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Eurocentrism, Modernity and Chinese Sociality : an Ethnographic Study of Everyday Socio-Cultural Life in New-Millennium China

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Eurocentrism, Modernity and Chinese Sociality : an Ethnographic Study of Everyday Socio-Cultural Life in New-Millennium China Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Theses & Dissertations Department of Cultural Studies 2014 Eurocentrism, modernity and Chinese sociality : an ethnographic study of everyday socio-cultural life in new-millennium China Tung Yi KHO Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kho, T. Y. (2014). Eurocentrism, modernity and Chinese sociality: An ethnographic study of everyday socio-cultural life in new-millennium China (Doctor's thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from http://commons.ln.edu.hk/cs_etd/22 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Cultural Studies at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. EUROCENTRISM, MODERNITY AND CHINESE SOCIALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EVERYDAY SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE IN NEW-MILLENNIUM CHINA KHO TUNG -YI PHD LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2014 EUROCENTRISM, MODERNITY AND CHINESE SOCIALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EVERYDAY SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE IN NEW-MILLENNIUM CHINA by KHO Tung-Yi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cultural Studies LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2014 ABSTRACT! ! EUROCENTRISM, MODERNITY AND CHINESE SOCIALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EVERYDAY SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE IN NEW-MILLENNIUM CHINA ! by! ! KHO Tung-Yi! ! Doctor of Philosophy! ! ! This dissertation seeks to contribute to our understanding of Eurocentrism, Modernity, and their impacts on traditional Chinese cultural formations. It is based on ethnographic research conducted in Shenzhen, South China and Qinghai, West China, and explores the !impacts of Chinese modernization on everyday forms of sociality. I conceive of Eurocentrism foremost as an Ontology, a mode-of-being grounded in a cosmology about the nature of reality and human being-and-becoming in the world. I argue that because Eurocentrism is an ontology predicated on materialism and individualism - “matter” being the basis of reality and the “individual”, the fundamental unit of society, respectively - it was able to manifest materially and to spread by way of coloniality. Its perpetuation was justified by two interrelated premises: that the West in being Modern was the avant-garde of progress and, concomitantly, that the history of the West should be the fate of all humanity. It is on the pretension of being Modernity’s progenitor, along with its corollary of the Modern being Universal, that Eurocentrism was materialized as an ontology throughout the globe. Because of Modernity’s historical imbrication with the West, one !cannot speak of Modernity without implicating Eurocentrism and vice versa. The ideologies of Euro-Modernity have permeated the Chinese social fabric since the colonial encounters of the 19th C. The depth of their penetration renders the desire for Modernity in China today ubiquitous: being modern is verily the mark of progress. But since the Modern is of Eurocentric provenance, involving a certain cultural ontology that was itself the result of a momentous religio-cultural revolution in the West, my research is animated by the following query: How and to what extent has the Eurocentrism implied in Chinese modernity transformed traditional forms of Chinese sociality? My research thus consists of an ethnographic study of contemporary Chinese cultural change, examining Modernity’s ! impact on the most fundamental aspects of Chinese culture today: its forms of sociality. ! My studies in Shenzhen and Qinghai reveal that while much of Chinese life has adopted the standard ideologies and practices of Modernity, rich socio-cultural practices of communality and kinship remain. These practices of sociality are a crucial cultural resource making possible the felicities of everyday Chinese living. They stabilize and sustain Chinese socio-cultural life as it is confronted by the de-culturing effects of Modernity. This insight is noteworthy since it challenges the ubiquitous faith that becoming Modern will yield a better life in some hoped-for future, mostly by material progress. Against this, my findings suggest that the “better” life in China is already attainable in the here-and-now, inhering not in greater material progress but in the nourishment of the relations that have traditionally bound kith and kin. Hence, life’s meaning does not reside in the domain of matter, as per the illusion of Modernity; it is found in the ineffable realm of moral economy and sociality: in the mutuality-of-our- being. This insight harbours potential, for if acted upon, offers up all peoples the possibility! of a human future beyond the monoculture of Modernism. ! ! ! ! ! ! DECLARATION! ! I declare that this is an original work based primarily on my own research, and I warrant that all citations of previous research, published or unpublished, have been duly acknowledged. ! ! ! ________________________________ !(KHO Tung-Yi) Date: CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL! OF THESIS EUROCENTRISM, MODERNITY AND CHINESE SOCIALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EVERYDAY SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE IN NEW-MILLENNIUM! CHINA by! KHO Tung-Yi! Doctor of Philosophy ! ! Panel of Examiners: ! ____________________________ （Chairman） ! Prof. YAU, Ching ! ! ____________________________ (External Member) ! Prof. MIGNOLO, Walter ! ! ____________________________ (Internal Member) ! Prof. LAU, Kin Chi ! ! ____________________________ （Internal Member) ! Prof. HUI, Po-keung ! Chief Supervisor : Prof. LAU, Kin Chi !Approved for the Senate : ! __________________________________________ Prof. Jesús SEADE Chairman, Postgraduate Studies! Committee ! __________________________________________ ! Date ! CONTENTS PROLOGUE ............................................................................................................... 1 I. BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................................... 1 II. JUSTIFICATION FOR RESEARCH ......................................................................................................... 7 III. IMPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH .......................................................................................................... 11 IV. PROPOSED RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND DISSERTATION LAYOUT ........................................................... 12 1 WHAT IS EUROCENTRISM? ...................................................................... 14 Some Forethoughts ........................................................................................... 14 II. WHY ‘EUROCENTRISM’? .............................................................................................................. 16 III. AN EXERCISE IN ‘ESSENTIALISM? .................................................................................................... 18 IV. AIMS OF PROJECT ....................................................................................................................... 20 V. THE CONTOURS OF EUROCENTRISM: FROM EPISTEMOLOGY TO ONTOLOGY ............................................ 21 2 THE ONTOLOGY OF EUROCENTRISM .................................................. 38 I. INTRODUCING THE ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 38 II. LIFE AND COSMOLOGY IN THE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES: ORGANICISM, GEMEINSCHAFT AND CHURCH CIVILISATION ....................................................................................................................................... 39 III. MODERN EPIPHANIES .................................................................................................................. 45 IV. PURITANISM AND MODERNITY ...................................................................................................... 54 V. EUROCENTRISM AND THE COGNATES OF MODERNITY ......................................................................... 56 VI. RE-VISITING THE QUESTION OF EUROCENTRIC HISTORY ...................................................................... 61 VII. CODA ................................................................................................................................. 65 3 TI-YONG AND THE ORIGINS AND NATURE OF CHINESE EUROCENTRISM ................................................................................................... 70 I. THE STORY UNTIL HERE… ............................................................................................................. 70 II. “TRADITIONAL” CHINA AND CHINESENESS: HISTORY, IDENTITY, RE-PRESENTATION .................................. 72 III. SINO-BRITISH CONTACT, WESTERN IMPERIALISM, CHINESE NATIONALISM ............................................. 78 IV. TI AND YONG: SPIRIT AND FUNCTION, OR “CHINESENESS AS ENDS, WESTERNIZATION AS MEANS” .............. 81 V. MEANS (YONG) BECOME ENDS (TI): THE CULTURAL ICONOCLASM OF MAY FOURTH ............................... 87 VI. A CASE STUDY: MEN’S FASHION AS MEANS AND ENDS, C.1890–1912 ............................................. 95 VII. TI-YONG: A CATALYST FOR CHINESE EUROCENTRISM? ...................................................................... 102 VIII. CODA: THE STRATIFIED NATURE
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