Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
AR. Stonewall Riots | Undergraduate Library Blog - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 17 July 2017, publish.illinois.edu/undergradlibrary/tag/stonewall-riots/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2020. This
journal provided us numerous news articles that were issued after the Stonewall Riots. In
addition to providing detailed descriptions of the Stonewall Riots, it explained the first
PRIDE movements in the United States.
Clancy, Michael. “Bob Kohler, Gay Rights Pioneer, 1926-2007 | The Village Voice.”
Www.Villagevoice.Com, 6 Dec. 2007, www.villagevoice.com/2007/12/06/bob-kohler-gay-rights-pioneer-1926-2007/. Accessed
11 Mar. 2020. This article provides a description of Bob Kohler, a gay rights pioneer in the late 20th century. From reading this article, we decided to research important gay
rights activists of different centuries. We were able to expand our research and deepen
our knowledge of gay activists.
Columbia University. “Stonewall 25: Cases 1-2.” Columbia.Edu, 2011, www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/case1.html. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020. This journal, provided by Columbia University, gave us the greatest amount of
primary sources. Ranging from newspaper excerpts to movie posters of the late 20th
century, this journal helped us understand the public’s immediate response to the first
Stonewall Riots.
Encyclopedia, Andrew. Stonewall Riots. This document contains a description of Stonewall in 1969. It goes on to explain how it views the progression of events after Stonewall, and its
perspective on the effects of the riots.
Fitzsimons, Tim. “#Pride50: Veteran of the Stonewall Uprising Raymond Castro.” NBC News, 3 June 2019,
www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pride50-raymond-castro-veteran-stonewall-uprising-
n1006776. Accessed 4 May 2020. This website introduced us to one of the most
significant veterans of the Stonewall Riots: Raymond Castro. From providing us quotes
from Castro to describing his life following Stonewall, this article helped us understand
the story of an important Stonewall hero other than Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera.
Forum, Black Gay & Lesbian Leadership. “[Press Release: Black Leaders Meet Discuss
Lesbian/Gay Issues].” The Portal to Texas History, 17 Nov. 1990, texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc916496/. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. This website provided us a valuable primary resource: a press release announcing the results of a meeting of black leaders around the country to discuss placing black lesbian/gay concerns
on the agendas of major black civil rights groups. From this, we were able to further
understand the colored LGBTQ+ members’ impacts on the gay community.
Harrity, Christopher. “10 Iconic Photos of LGBTQ History From Getty Images.”
Www.Advocate.Com, 17 June 2019, www.advocate.com/photography/2019/6/17/10-iconic-photos-lgbtq-history-getty-images
#media-gallery-media-6. Accessed 1 Mar. 2020. This website gave us ten important photographs of the gay rights movement. These photographs exemplified the LGBTQ+
members’ persistent fight for change and acceptance. Through these images, we were
able to visualize the gay activists’ struggle for equality.
Hegarty, Siobhan. “From Electroshocks to Religious ‘Cure Camps’: Survivors Share Reality of
Gay Conversion Therapy.” ABC News, 20 Apr. 2018, www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-21/gay-conversion-therapy-survivors-on-greg-hunt-comm
ents/9679416. Accessed 13 Feb. 2020. This news article gave firsthand accounts of
people who had received electric compulsive therapy. Survivors gave detailed accounts
of how doctors wanted to cure homosexuality in the late 1900s. This often included brutal
and inhumane methods that gave us an intimate understanding of the horrors many gay
people faced, and in some cases, still face today.
Klyn, Andrea. “LibGuides: EDUC 298: Using Primary Sources to Teach for Social Justice:
Primary Sources.” Research.Pugetsound.Edu, 23 July 2019, research.pugetsound.edu/ED298. Accessed 17 Mar. 2020. From this website, we acquired an image of the Stonewall Riot button that the gay activists used while advocating for gay
liberation. This button showed the gay activists’ efforts to come together to fight against
social barriers.
---. “Pride, Activist Groups, the Gay Press and More Take Form in Wake of Stonewall Riots.”
Research.Pugetsound.Edu, 26 June 2019, www.washingtonblade.com/2019/06/26/pride-activist-groups-the-gay-press-and-more-ta
ke-form-in-wake-of-stonewall-riots/. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. This article contains sources that describe the relationship between gay activists and the public’s fear of homosexuals.
They depict the belief that homosexuals had mental illnesses and AIDS, and show how
members of the LGBTQ+ community were isolated within the city and were left to live
with their “illnesses.”
“[Letter from Don Baker to Lori Palmer Regarding Gay Rights and Activism].” The Portal to Texas History, 28 July 2017, texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc947550/. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. This website gave us a typed letter between two gay activists of the late
20th century. From reading this primary source, we were able to understand how
LGBTQ+ community members thought of their lack of rights. Don Baker expressed strong opposition to the public newspapers’ reactions to the riots and insisted Lori Palmer
to join the movement for change.
Mccormick, Joseph. “Would You Be Able to ‘Spot a Homo’ Using This 1962 Newspaper
Column?” PinkNews - Gay News, Reviews and Comment from the World’s Most Read Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans News Service, 23 Jan. 2016, www.pinknews.co.uk/2016/01/23/would-you-be-able-to-spot-a-homo-using-this-1962-ne
wspaper-column/. Accessed 7 May 2020. This website gave us the news article that
explains how to distinguish a homosexual from a “normal” person. By reading this article
and the newspaper, we were able to understand the extreme discrimination that the
homosexuals faced before the Stonewall Riots.
Out History. “Complaint Report Against People (Thomas Staton) by Officer Gail Lynch ·
OutHistory: It’s About Time.” Www.Outhistory.Org, www.outhistory.org/exhibits/show/stonewall-riot-police-reports/item/9. Accessed 2 Mar.
2020. This website gave us one of the police reports that was issued at the Stonewall
Riots. This police report allowed us to understand the violence that resulted from the
riots. The police arrested any gay people who were acting against the police.
---. “Report 1: Against David Van Ronk · Stonewall Riot Police Reports · OutHistory: It’s About
Time.” Www.Outhistory.Org, www.outhistory.org/exhibits/show/stonewall-riot-police-reports/contents/report-1.
Accessed 1 Mar. 2020. This website provided us one of the police reports from the Stonewall Riots. The police had arrested David Van Ronk for rioting at the Stonewall
Riots.
“The Stonewall Riots.” The Stonewall Riots, thestonewallinn.weebly.com/quotes.html. Accessed 1 May 2020. This website provided us many quotes from Stonewall veterans. From
analyzing the cause and effects of Stonewall to listing the key gay leaders of the riots,
this website gave an overview of the impacts of the Stonewall Riots. The quotes from this
website gave us first-hand insights into the night that changed history forever.
Timalderman. “Gay History: How To Spot A Possible Homo!” Timalderman, 28 Jan. 2016, timalderman.com/2016/01/28/gay-history-how-to-spot-a-possible-homo/. Accessed 10
May 2020. This website provided us a poster that gives instructions on how to distinguish
a homosexual from a “normal” individual. This article also highlighted the specific
clothing, food, and drink that homosexuals tend to wear and drink. From reading this
article, we were able to understand the different ways people thought of homosexuals
before the Stonewall Riots.
University of Washington. “Page 1.” Oclc.Org, 2019, cdm16786.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/pioneerlife/id/26027. Accessed 2 Mar.
2020. This website provided us the primary Gay Liberation Front document that was published in 1970. Through this primary resource, we were able to more fully understand the GLF’s purpose, program actions, and their political statement. It also gave us helpful
insight into the mindsets of the members of the organisation at the time.
Williams, Marianne. “Research Guides: LGBTQ+ Histories: LGBTQ+ Open Access Archives.”
Uark.Libguides.Com, 11 Feb. 2020, uark.libguides.com/lgbtq-histories/open-access-archives. Accessed 1 Mar. 2020. From
this website, we used the Stonewall Inn’s wall photograph. From this website, we used the Stonewall Inn’s wall photograph. This primary source was an image of the Stonewall
Inn following the primary riots that took place there. Gay activists had written across the
inn, publicly insisting for recognition and change. This gave us an interesting view into
the boldness of the people of Stonewall.
Wolfe, Shira. “10 Exhibitions Celebrating the Stonewall Riots.” Artland Magazine, 8 July 2019, magazine.artland.com/10-exhibitions-celebrating-stonewall-riots/. Accessed 20 Mar.
2020. This website provides 10 art exhibitions that celebrate the Stonewall Riots in our
present day. The art pieces that were presented on this website emphasized the
significance of the gay liberation movement and portrayed homosexuals as aesthetic and
beautiful individuals. It was interesting to look at art pieces that connected the American
people to the Stonewall Riots.
Secondary Sources
Ali, David Oliver and Rasha. “Why We Owe Pride to Black Transgender Women Who Threw
Bricks at Cops.” USA TODAY, 29 June 2019, www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2019/06/24/pride-month-black-transgender-wo
men-stonewall-marsha-p-johnson/1478200001/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2020. This article gives a recent incident in which a black transgender woman was killed for her sexual
orientation as modern context for a story about the life or Marsha P. Johnson. In addition
to describing the incident’s unjust circumstances, this article explains Johnson’s impact in
the gay community and society as a whole. Through this article, we were able to gain
insight into the current social tensions that exist for gay communities within the United
States.
Altman, Lawrence K. “Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals.” Theatlantic.Com, 2020, cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/img/posts/2014/02/RareCancer/97d49d6cb.jpg.
Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This digital publication of an old newspaper clip shows a
description of a “new cancer” that rapidly killed many people in the LGBTQ+
community. It is likely that this was referring to AIDS. This image helped us realize how
harshly homosexuality was perceived amongst doctors.
American Experience. “Why Did the Mafia Own the Bar? | American Experience | PBS.”
Pbs.Org, 2 Mar. 2019, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-why-did-mafia-own-bar/.
Accessed 15 Mar. 2020. This news article describes the reason why gay bars were owned
by the Mafia in the late 19th century. It provided great background information of the
significance of gay bars in New York and helped us understand the Stonewall Inn’s
popularity. We were surprised to find that numerous gay bars were owned by the Mafia
and were open to constant police raids.
Arnold, Nick. “7 People Who Changed LGBT History.” BBC Three, 23 Jan. 2018, www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/1f4c71a6-1359-4241-9f91-7b0a1b5ac9a0. Accessed 14
Mar. 2020. This news article gave us a wide variety of colored gay activists that forever changed the LGBTQ+ movement in history. Even though we had been exposed to many
important white gay activists, we were not as familiar with colored gay activists. From
reading this article, we were able to learn about gay activists such as Magnus Hirschfeld,
Audre Lord, and Bayard Rustin.
Aron, Nina Renata. “Lesbians Battled for Their Place in 1960s Feminism.” Medium, 20 Jan. 2017, timeline.com/lesbians-battled-for-their-place-in-1960s-feminism-25082853be90.
Accessed 10 Feb. 2020. This website provides the Lavender Menace’s role after the
Stonewall Riot. It details the women’s liberation movement and how lesbians fought for
their rights within the gay community. This article also articulates the social changes that
occurred following the Stonewall Riots.
Baldwin, Ian M. “Rethinking the ‘Era of Limits’: Equitable Housing and Gay Liberation, and the
Opening of the American Family.” KCET, 14 Nov. 2017, www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/rethinking-the-era-of-limits-equitable-housing-gay-liberation
-and-the-opening-of-the. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This article describes the LGBTQ+ rights situation in LA in the 1970s, providing interesting insight into the city at a crucial
time in gay history. In addition to describing the communities homosexuals lived in, this
article also explains the significance of gay bars, which helped us more fully understand
the context of the Stonewall Inn and its successors.
Biography.com Editors. “Marsha P. Johnson.” Biography, A&E Television Networks, 14 Dec. 2017, www.biography.com/activist/marsha-p-johnson. This website provides a detailed
description of Marsha P. Johnson’s life as a transgender activist. From this article, we
were able to understand Marsha P. Johnson’s role in the Stonewall Riots and the
transgender community. This article was the first article we read of Marsha P. Johnson
and it helped us broaden our research to important LGBTQ+ leaders of the Stonewall
Riots.
---. “Sylvia Rivera.” Biography, A&E Television Networks, 4 June 2019, www.biography.com/activist/sylvia-rivera. Accessed 13 Feb. 2020. This website provides
a detailed description of Sylvia Rivera’s life as a transgender activist. By describing her
life before the Stonewall Riots as well as her impact on the LGBTQ+ community as a
whole, this article helped us understand Sylvia Rivera’s call for equality and acceptance. It also highlighted Rivera’s relationship with Marsha P. Johnson, helping us understand
their collective role in the LGBTQ+ community.
Brockell, Gillian. “How the Homophobic Media Covered the 1969 Stonewall Uprising.”
Washington Post, 8 June 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/06/08/how-homophobic-media-covered-stonewa
ll-uprising/. Accessed 4 Mar. 2020. This Washington Post article gives a detailed account
of the coverup around the Stonewall Riots. From analyzing the different approaches
newspaper companies took to inform the public of the gay riots to providing notable
journalists’ reactions to the riots, this article helped us better understand both how the
media reacted to the events in Greenwich Village and how they wanted others to react to
them.
Brockell, Gillian. “The Transgender Women at Stonewall Were Pushed out of the Gay Rights
Movement. Now They Are Getting a Statue in New York.” The Washington Post, 12 June 2019,
www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/06/12/transgender-women-heart-stonewall-riots-
are-getting-statue-new-york/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This article describes Sylvia Rivera
and Marsha P. Johnson’s impact in the LGBTQ+ community as colored transgender
activists. This source helped us understand the role of transgender people in the gay
liberation movement and how colored LGBTQ+ people were initially excluded from pride movements. In reading this article, we were prompted to expand our research to
significant colored LGBTQ+ members throughout the century.
Bronski, Michael. “Queers Against Hate.” Boston Review, 24 June 2016, bostonreview.net/books-ideas/michael-bronski-faderman-downs-shepard-gay-liberation.
Accessed 8 Feb. 2020. This article provides detailed descriptions of the Gay Liberation
Front and their story following the Stonewall Riot. First hand accounts of the members of
the Gay Liberation Front were also included in the article. The significance of the
Stonewall Riots and its role in creating the Gay Liberation Front was highlighted
throughout this article.
CBS News. “Stonewall Inn’s March from Illicit Dive to National Monument.”
Www.Cbsnews.Com, 29 June 2019, www.cbsnews.com/news/stonewall-inns-march-from-illicit-dive-bar-to-national-monume
nt/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2020. In addition to providing numerous videos that reflect the
significance of PRIDE marches in our society today, this article emphasizes the
Stonewall Inn’s role in the gay community. It also describes the Stonewall Inn’s journey
into becoming a national monument.
---. “Stonewall Riots 50th Anniversary: ‘We Will Be out, Loud, and Proud, and in Your Face.’”
Www.Cbsnews.Com, 28 June 2019, www.cbsnews.com/news/stonewall-riots-50th-anniversary-we-will-be-out-loud-and-prou d-and-in-your-face/. Accessed 29 Jan. 2020. This news article gave a description of the
NYPD’s apology to the LGBTQ+ community, commemorating the 50th anniversary of
the Stonewall Riots. This resource helped us understand New York’s transformation
since the first riots and the public’s movements towards accepting the gay community. It
also described President Obama’s role in helpming push forward the idea of providing
social and legal equality to the gay community.
Charmani, Agape. “24 Powerful Photos from Pride Parades in 1970s San Fransisco.” Art-Sheep, 23 Oct. 2019, art-sheep.com/24-powerful-photos-from-pride-parades/. Accessed 24 Feb.
2020. This website contains 24 pictures taken at pride parades. These pictures depict people celebrating themselves and those around them with pride. From these images, we
were able to understand the significance of the first Pride Parades and their lasting
impacts on the gay community, as well as more fully grasp the emotional feel of big-city
Pride events.
Colvile, Robert. “The Man Who Fried Gay People’s Brains.” The Independent, 6 July 2016, www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/the-man-who-fried-ga
y-people-s-brains-a7119181.html. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020. This article describes Dr.
Robert Heath’s attempts to use electric compulsive therapy to “cure” men from
homosexuality. From this article, we were able to understand the prevalent thoughts
doctors had of the LGBTQ+ community and their misconceptions of curing
homosexuality, as well as the barbarity of their methods.
Daniari, Serena. “50 Years after Stonewall, What Does Pride Mean Today?” CNN, 1 July 2019, www.cnn.com/style/article/stonewall-what-does-pride-mean-in-2019/index.html.
Accessed 4 Nov. 2019. The author of this article describes the events of Stonewall from a
historical perspective. She also describes how Stonewall affected the gay rights
movement moving forward. This article emphasized the lasting impacts the Stonewall
Riots brought to the gay community and society as a whole. The author described how
Stonewall began to change people’s perspective of homosexuals and their sexual
orientation.
Eastmond, Dean. “I Was at the Stonewall Riots — This Is What It Was REALLY Like.” Teen Vogue, 27 June 2017, www.teenvogue.com/story/what-it-was-like-night-of-stonewall-riots. Accessed 14 Mar.
2020. This website provides an interview with Scott G. Brown, one of the oldest
survivors of the Stonewall Riots. In addition to describing the riots in detail, Scott
explained the significant gay movements that resulted from Stonewall. The article
included introductions of Marsha P. Johnson, the Gay Liberation Front, and Stormé
DeLarverie.
Editors of American Experience. “Who Was at Stonewall? | American Experience | PBS.”
Www.Pbs.Org, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-participants/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2020. This article provides numerous firsthand accounts from the Stonewall Riots. By combining 15 different interviews with Stonewall veterans, this
article gives first-hand accounts of the Stonewall Riots’ violence and significance in the
gay community. Reading direct quotes from Stonewall Riot veterans, this article gave us
a true insight into the night that changed the gay community forever. The veterans gave
detailed descriptions of the violence the police posed on the gay people and how the
Stonewall Riots progressed all across New York City.
Emanuella Grinberg, CNN. “Modern History: Civil Rights after Stonewall.” CNN, 28 June 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/06/28/us/1969-stonewall-riots-history/index.html. This article describes how the Stonewall riots inspired modern pride parades, as well as how it
affected young gays. It details the origins of modern pride, the emotional resonance of
them, and how central they are to many LGBTQ+ communities.
Emma Sarran Webster. “20 Historic Moments in the Fight for LGBTQ Rights.” Teen Vogue, Teen Vogue, 3 June 2019,
www.teenvogue.com/story/lgbt-equality-key-moments-timeline. Accessed 14 Feb. 2020.
This website provides a timeline of the 20 most significant moments in LGBTQ+ history.
From reading this article, we were able to understand the great impacts the Stonewall
Riots brought to the gay community. We were surprised to find significant information of
the recent gay laws that were passed in the 21st century. This article exposed us to the
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” movement and the Equality Act.
Feather, Stuart. “A Brief History of the Gay Liberation Front, 1970-73.” Libcom.Org, 21 Nov. 2007, libcom.org/library/brief-history-gay-liberation-front-1970-73. Accessed 16 Feb.
2020. This website provides a brief historical description of the Gay Liberation Front in
the United Kingdom. In addition to describing the Stonewall Riots’ events, this article
provided an explanation of how Stonewall impacted the gay communities in the United
Kingdom. This gave us international perspectives and effects on and of the riots at
Stonewall.
Ford, Matt. “A Controversial Therapy Law in Tennessee.” The Atlantic, 27 Apr. 2016, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/tennessee-haslam-counseling-law/480270/
. Accessed 1 Mar. 2020. This news article provides a description of a controversial
therapy law that was passed in Tennessee regarding therapists ability to turn away
patients based on the practitioners’ principles of homosexuality. This move was highly
criticized by gay communities and professional organizations as the law seemed to
discriminate against members of the LGBTQ+ community. Through this article, we were
able to realize the social discrimination that continues to challenge gay communities
today.
Geoghegan, Tom. “Stonewall: A Riot That Changed Millions of Lives.” BBC News, 17 June 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48643756. Accessed 10 Feb. 2020. This
article provides detailed descriptions of the Stonewall Riots and their present day
impacts. It also describes the Stonewall Inn’s significance during the riots.
Gilligan, Heather. “Sylvia Rivera Threw One of the First Bottles in the Stonewall Riots, but Her
Activism Went Much….” Medium, Timeline, 16 Mar. 2017, timeline.com/sylvia-rivera-threw-one-of-the-first-bottles-in-the-stonewall-riots-but-her-a
ctivism-went-much-4bb0d33b9a2c. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. This website told Sylvia
Rivera’s story as one of the key gay activists of the Stonewall Riots. From describing
Rivera’s childhood to her life before Stonewall, this article provided a general timeline of
Rivera’s entire life. As a colored transgender activist, Rivera worked aside Marsha P.
Johnson to break the prejudice that existed around the LGBTQ+ community.
Gold, Michael. “Stonewall Riot Apology: Police Actions Were ‘Wrong,’ Commissioner
Admits.” The New York Times, 6 June 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/06/nyregion/stonewall-riots-nypd.html. Accessed 9 Feb.
2020. In addition to explaining the police’s violence during the Stonewall Riots, this
article described the New York Police Department’s apology for their actions during the
Stonewall Riots. This gave us a view into the police both during the time of Stonewall
and during current times. It helped us understand the complicated situation of the police
department, and the ways in which it has tried to mend its relations with the gay
community.
Harpaz, Beth J. “On the 50th Anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, Where to Celebrate Pride
across the U.S.” Chicagotribune.Com, 29 May 2019, www.chicagotribune.com/travel/sc-trav-where-to-celebrate-pride-0528-story.html.
Accessed 1 Mar. 2020. This news article highlighted the various locations that celebrated
the gay rights movement. From describing all the states that conduct PRIDE marches to
providing a list of foreign countries that celebrate PRIDE, this article informed us the
long-term impacts the Stonewall Riots brought to the LGBTQ+ community.
Haynes, Suyin. “Transgender Activists at the Center of Stonewall Riots Will Be Honored With
New York Monument.” Time, 30 May 2019, time.com/5598110/sylvia-rivera-marsha-johnson-monument-stonewall/. Accessed 24
Feb. 2020. This article describes the transgender activists’ role in the innitiation of the
Stonewall Riots, as well as the events that played out over the following days. It goes on
to describe the new monument that was created to honor and remember Sylvia Rivera and
Marsha P. Johnson in New York City. This showed us a glimpse of a society coming to
terms with its past errors and hoping to better itself.
History.com Editors. “Red Scare.” HISTORY, 13 Sept. 2018, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/red-scare. This article describes the broad events of the Red Scare, but more relevantly, it describes how the LGBTQ+ community was often
used as a scapegoat, depicting America’s revolting discrimination and the speed at which
many officials moved to throw gay Americans under the bus of political convenience.
---. “Stonewall Riots.” HISTORY, 21 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots. This source describes the raids on gay bars and their effect on the gay communities of New York. It also gives a brief
overview of the Stonewall riots themselves. In both of these descriptions, it provides
interesting and helpful context for the riots, as well as the events that came after them.
History.com Editors. “7 Surprising Facts About the Stonewall Riots and the Fight for LGBT
Rights.” HISTORY, 28 June 2019, www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-facts-gay-rights-lgbt. Accessed 7 Mar. 2020.
This website provides seven facts of the Stonewall Riots that are mostly unknown to the
public. From this article, we were able to learn more about the Mafia’s complex
relationship with gay bars in the late 20th century, as well as the pink triangles the
homosexuals were expected to wear at concentration camps during World War II, which
is the kind of helpful randomness that is so very on-brand for History.com.
Holland, Brynn. “How Activists Plotted the First Gay Pride Parades.” HISTORY, 30 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/news/how-activists-plotted-the-first-gay-pride-parades. Accessed 2
Mar. 2020. This website provides an in depth timeline of the gay activists journey to the
first PRIDE marches. By mentioning past presidents’ policies that embraced the
LGBTQ+ community, the article tied in the political situations the gay marches first
occurred in.
Human Rights Campaign. “In 1973, APA Removed Homosexuality From List of Mental
Illnesses | Human Rights Campaign.” Human Rights Campaign, 15 Dec. 2017, www.hrc.org/blog/flashbackfriday-today-in-1973-the-apa-removed-homosexuality-from-
list-of-me. Accessed 13 Feb. 2020. This news article describes the APA’s removal of
homosexuality as a mental illness. This declaration helped shift public opinion, marking a
major milestone for LGBTQ equality. Throughout the late 20th century, doctor’s
misconception of homosexuality had resulted in unjust medical practices such as
conversion therapy.
Human Rights News. “Stonewall Riots: The Beginning of the LGBT Movement - The
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights.” The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, 22 June 2009, civilrights.org/2009/06/22/stonewall-riots-the-beginning-of-the-lgbt-movement/.
Accessed 2 Mar. 2020. This article gives an overview of the basic rights the Stonewall
Riots gave the people of the LGBTQ+ community. By providing a brief description of
the Stonewall Riots and the various rights the people fought for, we were able to further
understand the different barriers the riots broke in society.
Human Rights Watch. “United States: State Laws Threaten LGBT Equality.” Human Rights Watch, 19 Feb. 2018, www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/19/united-states-state-laws-threaten-lgbt-equality#.
Accessed 2 Mar. 2020. This website describes how the current laws do not provide social equality to the LGBTQ+ community. The article criticized how laws have failed to
balance moral and religious objections to LGBTQ relationships and identities with the
rights of LGBTQ members themselves.
“In The News | GHAP Archive.” Ghaparchive.Health.Columbia.Edu, 2019, ghaparchive.health.columbia.edu/content/news. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This is a description of the coverage of the HIV/AIDS epidemic found in Columbia University’s
school paper. It provides an impressive record of the paper’s involvement in the issue, as
well as a helpful view into the position of many students in the HIV/AIDS issue and how
they moved issues forward.
Jacobs, Julia. “Two Transgender Activists Are Getting a Monument in New York.” The New York Times, 30 May 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/05/29/arts/transgender-monument-stonewall.html. Accessed 1
Mar. 2020. This news article provides a description of the two key figures of the gay
liberation movement: Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson. Commemorating the
creation of a new monument for the two gay activists, this article highlighted the various
accomplishments these activists’ achieved during the late 20th century. Rivera and
Johnson were both drag performers and vibrant characters in Greenwich Village street
life who worked on behalf of homeless LGBTQ+ youth and those affected by
H.I.V./AIDS.
Katz, Joeli. “‘Ex-Gay’ Group NARTH Rebrands with Dangerous Mission.” GLAAD, 7 Aug. 2014, www.glaad.org/blog/ex-gay-group-narth-rebrands-dangerous-mission. Accessed 24
Feb. 2020. This article describes an organisation which seeks to promote conversion therapy. It goes on to illustrate the danger and threat of such organisations. In doing so, it
describes the perils many LGBTQ+ people- especially youths- face in the determination
by so many to “fix” them.
Laux, Cameron. “Stonewall Riots: A Beacon for People around the World?” Bbc.Com, 2019, www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190625-stonewall-riots-the-beacon-for-people-around-the-
world. Accessed 8 Feb. 2020. This website detailed how the LGBTQ+ community spread
across the country following the Stonewall Riots. In addition to describing the Stonewall
Riots, this article informed us about different gay movements outside the United States.
Lescaze, Zoë. “13 Artists Reflect on the Stonewall Riots.” The New York Times, 27 June 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/t-magazine/stonewall-artists.html. Accessed 13 Feb.
2020. Even though this article did not give us new information about the Stonewall Riots,
it gave us examples of artists’ reflections of the Stonewall Riots. Celebrating the
Stonewall Riots’ 50th anniversary, numerous artists had created sculptures and paintings
of the Stonewall Riots.
Maja, Huskydame. “Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity , Free Transparent Clipart -
ClipartKey.” Clipartkey.Com, www.clipartkey.com/view/hiRiTi_sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/. Accessed 1
May 2020. From this website, we used the clipart that shows the LGBTQ+ people in a
colorful caricature. This image depicted the different sectors of the LGBTQ+ community
in a creative and fun way.
Malloy, Allie. “White House Shines Rainbow Colors.” CNN, 27 June 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/06/26/politics/white-house-rainbow-marriage/index.html. This is a brief description of the events after the passing of the same-sex marriage laws under
President Obama, specifically, of the illuminating of the White House with rainbow
lighting. These events highlighted the hope for the future by so many, and the moves
being taken to drag society kicking and screaming into a state of acceptance.
Marcus, Eric. “Stonewall 50 – Episode 1 – Prelude to a Riot.” Making Gay History, Making Gay History, 6 June 2019,
makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-episode-1-prelude-to-a-riot/. Accessed 11
Mar. 2020. This website gave us the first episode of the Stonewall 50 podcasts from
Making Gay History. This episode introduced us to the United States in the late 1960s
and the public’s reaction to homosexuals. The social discrimination and limitations
homosexuals faced throughout the late 20th century resulted in increased resistance and
call for change.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Episode 2 – "Everything Clicked… And the Riot Was On”.” Making Gay History, 7 June 2019, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-episode-2-everything-clicked-and-the-riot-
was-on/. Accessed 13 Mar. 2020. In addition to providing the second episode of the
Stonewall Riots series, this website gave us numerous primary sources, such as images of
Stonewall Inn and Sylvia Rivera. The coming of the riots was described in detail and
through this episode, we were able to understand the causes of the Stonewall Riots.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Episode 3 – ‘Say It Loud! Gay & Proud!’” Making Gay History, 10 June 2019, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-episode-3-say-it-loud-gay-proud/.
Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. This website gave us important primary sources regarding the
gay activists’ reaction to the Stonewall Riots. From this episode, we were able to hear
interviews from significant gay activists such as Sylvia Rivera and Charles Pitts.
Numerous news articles and photographs from the riots were available for us in this
website.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Episode 4 – Live from Stonewall.” Making Gay History, 13 June 2019, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-episode-4-live-from-stonewall/. Accessed
31 Mar. 2020. This website provided the last episode of the Stonewall 50 podcasts from
Making Gay History. This episode described the lasting impacts of the Stonewall Riots
and the gay community’s continued struggle for social equality and acceptance. Within our society today, homosexuals are still bound to discrimination. Society has not opened
its arms to these individuals and their fight for change is continuous.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Minisode 1 – Marsha P. Johnson & Randy Wicker.” Making Gay History, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-minisode-1-marsha-p-johnson-randy-wicke
r/. Accessed 5 Mar. 2020. This website provided a mini podcast of Marsha P. Johnson
and Randy Wicker. Interviews of Marsha Johnson and Randy Wicker were included
within the website and by listening to these primary sources, we were able to understand
the police violence that had occurred at Stonewall Inn.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Minisode 2 – Morty Manford.” Making Gay History, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-minisode-2-morty-manford/. Accessed 7
Mar. 2020. This website provided us with the second mini episode of the Stonewall 50
podcasts. This podcast described one of the gay activists that are less well known: Morty
Manford. Eric Marcus’s interview with Morty displayed a gay students’ perspective of
the Stonewall Riots.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Minisode 3 – Barbara Gittings & Kay Lahusen.” Making Gay History, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-minisode-3-barbara-gittings-kay-lahusen/.
Accessed 10 Mar. 2020. This website provided the third mini episode of the Stonewall 50
podcasts and gave us an interview of two significant gay activists: Barbara Gittings & Kay Lahusen. The interview compared and contrasted Barbara and Kay’s lives before
and after the Stonewall Riots.
---. “Stonewall 50 – Minisode 4 – Craig Rodwell.” Making Gay History, makinggayhistory.com/podcast/stonewall-50-minisode-4-craig-rodwell/. Accessed 13
Mar. 2020. This website provided the fourth mini episode of the Stonewall 50 podcasts
and gave us an interview of Craig Rodwell. Craig, who was a college student when the
Stonewall Riots occurred, later on opened the first gay book store in the world. In his
interview, Craig described his fear of getting beaten or arrested by the police while
protesting for gay rights.
Maxouris, Christina. “Marsha P. Johnson: The Defender of Transgender Rights.” CNN, 26 June 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/us/marsha-p-johnson-biography/index.html. Accessed
15 Dec. 2019. This article was the first article we read of Marsha P. Johnson. From
reading this article, we were introduced to one of the central figures of the Stonewall
Riots and this allowed us to begin our research on colored gay activists of the late 20th
century. Marsha P. Johnson’s impact not only resonated within the LGBTQ+ community
but also broke the social barriers that existed for gay community members.
McHugh, Jess. “What It Was Like to Be an LGBTQ Activist Before Stonewall.” Time, 25 June 2019, time.com/longform/mattachine-society/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020. This article gave a
description of an interview with LGBTQ activist, Randolfe Wicker. From this article, we were able to understand Wicker’s life as an activist before and after the Stonewall Riots.
He also emphasized the impacts the Stonewall Riots brought on the LGBTQ community.
Napikoski, Linda. “Lavender Menace: The Phrase, the Group, the Controversy.” ThoughtCo, 1 Mar. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/lavender-menace-feminism-definition-3528970.
Accessed 2 Jan. 2020. This article provides a basic introduction of the Lavender Menace
and the group’s history following the Stonewall Riots. Through this article, we were first
exposed to the Lavender Menace and its impact in the lesbian community. We decided to
further research the Lavender Menace after reading this article.
National Park Service. “LGBTQ Heritage - Telling All Americans’ Stories (U.S. National Park
Service).” Nps.Gov, 2019, www.nps.gov/subjects/tellingallamericansstories/lgbtqheritage.htm. Accessed 21 Dec.
2019. As the official website of the National Park Services, this website told the
LGBTQ+ community’s story following the first Stonewall Riots. It also provided
descriptions of the Stonewall Inn and its importance in the gay community. Currently, the
Stonewall Inn is a national historic landmark.
New York Public Library. “NYPL, 1969.” Nypl.Org, 2009, web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/liberation.html. Accessed 27 Feb. 2020. This article
gave an in depth description of the Gay Liberation Front and its fight for gay rights.
Following the Stonewall Riots, the Gay Liberation Front became one of the central gay activist groups and empowered a new generation of gay activists. Increasing its number
every year, the GLF succeeded in enacting social change.
NYC Pride. “49 Years after Stonewall - Still on the March for Full Equality,” People’s World, 22 June 2018, www.peoplesworld.org/article/why-we-still-need-pride-marches/.
Accessed 7 Feb. 2020. This image shows a PRIDE march that occurred in New York
City in 2018. From this image, we were able to clearly find the diversity and equality
LGBTQ+ members had achieved from their courageous predecessors.
NYC Pride. “NYC Pride 2019 | WorldPride NYC | Stonewall50.” Nycpride.Org, NYC Pride 2019, June 2019, 2019-worldpride-stonewall50.nycpride.org/. Accessed 28 Feb. 2020. As
the official site of New York City’s PRIDE Marches, this website allowed us to explore
the PRIDE Marches’ historical background and impacts. This article also provided
detailed descriptions of recent PRIDE Marches within the United States.
O’Brien, Keegan. “What LGBTQ Life Was Like Before Stonewall.” Teen Vogue, 24 June 2019, www.teenvogue.com/story/lgbtq-life-activism-organizing-united-states-before-stonewall.
Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. This article informed us about the gay community’s place in
society before the Stonewall Riots. It outlined the societal responses from the end of
World War 2 to the late 1960s and provided different movements that happened from the
gay rights movement.
Out History. “Complaint Report Against People (Thomas Staton) by Officer Gail Lynch ·
OutHistory: It’s About Time.” Www.Outhistory.Org, www.outhistory.org/exhibits/show/stonewall-riot-police-reports/item/9. Accessed 2 Mar.
2020. This website gave us one of the police reports that was issued at the Stonewall
Riots. This police report allowed us to understand the violence that resulted from the
riots. The police arrested any gay people who were acting against the police.
PBS NewsHour. “What Stonewall Means to the People Who Were There.” PBS NewsHour, 26 June 2019,
www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-stonewall-means-to-the-people-who-were-there.
Accessed 8 Feb. 2020. This article provides transgender activists’ opinions of the
Stonewall Riots, as well as the protests’ impact on the gay community as a whole. It also
gave firsthand accounts of the Stonewall Riots’ veterans, which was very helpful in
gaining personal details about the riot.
Pruitt, Sarah. “What Happened at the Stonewall Riots? A Timeline of the 1969 Uprising.”
HISTORY, 28 June 2019, www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-timeline. Accessed 10 Feb. 2020. This website gave us an overview of the Stonewall Riots’ events and helped
us understand the riots’ big picture. As one of our most valuable sources, this website
gave us the chance to fully understand the Stonewall Riots’ causes and impacts.
Ramsey, Nick. “Drag’s ‘Power of Rebellion’ Is Keeping Stonewall Legacy Alive.” NBC News, 26 June 2019,
www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/drag-s-power-rebellion-keeping-stonewall-legacy-ali
ve-n1021751. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This article introduced us to drag queens’ role in
the Stonewall Riots and their impacts in the LGBTQ+ community. The article also gave
examples of current drag queens and their influences in the entertainment industry.
Rosen, Rebecca J. “The Atlantic.” The Atlantic, theatlantic, 26 Feb. 2014, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/a-glimpse-into-1970s-gay-activism/28407
7/. This article describes the period in gay history between Stonewall and the devastating
AIDS epidemic. It gives fascinating insight into the movement, as well as how it
changed.
Rossen, Jake. “8 Facts About the Stonewall Riots 50 Years Later.” Mentalfloss.Com, 28 May 2019, www.mentalfloss.com/article/583074/stonewall-riots-facts. Accessed 1 Mar. 2020.
This article highlights the Stonewall Riots’ impacts on the modern gay community and
provides interesting facts about the riots themselves. From reading this website, we were
also able to learn that the Stonewall Inn was initially owned by the Mafia.
Ryan, Erika. “Marsha P. Johnson: The Defender of Transgender Rights.” CNN, 27 June 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/us/most-influential-lgbtq-activists/index.html. Accessed 4
Mar. 2020. This news article provides information of the 6 most significant gay liberation activists that have allowed LGBTQ+ progress within the past century. From reading this
article, we were able to learn about Harvey Milk, Larry Kramer, and Billie King. Prior to
reading this news article, we were only knowledgeable of Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia
Rivera.
Ryan, Hugh. “How Dressing in Drag Was Labeled a Crime in the 20th Century.” HISTORY, 29 June 2019, www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-lgbtq-drag-three-article-rule.
Accessed 4 Mar. 2020. This historical website provides a description of the three-article
rule and the police violence that occurred during the late 20th century. LGBTQ+
members were subject to arrest if they were caught wearing inappropriate clothing and
from reading this article, we were able to understand the strict rules that followed gay
people’s daily lives.
Santana, Christian. “Historic New York Gay Bar Stonewall Inn Gains Landmark Status.”
MSNBC, 24 June 2015, www.msnbc.com/msnbc/historic-new-york-gay-bar-stonewall-inn-gains-landmark-status
#slide5. Accessed 5 Feb. 2020. This article gives an overview of the Stonewall Riots and
its impact in the gay community today. It also explains the Stonewall Inn’s recognition as
an individual landmark in New York.
Selby, Daniele. “15 LGBTQ Activists of the Past and Present You Should Know.” Global Citizen, 22 June 2018, www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/lgbtq-pride-activists-advocates-johnson-milk/.
Accessed 23 Feb. 2020. This news article allowed us to learn about significant gay
activists of the past and the present. Including descriptions of each activist, this article
helped us realize the impacts of the Stonewall Riots. It also informed us about the vibrant
gay community that is continuously working to create positive social change. From
reading this article, we were able to learn about gay activists such as Lena Waithe,
Alexya Salvador, and Alice Nkom.
Sibilla, Nick. “How Liquor Licenses Sparked the Stonewall Riots.” Reason.Com, 28 June 2015, reason.com/2015/06/28/how-liquor-licenses-sparked-stonewall/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2020.
This article provides a description of how significant of an impact liquor licenses played
in the causation of the Stonewall Riots. It described the police’s relationship with the
Stonewall Inn and the gays of the late 20th century. From reading this article, we were
able to realize the liquor licenses’ role in starting the first Stonewall Riots.
Sisson, Patrick. “How Gay Bars Have Been a Building Block of the LGBTQ Community.”
Curbed, Curbed, 17 June 2016, www.curbed.com/2016/6/17/11963066/gay-bar-history-stonewall-pulse-lgbtq. Accessed
20 Mar. 2020. Following the tragic gay bar shooting that occurred in 2016, this news
article brought attention to the importance of gay bars in LGBTQ+ history. Tracing the
creation of the first gay bars in New York, this news article described the significant roles
gay bars played for LGBTQ+ members. It also discusses the ways in which Stonewall acted as a safe haven for LGBTQ+ members, as it was the only gay bar that allowed
dancing in New York.
Staff of the Intelligence Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center. ‘Conversion Therapists,’ the Anti-LGBT Right, and the Demonization of Homosexuality. Southern Poverty Law Center, May 2016. This extensive report details the brutal inhumanity of conversion therapy. It describes both the misery of those subjected to it, as well as its frequency of
use. This was a reminder to us of some of the more hidden struggles we still face today. It
also provided us useful information on conversion therapy as a practice.
“Stonewall Veterans Talk About the Night That Changed The World - Stonewall: Profiles of
Pride.” YouTube, 9 June 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nFxpQG7nBQ&t=90s. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This video is an interview of people present at the events of
Stonewall. Each of them describes the riots and how they affected them, as well as
society as a whole.
Sunday News. “Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad,” Daily News, 7 June 2019, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-edit-stonewall-march-20190607-4gxquu2xnbgmhhvr
qi6agalrjq-story.html. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. From this website, we were able to read a
newspaper article that was released following the first Stonewall Riot. The newspaper
article described the LGBTQ+ members as insane bees that were attacking policemen. This helped show us the vitriol with which some members of society attacked the gay
community.
Sylvia Rivera Law Project. “Who Was Sylvia Rivera?” SRLP (Sylvia Rivera Law Project), 19 Feb. 2019, srlp.org/about/who-was-sylvia-rivera/. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. As the official
website of the Sylvia Rivera Law Project, this website gave us an insight of Rivera’s
lasting impact on the gay community. In addition to learning about Sylvia Rivera’s life as
a gay activist, the website also provided in detail descriptions of the programs that are set
to protect LGBTQ+ members’ rights in society.
Tensley, Brandon. “The Politics of the Gay Bar, 50 Years After Stonewall.” Pacific Standard, 28 June 2019, psmag.com/ideas/the-politics-of-the-gay-bar-50-years-after-stonewall.
Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This piece describes less history and more modern politics, showing what the current situation looks like for LGBTQ+ people. This gave us helpful
data on the current situation and how that was shaped by the events at and after
Stonewall.
“Unhappily Ever After: Queer Hauntings in 1960s British Cinema.” Transformation and Tradition in Sixties British Cinema, 24 Feb. 2016, 60sbritishcinema.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/unhappily-ever-after-queer-hauntings-in-19
60s-british-cinema/. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This article describes the emergence and depiction of queer people in British cinema, and the impact that had on the LGBTQ+ movement. This helped us better understand the ways in which gay people were depicted
in 20th century pop culture and media.
UN Human Rights. “UN Free & Equal: It’s Time.” YouTube, 28 Nov. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiAVrgL5dxo. Accessed 3 May 2020. This video shows the
United Nations’s message of banning discrimination against LGBTQ+ people. After
watching this video, we believed that the UN’s message of equality and liberty for
homosexuals clearly demonstrated the lasting issues that affect gay people in our society.
Vider, Stephen, and David S. Byers. “A Half-Century of Conflict Over Attempts to ‘Cure’ Gay
People.” Time, 12 Feb. 2015, time.com/3705745/history-therapy-hadden/. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020. This article contains an excerpt of a 1965 TIME magazine describing the
“good” that conversion therapy can do. That clip is followed by a modern article
describing the horrid widespreadness of this belief.
Walsh, Colleen. “Harvard Scholars Reflect on the History and Legacy of the Stonewall Riots.”
Harvard Gazette, Harvard Gazette, 27 June 2019, news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/06/harvard-scholars-reflect-on-the-history-and-lega
cy-of-the-stonewall-riots/. Accessed 8 Feb. 2020. This article gives academic minds a
place to discuss the effects Stonewall had on modern history. It helped us understand the
Stonewall Riots’ lasting legacy and how the gay rights movement spread across during the late 1960s. Through this article, we were able to gain a better understanding of the
Stonewall Riots.
Waxman, Olivia B, and Joey Lautrup. “Even People Who Were There Still Don’t Agree on How
Stonewall Started. Here’s What We Do Know.” Time, Time, 31 May 2019, time.com/5598363/stonewall-beginnings-history/. Accessed 19 Mar. 2020. This news
article introduced us to the controversial stories of the Stonewall Riots’ beginnings.
Despite the uncertainty that still remains around the cause of the riots, Stonewall Riot
veterans spoke of their personal experiences of being involved in the riots. This article
provided numerous interpretations of the Stonewall Riots and their impacts on the gay
community.
Worthen, Meredith. “Stonewall: The People, the Place, and the Lasting Significance of ‘Where
Pride Began.’” Biography, 19 June 2018, www.biography.com/news/stonewall-riots-history-leaders. Accessed 3 Feb. 2020. This
article describes the lasting significance of the Stonewall Riots and how they initiated the
Pride movements. It introduced the role of Marsha P. Johnson and how the Stonewall Inn
was declared a National Historic Landmark.
Yam, Kimberly. “At Orlando Vigils Nationwide, Mourners Sing 'We Shall Overcome’ In
Solidarity.” HuffPost, 13 June 2016, www.huffpost.com/entry/orlando-shooting-we-shall-overcome_n_575ec00fe4b00f97fba8 d5f5. Accessed 13 Mar. 2020. This article introduced us to a recent shooting at a gay bar
in Florida. The gay community came together to stand with the victims of the incident
and proudly showed their resistance to discrimination. By reading this article, we were
able to understand the discrimination and brutality gay communities encounter to this
day.
Yang, Allie. “‘Generation Woodstock’ Airs Tonight at 10/9c on ABC.” ABC News, 28 June 2019,
abcnews.go.com/US/lgbt-activists-remember-stonewall-riots-50-years-fighting/story?id=
63083481. In this article, Mark Segal recalls the Stonewall riots as he experienced them.
He describes the feeling at the beginning of the riots, and how he felt about the
movement as a whole.