farmer work Pingguo Mu. The residents are self sufficient in in the nearby factories, some others go County Grains with some small surpluses. to work in the other places. However high population density limits further development. Mainly in the plains of the river valley and Paddy farming, vegetable and fruit has many fields of good quality earth. cultivation (mango , longan ), fish Tiandong The per capita cultivated land is 1.09 Mu. farming and poultry raising , work in County Conditions have been favorable for other places developing agriculture. The per capita cultivated land is 1.15 Mu. Paddy farming, vegetable and fruit Most fields are paddy fields, a few fields cultivation, (mango, longan), fish farming Tianyang are sloping. The area is self sufficient in and poultry raising, food processing County grain with some surplus. It is also a vegetable growing centre. The per capita cultivated land is 1.11 Mu. Paddy farming, fruits, vegetable and fish Youjiang It is located in the valley of Youjiang farming and poultry raising. District River and is suitable for developing modern agriculture
(1) The income and expense situations of residents in the project area
101. The income and expenditures of the residents in the project area were surveyed in two ways: First, a full investigation of all the villages along the Proposed Nanning-Baise Highway was conducted. However, due to many reasons, while data of most villages were collected some village data could not be collected, so the data is not complete. Second, a sample survey of 500 households along the project-affecting area was conducted, the data is relatively complete. Both sets of data were combined to produce the income and expenses situation of the families in the project area.
(a) Income
Table 12-5 The Average Annual Net Income of the Farmers in the Project Area
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Along the Proposed Highway from 2000-2002
unit: Yuan County 2000 2001 2002 average of three years Longan County 1204.95 1297.78 1401.72 1301.48 Pingguo County 1356.11 1492.39 1585.53 1478.01 Tiandong County 1633.54 1684.59 1626.55 1648.23 Tianyang County 1773.63 1834.56 1941.26 1849.82 Youjiang District 1987.1 2008.9 2132.10 2042.72
(i) Average income level
102. Table 2 – 5 shows that the average annual net income of the farmers of the five counties/districts is over 1,200 Yuan, which, according to the current standard of poverty in China, is sufficient to provide food and warmth. From the samples in 2002 the average annual net income of the 500 sampled farmers is higher than average. For example, the average annual net income of the farmers in Longan County is 2,289.87 Yuan, 888.15 Yuan higher than the census data of the some year; Pingguo County, 1750.12 Yuan, 164.59 Yuan is higher than the census data; Tiandong County, 3252.44 Yuan, 1625.89 Yuan higher; Tianyang County, 1922.89 Yuan, 18.37 Yuan are higher. Youjiang River District 2764.52 Yuan and 632.42 Yuan are also higher. The reasons are: (1) in the census, the villages leaders might have filled in smaller data values; (2) the sample in the sample survey cannot fully represent the real level of the average annual net income of the farmers of the investigated area. For example the data from the survey sample is rather different from those of the census in the case of Tiandong County. Therefore there is a certain difference between the sample survey and the census.
(ii) The income level distribution of the farmers
Table 12-6 Grouping of the Income Levels of the 500 Households in the Five Counties Along the Highway in 2002
Unit: household;% County Five Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang counties County County County County District 19 10 4 0 1 4 0-625Yuan 3.8 10.00 4.00 0 1.00 4.00 27 2 15 0 4 6 625-800Yuan 5.2 4.0 15.0 0 4.00 6.00 22 1 5 2 6 8 800-1000Yuan 4.40 1.00 5.00 2.00 6.00 8.00 224 44 59 28 58 35 1000-2000Yuan 44.80 44.00 59.00 28.00 58.00 35.00 95 19 7 30 18 21 2000-3000Yuan 19.00 19.00 7.00 30.00 18.00 21.00 74 20 7 23 9 15 3000-5000Yuan 14.80 20.00 7.00 23.00 9.00 15.00 More than 39 4 3 17 4 11 5000Yuan 7.80 4.00 3.00 17.00 4.00 11.00
103. The table shows that the 3.8% of the farmers have insufficient incomes to provide adequate food and clothing. 5.2% of the farmers had just enough for basic needs; while 4.4%of the farmers still have a low standard of living ; 44.8% of them have incomes of between
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1000-2000 Yuan with slightly better living standard; and 19% of the farmer had just approached or reached the low-level of well-to-do living standard;14.8%of them are close to the adequate well-to-do life, and 7.8% of them have a standard of living in the adequate to well-to- do range.
(iii) Income sources
104. According to the survey, most of the income of the farmers is still from agriculture, (55.83%); The second source is the third industry, and the last is the second industry. Seen in the following table:
Table 12-7 the Per Capita Income and Source Analysis of the 500 Households in 2002
Unit: Yuan/person #Agriculture income # Non Agricultural y # Wage Income Net per Income Region capita income absolute percentage absolute percentage absolute percentage value % value % value % Five 2379.46 1328.35 55.83 563.83 23.70 467.52 19.65 Counties Longan 2289.87 911.60 39.81 82.71 3.61 1251.92 54.67 County Pingguo 1750.12 849.55 48.54 820.19 46.86 50.51 2.89 County Tiandong 3252.44 2169.16 66.70 833.96 25.64 249.33 7.67 County Tianyang 1922.89 1354.98 70.47 260.80 13.56 286.15 14.88 County Youjiang 2764.52 1446.89 52.34 860.65 31.13 456.98 16.53 District
105. How is the proportion of the 3rd industry in the 2nd and 3rd industries? According to the analysis of the model survey, the third industry income occupies over 70 % of the incomes from the two industries, of which, most are in the labor service exporting income sector.
(2) Expenditure (Consumption)
(i) Expenditure situation
106. The expenditure of the residents of the project area are classified as production expense and living expense, the producing expense includes raw material, seeds and seedlings, pesticide, fertilizers etc. while the living expenses includes food, fuels, clothing, dwelling, medicine transportation, communication and entertainment, etc. according to the survey, the first expense of all is the living expense, taking 55.78%; the production expenses is 43.33%, among which agriculture takes a big proportion, occupying 32.60%. The family expenses are slightly different among the Five Counties. Shown as followed
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Table12-8 the Expense Analysis of the 500 Households Along the Road in 2002 Unit: Yuan/person
#agriculture #2nd and 3rd #Living expenses industry expenses Consumption Gross expenses Region expen ses absolute percentag absolu percentag absolute percent value e % te e % value age % value Five Counties 1576.7 514.04 32.60 169.13 10.73 879.30 55.77 2 Longan County 1562.7 537.62 34.40 46.38 2.96 976.62 62.50 1 Pingguo County 1374.0 431.88 31.43 26.49 1.93 641.08 46.66 7 Tiandong County 1523.4 528.09 34.66 247.58 16.25 740.67 48.62 4 Tianyang County 1713.2 641.82 37.46 133.42 7.79 937.97 54.75 2 Youjiang District 1738.4 432.11 24.86 161.36 9.28 1124.38 64.66 5
107. In the living expenses, food consumption is 52.23%; dwelling consumption is 17.32%; entertainment is 11.23%; transportation and communication is 5.27%; Clothing is 3.43%. Therefore, food expenses consume a rather large proportion of the living expense of the farmers in the project area. So the Gini Coefficient is still far from the well-to-do living standard level as can be seen in the following tables.
(ii) Consumption structure
Table 12-9 the Consumption Situation of the Farmers in the Nanning-Baise Highway Project Area in 2001
Unit: Yuan/person County Gross #Clothing Food Dwelling Transportation Entertainment living Communication expense Guangxi 1550.62 53.39 810.95 268.62 81.68 174.15 Longan 1227.25 24.38 659.57 186.69 68.93 122.76 County Pingguo 1179.02 25.77 581.24 234.83 62.65 141.51 County Tiandong 1417.44 36.6 671.16 348.14 82.62 141.18 County Tianyang 1291.99 34.85 761.70 152.36 72.87 140.30 County Baise City 1384.34 42.71 754.08 140.31 86.84 162.26
3. Life style
108. Life style includes the material and spiritual values, moral, aesthetic on daily activities, working, entertainment, social, and behaviors, and the behavior model and life customs in compliance with them. Daily activities such as clothing, food, dwelling, and traveling are described as follows.
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(1) Clothing
109. Most of the residents in the project area are Zhuang, Han and Yao. They made their own clothing before about 1960. They used to plant cotton, weave and dye the cloth to provide themselves with clothes, quilts and blankets, shoes etc. With the rapid development of the textile industry in after 1970s, the machine woven cloth gradually takes the place of the self-made cloth. So after the 1960s, except for some minorities in a few places of the project area, people mainly get their clothing, quilts and blankets, shoes and socks from the market. According to the data from the Guangxi Rural Investigation Team, in 2002, the per capita clothing expense of Guangxi’s farmers was 63.8 Yuan, increasing by 19.6% more than the previous year. The clothing expense is mainly in the form of buying ready clothing, comprising 60.8%of all clothing expense in 2001. The per capita clothing expense of the people in the five counties/district are 53.39 Yuan, Longan County 24.38 Yuan, Pingguo County 25.77 Yuan, Tiandong County 36.6 Yuan, Tianyang County 34.85 Yuan, Youjiang District 42.71Yuan, all are lower than Guangxi’s average level.
110. Also according to our model survey on the villages along the Nanning-Baise Highway, the annual per capita clothing expense of the families in the project area is about 40 Yuan. Most of the style and fashion of the clothing are modern. Young people like to be dressed in fashionable dresses, and elder people like to have old style of dresses. Usually few Zhuang or Yao are dressed in their own traditional dressing, only the senior women minorities are still dressed in their minority clothing.
Girls of Black-dressing Yao in Lingyun Zhuang
(2) Food
111. The residents of the project area have a variety of food; the main food is rice and corn, as well as sweet potato and taro etc. Most farmers are self-sufficient in grains, except for very few who have to buy grains from the market because they lack cultivated land or use their land for the plantation of other crops. From the 2002 survey sample the per capita grains production of the farmers of the Five Counties along the Highway reached 491.06 kg, of which 407.21kg is rice and corn 74.20 kg. The per capita grains consumption is 311.29 kg, of which Rice is 256.08 kg, corn 52.19kg. Therefore there is a surplus of production over consumption. Therefore the food shortage problem is almost resolved.
112. The Farmers in the project area are used to having three meals a day, with rice congee or sweet potato in the morning, rice at noon. Those who like wine will have some wine at noon or in the evening.
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Table 12-10 Per Capita Grain Production and Consumption by Region
Unit: kg per capita production of per capita consumption of grains County grains total rice corn total rice corn Five Counties 491.06 407.21 74.20 311.29 256.08 52.19 Longan County 511.67 370.91 130.0 353.95 262.22 85.34 3 Pingguo County 524.73 444.33 70.00 274.63 219.55 52.33 Tiandong County 639. 554. 8 359.87 296.49 58.93 66 06 1.38 Tianyang County 512. 463. 4 318.97 282.7 35.6 95 5 9.44 Youjiang District 248.97 192.86 32.69 244.62 220.36 23.91
113. According to the data of the project area, the per capita grains production and consumption of the counties are slightly different due to the different production and consumption habits of different regions. The survey shows that among the Five Counties, Tiandong County has the largest per capita grains production, Youjiang District has the smallest - therefore these two county/districts have the largest/smallest per capita grains consumptions.
114. Different nationalities in the project area have slightly different grain production and consumption patterns. Usually the per capita grain production of Han is slightly higher than that of Zhuang. For grain the per capita production of the Han is about 100kg more than that of Zhuang, and the rice consumption is also 100kg higher. This is because the Hans usually have higher agricultural technology that the Zhuang.
Table 12-11 per Capita Grains Production and Consumption Situation by Nationality
Unit: kg per capita grains production per capita grains consumption nationality total rice corn total rice corn Han 562.8 486.7 73.4 376.8 323.8 52.5 Zhuang 465.1 378.4 74.5 287.6 231.6 52.1
115. Besides the main food, the residents of the project area have vegetable, meat, beverage and fruits etc. And vegetables are mainly green leave vegetables, gourds and beans etc. which are planted by themselves and are almost self-sufficient with a little purchasing from the market. Meats are mainly pork, chicken; duck with some beef and mutton etc. Most of the pork is bought from the market but some farmer raise pigs and kill them for the holidays or festivals. Except for some sold in the market, most will be kept for further use at home. Some are made as smoked meat, or preserved as ham to eat later. Chicken or duck are usually raised by the families and killed in the festivals or sent as gifts in celebration or funeral occasions - they are seldom sold.
116. In terms of consumption volume, the consumption of meat is growing with the rising of the living standard: usually per capita meat consumption is about 25kg, or 180 Yuan. As for fruits consumption, there are Sanhua plums, loquat in the spring, banana, lichee, longan in summer, sugarcane, big Chinese date, small tomato in winter. Most of these fruits are produced and consumed at home but some can be bought in the market also. Usually the annual per capita fruit consumption of the families is 10-20kg. In the project area, smoking and drinking wine is the most common consumption habit among the farmers. According to the survey, 80-90% of the adult men in the project area and10%of the adult women drink wine. 40-50%of
12-30 the adult men smoke, some senior women might also smoke occasionally. The model survey shows that the per capita wine consumption of the adult men in the project area is 20-50kg, or 30-100 Yuan; The annual per capita cigarette consumption is 15 packs, or about 30 Yuan.
Table 12-12 Food Consumption of Affected Farmers along Nanning-Baise Highway in 2001
Unit: kg /person County meats vegetable fruits sugar oil cigarette(pack) wine Guangxi 20.42 116.72 12.88 1.28 6.12 10.66 5.63 Longan County 26.00 123.45 0 0.37 2.5 -- 6.32 Pingguo County 19.58 69.59 3.72 0.19 5.14 10.09 7.16 Tiandong County 23.01 81.76 6.7 1.32 3.45 17.21 12.88 Tianyang County 26.74 90.78 10.59 1.24 2.83 17 16.75 Baise City 25.15 88.15 7.85 1.14 5.45 17.75 10.78
(3) Housing
117. Houses are where people shelter; the houses for the farmers in the project area can be classified into storied buildings and single story buildings, and six types of structures such as concrete, brick and wood, wood and earth, simple structures etc. Most of the buildings are built on hills or on river banks. On the whole most dwellings are built neatly.
They can be approximately classified into the these types
Zhuang’s Ganlan Yao’s Ganlan Han’s House (Longzhuang Longqiaon (Nazhi
• Brick concrete. Institution, business units, schools especially the schools built by the Project Hope are one story or multi-storied brick buildings. Some farmers also have this kind of house.
• Brick timber. In locations where economy is relatively good, there are two kind of house for the farmers: one kind is one-storey or two-story house made of the common sticky earth brick; the other kind is a single or more than one story building made of cement bricks and small stone pieces. These kinds of bricks are made by putting cement into fine stone pieces crushed by machine and mixed together. Their color is similar to that of concrete.
• “Ganlan” Style. These kind of houses are built in two stories with the lower story being
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empty to store tools or feels chickens ducks, or bulls, sheep, pigs etc. and the upper storey for people to live with a ladder to climb up. These kinds of houses are built above the ground, and have good ventilation and are cool and safe. The Zhuang and Yao people in the project area like to live in the Ganlan houses. However since the 1970s, with the development of the economy, people started to improve their houses and the Ganlan houses have been replaced with single story buildings or multi storied houses with the wood-brick or steel bar reinforced concrete structures. It is now time for the rural people to update their house and many farmers are converting their wood-brick structured single story building into reinforced concrete multi storied buildings. Therefore the Ganlan houses are becoming fewer and fewer. They are rarely encountered in the on-the-spot surveys, and they are only preserved in remote villages.
• Earth Brick Style. Before the Opening up and Reformation, most of the buildings in the project area were made of these kinds of adobe blocks. Few people still build houses with these kinds of blocks, instead, but some are used for poultry and some are deserted.
118. The housing conditions in the project area are relatively good. The survey data show that the farmers in the Five Counties along the Highway have an average of 2.75 rooms per household. For multistory buildings there is an average of 1.04 rooms on the ground floor and 1.71 rooms on the ground floor. The per household room area is 126.64 square meters of which, for multi-storied building is 50.71 square meters on the upper floor and 75.93 square meters on the ground floor. The per capita housing area is 27.41 square meters, of which 10.98 square meters is on the upper floor and 6.44 square meters on the ground floor. Brick-wood structures are most common followed by reinforced concrete structure, adobe block- wood structure and simple structure.
Table12-13 Housing Condition of Farmers in the Affected Area of the Nanning-Baise Highway
Unit: rooms/household type of house structure steel bar County storied single story brick wood Wood earth simple Total enforced building building structure structure structure concrete Five rooms/household 2.75 1.04 1.71 1.14 1.23 0.32 0.05 counties m2/household 126.64 50.71 75.93 55.97 53.40 15.79 1.48 rooms/household 3.41 2.04 1.37 2.05 1.26 0.08 0.02 Longan m2/household 131.01 84.82 46.19 84.44 43.52 2.50 0.55 rooms/household 2.31 0.66 1.65 1.09 1.12 0.05 0.05 Pingguo m2/household 131.55 50.70 80.85 72.25 55.70 1.80 1.80 rooms/household 2.61 0.78 1.83 0.78 1.78 0.04 0.01 Tiandong m2/household 102.19 37.00 65.19 37.00 63.89 1.10 0.20 rooms/household 2.96 0.42 2.54 0.61 1.45 0.84 0.06 Tianyang m2/household 134.25 20.60 113.65 30.36 72.32 30.07 1.50 Youjiang rooms/household 2.44 1.26 1.18 1.17 0.56 0.60 0.11 River m2/household 134.20 60.42 73.78 55.79 31.56 43.50 33.55
119. The unit prices of the houses in the affected part of the project area are: Ganlan, 50Yuan/m2. The prices of the single story building or reinforced concrete structure multi- storied building are relatively higher, usually 200Yuan/m2. According to the survey, the building price in the project area is 207.49Yuan/m2, of which the multi storied building is 331.37Yuan/m2, and
12-32 the single story building is 124.76Yuan/m2, steel bar reinforced concrete house are 326.62Yuan/m2, brick-wood structure buildings are 123.52Yuan/m2, adobe-wood structures 84.12Yuan/m2 and simple structures 48.63Yuan/m2.
(4) Travel
120. The traditional travel routes in the project area are narrow meandering footpaths used by humans or horses. After the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China, all levels of government have emphasized road construction. Therefore traffic conditions in the project area have been greatly changed. Now, Class II highways reach into all of the Five Counties. Paved blacktop roads extend into every town/township, and roads suitable for cars to every administrative village. Simple highways extend into almost all natural villages and village groups. According to the survey, cars can reach 91.2% of the project area and only 8.8% of the project area is not accessible by car. The census also shows that, 142 or 89.31% of the villages are accessible by car and only 17 villages or 10.69% of the total is not accessible by car. Thus it is fair to say that most of the villages along the affected belt have acceptable access.
121. The vehicles of the residents in the project area have also improved. People used to travel by foot and go across the rivers by boats before the 1960s. After the Opening up and Reformation, farmers traveled with bicycles and cross the rivers on bridges; during the 1990s, hand-held tractors of tricycle motors were available for travel. The farmers now use motorcycles and a few have their own small car. The survey by the Guangxi Rural Investigation Team shows that, in 2002, the expenditure on travel increased rapidly. The per capita expenditure is now 114.3 Yuan, an increase of 32.6Yuan or 40.0% more than the year before. The per capita expenditure in Guangxi for the purchase of production assets is 59.8Yuan, an increase of 8.6Yuan or 16.8% more than the year before. The per capita expenditure on vehicles increased by 63.9%. This shows that the Farmers have increased the investment in vehicles.
4. Mode of production
122. It is axiomatic that different societies have different modes of production. The mode of production is the way to make a living to attain the material for survival and to create a foundation for social life and development. It includes productivity and production relations. Productivity elements are the material contents of the mode of production while production relations are the social format.
123. The mode of production referred to in this Action Plan means productivity and production relations. Labor resources and production materials are emphasized in the productivity, and the rural economy management system is the key content to be analyzed in this part.
(1) Labor resource and Labor service export
124. Labor resource is the first element for the residents in the project area to create wealth, improve nature and society. Since the communities in the Project affected area are rural ones with some factories, schools or mines, we will highlight the labor resource in the countryside.
(i) Labor resource
125. The labor resource in the project area is relatively rich, usually 60%of the total population. The data in the fifth population census in Guangxi shows that, in Longan County, Pingguo County, Tiandong County, Tianyang County and Youjiang District, the population of ages of 15-64 is 214,600, 270,600, 256,100, 219,500 and 267,600, or 66.50%, 66.96%, 69.95%, 73.51% and 76.35% of the total population. The legal definition of age of labor force is not 15-64 but in the project area, this defines the actual age range of the labor force. The sample survey
12-33 also confirms this. Investigations show that there are 2.8 workers per household in the Five counties, taking 60.60%if the average population of 4.62 per household, which is 6.67%higher than the average level for the whole of Guangxi (53.84%). The survey sample of the 500 households shows that, the labor force between the ages of 16-59 is 68-75% of the total population in the family. Therefore labor resources are abundant. See Table 12-14:
Table 12-14 Labor Resource Situations in the 500 Households along the Highway
age 16-59 County Population Number of people Percentage Five Counties 2310 1632 70.65 Longan County 495 358 72.32 Pingguo County 490 337 68.78 Tiandong County 450 307 68.22 Tianyang County 448 336 75.00 Youjiang District 427 294 68.85
126. Although there are abundant labor resources, it is of low quality; the labor is poorly educated and has a low technology level. According to the survey data, there are 0.25 illiterate persons/household. In the farmer families the illiteracy population is 5.41 % of the total; 1.29 persons/household of primary school education or 27.92% of the family population; junior high school 2.09 persons/household or 45.24%of the family population, 0.47 persons/household of senior high school, or 10.17%of the family population. 0.05 persons/household, or 1.08% of the family population have a college education. According to data from the 5th Population Census, the distribution of the education level of the residents of 6 years old or older in the project area Nanning-Baise Highway is shown as table 2-15.
Table 12-15 the Education Level of the Population of Older than 6 in the Total Population
Unit:% Illiteracy College or Primary No County Senior high Junior high Eliminating higher school Schooling Class Longan 1.18 7.63 32.93 50.53 1.55 6.18 County Pingguo 1.64 9.01 36.17 45.26 1.52 4.95 County Tiandong 1.70 10.40 35.53 46.54 1.21 6.07 County Tianyang 1.42 8.88 32.92 47.55 1.49 7.74 County Youjiang 5.79 17.42 32.92 37.69 1.90 4.28 District
127. The above table shows that except for Youjiang District which contains Baise City, and thus has attracted more educated persons, the level of education in the total population is almost identical. There levels of attainment are relatively low and there is room for improvement.
♦ Social division of work 128. The traditional work division among men and woman in the Zhuang and Yao villages
12-34 along the Highway is: plowing the field, driving (including Hand held tractor), transportation undertaken be men. Transplanting paddy seedlings, washing, preparing meals, raising the chicken and ducks, taking care of the children are the jobs of women, while planting, getting fire wood, carrying fertilizers and harvesting are carried out jointly by men and women. In the last five years, since most of the young people go to other places to work to earn money, all of the work in the fields is mainly undertaken by old people and women. Researchers have found that almost all of the workers are senior people or woman in the field.
♦ Work division in family 129. Men in the families of the affected area are the one the make a final decision after consult with woman. In some places the tradition of the man taking care of the affairs outside the house and the woman those within the house still prevails. However, the reverse situation can be found in many other families also. In the survey interviews providing the man is at home, he would talk to the interviewer while the woman would listen quietly without interrupting. However, if the man was not at home, the woman would the place of man. In some Han villages in Tianyang County, the women have a strong tendency to participate and often voice the final opinion since they are more familiar with the work in the field and the management.
♦ Vocations 130. There are three types of jobs for workers in the project area according to different industries: primary industry, third industry and second industry.
131. Table 12-16 shows that, 96.78% of the labor force in the project area is engaged in agriculture, therefore agriculture is the biggest industry that provides the most job opportunities in the project area; 2.5% of the labor force is engaged in the third industry; and 0.72% in the second industry. Those engaged in the primary industry are mainly in farming and raising animals; those of the second industry mainly work in the nearby township and village enterprises, construction industry, or state-own enterprises; those in the third industry are mainly working in the restaurant, service, and transportation industries.
Table 12-16 Classification of the Jobholder in the Affected Area along the Highway
Unit: persons/household Area scale of Labor force of 1st industry 2nd industry 3rd industry family the family the Five 4.62 2.80 2.71 0.02 0.07 Counties Longan 4.95 3.17 3.17 0 0 County Pingguo 4.90 2.67 2.43 0.04 0.20 County Tiandong 4.50 2.66 2.60 0 0.06 County Tianyang 4.48 2.87 2.87 0 0 County Youjiang 4.27 2.64 2.51 0.05 0.08 District
(ii) Labor service export
132. Going out to work is an important way for the farmer in the project area to increase income and maintain their livelihood. The survey discovered that those working in agricultural production activities are only the elder labor force, while most of the young adults working away
12-35 from home in either within Guangxi or Guangdong spend most of the year away from home, and come back only in the harvest season or the spring festival. According to the model survey, the annual income of a labor is about 3000-6000Yuan. According to the statistics of the affected villages, the proportion of the workforce working away is about 5% of the total in the project affected area whose annual income are within the range of 3600-8000Yuan.
Table 12-17 the External Worker Situation in Some Towns/townships of the Project Affected Area in 2002
of Total Regional distribution Income (Yuan) Exported labor force within out monthly annual County labor (%) Guangxi of income income (person) Guangxi Linfeng, 893 5. 54 35 163 300-65 3600-780 Tiandong 0 0 County Silin Town 1649 6. 70 743 906 300-65 3600-780 0 0 Pingma Town 1187 7. 08 661 526 300-65 3600-780 0 0 Xiangzhou 1540 4. 21 788 752 300-65 3600-780 Town 0 0 Bubing Town 462 7. 60 60 402 300-65 3600-780 0 0 Nabi, Youjiang 685 5. 30 393 292 300-65 3600-780 District 0 0
C. Nature resources their related industries
133. Natural resources are an important factor for the existence of the people in the project area, and the major source of attaining materials for their material and spiritual lives. The livelihood of the farmers along the Nanning-Baise Highway is closely related to the local natural condition and the traditional cultures. The area is mainly hilly terrains along the Nanning-Baise Highway which is mainly composed of soil denuded low hills, small hills and fluvial plain Youjiang River Valley. Abundance of surface water and favorable climate conditions make it a place of rich biological resources that are evenly distributed.
134. With the favorable natural and climate conditions, the project area is suitable for the growth of crops. There are a lot of crops along the Highway, grains mainly include paddy and corn, the cash crops are sugarcane, fruits, vegetable etc. Youjiang River Valley where the Highway goes through is one of the best agriculture production protection areas in Guangxi with good natural conditions and mainly produces rice. The food source of the people in the project area is mainly from the agriculture fields (e.g. paddy field and dry land).
1. Land resources and the plantation industry
(1) Paddy field
135. Paddy fields are those cultivated lands with a ridge around the field to preserve water for the plantation of rice. The per capita cultivated lands along the highway are not too many; however the land resource is rather rich. The main function of the paddy field is for the growing of rice and vegetables in the winter.
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(2) Paddy
136. Rice is the most important crop in the paddy fields of the project area which provides the basic food for the farmers and the important foundation of the stability and development of the rural area. The grains of Zhuang and Han are mainly rice, they eat few other grains, and therefore their food is mainly from paddy fields. According to our survey, the people in the project have sufficient food. The per capita paddy field areas of different villages along the highway are differ greatly from 0.4 Mu to 1 Mu, and average 0.62 Mu. In places with relatively better natural conditions such as Tiandong and Tianyang counties, the irrigation system is well equipped and the yield of paddy is relatively higher; but some people in the big mountain area are still living in poverty because of low yields from the paddy fields. The paddy fields and the crops (mainly paddy) yield are show in the following table:
Table 12-18 Paddy Fields and Yields in the Affecting Area in 2002
Area Total of cultivated land and paddy field Per Capita
Grains Paddy Per Unit Total( Mu/Household) Available field( Mu/household ) capita (kg ) ( Mu) Five Counties 10.08 2.89 0.65 407.21 Longan County 9.89 2.91 0.59 370.91 Pingguo County 7.66 3.50 0.71 444.30 Tiandong County 8.78 2.96 0.66 554.06 Tianyang County 15.35 3.37 0.75 463.50 Youjiang District 8.73 1.72 0.40 192.86
137. The grains from the plantation are mainly consumed by the farmer’s family. Very few families have grains for sale, therefore the plantation of grains especially paddy is not for getting rich but for consumption. If the grains were measured by money, the economic value of the yielding is really not high. For example, a household of five in the project area, the per capita grain production is 350kg, so the value of the grain is about 2,000 Yuan. However, 2,000 Yuan of money is a relatively small amount and is not as valuable as grains for the family in one year. Since the grain can guarantee the living for the family in one year, it is the most important material foundation of the family and social stability. For some poor farmers, they cannot even ensure the grains for one year, so it is hard to maintain their life - only when they have produced enough food can they seek outside work to increase their income.
(3) Vegetable field
138. There are a lot of vegetable fields along the highway which used to be paddy field or exclusive vegetable fields where vegetable are planted in all seasons Some are for growing vegetables during the season without paddy. In the past the farmers planted vegetables for their own use. In the past decades the villagers in the project area had develop commodity vegetable production, to ship to the north. The plantation of vegetables has not only solved the problem of getting enough vegetables but is also the main source of the family income.
139. In the fields of Tiandong County, Tianyang County in the Youjiang River Valley, Plantation of many kind of vegetables can be seen everywhere. Since the local farmers plant a lot of vegetables, special vegetable wholesale market have been set up in Tiandong and Tianyang Counties where businessmen from all over China come to do business. It has become one of the relatively big wholesale markets for vegetables and other produce in Southwest
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China. Many full-loaded trucks are commonly seen that in the market which are ready to ship vegetables to other provinces. According to the survey, in Tianzhou Town, Tianyang County the vegetable yield from one Mu of paddy field is several tons. This earns at least 6 -7,000 Yuan and usually more than ten thousand Yuan, and up to 25 thousand Yuan. Many farmers have become rich by planting vegetables. Therefore, it is of great important to increase the incomes of the farmers by converting paddy fields into vegetable fields.
(4) Dry land, sloping field, and wasteland
140. There are plenty of dry land, sloping field and wastelands in the project area. Dry land is referred to the fields that cannot conserve water at the surface. Sloping field is referred to the fields on the slopes of the hills. Wasteland is the newly cultivated, yet to be cultivated lands.
141. According to the sample survey, the affected households have an average of 3.37 Mu of dry land, 0.96 Mu of sloping field, and 0.28 Mu of wasteland. Dry land and wasteland are two kind of important land resource in the project area for the locals to develop dry land crops. Most of the dry land and wasteland are for the plantation of corn, sugarcane and fruits etc.
(5) Corn
142. Corn is the main supplement of the grains in the project area. Usually all the farmers like to plant corn and so it occupies a certain economic position for the family. According to the model survey, it is common for the entire village to use dry land for the plantation of corn. Usually a common farmer will plant 1 Mu of corn in the dry land, however in the mountain area where corn is the main grain; all the dry lands are used to plant corn. According to the sample survey, in 2002 the per capita corn production of the families in the project area is 74.20 kg, producing 15.11% of the families’ per capita grain production of 491.06kg. Usually corn is used for feeding animals and poultry -only a small portion is consumed by human beings.
(6) Sugarcane
143. Sugarcane plantation is one of important income sources for the farmers. Census data shows that on average the farmer plants 3-5 Mu of sugarcane. The yield of sugarcane per Mu is usually 4-5 tons, which is worth about 1,000 Yuan at the current price of 160 Yuan/ton. Therefore, sugarcane is the main source of income for the farmers along the Highway.
(7) Fruits
144. Most of the dry land, sloping field and wasteland are great resources for planting fruits. Fruit is one of the most important income sources for the farmers along the Highway, and closely related to their daily life. According to the sample survey, the affected families along the Highway have an average of 1.99 Mu of orchard, from several dozen Mu, or at the least to two or three Mu. In the past, the fruit planted in the project area were mainly for self consumption. With the development of the economy, the villagers have show a strong interest in planting fruits with high economic value and many kinds of fruits have become the major income of the many farmers. Currently the major fruits in the project area are banana, mango, longan, lichee (see attached pictures) and Chinese chestnut etc, some Big Grand Chinese Date are planted in some places also.
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Longan Lichee
*Longan Longans are often planted in the wasteland or sloping field along the roads near the villager’s house farms in the project area. The numbers usually varies from several trees to dozens of Mu, some even as much as a thousands trees for a large farm. According to the survey, the yield of longan per Mu is 300 -400 kg. Some years ago , the price of longan was 8-10 Yuan /kg, but it is now 3-4 Yuan/kg and incomes dropped with price decreases. Since there are only a few locations for the plantation of longan the price is not stable but the farmers cannot find another substitution producing a higher income than longan, so they still keep the longan.
*Lichee Lichees are often planted in the wasteland or sloping field along the roads near the villager’s house farms in the project area. The numbers usually varies from several trees to thousands of trees. For example, there are more than a thousand Mu of lichee planted in Namen village and Langwan Farm. According to the survey, the yield of lichee is 300-400 kg/Mu. The price of lichee was 8-10 Yuan/kg, but is now 3-4 Yuan/kg .
*Banana Villagers plant a lot of bananas in sloping field along the roads and rivers. Most are planted on a big scale, usually dozens or hundreds of Mu. According to the survey, the yield of bananas is 3-5ton/Mu, worth 1500 Yuan.
(8) Woodland
145. According to the survey, there are 0.39 Mu of woodland per household in the project area along the Highway. Except for a few farmers or villages who have relatively more woodland, most have only a little woodland. Therefore, few people are living on forestation in the whole project area.
2. Poultry and livestock resources and aquaculture industry
146. The poultry and livestock resources in the project area are mainly: pig, sheep, buffalos, horse, dog, chicken, duck, goose, pigeon etc. The Zhuang, Han and Yao residents have the tradition of raising poultry and livestock. Buffalo and horse are working livestock, while pigs, sheep, chicken, duck, goose are to provide meat. Therefore, raising livestock and poultry has become a traditional industry.
(1) Raising Pig
147. Raising pigs is a traditional industry with multi- functions of increasing income, providing meats on special occasions (festivals, wedding, etc.) and for producing fertilizer. The farmers in the villages along the Highway have two models for raising pig :
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148. First, natural economy and self sufficiency whereby (1) the feeding stocks are self prepared, or the pig allowed to live in the wild. The feeding stuff comes from self grown corn, sweet potato vine, leftovers and weeds. Some farmers are raising the pigs in a free way so that pigs are released to the wild to seek food in the mountain or village side and then taken back in the evening. Under natural conditions, the yielding of the corn determines the production of pigs. For the pig raisers in the nature economy stage, only two to three pigs can be raised in one year, and 1-2 might be killed in the spring festival for family use, so usually there are no surplus pigs for trading in the market. (2) Instead of a commodity, pigs are raised for the purpose of family use in the festivals. So it is called “raising the pig for spring festival”.
149. Second, commodity economy, raising pigs for money which is characterized as:(1) The feeding stuff is mostly depending on the market; (2) Raising pig is for earning money, it is an important item of the family management;(3) there are many groups of a large number of pigs for sale every year, usually 2-3 groups and more than 10 pigs in one group;(4) the pig raising technology has improved greatly by using combined feeding stuff , feeding stuff with supplements etc. Pig raising has become an important income source for the family. Usually every pig weighs 150kg and can then be taken to the market, with the price of 5-6Yuan/km, every pig can be sold for 900 Yuan, and the net income can be 100-150 Yuan. If ten pigs are raised, the family can earn more than 1,000 Yuan, although that is not a big income, but it is a remarkable income for many families.
150. According to the survey, this pig raising model of commodity economy is mainly found in the valley plain area and some mountain areas, close to Nanning City and Baise City where there is convenient transportation which is convenient for buying feeding stuff and selling the pigs.
(2) Raising bulls and sheep
151. Buffalo is the most common livestock in the countryside along the Highway. Buffalo was the first a kind of work stock. They help to do the work in the fields, and pull the carts for transportation. Their manures are fertilizers. The usual practice of raising buffalo in the project area is releasing in the day time and keeping in the pen in the evening so that the manure accumulated in the pen can be used for fertilizers. For this reason, farmers like to raise buffalos. In the villages where there are a lot of paddy fields in the plain area of Youjiang River valley, most of the farmers have buffalos. In the farms in the mountain area, scalpers are more welcome because they are more suitable to work on the dry land and the mountain environment. Both buffalo and scalper have high economic values, a buffalo can be sold with more than 1000 Yuan, some can be more to 2000 Yuan, and the price of a scalper is lower than that for a buffalo. Beef cattle are now being raised in some place in Longan County to provide meat for the market.
152. In some villages in Longan County, Tiandong County, it is found that although the local people are poor, but it is not rare to see a farmer family raising 3 5 sheep/goats. This is because this is a unique livestock that eats leaves only, without eating grains from the farmers and they can bring some economic benefits.
(3) Raising chicken, duck, goose
153. Chicken, duck, goose are the most common kinds of poultry raised by the farmers in the project area. Usually every household has dozens to hundreds of chickens and ducks; however geese are raised by only a few families, usually more than ten geese. The feeding stuff for the chickens, ducks, geese are from the excess grain of the family----corn, rice or rice bran, a few farmers will go to the market to buy feeding stuff. The farmers are mainly raising chicken, duck, and goose for the festivals; only the excess will be sold in the market. Raising chicken, duck, and goose on a big scale along the roads has not happened yet due to lack of raising
12-40 technology and disease prevention measures and lack of funds also.
3. Water surface Resource and fishery
154. There are some water surface resources such as river, reservoir, ponds etc in the project area along the Highway affecting belt. According to the sample survey, the per household water surface of the project affecting area along the Highway is: 0.2 Mu of pond, without calculating the surface of reservoir and river. Therefore, they have the condition for develop fishery. Especially in Longan, Pingguo, Youjiang District which are close to either Nanning or Baise City, some combined fish breeding and poultry raising farms have been formed where fishes are in the water and ducks are raised on the surface. Aquiculture is a big resource of the farmers’ income. The model survey in the villages along the Highway shows that the yield of the pond is about 3,000 Yuan per year; some can reach 6,000 to 7,000 Yuan. Therefore the farmers treasure their ponds. Although fishing in the rivers is a traditional activity, the yield is relatively small.
4. Mineral resources and mining industry
155. There are plenty of mineral resources in the area along the Highway, namely, aluminum ore, silver ore, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. (Seen in Table 2-19). These mines belong to state resource that should be exploited unitedly. So some state-own companies such as Pingguo Aluminum Industry Co. Youjiang River Mining affair bureau, Tiandong petroleum Co. etc have been setup. These companies have absorbed some rural labors and increased their income. For example, Pingguo Aluminum Company in Pingguo County employs hundreds of the local farmers for exploiting the mine ore.
Table 12-19 Main Mineral Resources in the Project Area
retain mineral reserve quality area distributed exploiting situation reserves 10000 Unit 10000 ton % county/district region ton aluminum 27363.8 Pingguo, Tiandong, Tianyang, 48.55—65.0 ore Tiandong, unexploited 2 Tianyang Coal 29798.9 27413.8 Tiandong, most have been 3500-5600 Tianyang, exploited except for Ka/g Pingguo, Pingguo limestone 5340.4 5000 Pingguo, exploited Cao54% Tiandong bentonite 3600 3599.6 ascanite Tiandong unexploited clay >90% Gold mine 1068 508 Tiandong, partly exploited Au1.57-8.68 Pingguo, /gt Youjiang District Silver Longan exploited Irone 107. 89 Tiandong Tiandong Tfe40-49% County , Youjiang unexploited District, Pingguo petroleum 8000 Tiandong County exploited Natural gas 100mm3 Tiandong County exploited manganese 300
5. Tourism resource and Tourism
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156. There are rich tourism resources in the project area. According to primary statistics, there are three state key cultural relics protection units, 1 autonomous Regional resort, 2 Regional forest Parks 2 Regional nature protection area, and 65 others. The tourist resources distributed in the affecting area along the Highway are Wen Pagoda of Longan County, Ten miles of simals along the Youjiang River in Pingguo County the Aluminum City of Pingguo, Tanhe ancient human site in Tiandong County, scenery of Longxu and Xiangshui Rivers, Leixu waterfalls in Tianyang County, Liuhe frog island in Napo, Tomb of Madam Wa, Hongxingtun waterfall group in Napo, Huowang River scenery area, Sleeping Beauty Hill in Napo, Laikui site, Shangsong ancient human site are almost intact and under exploitation. Tourism is relatively new but the prospective is remarkable.
Table 12-20 Tourism Resources in the Project Area
Major nature scenery Major human culture scenery state key cultural relics protection units:3 Tourism resources 1. the site of the headquarter of the 7th Red Arm Autonomous Region level forest park: Chengbi (Youjiang District) Lake forest park , Longxu River forest park, 2 2. the site of Youjiang River worker and peasant Autonomous Region level resort: Longhu hill military committee (Tiandong Pingma Town) resort area, Chengbi Lake resort area, 2 3. Baigu and Gaolingpo Paleolithic site Autonomous Region nature protecting area: (Youjiang River, Tiandong) Lingwanglao Hill nature protecting area, Longhu Longan County: Hill nature protecting area 2 Wen pagoda (1.5), Kongming Well (Yanjiang Longan County: Town,23), Longhu Hill (36), Xianheng cave (Pingshan Pingguo County: Township,45), Eshan Hill ecological tourism area Mingyang Cave, MoliuYu Cave, Guide Rock, (Minyang, Chengxiang,16), Bayang stone forest Hei Rock, Guang Rock, Ling’s Tomb and sceneries (Nanxu,7), Liujia virgin Forest (Pingshan of the old Town, Jiangxhou town, Pingguo Township,50) Aluminum City etc. Pingguo County: Bailong Rock, Dushi shoal Tiandong County : Shuiyan cave, Ten miles of simals along the Baxianshan (38), Xiangynagguan (40), site of Youjiang River. Youjiang River worker and peasant democratic Tiandong County: Longxu River scenery (5), Government (center of the county town), Tanhe Guanyin Rock (15), Xiangshui River scenery (15), ancient human site (10), GeziShanzhuang (32). Guangyang Rock (40), Qipang shoal (42), Lianhua Tianyang County: Madam Wa’ Tomb (2km), Hill (48), Ten miles of lotus. revolutionaries’ cemetery (3), Lianhua Hill Temper Tianyang County: Leixu waterfalls (61), Napo (7km), Buluotuo culture site (9km), Laikui site (30), Liuhefrog island (12), Liangjian Rock (42), Jinji Yongxhang New village (16), Baiyu Huacha banian Hill (40), Tuoniao Hill (41), Waterfall group in (16), Baiyu Tuoyan Red Guard Team’s cemetery Pohongxin village (32), Huowang scenery area (17), Qiaoye Lawn (67) (62), Napo sleeping beauty (12), Ganyun cave Youjiang District: Changshe Hill battle site (3), (54) etc.. Ancient human site (10), Baise uprising memorial Youjiang District: Qiongyu Cave (20), Silver (1), Baise uprising momentum (in town), Yuedong Hill (2), Fulu River Waterfall Group (46), Dawang Hall(in town), Lingzhou Hall (in town), Century Hill (58), Yamang Cliff Image, Chengbi River Copper Drum (In town), Red Army Bridge (1.5), scenery area Nangeting (2)
Notes: the number in the brackets after every scenery site is its distance from the site to the town of the county.
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Longxu River, Madam Wa’s Tiandong Tomb
D. Productive material and tenure of land
157. Productive material is also called means of production, it is the total of labor material and labor objective, which is the necessary material condition when people are conducting the material production. Labor material is also called labor means including productive tools, land, buildings, roads, channel, storehouse etc.
1. Production tools
158. Production tools are the tool people use to change the labor objects. Such as machine, farming tool, apparatus etc. The development level of Production tools represents the level of productivity level. The major productivity tools in the project area are mainly plough, harrow, shovel, hoe, knife, rice mill, wind mill, Muller, pump, ox- wagon, horse wagon, hand-held tractor etc. which are owned by the farmers. Currently the production tools in the project area are being shifted from the traditional ones to the modern ones, therefore the coexistence of traditional and modern tools can be seen.
2. Lands and tenure of land
159. There are two meanings for land, one is fields, and the other is territory. The land and its resource referred to in this Plan include cultivated land, pond, orchard, woodland etc. it is the labor material on which the existence of the residents of the project area depends. We had brief introductions on paddy field, dry land, sloping field, wasteland, woodland and pond etc. before, now we are going to describe the lands and tenure of land.
160. After the foundation of the P. R. China, there were three great reformations in the tenure of land in China.
161. The first time was in early 1950s. On June 30, 1950, the Central Government issued the Tenure of Land Reform Law of the People’s Republic of China, which determined the general guideline of the land tenure reformation. The land reformation was carried out during the winter of 1950 to 1952 all over China except for Taiwan and some Minority areas. The feudal land ownership was eliminated after the land reformation, which had enable 300 million peasants who had had no or little land to attain 700 million Mu of lands and other productive material. Peasants were entitled to own the lands; therefore small holdership became the most popular ownership.
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162. The second time was held in mid 1950 to the end of 1950 when agricultural collectivization was carried out and the primary agricultural commune and advanced agricultural commune were widely adopted. The farmers joined the communes with the productive materials such as lands, work buffalos, farming tools etc. and changed the land private ownership into a collective ownership. 756,000 primary or advanced agriculture co operational communes were set up in China, with 11,000 household joining in, which was 96.3% of the total number of household then.
163. The Third reform was held in late 1970s to early 1980s. On December 22, 1978, the 3rd session of the 13th Part Congress passed the Working Code of the Rural People’s Commune (Trial Draft), which proposed to enforce the labor organization and set up strict production responsibility system and implement “five – components ” (personnel, task, quality, payment, reward and punishment). On September 28, 1979, the Central Committee of CPC issued Decisions on Several Issues in Speeding up the Development of Agriculture, which proposed making production contract to groups. In the On Some Issues of Further Enforcing and Improving the Agriculture Production Responsibility issued on September 27, 1980 by the Central Committee of CPC, the family production responsibility system of “making production contract to household” was for the first time expounded. The issuance of the three documents has become the main guideline to carry out the 3rd land tenure reformation. All the countryside in China had completed the main reformation tasks in 1982 or 1983. This reformation did not change the collective ownership of lands; instead it separated the ownership and the title of management. So only the utilization system was changed, e.g. the farmers make contract with the collective to use the land with a family as a unit (including cultivated land, woodland, ley, wasteland etc.). The contract term of cultivated land is 15 years.
164. As the approach of the end of the 15-year-term, the CPC Central Committee regulated the contracting of the new round of land reform. In the No 1997 16 Document issued on August 27, 1997, it was regulated as: “The contract term will be postponed 30 more years, basing on the foundation of the first round.” According to the policies, the governments of all over China had made the 2nd round land contracting with the farmers.
165. The villages along the Highway undertook the family production responsibility system from 1979 on, and the reform was completed in 1982. The reform has greatly increased the farmers’ initiality of working. Since all the villages along the Highway have finished the land contracting in 1983. And the first round of contract term had expired in 1998. According to our survey most of the villages and farmers have signed the 2nd round of land contract, and because the land resource is limited, there was almost no land adjustment.
166. The new round on land contracting began in 1997 on the land certificate, it is explained that the ownership of the land belongs to Party A (the collective), Party B only has the right to use. In the term of contracting, if the land is acquisitioned by the state, Part B has no right to hinder or to make trouble. According to the now implemented Article 14 of the Land Management Law of the People’s Republic of China: “ in the term of land contracting, the adjustment to the land of some contractors will be approved by 2/3 of the villager’s council or 2/3 of villagers’ representatives and reported to the town/township people’s government for approval from the agriculture administrative . ” therefore, it is possible for the local government to adjust the land in an organized and planned way according to the requirement of the highway construction.
167. It is learnt in the survey that, the contracted land owned by the farmers along the Highway are not in a same place, instead they are in many places according to the class of cultivated land (Usually there are three classes). Therefore before the highway’s border marks are determined; it is hard to confirm the accurate area of the land the highway will occupy.
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3. Public Properties of the Communities
168. There are many public properties and resources in the project area which are listed as followed:
Table 12-21 Major Public Facilities and Important Resource of the Villages in the Affected Belt along the Highway County Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang District County County County County District cultivated land 6359 2453 15388 34915 21708 9165 ( Mu) 3 Road 9 31 44 22 49 10 water source or 17 34 N/a N/a N/a N/a running water facility satellite receiving 10 29 43 27 51 8 facility tourism resource 0 3 2 2 7 3 schools 17 34 64 26 39 11 Clinical, hospitals 7 29 33 39 55 6 Notes: some villages did not fill in the questionnaires according to the requirements, so the content shown above is incomplete data and is only for reference.
E. Community Organization
169. A community is a big interactive collectivity where some social groups (family or clan) or social organizations gather together in a certain place. Briefly, community is an area where people live together. There are four characteristics for a community: first, there is a territory limitation, such as a village, town etc. second, there must be people; third, there is some common production, behavior rules, ideology and Life style ;Forth, and there are social activities and interactive relations. This paper will emphasize the rural community of the project area.
170. Community organizations are the groups formed in a certain space for some certain functions, for example political Organization (administrative village, Village group), Mass organization (Union, youth Colleagues, Women’s federation), and education or health organizations (schools, hospitals).
1. Administrative Village
171. Administrative village of the project area is a grass root autonomous organization for villagers’ self administration, self education, self service, democratic election, democratic decision making, democratic management, and democratic monitoring.
172. The administrative village is an autonomous organization set up based on the former brigade of the people’s commune and elected by the villagers directly. Usually the administrative villages are composed of some natural villages, a big administrative village can include more than ten natural villages with the population of population of 3-5,000, and the smaller one can be three to five villages with a population of 1-3,000. There are 4-5 administrative village members, e.g. administrative village chief (usually the same person as the party committee secretary), vice chief, secretary, women Chief etc. the members of the administrative village are not civil servants, instead, they are the part-time village level cadres whose payment are usually some subsidies from the township’s financial revenue (usually the subsidy is 60-80 Yuan per month). The cadres of the administrative village are elected directly by the villagers. Each term is three years, election will be held at the end of the terms, candidates can be elected consequently.
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173. The administrative village is villagers’ autonomous organization, in charge of the affair in the administrative villages. The main responsibilities are: implementing the task assigned by the upper level administrations such as recruiting, grain levies etc.; carrying out the public affairs and commonwealth course, mediate the civil, land, forest, water conservancy disputes; assist in maintaining social security; implementing the family plan policy; levy the related fees; reporting the opinions request and suggestions of the villagers to the upper government departments.
174. Function: first, using the political recourse to provide production service to the villagers, such as contacting agriculture production service etc. second, provide various proves such as family planning, going out to work etc. third, review the land acquisition, housing land utilization etc; four, intermediate all kind of disputes among the villagers.
2. Village group
175. Some Village groups can be set up by the administrative village according to the residency situation of the farmers. The production team of the former people’s commune system is the smallest mass political organization whose responsibility is to administrate the productions and social affairs in the Village group. In the project area, usually one Village group was set up in a natural village; more than one Village group can be set up in some big villages. There are 10 to dozens of households in a Village group with the population of the least of dozens to hundreds. The head of the Village group will be elected by the Villagers’ assemble.
3. Women’s Federation
176. There are Women’s leagues in the administrative villages of project area. They are the skeleton organization of the China Women’s Federation whose responsibilities are mobilize and organize the women administrative national and social affairs according to the law, managing the economy and cultural courses, defending the basic interests of women and children, leading women abbey the basic behavior rules and pursue higher moral objectives; Reflecting the opinion and requests of women pushing the implementation of the national policy of equality of man and woman in all fields of the nation.
4. School
177. In the each administrative village or the relatively big natural villages in the project area, village –level fulltime primary school might be set up where the children can go to school of the nearest one. The teachers in the village level school are assigned by the State. According to the survey, there are 191 public schools in the villages of the project area along the Highway where the nine-year compulsory education is carried out.
5. Hospital
178. There is a public People’s Hospital in each county in the project area, some Chinese Medicine Hospital too. There are usually 200-400 sickbeds and 2-300 doctors and nurses; There is a town healthy center or central health center with dozens of sickbeds and dozens of healthcare staff. The county or town hospitals are public ones, and the staffs are all public personnel. There are no village level hospitals but healthcare room or clinic and most of them are privately owned organization. Some cooperative organizations were setup in some villages. Usually there are no sickbeds in the village level health organizations where only some small troubles or common disease can be dealt with. According to the survey, there are health care rooms in almost all administrative villages or the relatively big natural villages in the project area, so the farmers can get medical treatment for the commonly seen disease. A situation of “small sickness can be taken care of within the village, middle sickness within town/township, big sickness within county” has been formed in the project area along the Highway.
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179. From the practical view, the cooperative healthcare organization is the great trend of the healthcare in the rural area.
F. Community Public facility
180. The living and production environments of the communities along the Highway are the necessary material foundation of living and production for the people in the project area. The survey shows that, the road, water, TV, telephone etc have been improved gradually, laying down an excellent foundation for the development of the project area.
1. Road
181. There are land and water paths in the project area namely Nankun Railway , Nanbai Class II Highway and Youjiang River navigation channel, which are relatively convenient. However the trunk lines and the branch lines connecting the villages are under developed, some even there is no road to reach. Therefore developing the transportation industry improving the traffic facility is of vital importance to the development of the project area. According to the sample survey and the model survey, except for a few villages, almost roads have reached almost all the villages in the project area along the Highway. And sample survey shows that, the villages of 91.2%of the farmers have road to get to, only villages of 8.8%of the farmers have no road within reach. In the rural communities, the road is not only the symbol of civilization progress, but also the symbol of rural productivity. It is an important component of the rural labor factors.
2. Water
182. The sample survey shows that the condition of the drinking water in the project area has been gradually improved, 53%of all the farmers’ families have tap water, 20.4%have shallow well water, and 12.8% have deep well water, 7.6% drink water from the rivers or lakes, while 6.2% have other forms of water. According to the survey analysis, the farmers using other forms of water lack of drinking water and are mainly living in the mountain areas, for example in the Yao villages in Longan County, and the Yao in Zuodeng township in Tiandong County.
3. Electricity
183. Electricity in the project area is the development drive in the rural area, and the symbol of civilization progress. In recent years, the state has installed a big scale rural electricity network, and the electricity using condition has been greatly improved in the project area. According to the sample survey, in the project area, 99.8%of the farmers’ families have electricity supply, and only 0.2% do not yet have electricity.
4. TV
184. A decade ago, the villagers in the project area could watch the TV programs received from home made antennas. Recently, the government has enforced the rural TV network installation and implemented “TV Broadcast covering every village” project, which has greatly improved the TV receiving rate in the project area. According to the sample survey, 99.6% of the villages in the project area have TV broadcasting coverage. Dozens of TV program channels such as CCTV 1-10, Guangxi TV 1-4 and TV programs from the neighbor are available.
5. Telephone
185. In the past recent years, the telecommunication industry in the project area developed quickly, now 95.2%of administrative villages (administrative village) have a telephone service,
12-47 and only 4.8%of the villages have no telephone. Telephone has brought a lot of information to the rural community, and connects the rural areas to the outside world, and has shortened the distance between the rural areas and other places in China and the world. However, for most of the natural village or Village groups, telephone is still a dream for them.
6. Fair and market
186. Fair and markets are usually combined in the project area. The fairs are a manifestation of the public community and markets are a facility on which life and production depend. There are usually one or two or even three fairs in one township in the project area. The fairground is not only the site of the town/township’s government or administrative village, but also a farm community gathering place and an important social place. On the days of the fair many people come to exchange produce and industry commodities, while the social places are also full of people. So the fairs are multi-functions.
187. According to the records and site investigations, there are 91 fairs in the project affected area, of which 24 are in the direct project affected area:
Table 12-22 Fairs in the Project Area (1)
Daily Fair every three days Subtotal County Fair ADGJ BEHK CFIL Yongxin Shaungding, Tanluo , Shajing Jinling, Fushu, Xialeng, Nalong, Jinagxi, 13 District Yangmei, Shifu Jinguang, Xinxu, Wukang Longan Nadong, Qiaojian, Dujie, Chengxiang, Xiaolin, Dingdang, Nanxu, Yanjiang , 13 County Buquan Gutan, Yangwan, Pingshan Xingyang Pingguo Matou, Guohua , Jiucheng, Bangxu, Taiping, Pozao, Xinan, Liming, Xinxu, 19 County Fengwu, Yexu Tingnong, Lexu Haicheng, Tonglao, Boli Duixu, Moxu, Sitang Tiandong Xinzhou Pingma, Jiangcheng, Nabo, Silin, Xiangzhou, Suoliang, Yixu, Linfeng, Lunxu, 21 County Jiangxu Linglong, Daowu Yincha Bubing, Fudeng, Poxu , Podang, Pomeng, Longxia Bama Tianyang Naman , Yufeng, ERtang Tianzhou , Baifeng , Wucun Napo , Baiyu, Kunping 9 County Youjiang Baise, Longchuan Linhe 4 District Sitang
Table 12-23 Fairs in the Project Area (2)
Fair every Fair every 3 days Subtotal County 7 days 147 258 369 Tianyang County Dongjing, Qiaoye, Sanpo, Pohong, Babnie Anning 8 QInhua, Xinxu Youjiang District Wangdian Yangxu Baping Heping 4
188. In the above fairs, the ones on the site of the county are the biggest where more than ten thousand people will come to the fair. The next sizes of fairs are on the sites of the town/townships where several thousand people might come and the smallest ones are the village-level fairs
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Tianyang Vegetable Wholesale Market Ready to Set off Full Load
G. Education
189. In the villages of the survey, the education level of the whole group is relatively good with only a few illiteracies while in the remote areas, the educational level is low. The surveys show that, the families emphasize the importance of the education of the children. Like most Chinese parents, they are proud of their children’s good performance in schools. Usually children in the project area families can get primary school education. In the economically better off places, all of the parents express that as long as the kids work hard enough, they will support their children’s education. As the family planning policy spread widely in the area, the differences in education between boys and girls diminished. However the survey shows that the education of adult women is lower than men.
Table 12-24 A comparison of the Education at All levels per 100,000 in Nanning-Baise Highway Project Area in 1990 to 2000
Unit: persons Senior high and Year College and higher Junior High Primary school vocational school County 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 Longan 290 1291 5304 7156 18826 31010 46692 47626 County Pingguo 275 1520 4840 8327 15919 32736 47774 42889 County Tiandong 411 1570 6282 9693 16132 31065 47654 44841 County Tianyang 375 1351 5967 8375 16132 31065 47654 44841 County Youjiang 2465 5461 10958 16464 18283 31153 41773 35649 District
190. The data of the population census shows, there is an increase in the absolute number of the population per 100,000 people of all levels of education in the counties along the Highway in 2,000, among them, those have primary school, high school or vocational school have increased several fold and only that of primary education did not change much. Meanwhile, the number of
12-49 illiteracy population dropped dramatically. The level of illiteracy in the total population has dropped from 17-21% in 1982 to 4-7% in 2000. This shows that the education level in the project area has improved.
Table 12-25 Illiteracy Rates from the Population Census in 1982, 1990 and 2000 Nanning-Baise Highway Project Area Year Illiteracy population (10000 Level in total population (%) persons) County 1982 1990 2000 1982 1990 2000 Longan County 5.38 4. 11 1.74 17.09 11.82 5.39 Pingguo County 7.95 5.63 2.10 21.63 13.64 5.20 Tiandong 6.24 4.59 1.52 18.89 12.25 4.15 County Tianyang 6.51 5.24 2.13 21.17 16.16 7.13 County Youjiang District 4.98 4.20 1. 39 19.55 13.90 3.07
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III. Minorities, Women and Vulnerable Groups
A. Minorities
1. ADB Policy on Indigenous People
191. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) notes that often the social indicators, economic status and quality of life of minority peoples are often below those of the mainstream population. While fully recognizing the sovereignty of the borrowing country, ADB accepts that it has a responsibility for ensuring (i) equality of opportunity for national minorities and (ii) that its operations and assistance to developing member countries do not negatively affect the cultural identity, welfare and interests of national minorities. Where ADB-assisted projects will potentially cause adverse affects on national minorities, ADB requires the borrower to prepare an Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP) that will ensure compliance with its Indigenous Peoples Policy. Here, indigenous people have the same meaning as ethnic minorities in the project area. Therefore, for the details of the affected minority people and specific assisting measures for them, please refer to the EMDP of the Project.
2. Zhuang
192. Although Zhuang is in the minority all over China, Zhuang is the main body in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. This is concluded from the characteristics of Zhuang in Guangxi.
193. Long-term studies by experts in many fields, confirm that Zhuang are long term inhabitants in Guangxi District. Records reports that the earliest ancestors of Zhuang are occidental and Luoyue people who lived in present East Yunnan, Guangxi, West Guangxi, Hainan Island and North Vietnam. History book at that time generally referred to those human clans, tribes, emirates and kingdoms, which lived south to Yangtzi River as Baiyue. Occidental and Luoyue were the most related human groups, called by some history book as a joint name Ouluo.
194. Zhuang is an agricultural nationality living on paddy planting. After the People’s Republic of China came into existence, the government organized ethnic and linguistic experts to distinguish nationalities by scientific methods. They classify inhabitants in Guangxi, West Guangdong and East Yunnan, who were called or call themselves by the names Butuo, Butai, Bunong, Buyi, Buyue, Buge, Bulong, Buto, Buliao, Buman, Butu and Butong, as one unique name called Tong Nationality. For the character Tong has multiple ways for pronunciation in the Chinese dictionary and also has a very vague meaning. Premier Zhou Enlai proposed to change Tong to Zhuang. Zhuang is easier to pronounce and has a meaning of sthenia, so that it was supported by people of this nationality.
195. There are a total of 1.56 million Zhuang in the 6 counties of Nanning-Baise Highway Project Area and 250 thousand Zhuang living in villages along the project route.
The Economic and Social Characteristics of Zhuang:
(1) Living on Na
196. Na means cave with crop fields. Zhuang people mainly lived by caves with rich sources of water. People built their house fence along the contours of the mountains near the caves. This type of building is suitable for the humid, rainy, and bumpy southern mountain area. These constructions are easy to protect from moisture, beasts, robbery and provide good ventilation and lighting as well as saving field space. As time goes by, the fence structure of Zhuang was gradually replaced by reinforced concrete flat-roof buildings, and some people even lived by the
12-51 roads, building their houses along the roads, but still there is no essential change in the traditional live-by-cave layouts.
(2) Eating by Na
197. According to ethnic archeology research, along the project line, people of the Zhuang area started to eat paddy rice in the New Stone Age 9,000 years ago. Tools and cooking utensil related to rice cooking, like pestle, grind, mall and gallipot, were also invented then. Later, these tools were brought to the middle earth of China, as recorded in the Book of Songs. Zhuang ancestors eat rice as their staple food and made soup out of fish. Zhuang people raised their family with paddy rice for generations and peasants in the project area are still living on paddy field and planting paddy as in previous years but they have extended their cultivation to include vegetables in order to increase family incomes. Thus, the culture of eating by Na does not disappear as time moves on.
(3) Celebrating by Na
198. The festival culture has a close relationship with their paddy field cultivation life. It is a combination of material culture, behavior culture and conception culture, and a symbol of paddy cultivation culture and Zhuang culture group. Depending on paddy and field cultivation, the ancestors of Zhuang possessed a series of gods to worship, thus celebration and ceremonies on worship days became festivals.
199. From the first to 15th of the first month of the lunar calendar, Zhuang celebrate the Wapo festival, which is the ceremony for the frog god. On the lunar New Year’s Day, there is a bullpen festival. After the Spring Festival, there is a cultivation ceremony. Animals are sacrificed in the field at the time of seeding. There are grain spirit and cow spirit festivals in May and June when the seedlings turns green. There is a New Taste Festival when the paddy rice turns yellow. Rice Paste Festival is after the harvest when frost comes in October. Every single festival has its own celebration when Zhuang songs are sung. People hold great cave song contest at many places for seedling and harvest seasons, for spiritual and material life pursuits. Zhuang people are known as good singers and dancers and singing is the major entertainment for them.
200. Along the route there are song polders every season. The song polder festival around Ganzhuang Mountain of Tianyang County is the biggest one. The Ganzhuang Mountain song polder festival begins according to the Luna calendar between March 6 and 9. When the time comes, tens of thousands of people go to Tianyang County to worship their ancestor Buluotuo and young males and females attend parties. At Ganzhuang Mountain festival on April 8, 2003, there were 200,000 Zhuang as well as Han people, from all over the country, who gathered in Tianyang to celebrate the ceremony for ancestors. The song polder was joyful and brilliant.
3. Yao and Hui Nationalities
201. There are Yao people on both sides of the Nanning-Baise Highway Project Area and in the mountain areas. There are a few Hui people in Baise City. A brief introduction to these nationalities is as follows.
(1) Yao Nationality
202. Yao people resettled in Longan, Pingguo, Tiandong and Youjiang District of the project area only for 100 to 500 years. There are only a few records of this in historical documents.
203. Based on limited historical documents and archaeological excavation records, archeologists think that the present Yao people are derived from Wuling Yi, Wuxi Yi and Changsha Yi of the ancient Nanman and Manyi. Those ancient people lived in places around Xiangjiang River, Zijiang River, Hangjiang River and Dongting Lake, south to Changsha.
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Continuously conquered and expelled by the armies of central government, along with the exclusion of Han people, Yao in Hunan district had to constantly migrate to Guangdong and North Guangxi. There have been Yao located in Guangxi since the Song Dynasty. Until the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, ethnic exclusion and ethnic discrimination became worse. This led to most Yao resettling south into the hinterland of Guangxi. The southern plains and valleys were predominately settled by aboriginals and Han resettled in earlier times. The Yao people had no choice but to live in the mountains. The mountains were their natural shields to resist ethnic exclusion, ethnic invasion and discrimination. They lived on the mountain and made them cradles for their offsprings. However, they could not escape the destiny of being oppressed and tyrannized. The Ming Dynasty strengthened the reign by introducing penal servitude and more taxation. Eventually ethnic and class conflicts became more and more severe, and led to the Dateng Canyon Yao uprising, which Zhuang had also taken part in, to fight against the Ming Government’s tyranny and discrimination. That was a large scale uprising, lasting for more than 200 years. The Ming Government instigated a long-term brutal and savage suppression of the uprising Yao and Zhuang. Many Yao people were slaughtered or dragged off to be slaves. They had to disperse everywhere, some into the deep forest, but were afraid those mountains were not high enough and the forests not dense enough to hide them. So that nowadays in south China, the situation is that where there is no mountain, there is no Yao. The major settlement of Yao is now in Guangxi which has 60% of the whole Yao population of the country. As part of this historical resettlement included Yao ancestors along the Nanning-Baise Highway area, who successively resettled into the mountain areas of Longan, Pingguo, Tiandeng and Youjiang District. Those with the surnames of Lan, Meng and Luo in the branch of Yao, Bunu by which they call themselves, were migrants to the Big Rocky Mountains 500 years ago. Lan has the longest history of 25 generations, Luo second with 24, and Meng the shortest with 23 generations.
204. Most of the Yao people that dwell in Baise Youjiang District, Longchuan, the two villages of Wangdian and nearby Tianlin and Xilin counties in the project area, belong to the branch of Landing Yao. Different from Bunu Yao and Beilong Yao in Longan, Pingguo and Tiandong, Landing Yao mostly live in the deep forest of the mountain area. They obtained the name Landing because several generations of their people were growing coloring material indigo and selling it. Landing Yao own a few terrace fields and a lot of mountain fields, growing paddy, dry rice and corn. They are one of the branches that have relatively high living standards. About 100 years before, the Yao people still had a hunting and mobile cultivating life style - man hunts, woman cultivates, moving on and on. As more and more people settled down, the environment for this life style gradually disappeared. Even now some of the Yao cannot adapt to the changed environment of farming life style. The paddy and corn grown by Yao people are coarser than those of the local Zhuang. Moreover, hard living conditions, especially for those Yao who live in big rocky mountain areas, and bad yielding environments make them live miserable lives, so that they are still recipients of poor support projects.
205. Yao people are highly scattered and divided into many branches due to the harshness of the natural environment. There have 600 branches which they named themselves and 400 more named by others. We can only introduce the main branches. There are 127,161 Yao population living in Longan County and the 12 counties of Baise City inside of the project area. There are no Yao villages among all the affected villages and village groups.
206. The Social and Economic Characteristics of Yao:
(i) Living on the Mountain
207. Most Yao along the project line live in mountain areas. The Yao of Longan County mostly live in Chengxiang Town Xiaolin Village. They build houses by the mountain, delicately strewed at random. The Yao of Tiandong County mostly live in Zuodeng Yao Village. There are 21 administrative village distributed between different sizes of caves. Most Yao houses are built uphill and have a mainly wood and mud structure, like the Ganlan of Zhuang. Some Yao have started to use bricks and tiles or reinforced concrete structures to build houses.
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(ii) Cultivate By Coves.
208. A good cove is like the shape of a wok. Most of the plantation fields of Yao along the route lie in coves, just like the bottom of a wok that mainly grows corn and sweet potatoes, low yielding organic crops. Generally, the people can only maintain a subsistence living on the crops but a few of them have extra food to raise livestock.
(iii) Eating on Corn.
209. Corn is the major food for Yao supplemented by some rice.
(iv) Entertainment on Festivals.
210. Most Yao celebrate festivals. It is joyful when every festival comes. Friends from everywhere gather around Yao villages, making new friends and enjoying wine.
(2) Hui Nationality
211. There are only 468 Hui inside the Nanning-Baise Highway Project Area. Most are concentrated in the Youjiang District and Baise Town center around Baise City. A few live in Party and government organizations and other units. Hui entered Guangxi in the period of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. There were 3 kinds of migrants: one was those coming from other provinces to be government officials, for example, in Yuan Dynasty, Bo Du and Lu Ding were assigned by the central government as commissioner to Guangxi. They were the ancestors of those Hui in Guilin whose surnames are Bai. The second kinds were travelers. When travelers came to Guangxi they were stuck by the beauty of the scenery of Guangxi, and then decided to stay. The third kind was those businessmen who settled down in every town for business. There were also 2 kinds of reasons for those Hui who settled down in Baise. One was to do business. The other was to be assigned to work in Baise. Those Hui businessmen in Baise came from Guilin. Hui built mosques after they started living in Baise in the Qing Dynasty. Even now, Baise town is still the place Muslims come for divine services. Hui have the smallest population of Baise City.
212. The Characteristics of Hui Along the Project Line:
(i) Residing in town. Most Hui live in the town and they have immersed themselves into the local society. They own houses similar to those of the Han people.
(ii) Living on Business. Most Hui rely on doing business. Many Hui families have a tradition of being businessmen. And most of them were businessmen came from all over the country and settled down in Baise.
4. Chinese Policies on Nationalities
213. The policies on nationalities of the People’s Republic of China include political, economic and cultural aspects. Here, the emphasis is on introducing the country’s nationality policies and economic policies.
(1) Nationality Policies
214. The principles of nationality policies can be summarized as followed:
(i) Persist in nationalities equality and nationalities solidarity. The country’s constitution clarifies: Inside the border of the People’s Republic of China, all nationalities are equal. The country protects the legal rights and interests of every minority nationalities, maintains and develops the relationship of equality, solidarity
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and Mutual assistance between every nationality.
(ii) The implement of nationality regional autonomy. Nationality regional autonomy is a basic policy that the Party and the country apply to solve the nationality problems. August 1952, the Central Government issued The Compendium of Nationality Regional Autonomy of the People’s Republic of China. Approved by the central government, Guixi Zhuang Autonomous Region was founded on December 10, 1952. The Region includes all areas of Nanning-Baise Highway. After the Institution was issued, March 5 1956, the State Council changed Guixi Zhuang Autonomous Region into Guixi Zhuang Autonomous State, according to certain institutional entries. For there were about 10 million Zhuang, the largest population of minorities, the Central Government suggested and the People’s Congress approved the founding of a provincial level Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on March 5, 1958.
(iii) The Development of minority districts economy and culture. Based on the minority characteristics and needs, minority districts shall be assisted to hasten the development of their economy and culture, in order that all nationalities should advance and prosper together. This is necessary in order to promote the all-round development of China’s Socialism Modernization Career. The development of the economy is the foundation of every nationality’s development. Therefore, the country has taken many steps in all aspects, such as, issuing merit policies, strengthening investment and related industry assistance and cooperation to support social development and the economies of minority districts.
(iv) Training for minority cadres. All previous governors of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were Zhuang. In every Zhuang district city, county and every regional government departments, a great number of Zhuang citizens occupy official positions. Every other minority autonomous county appoints a cadre of dominant minorities to be head of the county.
(v) Respect and develop minority languages and characters. The Institution and Minority Regional Autonomy Law state: Every nationality has the right to use and develop its own language and characters. It is an important content of nationality equality to use one nationality’s own language and characters. In China, every nationality’s language and characters are used and developed. The Government advocates and encourages different nationality people working in the same place to learn each other’s language.
(vi) Respect minorities’ freedom of customs and religion believes. Every Chinese minority has freedom to keep and change its customs. No individual or organization can interfere with this freedom. Any attempt to ignore or violate minorities’ customs will be countered with appropriate measures. Citizens of every nationality have the freedom to choose any religion. No government department, social community and individual can force any one to believe or not believe in any religion. Every citizen whether or not he has a religious belief is politically equal.
(2) Nationality Economy Policies
• Border Affairs Allowance 215. In the 60’s the Central Ministry of Finance established a Border Affairs Allowance to support the construction of all kinds of facilities for frontier affairs. This allowance emphasized support for economy and social welfare development of frontier districts and solving the problems that the war left behind. The primary financial support was 100 million yuan, 70% going to minority frontiers. After the reform and opening a major part of this allowance was listed into a local
12-55 financial responsibility fund, except some part was distributed to certain related departments. On the implementation of the division taxation financial system in 1994, part of the taxation return was retained. As the country’s scheduled investment system changed, this allowance turned into bank loans. Every year, the National Planning Committee arranges to distribute the loans to communication, postal, broadcast and cultural departments.
• Fund to support under-development areas 216. In August 1981, the Ministry of Finance instituted a Temporary Administration Solutions Fund to Support Economic Under-development Areas. This Development Fund is a special project fund established by the national treasury for water conservancy and hydroelectricity construction for agriculture, forestry, husbandry, and fishery and minor industries in under developed areas such as old revolutionary bases, minority areas, remote areas and poverty areas.
• Supports from Correspondent Departments 217. Support from Correspondent Departments is an important measure that the Central Government takes to hasten the economic development of minority areas. In 1979 the Central Government directed that Beijing support Inner Mongolia, Hebei support Guizhou, Jiangsu support Guangxi, Xinjiang and Shandong support Qinghai, Shanghai support Yunnan and Ningxia, and Tibet be supported by the whole country. Afterwards, the Central Government made a slight adjustment to confirm that Guangdong supports Guangxi.
• Poverty Alleviation Policies 218. In addition to the normal merit policies for poverty areas the minority poverty areas can take advantage of other programs. The country also provides 7 more favorable policies which reduce the levels required to receive support for minority poverty counties.
219. Poverty Alleviation funds for minority poverty counties.
220. The implement of favorable policies. Release unscheduled sales agricultural, forestry , animal husbandry and mining
221. Products. Allow minority poverty areas to build medium and small scale enterprises to utilize available resources. With approval of the authority, this can be used to supplement the country’s industry policies. Reduce agricultural taxes for poverty families. Prolong agricultural loan term for poverty families who are unable to repay loans. Stop penalties for overdue loans, and allow zero interest credits. Reduce national debt purchase duty for poverty counties and cut national debt purchases for poverty families. Audit poverty counties’ taxation and allow those counties to retain all extra incomes. Retain low interest and low tax policies on national trade enterprises. Attach price subsidies to agriculture side products run by national trade enterprises and industry necessities for the minority’s daily life. Under certain production conditions the poverty alleviation trust fund departments can reduce limitations such as loan time limit and capital proportion, on loans for agricultural, forestry and husbandry development projects that address clothes and food problems. Loan procedure can be simplified to guarantee that loan funds catch up with poverty alleviation project progress.
222. The country took middle, western and minority poverty areas as key investment points for arranging the work-for-loan funds. By material investment methods, the infrastructure condition of minority poverty areas has been improved, creating a good external environment for poverty alleviation.
223. Enhance poverty alleviation efforts on husbandry area.
224. Establish dress-and-food funds. These aim at the particular problems and difficulties that 141 minority poverty counties of nationality autonomy meet. From 1990 on, the country
12-56 established a dress-and-food fund for minority poverty area, co-managed by the country’s Nationality Affairs Committee and correspondent departments according to projects. 1n 1994 the Nation’s Poverty Alleviation Obstacle-overcoming Plan was brought into effect. Dress-and-food Funds covered from 141 to 257 minority autonomous counties. The fund scale was also enlarged from 45 million 1990 to 100 million 1997. The establishment of Dress-and-Food Funds greatly improved the infrastructure and basic working condition of minority poverty areas. It hastened the formation and development of local supporting industries and produced effective assistance for the minority people.
225. Motivation of the whole society to participate in minority area poverty alleviation works.
• Financial Policies 226. According to Minority Regional Autonomy Law of the People’s Republic of China, the country takes care of the financial problems of minority areas. After the founding of China, about 5 autonomous regions and their autonomous counties have enjoyed this privilege. After 1980, more minority autonomous districts were designated in Yunnan, Qinghai and Guizhou, the government gave autonomous regional class privileges to these three provinces enabling them to enjoy nationality autonomous local financial system assistance. In the 90’s since Gansu and Sichuan had similar problems, the Central Government gave lots of financial assistance without confirming to enlist them into nationality autonomous local financial system.
227. Beside the system assistance there are 3 major financial supports for minority areas. One is minority area capital subsidy, the second is the inactive minority fund, and the third is that the reserved fund is higher than for other areas. These are called the country’s three financial assistance policies.
228. The Central Government introduced the tax division system on January 1, 1994. Under the preconditions of taxation reform, taxation was divided into 2 parts, central and local according to duties and responsibilities. All taxes, except Value-added tax, excise and tax from enterprises directly under the Central Government, are local taxation. Tax division system adopts correspondent tax return and transfer payment methods according to financial duty differences. The Tax Division System continues the favorable policies to minority areas as follows: The central tax return was calculated based on 1993’s annual accounting with actual tax collection of 1993, eliminating unreasonable factors and maintaining particular financial support to minority areas. When calculating the amount of tax returns for minority areas, fixed subsidies and particular minority allowances were reserved.
229. The transfer payment system is also based on the duties and responsibilities classification of central and local governments, giving local governments certain financial allowance on actual duties and responsibilities. When accounting, based on 2 kinds of taxes turned in by the local treasury to national treasury, the corresponding capital ration put into use by local treasury is calculated, including special expenditure allowed by central treasury, transferred when needed. This is called a general transfer payment. There were problems such as a low base of minority area financial income, the existence of unreasonable factors in the contract system and temporary and accidental problems that treasury has to take care of. The Central Government introduced Transitional Transfer Payment Solutions in the final accounting of revenue and expenditure. In this system, minority area policy transfer payments were listed as a single entry. The objectives for this entry were 8 minority autonomous regions and provinces that have subordinative minority autonomous counties. The total amount for 1997 was more than 3 billion yuan.
• Taxation Policies 230. Minority Regional Autonomy Law indicates: When minority autonomous authorities execute national taxation laws, except tax cut and reduce projects that ought to be approved by central government, some local financial income that needs to be taken care of can be reduced or
12-57 cut off. Tax reduction or tax cuts for autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties should report to autonomous region government for approval. After the taxation reforms in 1994, new taxation systems give the minority autonomous area authority to manage the tax income. The tax reduction and tax cut for local taxes should be administrated by local autonomous government. Taxation administration limitation managed by Central Government indicates that local governments only have authorities to derate, slaughter, feast, agricultural and husbandry taxes. Further derating authorities are collected by Central Government. Provincial class autonomous regions have the authorities to derate taxes belong to local taxation. The Tibet Autonomous Region can execute this policy alternatively. The Regulations on Enterprise Income Tax of the People’s Republic of China permits provincial class minority autonomous region governments to decide on reduction of enterprise income. Those of enterprises of autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties should be reported to provincial class government for approval. The Regulations on Investment Direction Adjustment Tax of the People’s Republic of China permit minority autonomous areas to establish their own investment direction adjustment tax. After the industrial and commercial taxation system reform, for investment direction adjustment tax belongs to local taxation, provincial class minority autonomous regions can set up their own regulations for tax collection.
• Forestry Policies 231. According to spirits of the Minority Regional Autonomy Law, The Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China was approved by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in September 1984. There are 2 specific entries for minority autonomous areas:
232. Clause No.7: The governments of the Nation, provinces and autonomous regions should provide with more decision-making power and economic benefits to forest exploitation, timber distribution and usage of forestry funds, to the forestry industry of minority autonomous areas, according to regulations on minority autonomous areas self-decision-making.
233. Clause No.41: Not all minority autonomous areas are eligible for this regulation. Autonomous governments can establish alternatives or supplement the regulation and report to the standing committees of Provincial, Autonomous Region or National People’s Congress for approval as legal procedures. These regulations show the support and consideration for the upper national organization to forestry industry of local minority autonomous areas. They are maintenance and respects to the rights and interests of local minority autonomy.
B. Women and the vulnerable groups
1. Women
234. In our investigation, we find out women of the project area have rather high social status, basically gender equality is realized.
235. In education, in farming families, boys and girls have the same opportunity for school. Parents support their children on education until college due to individual academic ability regardless of whether they are boys or girls. In a village primary school in project area, the gender balance of student number shows equality of education.
236. On the division of work, women are mostly in charge of housework, with limited opportunities to go outside, so that the chances for them to undertake administration work are low. It is the same situation as those other parts of China, including Han people.
237. On family position, women and men are equal. Important family affairs will be decided after consultation between both sides of men and women. Lots of young male labors go outside of town for work; women at home sometimes have to bear men’s heavy duties. The higher family position, the heavier the burdens for them. They carry out responsibilities for family work, living
12-58 and offspring education. We see them working everywhere, ploughing in fields, fertilizing fields around villages and washing clothes at the river bank. Women carry the same duties as men, in tilling, seeding, timbering, fertilizer carrying and harvesting, also most of the house work like washing, cooking, livestock raising and offspring education, etc. In general, women’s workload in agricultural activities is higher than the men. However, the situation is continuously improving since more and more public facilities have been built and lots of women, especially young women, go out of the villages to find their jobs. If land is acquired for the Project and if there is no available replacement land, the women’s workload in agricultural activities will be less while the burden of loss of assets will be born by the whole family. Therefore, women will have more chances to obtain non-farming jobs like men. If replacement land is provided, the women’s workload in agricultural activities will be nearly the same as that before land acquisition.
2. Vulnerable groups
238. The vulnerable groups includes the elderly living alone, disabled, household headed by women, and extremely poor households, as well as ethnic minorities other than Zhuang people. The identification of these groups requires special aid and is a key resettlement problem.
(i) The Poor
239. Those who are called very poor people are referred to as under-poverty people in China. According to local criterion, if the peasant’s average annual income is lower than 900 Yuan they belong to the poorest class.
(ii) Households headed by women
240. These are families without adult male and females take the place of heads of families. Some of these families suffer the loss of husbands, are divorced or the husbands becoming handicapped and lose their working ability. All the housework and the working for a living are borne by female household heads.
(iii) Elderly living alone
241. Those who are separate with their offsprings and live alone, or those who work alone in the wilderness, such as orchard and forest keepers, are called elderly living alone (usually over 70).
(iv) Disabled
242. The disabled refer to those who have psychological, physical and physical structure abnormalities. Due to the loss of certain organ and function, they totally or partly lose the ability to undertake certain activities. The handicapped have difficulty in making a living and take care of themselves. They belong to the group that needs special attention on resettlement.
(v) Ethnic minorities other than Zhuang people
243. Mainly Yao and Hui people. For details, please refer to Section 3 “Yao and Hui Nationalities” of this chapter.
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IV. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Impacts
A. The Definition of Project Influence
244. Permanent land acquisition: land within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project, every type of tillable fields or non croplands including paddy land, sugarcane land, dry land, vegetable land, fish pond, orchard, forest land, wastelands, and other land.
245. Constructions to be demolished: Buildings within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project, including brick concrete houses, brick timber houses, wood houses, simplified houses, level grounds, wells, fences and tombs.
246. Field attachments influenced: Field attachments within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project, including fruit trees miscellaneous trees and young crops in tillable fields.
247. Electric, telecommunication and water conservancy facilities to be demolished: Electric, telecommunication and water conservancy facilities within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project, including a. 35—380 thousand volt power cables, b. domestic long distance telecommunication cables, c. city / county telecommunication cables, d. country side telecommunication cables, e. high altitude metal power cables, f. high altitude optical cables, g. underground metal power cables, h. underground optical cables.
248. Affected families: Families that suffer invisible and visible, partial or entire property loss caused by the project. In this project, they are families within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project, whose lands, buildings or land attachments are affected by the project and causing entire or partial loss of living conditions.
249. Affected groups: Groups that own lands, buildings or land attachments within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project.
250. Affected enterprises and public institutions: Enterprises and public institutions that own lands, buildings or land attachments within the red line of Nanning-Baise Highway Project.
251. Affected population structure: Family population structure that is affected by the project.
252. Project influence types: It is field occupation influence when lands are within the red line. It is removal influence when buildings and land attachments are within the red line. Living condition influence belongs to environment influence.
253. The removal range of this resettlement action includes the project main line, Mutual linking line, communication line and service areas land acquisition and other temporary land acquisition.
254. The project influence also includes environmental problems caused by the project and land acquisition and building removal for related environmental protection facilities.
B. Measures to Minimize Land Acquisition and Resettlement
1. Criteria
255. Under the stipulated conditions that technical standards are not to be lowered and all environmental protection requirements are to be met, the following criteria were established for the selection of the alignment.
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(i) The highway should not pass directly through cities, towns, densely inhabited villages, schools, hospitals, mines, and large enterprises.
(ii) The highway should be kept away from scenery spots and cultural relics with a high level of preservation.
(iii) Cultivated land should be used as little as possible, making full use of barren mountains, beaches and uncultivated land and other land with little economic value.
(iv) The highway should be kept away from towns or villages with low land areas per capita, non-agricultural resettlement should be minimized thus ensuring stable production and living standards for the local people.
2. Methodology
(i) In feasibility studies for alignment schemes, the important areas to be avoided and locations of great importance must be determined first and then the preliminary alignment scheme should be worked out based on an overall analysis taking into consideration engineering, environmental protection, resettlement aspects etc.
(ii) On the basis of the preliminary alignment scheme, on-the-spot investigations should be made and information regarding topography, landscape, historical relics, mineral resources and economic development planning should be gathered and opinions from local government and residents on the alignment scheme should be solicited.
(iii) The amount of land acquisition and house demolitions should be measured quantitatively and opinions of local residents sought and investigations made into the local social economy. In accordance with relevant national regulations and policies, criteria should be set up for compensation for different lands and for the proper reemployment of the affected labor force. Detailed examinations should be made into the amount of the various lands to be acquisitioned, the number of residents to be resettled, the status quo of rural areas, cultivated land, population structure, economy, and so on. The initial design should consider each alternative alignment scheme in the same level of detail.
(iv) Additional information concerning culture relics along the proposed highway should be collected.
(v) When choosing the sites for service areas and other temporary projects, all the resettlement offices at various levels, the design institution, together with the local township office, the land administration agency and planning agency should make joint on-the-spot investigations, so as to use as little cultivated land as possible.
(vi) Based on the result of the investigation, compensation for land acquisition and resettlement for different alignment schemes and the total investment (including environmental protection) should be calculated. Meetings attended by representatives in engineering, environment protection and resettlement should be held. Local development plans, opinions from local government and residents should be taken into consideration. The following analysis and comparison of the investigation results must then be made:
♦ Project investment comparison;
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♦ Feasibility of labor force resettlement (including farmers and non-farmers ); ♦ Analysis of resettlement capacity in certain areas; ♦ Serious consideration of such factors as production, raw material supply, water supply, power supply, transportation facilities and so on of an enterprises to be removed, under the prerequisite of maintaining the production capacity and scale, analysis should be made on the difficulties in resettlement; ♦ Difficulties in restoration of such facilities as water supply for production and domestic use are to be analyzed; ♦ Difficulties in restoration and improvement of the people’s living standard after land acquisition, should be studied from the viewpoint of the potential of the local economic development as to ensure the local people’s life and production along the highway; ♦ Engineering project profit should be compared with the overall social profit.
256. By using the comparison and analysis methods mentioned above, local peoples’ opinions on the optimum scheme should be solicited to get the final recommended scheme.
257. During the period of detailed surveying, further surveys of the recommended alignment scheme at different places should be carried out in order to optimize the alignment scheme and to minimize land acquisition and house demolition. During the RAP stage the opinions of affected families or units on the choice of sites for houses and other buildings must be taken into consideration by the resettlement offices, so as to save fertile and profitable land. The construction methods of the contractor should be checked at the implementation stage by the owner of the project and the supervising engineer to minimize the use of farm land.
C. Impact dimension
258. The impact dimension for the expressway (188 km) and connector roads (25km) is: 1,434 ha (about 21,505 mu) of land will be permanently acquired, and 313 ha (4,697 mu) will be temporarily borrowed during construction. A total of 13,141 affected people is calculated on the basis that the total amount of cultivated land acquisition is equal to the total amount of cultivated land which 13,141 people contract. As only part of their contracted land will be acquired, about 39,423 persons could actually be affected by land acquisition. In the village level statistical data from the local governments, only paddy field, dry land and vegetable land are classified as farmland, which are the basis of the AP estimation. However, orchard and fish pond are compensated as farmland though they are not considered as farmland when per capita farmland holding is calculated. 360 households or 1,584 persons are estimated to be affected by house demolition. All those roads are new alignments, and 6 counties, 18 towns, 70 villages or 505 village groups will be affected.
259. The impact dimension for the inter-county roads (245.6 km) is: 118 ha (about 1,770 mu) of land will be acquired. A total of 498 affected people is calculated on the basis that the total amount of cultivated land acquisition is equal to the total amount of cultivated land which 498 people contract. As only part of their contracted land will be acquired, about 1,990 persons could actually be affected by land acquisition. 67 households or 296 persons is estimated to be affected by house demolition. It is mainly road upgrading, and 3 counties or 9 towns will be affected.
D. Permanent land acquisition impacts
260. According to the investigation, the main line and the connector roads of the Project involves 6 counties, 18 towns, 70 villages and 505 village groups. Among the affected 6 counties and districts, Tiandong County and Longan County have the most affected families, followed by Pingguo County, Tianyang County, Youjiang District and Yongxin District.
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Table 12-26: Land Acquisition Impacts of the main line and the connector roads
Item unit Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Total District County County County County District Paddy field mu 7.05 1066.00 486.62 1227.48 1115.84 177.69 4080.68 Dry land mu 325.32 1170.07 1045.89 323.31 574.61 944.96 4384.16 Vegetable land mu 10.90 8.86 19.76 Sugarcane field mu 604.26 1021.20 1301.01 1937.94 4864.41 Orchard mu 68.04 1129.76 36.47 1049.63 1381.61 523.21 4188.72 Forest land mu 150.28 551.64 577.88 780.55 107.54 239.40 2407.29 Fish Pond mu 30.89 75.50 19.49 24.37 25.92 49.11 225.28 Housing plot mu 0.05 7.09 14.67 52.30 74.11 Wasteland mu 76.97 580.28 150.59 324.50 104.72 23.15 1260.21 Total mu 1262.81 5594.45 3628.90 5683.73 3324.90 2009.82 21504.61
261. The land acquisition for the inter-county roads is described as follows:
Table 12-27: Land Acquisition Impacts of the inter-county roads
Youjiang Item unit Jingxi County Napo County Total District Paddy field mu 14.922 0.11 90.48 105.51 Dry land mu 12.12 305.08 317.20 Vegetable land mu 6.033 2.09 8.12 Orchard mu 3.476 4.53 8.01 Fish pond mu 3.332 0.62 3.95 Cash forest land mu 5.164 94.97 100.13 Timber forest land mu 13.304 166.08 179.38 Waste land mu 65.6 62.9 918.97 1047.47 Total mu 123.95 63.01 1582.82 1769.78
E. Affected Population Characteristics
262. An investigation of 500 families influenced by the project, the population structure has the following characteristics:
1. Gender characteristics
263. For gender structure, 48.27% of the population affected by the project are males, 51.73% are females a little higher then the male rate. This characteristic is distinct in Youjiang District, Tianyang County and Tiandong County because of higher rate of female permanent residents when many males leave town for work.
2. Age structure characteristics
264. Considering age structure, working age residents are the most, followed by nonages and seniors the least. Table 4-2 indicates that the project area population structure is turning form adult type to aging type. Tianyang and Youjiang District have already stepped into aging type classification.
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Table 12-28: Age Grouping of the 500 Families along the Project Line
Tot. Age from 0-15 Age from 16-59 Age above 60 County population Population Proportion Population Proportion Population Proportion The 5 counties 2310 489 21.17 1632 70.65 189 8.18 along the line Longan County 495 100 20.20 358 72.32 37 7.48 Pingguo County 490 126 25.71 337 68.78 27 5.51 Tiandong County 450 113 25.11 307 68.22 30 6.67 Tianyang County 448 64 14.29 336 75.00 48 10.71 Youjiang District 427 86 20.14 294 68.85 47 11.01
3. Nationality distribution characteristics
265. The Nationality distribution in the counties and areas along the route shows that the Zhuang are dominant, then Han and Yao. Analysis of the sample survey shows the nationality proportion in the project area as follows:
Table 12-29: Grouping for 500 Families According to Nationalities
Zhuang Han Other Minorities Total. Counties Family Family Family family # Proportion Proportion Proportion # # # The 5 counties 500 358 71.60 142 28.40 0 0 alone the line Longan County 100 82 82.00 18 18.00 0 0 Pingguo County 100 99 99.00 1 1.00 0 0 Tiandong 100 52 52.00 48 48.00 0 0 County Tianyang 100 54 54.00 46 46.00 0 0 County Youjiang District 100 71 71.00 29 29.00 0 0
266. One point that needs to be explained is the nationality proportions between form 4-3 and 4-4 are different because of limited sampling range and disequilibrium of location chosen.
4. Education level characteristics
267. Among the project-affected people, 6.02% of those above 6, including 6, are illiterate and half illiterate, 31.08% have primary school education level, 50% have junior high level and 12.53% above senior high education. The project area is mainly village districts. People of these areas generally have a rather low education level. However, areas like the Youjiang River valley district have better economic condition than mountain areas, farming families have higher income and people have better education.
5. Employment Characteristics
268. As to employment status, the employment rate of people above 16 is 76.71% and 23.29% have insufficient employment. In Pingguo County, the insufficient employment rate is as high as 26.65%. Longan County maintains a relatively low rate of 19.75%. Obviously, the project area
12-64 suffers from serious unemployment and surplus labor problems.
6. Employees industry allocation characteristics
269. From industry allocation aspect, most employees of project area are engaged in primary industry, 96.79% of the total number, only 3.21% in the second and third industries. Obviously, the industry structure of areas along the project line is monotonous and illogical in allocation.
7. Project affected population of enterprises and public institutions.
270. Enterprises and public institutions are not seriously affected by the Nanning-Baise Highway Project. Project sponsor will compensate units for losses caused by building demolition in accordance with the agreed rates.
8. Revenue and expenditure
271. For families in the project area, 2002 average peasant annual net income was 2379 Yuan, exceeding the Guangxi corresponding period average of 2013 yuan. In Tiandong County, the average income even reaches 3252.44 yuan. Pingguo County has the lowest figure of only 1750.12 yuan, lower than national and regional average level. For income sources, 56.29% is from agriculture, 23.89% from second and third industries, 19.81% is salary income. Primary industry revenue is the major income from families on the project line. This characteristic is obvious in Tianyang County, Tiandong County and Youjiang District, especially in Tianyang and Tiandong County. The Youjiang River Valley area, which the road passes through, is a commodity grain and vegetable base, mainly in plant production industry. In project area of Pingguo and Longan County, there are barren lands, which are unsuitable for farming. Most people in this area are engaged in second and third industries, and outgoing jobs.
272. For the expenditure situation in the project area, average annual individual expenditure is 1576.72 Yuan (1686 for Guangxi), 66.26% of the net annual individual income. The low expenditure level is a result of the low income rate.
Table 12-30: Population Characteristics of Influenced Families in 2002
Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Contents Tot. District County County County County District Population 18570 753 3623 3356 5134 4148 1556 Entire population Proportion 100 4.05 19.51 18.07 27.65 22.34 8.38 Male 48.27 50.07 51.02 48.89 43.97 51.92 45.20 Sex Female 51.73 49.93 48.98 51.11 56.03 48.08 54.80 Nationality Han 9.97 9.66 3.93 6.41 9.34 10.05 21.47 structure Zhuang 88.99 90.34 96.07 93.59 89.66 89.95 78.53 (%) Yao 1.03 0 0 0 1.03 0 0 0 6 6.48 6.52 7.76 4.44 5.36 8.69 5.62 7 16 14.69 13.98 17.96 20.67 8.93 11.52 14.52 Age structure 17 30 31.97 33.63 29.59 30.22 36.61 36.16 27.40 (%) 31 50 32.18 31.56 31.43 31.11 32.59 29.90 36.30 51 60 6.48 6.52 7.76 6.89 5.80 6.26 5.15 61 and above 8.21 7.79 5.51 6.67 10.71 7.47 11.01 Education level Illiterate 6.02 5.03 3.95 5.15 8.56 5.04 7.75 (age above 6) Primary school 31.08 30.69 27.91 32.89 26.16 33.42 35.59 (%) Junior high 50.36 51.36 52.56 52.13 48.17 54.38 44.07
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Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Contents Tot. District County County County County District Senior high 11.33 12.33 13.02 9.62 15.16 6.10 11.86 Specialty senior Specialty college 1.20 1.03 2.56 0.22 1.96 1.06 0.73 Employment Employed (%) 76.71 75.05 73.35 78.93 77.34 80.25 77.42 (%) Unemployed (%) 23.29 24.95 26.65 21.07 22.66 19.75 22.58 Primary industry 96.79 92.11 91.01 97.74 100.00 100.00 95.08 Industry allocation Second industry 0.71 4.34 1.50 0.00 0 0 1.89 Third industry 2.50 3.55 7.49 2.26 0 0 3.03 Absolute number 2379.46 2055 1750.12 3252.44 1922.89 2289.87 2764.52 (yuan/person) Agricultural 56.29 62.13 49.39 66.69 70.47 40.58 52.34 Average personal income (%) family income 2nd and 3rd industry 23.89 25.73 47.68 25.64 13.56 3.68 31.13 income(%) Salary 19.81 12.14 2.94 7.67 14.88 55.73 16.53 income(yuan) Absolute number 1576.72 1693 1374.07 1523.44 1713.22 1562.71 1739.45 (yuan/person) Agricultural 32.90 33.54 32.39 34.66 37.46 34.45 24.86 expenditure (%) Average Family 2nd and 3rd industry Expenditure / 10.82 9.91 19.54 16.25 7.79 2.97 9.28 expenditure (%) person Living consumption 56.28 56.55 48.08 48.62 54.75 62.58 64.68 expenditure (yuan)
F. Temporary Land Occupation
273. Temporary occupied lands are mainly used for mud and sand, rocks, construction machinery and temporary work sheds. Temporary land occupation for the main line and connector roads of the Project is estimated as 4697.08 Mu. Table 12-30 is the situation in related counties.
Table 12-31 Temporary Land Occupation for the main line and connector roads
Item unit Amount Paddy field mu 695.12 Dry land mu 1408.81 Sugarcane field mu 1102.80 Orchard mu 530.33 Forest land mu 371.26 Fish Pond mu 4.44 Wasteland mu 584.32 Total mu 4697.08
274. Temporary land occupation for the inter-county roads of the Project is not available so far, and will be incorporate1d into the revised RP during the DMS.
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G. Affected structures
275. According to the alignment of the expressway, a total of 41,021 square meters of structures will be demolished for the main line and connector roads, including 19.9 percent of brick concrete structure, 77.3 percent brick timber structure.
Table 12-32 Affected Structures for the main line and connector roads
item Unit Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Total District County County County County District Brick concrete square 766 1260 1224 2100 216 2595 8161 structure meters Brick timber square 31727 structure meters 2875 8044 5737 5015 6280 3776 Wooden square 87 structure meters 87 Earth wood square 80 structure meters 80 Simple square 967 structure meters 182 229 369 141 46 square Total meters 3823 9613 7330 7343 6542 6370 41021
276. According to the difference of the ownership character, the detailed information of the structures can be divided into the following 2 categories.
1. Affected residences
277. The Project will require the demolition of 36910 square meters of residences, which will affect 360 households. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 12-33 Affected Residences for the main line and connector roads
item Unit Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Total District County County County County District Brick concrete square 766 1260 1224 1680 216 328 5474 house meters Brick timber square 30522 house meters 2875 8044 5737 4195 6280 3391 Wooden house square 0 meters Earth wood square 80 house meters 80 Simple house square 834 meters 182 229 236 141 46 square Total meters 3823 9613 7197 6016 6542 3719 36910
2. Affected structures owned by enterprises and institutions
278. The Project will require the demolition of 36,910 square meters of structures owned by enterprises and institutions, which will affect 6 enterprises and institutions. For details, please
12-67 refer to the following table:
Table 12-34 Affected Structures Owned by Enterprises and Institutions for the main line and connector roads
item unit Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Total District County County County County District Brick concrete square 420 2267 2687 structure meters Brick timber square 1205 structure meters 820 385 Wooden square 87 structure meters 87 Earth wood square 0 structure meters Simple square 133 structure meters 133 square Total meters 133 1327 2652 4112 Number of no. affected units 1 1 4 6
279. The seriously-affected enterprise is a branch factory of Baise Ganhua Company Limited. A total of 1624 square meters of structures in the branch factory will be demolished. The branch factory now is leased to a private company, and the structures to be demolished are only used for storage. So it won’t cause the relocation of the factory and corruption of the production.
280. The inter-county roads of the Project only affect the residences, and there are no affected structures owned by enterprises and institutions. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 12-35 Affected Residences for the inter-county roads
Youjiang Item unit Jingxi County Napo County Total District Brick concrete square meters 84.75 1264.04 1348.79 Brick timber square meters 2539.08 180.6 2719.68 Wooden square meters 486.25 2161.28 2647.53 Earth wood square meters 63 63 Total square meters 3173.08 0 3605.92 6779
H. Affected other assets
281. According to the survey, the affected other assets are mainly trees, telecommunications, electrical infrastructure and other land attachments. For details, please refer to the following table:
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Table 12-36 Affected other assets
Item Unit Amount Tree Mango no. 160,847 Longan no. 14,693 Lichee no. 23,120 Musa no. 112,440 Pear no. 310 Chinese chestnut no. 770 Hesperidium no. 2,355 Plum no. 29,314 Bamboo no. 102,445 Pine no. 68,462 Eucalypt no. 47,553 other trees no. 116,067 Well no. 1 Tomb no. 10 Pool no. 4 water tower no. 1 biogas generating pit no. 3 Transmission line 110 KV m 12,460 70 KV m 1,410 50 KV m 1,280 35 KV m 1,243 10 KV m 35,625 220 V m 585 aerial cable m 5,370 underground cable m 250 underground optical cable m 2,145 Transformer no. 19 steel tower no. 3
282. The affected other assets for the inter-county roads of the Project is not available so far, and will be incorporated into the revised RP during the DMS.
I. Estimate of the affected people
283. Since the actual figures of the people affected by land acquisition and house demolishment are not available so far, the APs’ number by land acquisition has to be estimated according to the affected cultivated land area and per capita land holding in each county and district, and the APs’ number by house demolishment has to be estimated according to the affected house living space (the total construction area of the brick concrete, brick timber, and wooden house to be demolished). In the village level statistical data from the local governments, only paddy field, dry land and vegetable land are classified as farmland, which are the basis of the AP estimation. However, orchard and fish pond are compensated as farmland though they are not considered as farmland when per capita farmland holding is calculated. The calculated APs by land acquisition are not the people directly affected by land acquisition, but the equivalent of the people who are supposed to lose all of their contracted cultivated land. According to the estimate, the total cultivated land acquisition of the Project is equal to the cultivated land amount which
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13,141 persons or 2,987 households have, and the total house demolishment of the Project is equal to the house construction area amount which 1,584 persons or 360 households have. Since only part of the cultivated land contracted by farmers will be acquired by the main line and the connector raods, suppose on average the affected households will lose one-third of their landholdings, the land acquisition could affect 39,423 people. If all 360 households affected by house demolition would also lose their cultivated land, then the total APs could total 39,423 people of 8,960 households.
Table 12-37 Estimate of the APs of the main line and connector roads
Yongxin Longan Pingguo Tiandong Tianyang Youjiang Item unit Total District County County County County District Affected farmland mu 936.63 3257.27 2844.42 3497.59 1690.44 1122.65 13349.00 per capita farmland mu/person 1.7 1.45 0.68 0.99 1.02 1.15 people affected by land person 551 2241 4183 3533 1657 976 13141 acquisition calculated households affected by land household 125 509 951 803 377 222 2987 acquisition calculated Affected living space sq.m 3641 9304 6961 5875 6496 3719 35996 people affected by house household 160 409 306 259 286 164 1584 demolition calculated households affected by person 36 93 70 59 65 37 360 house demolition calculated Notes: The average population of a household is 4.4, and the average living space of a household is 100.
284. Similarly, an estimate of the APs of the inter-county roads was made. According to the estimate, the total cultivated land acquisition of the Project is equal to the cultivated land amount which 498 persons or 114 households have, and the total house demolishment of the Project is equal to the house construction area amount which 296 persons or 67 households have. Because it is mainly road upgrading, compared with the new alignment construction, the number of APs will be larger but the number of per capita land acquisition will be smaller. Since only a small part of the cultivated land contracted by the farmers will be acquired by the inter-county roads (mainly road upgrading), suppose on average the affected households will lose one-fourth of their land holdings, the land acquisition could affect 1,990 people. If all 67 households affected by house demolition also lost their cultiavated land, then the total APs could be 1,990 people of 455 households. .
Table 12-38 Estimate of the APs of the inter-county roads
Item Unit Youjiang District Jingxi County Napo County Total Affected farmland Mu 33.075 0.11 397.65 430.84 per capita farmland mu/person 1.15 0.89 0.85 people affected by land acquisition Person 29 1 468 498 calculated households affected by land household 7 1 106 114 acquisition calculated Affected living space sq.m 3110.08 0 3605.92 6716 people affected by house demolition household 137 0 159 296
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calculated households affected by house Person 31 0 36 67 demolition calculated
285. During the DMS, the accurate data of the actual APs will be collected and the RP will be revised accordingly. The specific definition of the vulnerable groups has been given in Chapter 3, so the data of the affected vulnerable groups will be collected and incorporated into the RP according to the results of DMS.
J. Impact of the Project on minority nationalities
286. Based on survey and analysis, the impact of the Project on Zhuang and Yao nationalities along the project route is described as follows.
1. Favorable influence
(i) Nanning-Baise Highway will complete the transform from natural economy to commodity economy for Zhuang and Yao people in the project area.
(ii) Nanning-Baise Highway will strengthen the relation between Zhuang, Yao and the outside world, especially with economic developed areas for the realization of socialization, industrialization and commercialization. It will make these nationalities develop from primitive agriculture and traditional agriculture to modern agriculture and gradually start on the road of building contemporary industry and advanced third industry. This will lead to prosperity. (iii) Nanning-Baise Highway will help the Zhuang and Yao in the project area link up with other nationalities to absorb the civilization of the whole human race. When Nanning-Baise Highway is completed, there will be more people from different races coming to this area and more Zhuang and Yao step forward to the outside world. It is a road for friendship with every other domestic and foreign nationality. This is the best way to obtain the elites from all over the world and to absorb material and spiritual civilization outside. This is the road on which Zhuang and Yao walk towards the whole country and the whole world.
2. Negative influence
(iv) The execution of this project requires the acquisition of fertile fields and it brings about resettlements affecting the living and working of minorities. Most villages along the project line have a shortage of cultivatable fields and therefore expropriating these field will bring living difficulties to local Zhuang and Yao people. Even in places where there are several fields, like Tanluo Town and Longan Nadong Town, cultivatable fields are also very precious. On subsistence homesteads Yao people pay serious attention to dragon veins and geomantic omens and are accustomed to build house near the water and backing onto the mountains. Any mistakes made in providing subsistence homestead arrangements after moving will bring trouble. In our survey and evaluation, local Zhuang and Yao people have raised questions about this aspect and have demanded reasonable solutions.
(v) In the course of building this highway, there must be demolition of some of the irrigation works, communication and electricity facilities. This will certainly affect the living, education, medical and commercial situations of villages.
(vi) During the construction of the highway, villages along the project line will suffer from construction noise and dust to various degrees, affecting lives of the people
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along the line.
3. Relocation Solutions
287. There are not many Zhuang and Yao farming families along the line that need to move. Generally speaking, it will be easy for settlement on the spot, no need for long distance relocation. The project owner and local administrative village should reasonably arrange new subsistence homestead to meet requirements of moving families, making it possible for them to work and live.
288. For those villages of which great number of the cultivated land is occupied by the project, For those villages of which a great number of tillable fields are occupied, the owner of the project should help with local industry adjustment in capital, technology and equipment aspects to guarantee their living by providing new job opportunities.
289. For villages that have less occupied fields, reasonable compensation should be paid to farming families for restoring former living standard.
290. For heavy affected families of which occupied tillable fields are up to 25%, land melioration can be adopted to alleviate the loss by exploiting wastelands.
291. For few villages that have serious insufficiency of tillable fields, fruit planting, processing, transporting and service industries should be established to help them restore and improve the original living standard.
292. For the vulnerable groups, special funds have been set apart and special measures will be taken to help them.
K. Resettlement Solution Effect Analysis
1. On-Spot Resettlement
293. In the survey, officials of every level government generally have the opinion that people affected by the project are reluctant to move to other places, including those who have severe living conditions and short relocation distance, and those who will lose 50% of their cultivated land. This is closely bound up to those peasants’ traditional conception of property. Only a few families accept moving to different locations. Therefore, the relocation of Nanning-Baise Highway project should adopt on-the -spot settlements.
2. Industry Structure Adjustment
294. Due to the irrationality of industry structure and the lack of capital, there is difficulty in developing other industries inside the project area. The industry structure adjustment refers to using part of the relocation funds to develop modern agriculture such as livestock breeding, fruit and vegetable planting, along with other extensions like food process and transportation, to create job opportunities and raise average income. Only if the capital is sufficient, this industry structure adjustment is applicable for there are rich natural resources in the areas along the project line.
3. Land Adjustment
295. For the local villages who have adopted a land contract system, the occupation of fields for road construction brings fatal impact to some families. It is a pertinent question as to whether the tillable fields of villages can be reassigned. Article 14 of The Law of Lands indicates: In term of land contract, adjustment to lands within individual contractors must be approved by 2/3 of the village’s committee members or 2/3 of villager representatives, and the solution should be reported to the local town government of agricultural department of county government for
12-72 approval. Therefore, it is possible but rather difficult for land adjustment in the project areas.
4. Land Improvement
296. Along the road, we can see that local people turn hillsides into terrace fields, building water containers beside fields that turn dry lands into irrigable lands thus greatly improving yield ability. Therefore the land amelioration solution is applicable in part of the villages.
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V. Legal Framework
297. The preparation and implementation of resettlement for this Project shall follow the Laws and Regulations promulgated by PRC and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and also meet the requirements of ADB’s relevant policies. The adopted compensation standards and rehabilitation measures in the RP will be followed during resettlement implementation. If there is any major policy change during project implementation, the project owner will consult with ADB and reach agreements.
298. After DMS, the RP will be updated in terms of impacted figures. If there are substantial changes involved with updating RP, such as significant changes in impact numbers, or rates, or budget, the revision of the RP will be resubmitted to ADB for approval.
A. Policies and Rules
299. The Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (Promulgated by Order No.8 of President of the Peoples’ Republic of China on August 29, 1998, and effective as of January 1, 1999);
300. Implementation Regulations for Land Administration Law of the Peoples Republic of China (Promulgated by Order No.256 of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on December 27, 1998, and effective as of January 1, 1999);
301. Regulations of Protection of Basic Farmland" (Decree No. 257 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China)
302. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Implementation of the Forest Law" (Decree No. 258 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China)
303. Implementation Method of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for Land Administrative Law (Approved by the 25h Session of the Standing Committee of Ninth Regional People's Congress on July 2 9th 2001)
304. Implementation Method of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for Regulations of Protection of Basic Farmland
305. Interim Regulations of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on Levying Four Kinds of Compensation Fees for Requisition and Occupation of Forest Lands
306. Notification on Transmitting "Interim Method of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for Land Requisition and House Relocation for Key Capital Construction Projects" Prepared by Regional Planning Committee and Other Regional Governmental Departments (circulation document Gui Fa [2000] No.39 issued by the government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region)
307. ADB’s “Involuntary Resettlement Policy” November 1995 and guidelines - “Handbook on resettlement: A Guide to Good Practice” 1998.
308. ADB’s policies on Indigenous Peoples, Poverty Reduction, and Gender and Development.
B. Abstract on law, Rules of law and Policies
Relevant stipulations of the "Land Administrative Law of the People's Republic of China"
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Article 10 309. The rural collective-owned land belongs to the rural collectives according to the Law, and shall be managed and administrated by the collective economic bodies or the Villager's Committees. In case the rural collective-owned land in a village has been owned by more than two rural collective bodies, It shall be managed and administrated by the respective rural collective economic bodies or village groups of the village. In case the rural collective-owned land has been owned by the town/township, it shall be managed and administrated by the rural collective economic body of the town or township.
Article 14 310. The collective-owned land shall be contracted with the members of the village collective economic body and for plant production, forest production, stock raising and aquaculture production, and the contracting period is thirty years. The two sides of the land contract shall sign the contract to define the right and obligation of the two sides. The farmers contracting the land are obligated to protect the contracted land and rationally utilize the land as stipulated in the contract. The contracted land management right of the farmers' shall be protected by the Law.
311. Within the land contracting period, appropriate adjustment of the contracted lands between individual land contractors shall be agreed, before implementation thereof, by over two third of the villagers' congress members or over tow third of the villager representatives, and shall be approved by the competent agriculture administration at the town/township and county level.
Article 24 312. The governments at different levels shall enhance the use and management of the land in a planned way, and carry out the aggregate land control on land use for capital construction.
Article 31 313. The State conserves cultivated land, and strictly dominates the change of cultivated land into non-cultivated land.
314. The State adopts the compensation system for occupation of cultivated land. The cultivated land occupied by construction for non-agricultural purpose shall abide by the principle of "same amount of cultivated land should be reclaimed when a piece of cultivated land is occupied", and the organization that occupying the land shall be responsible for reclaiming land of same size and same quality as that occupied. In case that the organization is not qualified for reclamation or the cultivated land reclaimed by him can not meet the requirement, the organization shall pay the reclamation fee according to the regulations of local provincial, regional and municipal governments. The reclamation fee shall be used as special fund for reclaiming new cultivated land.
Article 42 315. The land use organization or individual shall be responsible for restoration of the land damaged by excavation, collapse and storing goods. In case that the organization is not qualified for reclamation or the cultivated land reclaimed by him cannot meet the requirement, the organization shall pay the reclamation fee. The reclamation fee shall be used as special fund for reclaiming new cultivated land. The reclaimed land shall be first used for agricultural production.
Article 47 316. The requisitioned land shall be compensated on the basis of its original use. 317. The land requisition compensation shall be composed of compensation of land, resettlement subsidy and compensation of ground-attached objects and standing crops. The compensation of cultivated land shall be six to ten times the yearly average output value of the land in the previous three years. The resettlement subsidy shall be calculated with the number of agricultural population to be resettled, and the number of agricultural population shall be calculated by the quantity of cultivated land to be acquired divided by the per capita cultivated
12-75 land holding of the affected unit before land requisition. The resettlement compensation for each agricultural population to be resettled shall be 4-6 times the yearly average output value of the land in the previous three years. However, the resettlement compensation per ha. shall not exceed 15 times the yearly average output value of the land in the previous three years.
318. The governments of local province, region and municipality shall determine the compensation of land and resettlement compensation for the land of other types by referring to those of requisitioned cultivated land.
319. The governments of local province, region and municipality shall determine the compensation criteria of the ground-attached objectives and standing crops.
320. For occupying the vegetable fields in suburban areas, the land use organization shall pay the new vegetable field fund according to the relevant regulations of the State.
321. In case the compensation of requisitioned land and resettlement compensation under Item 2 of this Article cannot maintain the same living standard of the resettlers as before land requisition, the resettlement compensation may be increased after approval of the governments of local province, region and municipality. The total of the compensation of requisitioned land and resettlement compensation shall not exceed 30 times the yearly average output value of the land in the previous three years.
322. According to the social and economic development level at a time, the State Council may, at special conditions, raise the criteria of the compensation of requisitioned land and resettlement compensation for requisitioned cultivated land.
Article 48 323. After establishment of the resettlement scheme, the concerned local government shall publicize the scheme, and solicit the opinions of the rural collective economic bodies and farmers.
Article 49 324. The rural collective economic bodies whose land is requisitioned shall publicize the use of the land requisition compensation to the members of the bodies and receive supervision from them.
325. It is forbidden to occupy illegally or misappropriate the compensation and other related fees.
Article 50 326. The people's governments at different levels shall support the local land-requisitioned collective economic bodies and farmers to start businesses and establish enterprises.
Article 54 327. The construction organization shall obtain the state-owned land for construction on a payment basis. However, the land for construction for the following purposes can be obtained by transferring upon the approval of the government above the county level.
(I) Land for government offices and military use (II) Land for urban infrastructures and public utilities (III) Land for key state infrastructure in power, transportation and water conservancy fields, etc. (IV) Other land use as specified by the laws and statutes
Article 57 328. Temporary occupation of state-owned or collective-owned land for project construction or geological survey shall be approved by the government above county level. The temporary use of
12-76 the land in the urban planning area shall be agreed by the local relevant urban planning authority before submitted to the government for approval. The organization temporarily occupying the land shall sign a contract of temporary land occupation with the local land administration, collective economic body or village committee in view of the ownership of the land, and pay the land use compensation according to the contract.
329. The user of the temporarily occupied land shall use the land as specified in the contract and shall not build permanent structure on it.
330. The temporary use of land shall not exceed 2 years in general.
Article 62 331. Each rural household shall only have one piece of house plot and sized of it shall not exceed the criteria set by the government of local province, region and municipality.
332. Building of rural residence shall meet the requirement of the overall land use planning of the local town and township and efforts shall be made to use the old house plots or idle land in the village, where possible.
333. Use of land for rural house plots shall be reviewed by the town/township people's government and approved by the government of the county. If the agricultural land is to be used, the formalities set in Article 44 shall be completed.
334. The application for house plot by the farmer who has sold or leased his old house, shall not be approved.
Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Taxation of Cultivated land Occupation
Article 2 335. The cultivated land in the Regulations means the land used for growing agricultural crops. The land once used for growing agricultural crops within previous three years shall also be regarded as lowland.
Article 3 336. Organizations and individuals who occupy cultivated land for house building or other non-agricultural construction are all obliged to pay cultivated land occupation tax (called as tax bearer below), and shall pay the said tax according to this Article.
Article 4 337. The land occupation tax shall be calculated on the basis of the actual land size occupied by the tax bearer and the tax amount shall be levied in one time.
Article 5 338. The tax amount for land occupation is specified as follows.
(1) On the basis of county as a unit (same as below), in the area where the per capita cultivated land holding is less than one mu (including one mu), the tax amount is 2-8 Yuan per square meter.
(2) In the area where the per capita cultivated land holding is between 1-2 mu (including two mu), the tax amount is 1.6-8 Yuan per square meter.
(3) In the area where the per capita cultivated land holding is 2-3 mu (including three mu), the tax amount is 1.3-6.5 Yuan per square meter.
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(4) In the area where the per capita cultivated land holding is over 3 mu, the tax amount is 1-5 Yuan per square meter.
Article 9 339. The land occupation tax shall be levied by the financial institutions. After the land administration approves the individual or organization's land occupation, it shall timely inform all the financial institutions at same level in the area, and the individual and organization shall apply for tax payment with the presence of the approval document issued by the land administration. Then, the land administration shall transfer the land based on the tax-paid bill or approval document.
Implementation Method of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for Land Administrative Law
Article 7 340. The ownership of the state-owned and rural collective-owned land shall be determined by the Land Law, the implementation regulation of the Land Law and other laws and statutes.
Article 8 341. The rural collective-owned land is legally owned by the farmer's collectives and managed and administrated by the village collective economic bodies. If the village collective economic body is not complete, the villager committee shall manage and administrate the land. If the land in a village is owned by more than two rural collective economic bodies, each of the bodies or village group shall manage and administrate the land. If the land is owned by town or township, the rural collective economic bodies of the town or township shall manage and administrate the land. If the rural collective economic body of the town or township is not complete, the town or township government shall manage and administrate the land.
Article 21 342. Preparation of the yearly schedule of land use shall follow the following principle. (I) Strictly follow the overall land use plan and dominate the gross land size used for construction and protect the cultivated land. (II) Guide the land demand by land supply, and rationally and effectively utilize the land. (Ill) Preference of use of land shall be given to the key capital construction projects, and the projects supported by the state industrial policies of the region and state. (IV) Protect and improve the ecological environment and the sustainable use of the land resources.
Article 26 343. The followings shall abide by in reclaiming new cultivated land in same size and quality of the cultivated land requisitioned for non-agricultural construction. (I) Within the land boundary for urban construction defined in the overall land use plan, the local city, county government shall be responsible for organizing reclamation for implementation of the planned urban construction (II) Within the land boundary for construction of village or town facilities defined in the overall land use plan, the town or township government shall be responsible for organizing the rural collective economic bodies or the land occupying organization to reclamation for implementation of the planned construction of village or town facilities. (IlI) For the cultivated land occupation for construction of power generating, transportation, water conservancy, mining and military facilities beyond the land boundary for urban and rural construction defined in the overall land use plan, the land occupation organization shall be responsible for reclamation of new cultivated land.
Article 27 344. For the cultivated land occupied for non-agricultural construction, the organization or individual shall pay the reclamation fee if he has no means for reclamation.
Article 34
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345. The land use organization and individual shall restore the destroyed land due to excavation, collapse and occupation during production and construction according to the State's and Regional stipulations concerning reclamation of land, and in 30 days of completing such reclamation, applies to the land administrative department of local municipality, county (city) government for inspection and acceptance. In case the land use organization or individual who has not means to conduct reclamation or whose such reclamation is not in compliance to the requirement in acceptance, he shall pay to the land administrative department of local municipality, county (city) government the land reclamation fee at a rate of 20-80 Yuan per square meter. The said land administrative department shall organize the land reclamation.
Article 45 346. Each rural villager's household shall have only one piece of house plot. Construction of villager's residence shall be in compliance to the overall land use plan of the town/township, and shall be in combination of the reconstruction of the old village and take full advantages of the old house plot, idle land and waste land on hills within the village. Occupation of farmland shall be strictly limited. The area of approved new house plots shall observe the following criteria: (1) size of house plot in plain and suburban areas shall not exceed 100 square meters for each household, (2) size of house plot in uplands and hilly areas shall not exceed 150 square meters for each household.
Article 48 347. The compensation of the temporarily occupied farmland shall be the product of the yearly output value of the said land in preceding three years multiplied by the years of such occupation. The compensation of the temporarily occupied land for construction shall be the product of the yearly rent of the similar State-owned land years multiplied by the years of such occupation. The compensation of temporarily occupied unused land shall be 60% the product of the yearly output value of the said land in preceding three years multiplied by the years of such occupation. Appropriate compensation shall be paid for the damaged objects attached on the occupied land based on actual conditions.
348. The user of temporarily occupied land shall restore the plantation conditions of such land within one year after expiration of temporary occupation. In case such user does not restore the plantation conditions of the land or cannot restore it to the original condition, he shall pay the land reclamation fee at a rate as stipulated by to the land administrative department of local municipality, county (city) government. The user who causes damage to other type of lands due to temporary occupation shall be responsible for reclaiming the said land or paying reclamation fee for it.
Interim Regulations on Levying Four Kinds of Compensation Fees for Requisition and Occupation of Forest Lands
349. The forestland herein means the high-forest land, bamboo forest land, open forestland, brush field, felling-trace land, wood-fire trace land, unplanted forest land, nursery land and the State's planned suitable land for forest, which have a canopy density over 0.2 (inclusive, and same as below).
350. The organization that is legally approved to requisition and occupy forestland shall pay the compensation for occupation of forestland and woods and resettlement subsidy, and pay the fee for forest restoration to the forest administration department.
(1) Compensation of forestland occupation
a. For the wasteland suitable for forestry, the compensation shall be two times the average yearly output value in previous 3 years of local non-irrigated land.
b. For the timber and fire-wood forest land and brush field with canopy density over 0.2,
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the compensation shall be 3-4 times the average yearly output value in previous 3 years of local non-irrigated land. For those with canopy density below 0.2, the compensation shall be 2-3 times the average yearly output value in previous 3 years of local non-irrigated land.
c. For the economic forestland, special-use forestland and nursery land, the compensation shall be 4 times the average yearly output value in previous 3 years of local non-irrigated land.
d. The protection forestland shall not be requisitioned. Requisition or occupation of such forest land for special uses shall be reported to and approved by the Regional People's Government, and the compensation thereof shall be 4 times the average yearly output value in previous 3 years of local non-irrigated land.
e. Requisition and occupation of forest within the territories of the seven cities directly under jurisdiction of the Region, and the planned urban areas of Yulin, Hechi and Baise city, the compensation criteria shall be 1.5-2.0 times of the forestland of a kind with a maximum not exceeding the criteria for the paddy field and vegetable plot in urban district.
(2) Compensation of woods
351. For requisition and occupation of forestland, the lumbers of felled trees shall be owned by the operating unit, the following compensation shall be paid.
a. In case of canopy density over 0.2, the compensation criteria for the mature forestlands shall be 700-800 Yuan per mu, that for immature forestlands 1200-1500 Yuan per mu, and that for young-tree and new forestlands 300-400 Yuan per mu.
b. The compensation criteria for the firewood forestlands and brush-fields is 500-600 Yuan per mu.
c. For the open forest, the compensation criteria shall be based on the output value calculated by the synthetic timber prices of local market.
d. For the protection and special-use forestland, the compensation shall be 2000-2500 Yuan per mu.
e. For the economic forestland which has not produce products or has produced products less than three years, the replacement price thereof shall be paid, otherwise, the compensation criteria shall be 3-4 times the yearly average output value in preceding two years.
f. The nursery on which the seedlings are too young to be transplanted and therefore shall be compensated on the replacement price, and that on which the seedlings can be transplanted shall be at 60-80% the output value calculated by the seedling prices of local market. For the woods for scientific research, the compensation shall be based on the replacement price of the trees and associated facilities.
(3) Resettlement subsidy for occupied forest land
352. The criteria for resettlement subsidy for occupied forest land shall be half the local cultivated land compensation criteria.
(4) Fee for restoration of forest fee
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a. For the common artificial and natural forests with canopy density over 0.2, the compensation shall be 250 Yuan per mu, and for open forest, 100-150 Yuan per mu.
b. For the forest for engineering purpose, fast-matured forest (including timber forest) and nursery, the compensation shall be 500-800 Yuan per mu.
c. For the economic forests (including fruit forests), the compensation shall be 800-2000 Yuan per mu.
d. For the protection and special-use forests, the compensation shall be 1000 Yuan per mu.
e. The coastal special protection forest, the compensation shall be 6000 Yuan per mu.
353. The compensation criteria for the ground-attached objects on the requisitioned and occupied forestland shall refer to the relevant stipulations in Implementation Method of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for Land Administration.
354. The temporary requisition and occupation of forestland shall not exceed two years in general. The compensation of forestland based on the average yearly output value of local non-irrigated land shall be paid year by year. Wherever woods are cut due to requisition and occupation of forestland, the compensation of cut woods and forestland restoration fee shall be levied based on the specified criteria, which shall be used to plant trees by the user of the occupied land after expiration of occupation. The restored forestland shall be subject to the forestry administration department and returned to the original operator of the land. Upon returning of the restored forestland, the forest restoration fee shall be paid back. If the forest is not restored upon returning the occupied forestland, the forest restoration fee shall not be reimbursed. The existing ground-attached objects on the forestland shall be compensated at discount.
Interim Method for Land Requisition and House Relocation for Key Capital Construction Projects
Compensation criteria for land requisition
(1) Compensation on the basis of original use of the land
355. For speeding up the land requisition and house relocation process and realizing the preferential policy for key capital construction projects, the low value of multiples in the legally specified compensation criteria and the yearly average output values of different types of lands in preceding three years issued by counties shall be adopted, and the user of the requisitioned land may calculate the total land requisition compensation by the county-issued yearly average output value of the requisitioned land in the previous three years multiplying the uniformed compensation multiple of the Region. The compensation criteria of specific requisitioned land shall be determined by the county (city) government in light of the law.
(2) Determination of yearly average output value of requisitioned land in previous three years
356. The radix of yearly average output values of paddy field, vegetable plot, fish (lotus) pond, non-irrigated field, orchard, economic forestland, timber forestland, fore-wood land, protection forestland, special-use forestland shall be determined on the basis of the statistic data of the yearly average output values of the land provided by the Regional Statistic Bureau, and shall be revised each year according to the actual situation.
(3) The compensation of requisitioned collective-owned land shall be calculated by the unified multiples of the Region.
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a. For paddy field, the compensation shall be 7 times the radix of yearly average output value of the land in preceding three years issued by the county.
b. For non-irrigated field, vegetable plot, garden plot, fish (lotus) pond, the compensation shall be 6 times the average annual output value of the land in preceding three years issued by the county.
c. For timber and firewood forestland that has already produce benefit, the compensation shall be 4 times the average yearly output value of the non-irrigated land in preceding three years issued by the county, 5 times for economic forestland, 9 times for protection and special-use forestland. The forestland without benefit yet shall be compensated at a rate of 2 times the non-irrigated land according to the growth condition of the trees.
d. For land on fallow rotation and artificial grassland, the compensation shall be 3 times the average yearly output value of the non-irrigated land in the preceding three years issued by the county.
e. For waste grassland, waste hill, wasteland, and other similar land, the compensation shall be one time the average yearly output value of the non-irrigated land in preceding three years issued by the county. The compensation for use of state-owned land shall be 70% of the compensation for the requisition of similar collective-owned land.
(4) Resettlement compensation criteria
357. The resettlement subsidy for requisitioned land shall be calculated by the agricultural population to be resettled, which shall be computed by the quantity of requisitioned cultivated land divided by the per capita cultivated land holding of the unit whose land is to be requisitioned before land requisition. The resettlement compensation for collective-owned land shall be 5 times the yearly average output value in preceding three years. The resettlement compensation for garden plot and forestland which has already produced benefit shall be 4 times the yearly average output value of non-irrigated field in preceding three years, and 2 times for land for fallow rotation and artificial grassland. For fish (lotus) pond, it shall be 5 times the average of the yearly average output value in the preceding three years. No compensation shall be compensated for the waste hill and wasteland that has not produced benefit.
358. The resettlement compensation requisition of state-owned land shall be 70% of that for requisition of collective-owned land of a kind. The agricultural populations who are displaced to other places shall be treated according to the relevant regulations.
Criteria of cultivated land reclamation and reclamation fee
(1) For the key capital construction projects, the user of the requisitioned plowed land shall be responsible for reclaiming new cultivated land of same quality and quantity as requisitioned in light of the principle of "reclaiming new cultivated land of same quantity as the land requisitioned".
(2) The user of the requisitioned land who has no means to reclaim new land or cannot reclaim cultivated land in compliance to the requirement shall pay cultivated land reclamation fee in one-time at the rate of 8500 Yuan/mu for requisitioned paddy field or 5000 Yuan/mu for requisitioned non-irrigated field to the special account of the Region's land administration department which is opened in the Regional Financial Department. The said fee shall be specially used for reclaiming new cultivated land.
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(3) The Regional People's Government shall formulate a cultivated land reclamation plan and supervise the user of requisitioned land to reclaim new cultivated land or organize the new cultivated land reclamation according to the plan.
C. ADB Policy
359. ADB’s policy on involuntary resettlement includes the following principles:
(1) Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible.
(2) Where population displacement is unavoidable, it should be minimized by exploring all viable project options.
(3) People unavoidably displaced should be compensated and assisted, so that their economic and social future would be generally as favorable as it would have been in the absence of the project.
(4) People affected should be informed fully and consulted on resettlement and compensation options.
(5) Existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and their hosts should be supported and used to the greatest extent possible, and resettlers should be integrated economically and socially into host communities.
(6) The absence of a formal legal title to land by some affected groups should not be a bar to compensation; particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and other vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities, and appropriate assistance provided to help them improve their status.
(7) As far as possible, involuntary resettlement should be conceived and executed as a part of the project.
(8) ADB policy states that special attention will focus on the needs of the poorest households, female-headed households, and other social groups. These vulnerable groups will be assisted to improve their status.
D. Compensation Standard for the main line and connector roads of the Project
360. In order to minimize the resuming period, compensation standard and compensation allowance release timing are enacted:
(1) Compensation allowance must be delivered to the affected family one month before the construction. (2) The compensation fee must not be lower than the former income of the affected parties. (3) The earning resource (means of making living) must be resumed within 3 months.
1. Compensation Standards for Land Acquisition
(1) Permanent Land Acquisition
361. According to related regulations of Guangxi Government Document [2000] 39 “Provisional measure of land acquisition and demolition for key projects of infrastructure construction in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, and Guangxi Development and Planning Committee Document [2002] 274 “Average annual production value of land to be acquired and compensation for demolition for key projects of infrastructure construction in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region”, the land of the affected 6 counties and districts are classified as follows:
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Table 12-39 Land Classification of Affected 6 Counties and Districts
Municipality County/District Land classification Yongxin District Class I Nanning Long’an County Class II Pingguo County Class II Tiandong County Class II Baise Tianyang County Class I Youjiang District Class II
362. According to the above regulations, the average annual production value of land among the previous three years (1999-2001) is as follows:
Table 12-36 Average Annual Production Value of Land for the Previous 3 years (1999-2001) Stipulated by Related Regulations
(unit: yuan/mu) Land Dry land Vegetable Fish Paddy land Other dry Orchard Area Sugarcane land pond land Class I 1179 1184 941 3088 2878 3616 Class II 969 971 828 2108 2250 3205
363. Based on field investigation and statistical data, in 2002 the actual average annual production value of cultivated land in affected 6 counties and districts is calculated as follows:
Table 12-40 Actual Average Annual Production Value of Cultivated Land in 2002
(unit: yuan/mu) County/District average annual production value of cultivated land Yongxin District 930 Long’an County 720 Pingguo County 670 Tiandong County 680 Tianyang County 1060 Youjiang District 810
364. From Table 1, 2 and 3, it can be found that the stipulated land production value is much higher than actual one. Therefore, the stipulated land production value for the affected 6 counties and districts can be used as basic average annual production value among previous 3 years (2000-2002) for ADB-financed Nanning-Baise Expressway Project. At the resettlement preparation meeting, the local government officals and non-government organization representatives have said that the stipulated land production value is reseanable and accepable.
365. According to the above regulations, the compensation multiple for land acquisition is 6 except for paddy land, and the compensation multiple for resettlement subsidy is calculated based on the average cultivated land per capita before land acquisition in affected villages. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 12-41 Compensation Multiple Calculation for Land Acquisition
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Land Dry land Paddy Vegetable Fish Other Orchard Item land Sugarcane dry land pond land land compensation multiple 7 6 6 6 6 6 resettlement subsidy multiple: average cultivated land per capita before 5 5 5 5 4 5 acquisition: < 0.8 average cultivated land per capita before 7 7 7 7 4 5 acquisition: 0.6-0.8 including 0.8 average cultivated land per capita before 9 9 9 9 4 5 acquisition: 0.45-0.6 including 0.6 average cultivated land per capita before 11 11 11 11 4 5 acquisition: 0.37-0.45 including 0.45 average cultivated land per capita before 13 13 13 13 4 5 acquisition: 0.33-0.37 including 0.37 average cultivated land per capita before 14 14 14 14 4 5 acquisition: > or =0.33
366. Based on the average annual production value and compensation multiple, the compensation standard for paddy land, sugarcane land, other dry land, vegetable land, orchard, and fish pond is described as follows:
Table 12-42 Compensation Standard for Land Acquisition (1)
(unit: yuan/mu) Land Dry land Paddy Vegetable Fish Other Orchard Area land Sugarcane land pond dry land Total land compensation and resettlement subsidy for land acquisition in Class I area Average cultivated land per capita before 14148 13024 10351 33968 28780 39776 acquisition: <0.8 average cultivated land per capita before 16506 15392 12233 40144 28780 39776 acquisition: 0.6-0.8 including 0.8 average cultivated land per capita before 18864 17760 14115 46320 28780 39776 acquisition: 0.45-0.6 including 0.6 average cultivated land per capita before 21222 20128 15997 52496 28780 39776 acquisition: 0.37-0.45 including 0.45 average cultivated land per capita before 23580 22496 17879 58672 28780 39776 acquisition: 0.33-0.37 including 0.37 average cultivated land per capita before 24759 23680 18820 61760 28780 39776 acquisition: > or =0.33 Total land compensation and resettlement subsidy for land acquisition in Class II area average cultivated land per capita before 11628 10681 9108 23188 22500 35255 acquisition: < 0.8 average cultivated land per capita before 13566 12623 10764 27404 22500 35255 acquisition: 0.6-0.8 including 0.8 average cultivated land per capita before 15504 14565 12420 31620 22500 35255
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Land Dry land Paddy Vegetable Fish Other Orchard Area land Sugarcane land pond dry land acquisition: 0.45-0.6 including 0.6 average cultivated land per capita before 17442 16507 14076 35836 22500 35255 acquisition: 0.37-0.45 including 0.45 average cultivated land per capita before 19380 18449 15732 40052 22500 35255 acquisition: 0.33-0.37 including 0.37 average cultivated land per capita before 20349 19420 16560 42160 22500 35255 acquisition: > or =0.33
367. According to the above regulations, the compensation for other land, including forest land, grass land, waste land, and housing plot, is calculated based on the average annual production value of dry land. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 12-43 Compensation Standards for Land Acquisition (2)
(unit: yuan/mu)
timber cash non-harvesting grass waste housing Item forest forest forest land land land plot land land average annual output value in 941 (based on dry land average annual output value) Class I area average annual output value in 828 (based on dry land average annual output value) Class II area land compensation multiple 4 5 2 3 1 5 resettlement subsidy multiple 4 4 4 2 Total land compensation and resettlement subsidy for land 7528 8469 5646 4705 941 4705 acquisition in Class I area Total land compensation and resettlement subsidy for land 6624 7452 4968 4140 828 4140 acquisition in Class II area
368. According to the above regulations, the compensation for young crop is based on production value per harvest. The affected young crops are considered as biannual crops except that sugarcane is an annual crop. For details, please refer to the following table:
Table 12-44 Compensation Standards for Young Crops
(unit: yuan/mu) Paddy Other Vegetable Fish Item Sugarcane land land dry land land pond Young crop compensation in Class I 589.5 1184 470.5 1544 1808 areas Young crop compensation in Class 484.5 971 414 1054 1602.5 II areas
(2) Temporary Land Occupation
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369. According to the related state and provincial regulations, the compensation for temporary land occupation is according to the average annual production value and land occupation period. If the occupation period is more than one year but less than two years, the compensation is 2 times of average annual production value, and the rest may be deduced by analogy. Since the temporary land occupation might demolish the cultivated land surface and original irrigation facilities, and then affect the output after occupation, the constructors must restore the surface soil quality and related facilities of said land to original level. Otherwise, balance of the annual production value before and after land occupation will be paid in means of compensation until the original output is reached. If the land quality and output cannot be restored to the original level, compensation should be paid with the permanent land acquisition standard. The annual compensation for temporary land occupation is described as follows:
Table 12-45 Annual Compensation for Temporary Land Occupation
(unit: yuan/mu) Land Dry land Paddy Vegetable Fish Forest Non-income Other dry Orchard Area land Sugarcane land pond land land land Class I 1179 1184 941 3088 2878 3616 941 200 Class II 969 971 828 2108 2250 3205 828 200
2. Compensation Standards for House and Auxiliary Demolition
370. According to the relevant regulations, with reference to the actual cost analysis of the main categories of the affected houses, and through the consultation with the local government officials and non-government organization representatives, the compensation rates for house are listed as follows:
Table 12-46 Compensation Standards for Houses
Category of house Unit Compensation standard Brick concrete house yuan/m2 300 Brick timber house yuan/m2 210 Wooden house yuan/m2 120 Earth wood house yuan/m2 80-100 Simple house yuan/m2 30-50 Moving allowance yuan/person 200 Transitional allowance yuan/household per month 300 Notes: If the average construction area per capita of a relocated household’s all houses is below 20 square meters, after verification EA will take necessary measures to ensure that the average construction area per capita of their all houses after relocation is not below 20 square meters.
371. Because the main categories of the affected houses are brick concrete houses and brick timber houses, a cost analysis of those 2 house categories was made based on the field investigation. For details, please refer to the following 2 tables:
Table 12-47 Per Square Meter Cost Analysis of Brick Concrete House
Consumption Price Cost Item Unit Remarks per unit Yuan/unit Yuan
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Consumption Price Cost Item Unit Remarks per unit Yuan/unit Yuan A. Main material 193.2 Timber cu.m 0.01 1000 10 Cement Kg 140 0.35 49 Brick no. 270 0.25 67.5 Corrugated steel bar Kg 11 3.6 39.6 Lime Kg 30 0.15 4.5 Stone cu.m 0.4 25 10 Sand cu.m 0.45 28 12.6 B. Other material and 25% of main material at 48.3 infrastructure most C. Manpower 50 Total 291.5
Table 12-48 Per Square Meter Cost Analysis of Brick Timber House
consumption price cost Item unit Remarks per unit yuan/unit yuan A. Main material 124.9 Timber cu.m 0.03 1000 30 Cement kg 35 0.35 12.25 Brick no. 260 0.25 65 Lime kg 20 0.15 3 Stone cu.m 0.25 25 6.25 Sand cu.m 0.3 28 8.4 B. Other material and 31.225 25% of main material at most infrastructure C. Manpower 50 Total 206.125
372. From the above 2 tables it can be found that the total cost for brick concrete house and brick timber house are 291.1 yuan per square meter and 206.125 yuan per square meter respectively. Therefore, the compensation rates for those 2 house categories can be determined as 300 yuan per square meter and 210 yuan per square meter respectively.
373. The compensation rates for other land attachments and assets are listed as follows:
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Table 12-49 Compensation Standards for Other Items
Item Unit Compensation standard I. Electricity facilities 220V transfer and switch electricity line yuan/km 15,000 380V transfer and switch electricity line yuan/km 25,000 10KV transfer electricity line yuan/km 50,000 Transformer Yuan/KVA 300 II. Telecommunication facilities 1-City electricity cable Overhead line 100 Yuan/km 43,000 Pipeline 200 Yuan/km 42,000 CATV coaxial line Yuan/km 27,000 2-Optical cable line Overhead line 12-core Yuan/km 27,000 Buried line 24-core Yuan/km 95,000 III. Other land attachments Water tank, water pool Yuan/m³ 70-90 Well Yuan/no. 800-1500 Methane pool Yuan/m³ 200 Tomb yuan/no. 120 Bleachery Yuan/m² 15 Wall Yuan/m 15-20 IV. Scattered trees Mango Yuan/no. 14-44 Longan Yuan/no. 15-80 Lichee Yuan/no. 15-80 Musa Yuan/no. 2-6 Pear Yuan/no. 8-30 Chinese chestnut Yuan/no. 10-35 Hesperidium Yuan/no. 13-40 Plum Yuan/no. 8-30 Bamboo Yuan/no. 10-30 other trees Yuan/no. 10 (on average) Notes: 1. For the tombs made within 3 years, additional 80 yuan of subsidy will be provided for each tomb. 2. The detailed compensation standards for the scattered trees will be determined and announced before implementation.
E. Compensation Standard for the inter-county roads of the Project
374. Due to the special characteristics of the inter-county roads, the compensation standard for the inter-county roads of the Project is fixed according to the local related regulations and practice.
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375. The compensation standard for permanent land acquisition is as follows:
Table 12-50 Compensation Standard for Permanent Land Acquisition
item Unit Compensation standard farm land yuan/mu 5000 Non-farm land yuan/mu 1000 Notes: The compensation standard includes land compensation, resettlement subsidy, and young crop compensation.
376. The compensation for temporary land occupation is as follows:
Table 12-51 Annual Compensation for Temporary Land Occupation
(unit: yuan/mu) Item farm land non-farm land standard 1000 200
377. The compensation standard for house is as follows:
Table 12-52 Compensation Standards for Houses
Category of house Unit Compensation standard Brick concrete house yuan/m2 300 Brick timber house yuan/m2 210 Wooden house yuan/m2 120 Earth wood house yuan/m2 80 Simple house yuan/m2 30
378. The compensation standard for other land attachments and assets is as follows:
Table 12-53 Compensation Standards for Other Items
Item Unit Compensation standard I. Electricity facilities 220V transfer and switch electricity line yuan/km 15,000 380V transfer and switch electricity line yuan/km 25,000 10KV transfer electricity line yuan/km 50,000 Transformer Yuan/KVA 300 II. Telecommunication facilities 1-City electricity cable Overhead line 100 Yuan/km 43,000 Pipeline 200 Yuan/km 42,000 CATV coaxial line Yuan/km 27,000 2-Optical cable line Overhead line 12-core Yuan/km 27,000 Buried line 24-core Yuan/km 95,000 III. Other land attachments
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Item Unit Compensation standard Water tank, water pool yuan/m³ 70 Well Yuan/no. 800 Methane pool yuan/m³ 200 Tomb yuan/no. 120 Bleachery yuan/m² 15 Wall yuan/m 15
F. Entitlement Matrix
379. The entitlement matrix is as follows:
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Table 12-54 Entitlement Matrix (1)
Types & Entitled Level of Resettlement Policy Persons Impacts
Housing & Relocated 1. All demolished houses will be compensated with replacement value without depreciation and the value of the salvageable fixed Household materials. Salvageable materials of old housing belong to the APs, they can use them to build their new houses. structure 2. Land requisition impacts little on local production, and the APs can continue their production activities in their original demolishing villages. Therefore, new housing for the APs will be built in their original community (villages). Generally 0.5-1.0km apart from their old housing and close to the land they work on. Moving allowance will be provided for all relocated households. 3. Housing relocation for the Expressway is scattered, thus only 360 households will be relocated in villages along the Expressway. Houses will be removed and built by the APs as they wish. APs can use the salvageable materials of their old houses. The APs will stay in their old houses until the new ones are completed, and should not be forced to move out before the specified relocation deadline. If temporary transfer is required, transfer allowance should be provided to all affected households. Any medical expense for the affected people due to sick or injured will be covered by the Project Office if the court judges that it is caused by the Project. 4. The township government and village committees will arrange new sites and house plots in a planned way according to the regulations. 5. The APs will receive 3 months notice before starting housing construction, and will have at least 2-3 months for housing construction. Timeframe will be discussed with the APs. Off peak months will be chosen for construction to avoid affect on farming activities. APs will receive compensation for transportation and transitions. 6. Effective measures will be adopted to help vulnerable APs (old, disabled, extreme poor, female headed families). For them, the townships and villages will help them to build new housing and to move in the new house after consulting with them. 7. Housing compensation will be paid to the APs before construction of their new houses In case installment is adopted, the last installment will be paid before completion of the new houses. 8. The APs can lodge appeals or grievance free of charge on any aspects relating to the resettlement including compensation.
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Table 12-55 Entitlement Matrix (2)
Types of Entitled Resettlement Policy Impacts Persons
Permanent Owner 1. The Project will pay land compensation for all types of lands acquired for the construction. The land compensation land (either standards will follow those rates adopted for the Expressway. requisition village 2. Beside land compensation, the project will pay resettlement subsidy for all types of productive land areas. collective 3. In addition, the Project will pay to the APs compensation of other attachments and young crops on land requisitioned. or 4. The land compensation and resettlement subsidy should be used for restoring the production bases and livelihood for the contracted affected persons. They could be paid either to the village collectives or affected individuals. For those to be paid to village household collectives, land readjustment could be carried out in order to ensure every affected village member has sufficient ) farmland after land acquisition. The received compensation funds could be used for developing new farmland, upgrading the existing low-yield farmland, intensifying agricultural production, improving irrigation and rural infrastructure, and providing support in the initial resettlement period. They should not be used for other unproductive purposes. The use of compensations will be determined by the affected villages or village groups themselves and no one can intercept. For those to be paid directly to affected households, guidance should be provided by county and township governments on how to best use such funds to improve their farming conditions, and engage in various income generation activities. 5. The land compensation will be paid to the affected units prior to commencement of civil work on the affected section. 6. Land readjustment and redistribution will be done during the slack seasons, and every farmer who lost land due to the project will be able to get new land from the land reallocation.
Temporary Farming 1. The project will pay to the APs compensation of attachments and young crops on land temporarily occupied. land household 2. In addition, the project will also pay compensation for annual output loss. Based on the construction schedule, the occupation estimated compensation for temporary land occupation is based on three years, plus cost of land reclamation. 3. After the construction is completed, the land occupied by the Project will be restored to farmland and returned to the villages.
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Table 12-56 Entitlement Matrix (3)
Types and Entitled Level of Resettlement Policy Persons Impacts
Scattered Owner Cash compensation or transplanting cost will be paid for all trees cut for the project. trees
Other Owner 1. The project will pay the Owners compensations of all kinds of special items affected by the project, including telecom facilities and line, transmission line, and transmission tower etc. the compensation standard for the special facilities will be special items determined based on the principles of restoring its original function, original scale and original standard. 2. The project will pay the Owners compensations of all kinds of other rural living and production facilities, the compensation standards will be determined based on their replacement value.
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VI. Resettlement Budget and Funding
A. Resettlement fees and capital flow direction
380. The resettlement fees include basic fee, administrative fee, and contingencies.
381. The capital flow chart is seen in Table 6-1.
B. Basic fee
1. Land compensation and resettlement subsidy for permanent land acquisition 382. Land compensation and resettlement subsidy were calculated according to the standard listed in Chapter 5. When the survey was conducted, part of the affected vegetable land was considered as paddy field. So the actual number of the affected paddy field and vegetable land was adjusted as follows: in Class I area 30% of paddy field was calculated as vegetable land and in Class II area 15% of paddy field was calculated as vegetable land when the resettlement cost was budgeted. Besides, the resettlement subsidy was estimated according to the lowest resettlement subsidy multiple. However, actually the multiple of resettlement subsidy will be higher if per capita land holdings in the affected village groups is lower. So additional 10% of the total resettlement subsidy for small land holdings (<0.8 mu per capita) was added, in addition to the regular resettlement subsidy calculation according to the lowest multiple.
2. Young crop compensation 383. The crop compensation fee, which was calculated with the actual occupied cultivated land area and the crop compensation standard, was budgeted as 3% of the Land compensation and resettlement subsidy for permanent land acquisition.
3. Temporary land use Fee 384. The compensation rate is the annual production per year of the occupied land.
4. House Demolition and Relocation 385. House demolition and relocation compensation fees include house compensation for residences, structures owned by enterprises and public institutions, moving allowance, temporary housing allowance, housing attachments (20% of house compensation), and scattered trees (estimated according to the average prices)
5. Reconstruction of Infrastructure 386. Reconstruction fees of Infrastructure are used for the power supply, telecommunication facilities, etc., and were budgeted as 10% of the land compensation, house compensation and land attachment compensation.
6. Income Restoration Assistance 387. Village/group rehabilitation planning fees are used to encourage local governments and other related agencies to help the affected village groups in preparing rehabilitation program. Village/group rehabilitation planning fees is an additional fund for the village group production restoration planning purpose. If a village group works out a practical rehabilitation program with the assistance of the local governments, those planning fees will be paid by the Project to the related governments for their efforts. The total amount of the planning fees is budgeted as 10% of the administrative fee, that is, CNY 2,000,000, and there are 505 affected village groups. So the planning fee for each village group is about CNY 4,000,000; Livelihood training cost are used to train the APs and was budgeted as CNY 1,800,000; Vulnerable group assistance was budgeted as 1% of the total basic resettlement cost.
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7. Taxes to Provincial Government 388. According to the related regulations, all the cultivated land reclamation fee paid by the project to the provincial government can be returned to the affected counties and districts to develop new farmland and restore production in the affected areas; about 70% of the forest revegetation fee paid by the project to the provincial government can be returned to the affected counties and districts to develop fruit trees, other cash trees, and restore production in the affected areas; the project is exempt from land occupation tax.
C. Management Costs 389. Management costs are used as the routine management of the relocation and resettlement including the purchase of the facility in the office, salary of the staff, traffic fee etc. Administrative fee for Project Resettlement Office is included in the whole project construction administrative fee; Administrative fee for local government was budgeted as 3.75% of the total basic resettlement cost; Training fee for resettlement staff was budgeted as CNY 200,000; External monitoring costs were budgeted as CNY 500,000.
D. Contingencies
1. Physical contingencies 390. In the real construction, the contingencies caused by change of project design because of special reasons, will be calculated at a rate of 15%of the basic fee.
2. Price Contingencies 391. This fee is prepared for the possible price floating of changes due to some special reasons, considering there is some time difference between the compilation of the resettlement plan and the time of implementation, which will be calculated at a rate of 15%of the basic fee.
E. Estimation of resettlement cost 392. According to the above analysis, the resettlement cost of the main line and connector roads of the Project was estimated as follows:
Table 12-57 Estimation of resettlement cost of the main line and connector roads
Unit Cost Compensation Item Affected amount Unit (yuan) amount (Yuan) 1. Permanent Land Acquisition and Temporary Land Use 320,949,316 1.1 Land compensation sub-total 163,097,003 Paddy field 786 Mu 8253 6,487,048 Dry land 900 Mu 5646 5,081,005 Vegetable land (30% of paddy) 337 Mu 18528 6,241,472 Sugarcane field 604 Mu 7104 4,292,663 Class I Orchard 1450 Mu 17268 25,032,556 land Forest land 258 Mu 3764 970,434 Housing plot 15 Mu 4705 69,022 Fish Pond 57 Mu 21696 1,232,550 Wasteland 182 Mu 941 170,970 Class II Paddy field 2514 Mu 6783 17,053,286 land Dry land 3484 Mu 4968 17,309,655
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Unit Cost Compensation Item Affected amount Unit (yuan) amount (Yuan) Vegetable land (15% of paddy) 463 Mu 12648 5,861,444 Sugarcane field 4260 Mu 5826 24,819,634 Orchard 2739 Mu 13500 36,977,445 Forest land 2149 Mu 3312 7,119,045 Housing plot 59 Mu 4140 246,082 Fish Pond 168 Mu 19230 3,239,678 Wasteland 1079 Mu 828 893,015 1.2 Resettlement subsidy sub-total 135,273,329 Paddy field 786 Mu 5895 4,633,606 Dry land 900 Mu 4705 4,234,171 Vegetable land (30% of paddy) 337 Mu 15440 5,201,226 Class I Sugarcane field 604 Mu 5920 3,577,219 land Orchard 1450 Mu 11512 16,688,371 Forest land 258 Mu 3764 970,434 Fish Pond 57 Mu 18080 1,027,125 Paddy field 2514 Mu 4845 12,180,919 Dry land 3484 Mu 4140 14,424,712 Vegetable land (15% of paddy) 463 Mu 10540 4,884,536 Class II Sugarcane field 4260 Mu 4855 20,683,028 land - Orchard 2739 Mu 9000 24,651,630 - Forest land 2149 Mu 3312 7,119,045 - Fish Pond 168 Mu 16025 2,699,732 Additional Subsidy for small 10% of total subsidy 12,297,575 landholdings (<0.8 mu per capita) 1.3 Young crop compensation Mu 8,951,110 1.4 Temporary land use Fee 13,627,874 - Paddy field 2085 Mu 969 2,020,714 - Dry land 4226 Mu 828 3,499,484 - Sugarcane field 3308 Mu 971 3,212,456 - Orchard 1591 Mu 2250 3,579,728 - Forest land 1114 Mu 828 922,210 - Fish Pond 13 Mu 3205 42,691 - Wasteland 1753 Mu 200 350,592 2. House Demolition and Relocation 30,561,631 2.1 House compensation sub-total 9,177,505 - Brick concrete structure 8161 m2 300 2,448,150 - Brick timber structure 31727 m2 210 6,662,565 - Wooden structure 87 m2 120 10,440
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Unit Cost Compensation Item Affected amount Unit (yuan) amount (Yuan) - Earth wood structure 80 m2 100 8,000 - Simple structure 967 m2 50 48,350 2.2 Moving allowance 1584 person 200 316,800 2.3 Temporary housing allowance 1080 household 300 324,000 2.4 Housing attachments (20% of housing 1,835,501 cost) 2.5 Scattered Trees 678375 sub-total 18,907,825 - Fruit trees 343850 trees 40 13,754,000 - Bamboo 102445 trees 5 512,225 - Other trees 232080 trees 20 4,641,600 3. Reconstruction of Infrastructure 19,365,863 4. Income Restoration Assistance 8,500,000 4.1 Village/group rehabilitation planning 2,000,000 4.2 Livelihood Training Cost 1,800,000 4.3 Vulnerable group assistance 4,700,000 5. Taxes to Provincial Government 87,623,440 5.1 Cultivated land reclamation fee 81,027,430 - paddy field 4081 Mu 8500 34,685,780 - dry land 9268 Mu 5000 46,341,650 5.2 Land Occupation tax 13349 Mu 0 0 5.3 Forest revegetation fee 6596 Mu 1000 6,596,010 Basic Costs (sum of Items 1 to 5) 467,000,251 6. Management Costs 18,212,509 6.1 Project Resettlement Offices 0 6.2 Administrative Fee for Local Government 3.75% of basic cost 17,512,509 6.3 Training for Resettlement staff 200,000 6.4 External Monitoring Costs 500,000 7. Contingencies 140,100,075 7.1 Physical contingencies (15% of basic fee) 70,050,038 7.2 Price contingencies (15% of basic fee) 70,050,038 Total 625,312,835
393. Similarly, the resettlement cost of the inter-county roads of the Project was estimated as follows:
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Table 12-58 Estimation of resettlement cost of the inter-county roads
Unit Cost Compensation Item Affected amount Unit (yuan) amount (Yuan) 1. Permanent Land Acquisition and Temporary Land Use 4,891,976 1.1 Land compensation, resettlement subsidy sub-total 4,659,025 and young crop compensation - Farmland 722.311 mu 5000 3,611,555 - Non-farmland 1047.47 mu 1000 1,047,470 1.2 Temporary land use Fee 232,951 2. House Demolition and Relocation 1,837,758 2.1 House compensation 1,298,513 - Brick concrete structure 1349 m2 300 404,637 - Brick timber structure 2720 m2 210 571,133 - Wooden structure 2648 m2 120 317,704 - Earth wood structure 63 m2 80 5,040 2.2 Housing attachments 259,703 2.3 Scattered Trees 279,542 3. Reconstruction of Infrastructure 649,678 4. Income Restoration Assistance 320,000 4.1 Village/group rehabilitation planning 40,000 4.2 Livelihood Training Cost 180,000 4.3 Vulnerable group assistance 100,000 5. Taxes to Provincial Government 2,802,985 5.1 Cultivated land reclamation fee 2,523,467 - paddy field 106 Mu 8500 896,852 - dry land 325 Mu 5000 1,626,615 5.2 Land Occupation tax Mu 0 0 5.3 Forest revegetation fee 280 Mu 1000 279,518 Basic Costs (sum of Items 1 to 5) 10,502,397 6. Management Costs 463,840 6.1 Project Resettlement Offices 0 3.75% of basic 6.2 Administrative Fee for Local Government 393,840 cost 6.3 Training for Resettlement staff 20,000 6.4 External Monitoring Costs 50,000 7. Contingencies 3,150,719 7.1 Physical contingencies (15% of basic fee) 1,575,360 7.2 Price contingencies (15% of basic fee) 1,575,360 Total 14,116,956 Notes: The calculation methods is nearly the same as those for the main line and connector roads, with 3 exceptions. Those are: temporary land occupation compensation was budgeted as 5% of
12-99 the total Land compensation and resettlement subsidy for permanent land acquisition; Scattered tree compensation was budgeted as 6% of the total Land compensation and resettlement subsidy for permanent land acquisition; Besides, training and monitoring fees were budgeted as 10% of those for the main line and connector roads.
F. Receiver of basic fees
Table 12-59 Distribution Objectives of Basic Fees
Objectives Type of fee Power supply and Special Basic facility relocation fee telecommunication departments Enterprises and institutions loss of the enterprises and institutions (direct and/or indirect) Village groups land compensation, resettlement subsidy, public facility compensation fee Households House relocation compensation fee, land attachment compensation fee, young crop compensation fee, resettlement subsidy, etc.
G. Sources of relocation and resettlement funds
394. The budget of the resettlement will be covered in the investment of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Government.
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Table 12-60 the Resettlement Funds Flow of Nanning-Baise Highway
GCD
PMO
Other Dept.. Resettlement Office Resettlement Office Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Resettlement Power and of of Office of Office of Office of Office of Telecommunication Yongxin District Long’an County Pingguo County Tiandong County Tianyang County Youjiang District Dept.
Villages and Village Town/township level Groups resettlement teams LAR Groups of township
Affected Households
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VII. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Programs
395. Based on the resettlement schemes proposed by each affected village and present policies, laws and regulations of different levels of governments and the resettlement requirements of ADB, the Resettlement Plan of the Expressway was prepared by TA consulting team and the EA assisted by design institute and local county and township governments.
A. Target and Task
1. Resettlement Target
396. The overall objective of resettlement and rehabilitation is to ensure that the affected production base will be restored, the affected labor force will be re-employed, and income and livelihood of affected people will be improved or at least restored to their previous levels before resettlement.
397. At present, the rural population of project impact area is mainly engaged in agricultural actives, with most of their income coming from planting, economic trees, and animal husbandry. According to the actual production and living standard among affected villages, and the approved economic and social development plans for the relevant counties, the target of resettlement and rehabilitation is set as follows:
(1)The resettled party’s production level will be restored after resettlement. (2)The income per capita shall be restored to the standard before resettlement. (3)The affected public infrastructures, school, hospitals, social welfare level, natural environment and traffic condition etc. shall be improved after resettlement.
2. Resettlement Task
398. According to the estimate, the total cultivated land acquisition of the Project for the proposed expressway and its connecting roads is equal to the cultivated land amount which 13,141 persons or 2,987 households have, and the total house demolishment of the Project is equal to the house construction area amount which 1,584 persons or 360 households have. For details, please refer to Chapter 4.
B. Resettlement Guideline and Principle
1. Resettlement Guideline
399. The basic resettlement policy of the Project is to respect the wishes of affected people and maintain their current production and living traditions. Land-based resettlement should be in original township (town), village and village group with the consideration of local agriculture restructuring (mainly for planting production) and without change of resettlers' non-agriculture resident status. The resettlement should be set firstly in the foundation of basic living materials and long-term potential of development, fully take the advantage of local resources, and adjust resettlement approaches to suit local conditions to explore the development method. At precondition of agriculture-based resettlement and guaranteeing the peasant grain ration, the industry, forest, husbandry, subsidy production, fishery and the 3rd industry should be fully developed to form reasonable industrial structure step by step. The compensation given by the government should be fully used and more scientific and technical means should be adopted to keep the production and living level equal to or higher than before. Efforts should be made to increase the income of resettlers simultaneously with other villagers in the vicinity in order to have a coordinative development of regional economy, maintain the community more stable and safe
12-102 in long run.
2. Resettlement Principles
400. Under such a policy, a number of resettlement and rehabilitation principles have been developed for the Project.
(1) The resettlement plan will be based on detailed inventory for land acquisition and houses demolition, and adopted compensation standards and subsidies.
(2)The resettlement shall be combined with the local development, resource utilization and economic growth as well as environment protection. Considering the local conditions, a practical and feasible resettlement plan should be developed to restore or improve their economic production and create basic conditions for long-term development.
(3)The resettlement plan should be based on the principle “Beneficial to the production and convenient for living”.
(4)The re-construction standard and scale shall be based with the principle of recovery to the original standard and original scale. Combining the local development, the cost for enlarging the scale, raising standard and future plan shall be solved independently by local government and relevant department.
(5) Making overall plans and taking all factors into consideration, correctly handling the relations between the state, collective and individual.
(6) Fully utilize local natural resource, build water conservancy facility, develop new farmland, improve land quality, and strengthen agricultural strength and make the resettlers' living standard reach or exceed the original level step by step.
(7) The resettlement plans should include provisions to improve the living standards of poor people and other vulnerable people who are adversely affected by the project.
C. Overall Scheme of Resettlement
401. Since the construction of the Project will only acquire limited land acquisition and demolition along the road alignment line, it will not have significant negative impacts on production and livelihood for most affected villages. A series of consultation meetings were held among affected villages and townships. According to the resettler's opinion and suggestion, and combined with the actual condition of affected area, the basic rehabilitation scheme was determined as follows:
(1) All resettlers affected should be arranged in the original community so that the original production and living mode can be kept, the habit and social relation be maintained and helpful to strengthen the enthusiasm and adaptability of production and living of resettlers;
(2) In order to reduce the impact on production and living of relocated household, the rural household will be dismantled and built by their own force and the old material of house will be freely used by their own will;
(3) For the production, the land will be adjusted within the villagers group, mainly for agriculture resettlement, improve the water conservancy facility, adjust agricultural planting structure, raise land utilization rate combining with proper economic compensation to ensure to restore or raise resettler's production and living level.
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D. Resettlement Carrying Capacity Analysis
1. Natural Condition and Land Resources
402. The project influence area is located at the valley region of Youjiang river, where has mild climate, enough sunshine for crops growth, adequate water source, good land property, mainly red soil suitable for various crops growth and specially for fruit in subtropical and tropical zone. But, the regional economy is poor, the income of peasant family not rich, low agricultural production input, unitary crop type, weak facility of water conservancy, influence of natural calamity of water-logging and drought, lower production level of local peasant and poor harvest by wide-farming for most land. Therefore, if adopt the scientific farming, increase agricultural production input, improve crop planting types, perfect facility of water conservancy, raise flood control criteria, strengthen anti-drought ability, excavate fully potential of existing land and raise production level and unit area output, the natural condition will not become restriction factor of environmental capacity of resettlement.
2. Resettlers’ Characteristics & Relationships
403. The resettlers affected are mainly of Zhuang and Han nationality. There is no obvious discrepancy as living jointly for many years, but they have formed own unique life habit and society. In this aspect, the resettlers of same nationality have also certain regional discrepancy. In order to not affect its living habit as far as possible, not destroy its social relation network and not increase resettlers original cultivation radius, the resettlers affected will be arranged nearby within the village for the resettlement planning, and the rural resettlers are mainly for planting and aquaculture through perfecting the basic farmland facility, adjusting agricultural structure, improving crop type to strengthen agricultural development strength. Additionally, encourage resettlers to participate in project construction and service to satisfy the need of labor force and living consuming for construction, can also increase the economic income of resettlers; After completion of project, the circulation of local agriculture product and byproduct will be accelerated and the development of local economy be promoted. Therefore, the land-based development is stressed in project resettlement planning, encourage the resettlers to engage in original trade, create conditions for the 2nd and 3rd industry, so that the environmental capacity there will be satisfied.
3. Economic Development Potential of the Affected Area
404. The natural condition in affected area is better, with superior climate condition, suitable for various crop growth with higher economic value of tropics and subtropical zone, and adequate sunshine. The re-planting index of farmland may be increased, for instance, the vegetable planting of one year could be 10 harvests and grain 3 crops per year. Aside, there is abundant surplus labor force and rich resource of coal-mine in the affected area, with greater developing potential. In the future development of economy, the advantage of resource and improvement of traffic condition will be fully used, adjusting measures to local conditions and widening production ways, strengthening science and technology input and resettler's intellectual development, raising the production level of the masses and promoting overall development of agriculture, forest, herds, byproduct, trade, tourism and transportation; The resettler's production and living level will be raised be through using land resource and productive development, the project environmental capacity will be enlarged along with development of economy in affected area.
E. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan
1. Production Rehabilitation Plan
405. After analyzing the geography location, possession of land resource, planting crops structural and income of local resident for each village. Based on the opinion of resettler's
12-104 household and representatives of villagers and respecting fully the option of the most resettlers, either the cash compensation will be given directly to resettlers or compensation will be used collectively to adjust the agricultural structure, improve the type of crops, increase the scientific and technical input and raise the agriculture output.
406. According to the related regulations, all the cultivated land reclamation fee paid by the project to the provincial government can be returned to the affected counties and districts to develop new farmland and restore production in the affected areas; about 70% of the forest revegetation fee paid by the project to the provincial government can be returned to the affected counties and districts to develop fruit trees, other cash trees, and restore production in the affected areas. Therefore, the affected villages and village groups can get a certain amount of land without using any of the land compensation and resettlement subsidy they received, which is very helpful to the restoration and improvement of the APs’ living standard and production level. The detailed implementation plans will be developed by the local county and district governments when land acquisition is started, and its implementation will be coordinated and supervised by the Project Resettlement Office.
407. In order to provided the foundation for the detailed village group rehabilitation plan preparation in the near future, 12 seriously-affected village groups by land acquisition have been selected for rehabilitation plan preparation. During the resettlement implementation, the famous resettlement specialists in China will be invited to research the economic rehabilitation after land acquisition; Additional 10% of the administrative fee will used to encourage local governments and other related agencies to help the affected village groups in preparing rehabilitation program. All of those measures will help APs in restoring their income after land acquisition.
408. By considering mainly the following 4 items: (1) Percent of farmland reduction; (2) Farmland per capita after LA; (3) Percent of paddy field reduction; (4) At least 1 village group is selected in each county or district, 12 seriously-affected village groups by land acquisition have been selected for economic rehabilitation plan developing. Those are:
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Table 12-61 Basic Data of the 12 Seriously-affected Village Groups
per capita workers Han Zhuang County/ district Township Village Village group Population Household Farmland Paddy field Nationality Nationality annual net out of income home Yongxin Tanluo Dongjia Tungan 480 480 123 475.38 141.18 2200 30
Long'an Chengxiang Baota No. 6 170 68 102 43 260 65 2000 60
Long'an Yanjiang Longzhuang No. 7 194 194 22 159 64 1800 80
Pingguo Guohua Guohua No. 10 222 222 43 340 130 2000 33
Tiandong Linfeng Fulan Tangpo No.1 152 152 34 343 86 1200 20
Tiandong Silin Tanle Naliu No.1 190 190 44 460 260 2300 70
Tiandong Xiangzhou Baidu No. 9 176 106 70 45 167 90 1930 8
Tiandong Xiangzhou Baidu No. 10 106 85 21 24 206 69 1930 3
Tianyang Tianzhou Xingcheng No. 11 105 105 26 132.3 130.3* 2300
Tianyang Tianzhou Xingcheng No. 12 102 102 26 123.6 123.6* 2300
Youjiang Nabi Jiangfeng No.7 60 60 17 57 45 2500 35
Youjiang Nabi Jiangfeng No.11 120 120 32 110 70 2500 18 Notes: “*”, vegetable land. The selection of the seriously-affected village groups was based on the survey data, and the data in the above table are revised during the rehabilitation plan preparation.
409. The socio-economic conditions and the rehabilitation plans for the 12 seriously-affected village groups by land acquisition are summarized as follows:
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Table 12-62 The Socio-economic conditions and the Summary of the Rehabilitation Plans for the 12 Seriously-affected Village Groups
% of farmland farmland paddy % of paddy paddy field paddy field County/ village farmland economic rehabilitation township village farmland per capita per capita field field per capita per capita district group acquisition idea reduction before LA after LA acquisition reduction before LA after LA build a banana trading Yongxin Tanluo Dongjia Tungan 189 39.76% 0.99 0.60 0 0.00% 0.29 0.29 market construct buildings for rent Long'an Chengxiang Baota No. 6 160 61.54% 1.53 0.59 57 87.69% 0.38 0.05 in county receive cash Long'an Yanjiang Longzhuang No. 7 30 18.87% 0.82 0.66 10 15.63% 0.33 0.28 compensation receive cash Pingguo Guohua Guohua No. 10 159.79 47.00% 1.53 0.81 67.74 52.11% 0.59 0.28 compensation Tangpo receive cash Tiandong Linfeng Fulan 120 34.99% 2.26 1.47 68.74 79.93% 0.57 0.11 No.1 compensation open wasteland and build Tiandong Silin Tanle Naliu No.1 186.22 40.48% 2.42 1.44 121.97 46.91% 1.37 0.73 roads redistribute farmland, build Tiandong Xiangzhou Baidu No. 9 100 59.88% 0.95 0.38 40 44.44% 0.51 0.28 a market redistribute farmland, build Tiandong Xiangzhou Baidu No. 10 120 58.25% 1.94 0.81 40 57.97% 0.65 0.27 a market redistribute farmland, build Tianyang Tianzhou Xingcheng No. 11 80 60.47% 1.26 0.50 78* 59.86%* 1.24 0.50 a market redistribute farmland, build Tianyang Tianzhou Xingcheng No. 12 80 64.72% 1.21 0.43 80* 64.72%* 1.21 0.43 a market receive cash Youjiang Nabi Jiangfeng No.7 20 35.09% 0.95 0.62 15 33.33% 0.75 0.50 compensation receive cash Youjiang Nabi Jiangfeng No.11 4 3.64% 0.92 0.88 0 0.00% 0.58 0.58 compensation Notes: “*”, vegetable land. The selection of the seriously-affected village groups was based on the survey data, and the data in the above table are revised during the rehabilitation plan preparation. Therefore, the impacts on some villages are not as serious as estimated originally.
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410. The detailed introduction and analysis of the rehabilitation plans for the 12 sample village groups are as follows:
Tungan Village Group of Dongjia Village General introduction: The total population is 480, and the total households are 123. The total area of the cultivated land is 475.38 mu, and 30% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly banana, watermelon, melon and vegetable. Usually 30 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2200. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire 189 mu of the cultivated land, but there is no paddy field to be acquired. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 2,000,000. Economic rehabilitation: Since this village is near the starting point of the Expressway, and since banana is the main crop planted here, they plan to build a banana trading market. The total investment for the market, including buildings, parking area and auxiliary facilities, is about CNY 2,000,000, so part of the fund can be from the compensation for land acquisition and the rest can be borrowed from banks. It is expected that the annual profit of the market can reach CNY 400,000.
No. 6 Village Group of Baota Village General introduction: The total population is 170, and the total households are 43. The total area of the cultivated land is 260 mu, and 25% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 60% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly sugarcane, rice, corn, soybean, Chinese chestnut and longan. Usually 60 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2000. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire 160 mu of the cultivated land, in which 57 mu is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 1,700,000. Economic rehabilitation: Since this village is only 3 km from Long’an county town, they plan to build houses for rent in the county town. The total investment for the houses is CNY 700,000, so the fund can be from the compensation for land acquisition. It is expected that the annual profit of the houses can reach CNY 200,000.
No. 7 Village Group of Longzhuang Village General introduction: The total population is 194, and the total households are 22. The total area of the cultivated land is 159 mu, and 40.25% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly rice, corn, soybean and vegetable. Usually 80 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 1800. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire 30 mu of the cultivated land, in which 10 mu is paddy field. Those data are quite different from the survey data because some farmland in this area belongs to other village groups. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 3000,000. Economic rehabilitation: Since the impacts of land acquisition on this village group are relatively little and since about 40% of the villagers go out to earn their livings, they prefer to receive cash compensation.
No. 10 Village Group of Guohua Village General introduction: The total population is 222, and the total households are 43. The total area
12-108 of the cultivated land is 170 mu, and 76.47% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly sugarcane, rice and grape. Usually 33 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2000. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire 159.79 mu of the cultivated land, in which 67.74 is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 1,700,000. Economic rehabilitation: Except for 33 villagers who go out to earn their livings, there are 2 farm trucks, 15 tractors in this village group. Besides, in this village group 2 households open shops in the town and 1 civil construction team runs business outside. So the villagers prefer to receive cash compensation and they can restore their income by developing non-farming activities.
Tangpo No. 1 Village Group of Fulan Village General introduction: The total population is 152, and the total households are 34. The total area of the cultivated land is 343 mu, and 25.07% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly sugarcane, rice and mango. Usually 20 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 1200. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire 120 mu of the cultivated land, in which 68.74 mu is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 1,300,000. Economic rehabilitation: Since there are 200 mu of mongo in this village group, they prefer to receive cash compensation so that each affected household can use the compensation to improve the mongo planting.
Naliu No. 1 Village Group of Tanle Village General introduction: The total population is 190, and the total households are 44. The total area of the cultivated land is 460 mu, and 56.52% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly sugarcane, rice, mango and longan. Usually 70 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2300. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire 186.22 mu of the cultivated land, in which 121.97 mu is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 2,100,000. Economic rehabilitation: The village group plans to invest CNY 50,000 to open 250 mu of waste land, and to invest CNY 20,000 to build 10 km of tractor roads. The rest of the land compensation is planned to be applied to irrigation system improvement, and the resettlement subsidy is planned to be delivered to the affected villagers. Therefore, the affected villagers will have priority of the opened land planting and their agricultural conditions will be approved.
No. 9 Village Group of Baidu Village General introduction: The total population is 176, and the total households are 45. The total area of the cultivated land is 147 mu, and 61.22% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 40% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly rice, vegetable, mango and longan. Usually 8 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 1930. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire about 100 mu of the cultivated land, in which about 40 mu is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 1,000,000. Economic rehabilitation: The village group plans to build a trading market jointly with No. 10 Village Group of Baidu Village. The total investment for the market, including buildings, parking area and auxiliary facilities, is about CNY 1,300,000, so part of the fund can be from the compensation for land acquisition and the rest can be borrowed from banks. Besides, the village
12-109 group plans to redistribute the cultivated land after land acquisition so that the farmers affected by land acquisition can have enough land to plant.
No. 10 Village Group of Baidu Village General introduction: The total population is 106, and the total households are 24. The total area of the cultivated land is 106 mu, and 65.09% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 20% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly rice, vegetable, mango and longan. Usually 3 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 1930. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire about 120 mu of the cultivated land, in which about 40 mu is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 1,200,000. Economic rehabilitation: The village group plans to build a trading market jointly with No. 9 Village Group of Baidu Village. The total investment for the market, including buildings, parking area and auxiliary facilities, is about CNY 1,300,000, so part of the fund can be from the compensation for land acquisition and the rest can be borrowed from banks. Besides, the village group plans to redistribute the cultivated land after land acquisition so that the farmers affected by land acquisition can have enough land to plant.
No. 11 Village Group of Xingcheng Village General introduction: The total population is 105, and the total households are 26. The total area of the cultivated land is 130.3 mu, and 98.49% of the cultivated land is vegetable land. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly tomato and rice. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2300. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire about 80 mu of the cultivated land, in which about 78 mu is vegetable land. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 2,700,000. Economic rehabilitation: The village group plans to build a trading market jointly with No. 12 Village Group of Xingcheng Village. The total investment for the market, including buildings, parking area and auxiliary facilities, is about CNY 600,000, so part of the fund can be from the compensation for land acquisition and the rest can be borrowed from banks. Besides, the village group plans to redistribute the cultivated land after land acquisition so that the farmers affected by land acquisition can have enough land to plant.
No. 12 Village Group of Xingcheng Village General introduction: The total population is 102, and the total households are 26. The total area of the cultivated land is 123.6 mu, and 100% of the cultivated land is vegetable land. 100% of the villagers are Zhuang Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly tomato and rice. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2300. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire about 80 mu of the cultivated land, and all is vegetable land. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 2,700,000. Economic rehabilitation: The village group plans to build a trading market jointly with No. 11 Village Group of Xingcheng Village. The total investment for the market, including buildings, parking area and auxiliary facilities, is about CNY 600,000, so part of the fund can be from the compensation for land acquisition and the rest can be borrowed from banks. Besides, the village group plans to redistribute the cultivated land after land acquisition so that the farmers affected by land acquisition can have enough land to plant.
No. 7 Village Group of Jiangfeng Village General introduction: The total population is 60, and the total households are 17. The total area of the cultivated land is 57 mu, and 78.95% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Han Nationality.
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Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly rice and vegetable. Usually 35 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2500. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire about 20 mu of the cultivated land, in which about 15 mu is paddy field. The total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 200,000. Economic rehabilitation: Since the impacts of land acquisition on this village group are relatively little and since about 60% of the villagers go out to earn their livings, they prefer to receive cash compensation.
No. 11 Village Group of Jiangfeng Village General introduction: The total population is 120, and the total households are 32. The total area of the cultivated land is 110 mu, and 63.64% of the cultivated land is paddy field. 100% of the villagers are Han Nationality. Economic structure: In this village the crops are mainly rice and vegetable. Usually 18 villagers go out to do manual work, such as construction work, transport and small retail business. The reported per capita annual net income in this village in 2003 is CNY 2500. Land acquisition: The Project will acquire about 4 mu of the cultivated land, and the total compensation for cultivated land acquisition is about CNY 100,000. Economic rehabilitation: Since the impacts of land acquisition on this village group are little, they prefer to receive cash compensation.
2. New House Construction
411. For house construction, local customs, agricultural requirements and future development needs should be taken into consideration. House construction will be carried out according to the wishes of resettlers. Compensation based on replacement value and amount of demolished spaces will be provided directly to the affected households along with various transfer and rehabilitation assistances. Installment payment of compensation will be managed by the local resettlement offices according to material preparation and house construction schedule.
412. In general, the house demolition and relocation is relatively small for the Project, with a total of 360 relocated household scattered among 70 villages. All relocated households will be resettled within their original villages. According to the impact and the actual conditions in each village the affected households will be relocated nearby. The concerned village groups will provide assistance in approving and selecting housing plots for these villagers.
F. Vulnerable Group Supporting Arrangement
413. For those very vulnerable people, including elderly living alone, disabled, household headed by women, and extremely poor households, and Yao people, the Project will provide additional financial and physical support whenever it is necessary. Under the Resettlement Plan, this vulnerable group will receive special assistance from the Project. Specifically,
(1) To those relocated vulnerable households, such as elderly living alone, disabled and households headed by women, the EA will entrust relevant townships or villages to provide substantial help in housing construction and relocation.
(2) To those households which are extremely poor or belong to elderly living alone, disabled, and all women households, a special subsidy will be paid by EA to assist them to construct their houses and maintain their living standards. The subsidy criteria will be determined according to the actual condition and their needs. For this purpose, the EA has decided to set aside a special fund with 1 percent of the total resettlement cost, which will be used to provide direct and needed help for those vulnerable people.
(3) The contents of the production skill training will be set up in consideration of the need of the
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vulnerable groups first, and the training programs for APs will give the priority to the vulnerable groups
G. Rehabilitation Plan for Special Facilities
414. The special facilities affected by the Project includes: irrigation canals, tractor roads, electric power lines and telecom lines. Early in the primary study stage, a detailed survey on possible impacts to the livelihood of the affected people has been carried out, along with consultations and interviews to get the opinions and suggestions from local governments, relevant departments, and resettlers. These suggestions have been adopted into the project design and resettlement plan, as noted below.
H. Progress Schedule
415. The schedule for land acquisition and resettlement will be integrated with the schedule of Project construction. The following principles will be observed during resettlement implementation:
(1) Housing removal will be carried out in stages in accordance with the Project construction schedule. Prior to the construction of the Project, the removal of houses shall be completed.
(2) Housing removal date will be informed to the resettlers at least 3 months in advance; another 3 months will be allocated for resettlers to build new houses before the deadline for old house removal. The APs can stay in their old houses until completion of the new one.
(3) The relevant resettlement organizations shall fully consult with the APs about the house construction schedule; if it is necessary such construction time could be extended.
(4) The land acquisition shall be completed before the construction commencement of the sub-projects.
(5) Land adjustment and distribution will be completed during cropping intervals.
(6) Prior to the land acquisition, the arrangement for labor force shall be completed.
(7) Construction of the special facilities shall be completed before the construction of the project or before the completion of old house removal. The duration of disruption of irrigation canals, drainage, communication lines and local roads will be minimized and scheduled to avoid production losses. Otherwise, affected people will be entitled to compensation for temporary losses.
416. The schedule of land acquisition and housing relocation is shown in the following table.
Table 12-63 Progress Schedule for Land Acquisition and Housing Relocation
Items Schedule A. Land Acquisition 1. Distribute the resettlement brochure 2004.4 2004.5 2. Publicize the compensation standard 2004.4 2004.5 3. Defining objects affected by the project 2004.6 4. Preparing for and conducting the detailed measurement survey 2004.6 2004.7
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Items Schedule 5. Publicize the survey results and notification of affected people 2004.7 2004.8 6. Consultation and determination of compensation amounts 2004.8 2004.9 7. Payment of Land Compensation 2004.9 2004.12 8. Go through formalities of land requisition and use of land 2004.9 2004.10 B. Production Restoration 1. Compile the detailed village group rehabilitation plans, and consult with 2004.10 2005.4 the town, village and affected people 2. Land reclamation 2004.11 2006.1 C. Houses Relocation 1. Identify the impacted Scope 2004.6 2. Distribute the resettlement brochure 2004.4 2004.5 3. Publicize the compensation standard 2004.4 2004.5 4. Conduct household inventory of affected assets 2004.6 2004.7 5. Publicize the survey results and notification of affected people 2004.7 2004.8 6. Sign compensation agreement for houses relocation after consultation with 2004.7 2004.8 the relevant towns, villages and households 7. Choose the new house plot 2004.8 2004.9 8. Land requisition of the new house plot 2004.8 2004.9 9. Payment compensation fees 2004.7 2004.9 10. Level the new house plot 2004.9 2004.10 11. Built new houses 2004.9 2004.11 12. Removal into the new house Before 2005.2 13. Demolish the old houses Before 2005.2 D.Restoration of Special Facilities Before 2005.5
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VIII. Resettlement Organizations
A. Structure Frame
417. The structure frame is referred to the resettlement organization in charge of resettlement, there usually two kinds of them: the governmental organization and non-governmental organization (for example the private organizations or resettlement committee of affected people etc.). The resettlement organizations are important structure frames to insure that resettlement planning, managing and implement the compensation and resettlement, restoring income and rebuilding. The organization Structure is shown in Table 9-1.
1. Organization for planning, managing, and implementing