DOCSLIB.ORG

And Human-Type Telomere Repeats in Plants Using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridisation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
And Human-Type Telomere Repeats in Plants Using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridisation © 2011 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 76(3): 353–360 Survey of Arabidopsis- and Human-type Telomere Repeats in Plants Using Fluorescence in situ Hybridisation Fukashi Shibata† and Masahiro Hizume* Biological Institute, Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790–8577, Japan Received March 19, 2011, accepted June 1, 2011 Summary The nucleotide sequences of telomere repeats have been identified in many eukaryotes since Blackburn and Gall (1978), and these sequences are specific to the genus or higher taxonomic group. Wide vision telomere sequences are variable across eukaryotes. In plants, Arabidopsis-type telomere repeats (TTTAGGG)n are dominant, although human-type telomere repeats (TTAGGG)n have been reported in a few taxa. Recently, the evolution of these telomere repeats in plants has be- come the focus of many studies. In this report, the Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat and human-type telomere repeat were surveyed in 8 7 species of gymnosperms and angiosperms. In 1 gymnosperm species and 62 angiosperm species, fluorescence in situ hybridisation signals of both Arabidopsis- type and human-type telomere repeats were detected. Three gymnosperm species and 12 angiosperm species showed only signals of Arabidopsis-type telomere repeats. In 5 angiosperm species, only human-type telomere repeat signals were detected. The co-localisation of Arabidopsis- and human- type telomere repeats on chromosome ends in a wide range of plant species is a novel discovery that may elucidate the evolution of telomere repeats in plants. Key words Arabidopsis-type telomere repeats, FISH, Human-type telomere repeats, Plant chro- mosome. Eukaryotes possess numerous linear chromosomes, and the structure at the end of each chro- mosome, the telomere, is crucial in maintaining chromosome ends (Pryde et al. 1997, McKnight and Shippen 2004). Telomeres are constructed with telomere repeats, as well as specific proteins (Cech 2004), and are important in controlling chromosome positions in the nucleus (Naito et al. 1998, Riha et al. 2001, Bechard et al. 2009). Telomere repeats have been reported in many taxa. The human-type telomere repeat (TTAGGG)n is common in vertebrates (Meyne et al. 1989), and it has also been reported in some protozoa and fungi (Blackburn and Gall, 1978, Blackburn and Challoner, 1984, Schechtman, 1990). In plants, the telomere repeat (TTTAGGG)n was isolated in Arabidopsis (Richards and Ausubel 1988, Richards et al. 1992), and this Arabidopsis-type repeat has been re- ported in many angiosperms and gymnosperms (Ganal et al. 1991, Broun et al. 1992, Cox et al. 1993, Biessmann and Mason 1994, Fuchs et al. 1995, Wellinger and Sen 1997, Hizume et al. 1998, 2000, 2002). Allium cepa and A. fistulosum possess unique terminal repetitive sequences and/or rDNA se- quences in place of the typical telomere sequence (Pich et al. 1996, Pich and Schubert 1998), and the absence of Arabidopsis-type telomere repeats were reported in other Asparagales (Adams et al. 2000, 2001). Weiss and Scherthan (2002) reported human-type telomere repeats instead of Arabidopsis- type telomere repeats in Aloe chromosomes, while Sykorova et al. (2003) described the coexistence of Arabidopsis-type and human-type telomere repeats on chromosomes in some plant species. In this study, we investigated the distribution of human-type and Arabidopsis-type telomere repeats using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on the chromosomes of 87 plant species. † Present address: Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710–0046, Japan * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 354 F. Shibata and M. Hizume Cytologia 76(3) Materials and methods Plant materials and chromosome preparation Plants of 87 species in 81 genera purchased from commercial sources or collected in fields were used in this study, and planted in pots or seeded in petri dishes. Species names are listed in Table 1. The taxonomic treatment of order and family in Table 1 followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). Chromosome preparations of gymnosperm species were prepared as described by Hizume et al. (1999). For angiosperm plants, the root tips were collected for chromosomal analysis. The root tips were treated with 0.05% colchicine at 20°C for 2–4 h, fixed in a chilled mixture of ethanol–ace- tic acid (3 : 1) overnight, and then stored in a freezer. Fixed root tips were macerated in an enzyme solution containing 2% Cellulase Onozuka RS (Yakult) and 0.5% Pectolyase Y-23 (Seishin) in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5) at 37°C for 30–60 min. The meristematic cells were isolated and crushed in 45% acetic acid under a coverslip on a glass slide. The coverslips were removed by the dry-ice method followed by air-drying overnight. FISH procedures The Arabidopsis-type telomere sequence repeats and human-type telomere sequence repeats were amplified by PCR using (TTTAGGG)5 and (CCCTAAA)5 primers for Arabidopsis-type and (TTAGGG)5 and (CCCTAA)5 primers for human-type in the absence of template DNA (Ijodo et al. 1991, Cox et al. 1993). The amplified telomere repeats were labelled with biotin using the Biotin– Nick Translation Mix (Roche). The labelled DNA probe was dissolved in 50% formamide and 10% dextran sulfate in 2×SSC and used as a FISH probe solution. We used the FISH procedures de- scribed by Hizume et al. (1999). The chromosomal DNA on glass slides was denatured by immers- ing them into 70% formamide in 2×SSC at 76°C for 60 s. The hybridized probes on the chromo- somes were detected using Alexa Fluor® 488-labelled streptavidin (Invitrogen). The chromosomes were counterstained with 0.1 μg/ml 4.6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Epifluorescence micro- scope images of FISH chromosomes were recorded using a chilled charge-coupled device camera (Sensys 1400, Photometrics) and analysed using IPLab (Scanalytics). Results After FISH with probes for the Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat, 78 species classified in all of the 26 orders that were examined revealed FISH signals at the chromosome ends (Fig. 1). In gym- nosperms, all 4 species classified in 3 orders showed signals of Arabidopsis-type telomere repeats. In angiosperms, 9 species classified in the order Asparagales showed no Arabidopsis-type telomere signals (Table 1). When probed with human-type telomere repeats, 68 species classified in 21 orders showed sig- nals at each chromosome end (Fig. 2). In gymnosperms, only Cycas revoluta displayed human-type telomere signals. In angiosperms, 16 species in 12 orders (Asparagales, Asterales, Caryophyllales, Commelinales, Geraniales, Lamiales, Malvales, Ranunculales, Rosales, Saxifragales, Solanales, and Zingiberales) exhibited no human-type telomere signal (Table 1). 4 Allium species showed no signal in FISH with probes for both types of telomere repeats (Table 1). In 42 species, clear differences in signal intensity were observed between the 2 probes (Table 1). 12 species in the order Asparagales displayed stronger signals when probed with human-type telomere repeats. 8 species (Cycas revoluta, Pinus densiflora, Hyacinthus orientalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum, Tricyrtis hirta, Ranunculus muricatus, and Solanum tuberosum) 2011 FISH Survey of Telomere Repeats in Plants 355 Table 1. FISH results of 87 species probed with Arabidopsis-type (TTTAGGG)n or human-type (TTAGGG)n telomere repeats. d: signals were detected at chromosome ends. nd: no signal. d/i: signals were detected at chromosome end and interstitial or proximal regions FISH Results Order Family Genus Species Arabidopsis-type Human-type Inequality (TTTAGGG)n (TTAGGG)n Gymnosperms Cycads Cycadaceae Cycas revoluta d/i Fig. 2 A > d/i Fig. 3 A Ginkgoaceae Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba d Fig. 2 B nd Pinales Pinaceae Abies alba d Fig. 2 C nd Pinales Pinaceae Pinus densiflora d/i Fig. 2 D nd Angiosperms Alismatales Araceae Epipremnum aureum d Fig. 2 E > d Fig. 3 B Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae Egeria densa d Fig. 2 F d Fig. 3 C Apiales Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum d Fig. 2 G > d Fig. 3 D Arecales Arecaceae Chamaedorea elegans d Fig. 2 H > d Fig. 3 E Asparagales Agapanthaceae Agapanthus africanus d Fig. 2 I < d Fig. 3 F Asparagales Agavaceae Chlorophytum comosum nd d Fig. 3 G Asparagales Alliaceae Allium cepa nd nd Asparagales Alliaceae Allium tuberosum nd nd Asparagales Alliaceae Allium sativum nd nd Asparagales Alliaceae Allium chinense nd nd Asparagales Alliaceae Tristagma uniflorum nd d Fig. 3 H Asparagales Amaryllidaceae Narcissus triandrus d Fig. 2 J < d Fig. 3 I Asparagales Asparagaceae Asparagus sprengeri d Fig. 2 K d Fig. 3 J Asparagales Asphodelaceae Bulbine frutescens d Fig. 2 L d Fig. 3 K Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Hyacinthoides hispaniaca d Fig. 2 M d Fig. 3 L Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Hyacinthus orientalis d/i Fig. 2 N < d/i Fig. 3 M Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Muscari neglectum d Fig. 2 O < d Fig. 3 N Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum virens d Fig. 2 P d Fig. 3 O Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum nutans d Fig. 2 Q < d Fig. 3 P Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum umbellatum d Fig. 2 R < d Fig. 3 Q Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum dubium d Fig. 2 S < d Fig. 3 R Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Puschkinia scilloides var. d Fig. 2 T < d Fig. 3 S libanotica Asparagales Hyacinthaceae Scilla scilliodes d Fig. 2 U < d Fig. 3 T Asparagales Iridaceae Babiana stricta nd d Fig. 3 U Asparagales Iridaceae Crocus chrysanthus d Fig. 2 V < d Fig. 3 V Asparag ales Iridaceae Freesia refracta nd d Fig. 3 W Asparagales Iridaceae Iris sanguinea nd d Fig. 3 X Asparagales Ixioliriaceae Ixiolirion tataricum d Fig. 2 W > d Fig. 3 Y Asparagales Orchidaceae Bletilla striata d Fig. 2 X > d Fig. 3 Z Asparagales Ruscaceae Aspidistra elatior d Fig. 2 Y d Fig. 3 AA Asparagales Ruscaceae Ophiopogon japonicus d Fig. 2 Z < d Fig. 3 AB Asparagales Ruscaceae Reineckea carnea d Fig. 2 AA < d Fig. 3 AC Asterales Asteraceae Chrysanthemums coronarium d Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Using Beautiful Flowering Bulbous (Geophytes) Plants in the Cemetery Gardens in the City of Tokat
    J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, Vol. 11(2): 216-222 (2016) Using Beautiful Flowering Bulbous (Geophytes) Plants in the Cemetery Gardens in the City of Tokat Kübra Yazici∗, Hasan Köse2, Bahriye Gülgün3 1Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 60100, Taşlıçiftlik, Tokat, Turkey; 2 Celal Bayar University Alaşehir Vocational School Alaşehir; Manisa; 3Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY, Received March 25, 2016; Accepted June 12, 2016 Abstract: The importance of public green areas in urban environment, which is a sign of living standards and civilization, increase steadily. Because of the green areas they exhibit and their spiritual atmosphere, graveyards have importance. With increasing urbanization come the important duties of municipalities to arrange and maintain cemeteries. In recent years, organizations independent from municipalities have become interested in cemetery paysage. This situation has made cemetery paysage an important sector. The bulbous plants have a distinctive role in terms of cemetery paysage because of their nice odours, decorative flowers and the ease of maintenance. The field under study is the city of Tokat which is an old city in Turkey. This study has been carried out in various cemeteries in Tokat, namely, the Cemetery of Şeyhi-Şirvani, the Cemetery of Erenler, the Cemetery of Geyras, the Cemetery of Ali, and the Armenian Cemetery. Field observation have been carried out in terms of the leafing and flowering times of bulbous plants. At the end of the study, in designated regions in the before-mentioned cemeteries bulbous plants that naturally grow in these regions have been evaluated. In the urban cemeteries, these flowers are used the most: tulip, irises, hyacinth, daffodil and day lily (in decreasing order of use).
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Containing Volatile Organic Compounds
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Nitrogen containing Volatile Organic Compounds Verfasserin Olena Bigler angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Pharmazie (Mag.pharm.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 996 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Pharmazie Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer Danksagung Vor allem lieben herzlichen Dank an meinen gütigen, optimistischen, nicht-aus-der-Ruhe-zu-bringenden Betreuer Herrn Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer ohne dessen freundlichen, fundierten Hinweisen und Ratschlägen diese Arbeit wohl niemals in der vorliegenden Form zustande gekommen wäre. Nochmals Danke, Danke, Danke. Weiteres danke ich meinen Eltern, die sich alles vom Munde abgespart haben, um mir dieses Studium der Pharmazie erst zu ermöglichen, und deren unerschütterlicher Glaube an die Fähigkeiten ihrer Tochter, mich auch dann weitermachen ließ, wenn ich mal alles hinschmeissen wollte. Auch meiner Schwester Ira gebührt Dank, auch sie war mir immer eine Stütze und Hilfe, und immer war sie da, für einen guten Rat und ein offenes Ohr. Dank auch an meinen Sohn Igor, der mit viel Verständnis akzeptierte, dass in dieser Zeit meine Prioritäten an meiner Diplomarbeit waren, und mein Zeitbudget auch für ihn eingeschränkt war. Schliesslich last, but not least - Dank auch an meinen Mann Joseph, der mich auch dann ertragen hat, wenn ich eigentlich unerträglich war. 2 Abstract This review presents a general analysis of the scienthr information about nitrogen containing volatile organic compounds (N-VOC’s) in plants.
    [Show full text]
  • A HANDBOOK of GARDEN IRISES by W
    A HANDBOOK OF GARDEN IRISES By W. R. DYKES, M.A., L.-ès-L. SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. AUTHOR OF "THE GENUS IRIS," ETC. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE 3 1 THE PARTS OF THE IRTS FLOWER AND PLANT 4 2 THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE GENUS AND 5 THEIR DISTRIBUTION 3 THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS 10 SECTIONS AND SPECIES AND THEIR RELATIVE AGES 4 THE NEPALENSIS SECTION 13 5 THE GYNANDRIRIS SECTION 15 6 THE RETICULATA SECTION 16 7 THE JUNO SECTION 23 8 THE XIPHIUM SECTION 33 9 THE EVANSIA SECTION 40 10 THE PARDANTHOPSIS SECTION 45 11 THE APOGON SECTION 46 — THE SIBIRICA SUBSECTION 47 — THE SPURIA SUBSECTION 53 — THE CALIFORNIAN SUBSECTION 59 — THE LONGIPETALA SUBSECTION 64 — THE HEXAGONA SUBSECTION 67 — MISCELLANEOUS BEARDLESS IRISES 69 12 THE ONCOCYCLUS SECTION 77 I. Polyhymnia, a Regeliocydus hybrid. 13 THE REGELIA SECTION 83 (I. Korolkowi x I. susianna). 14 THE PSEUDOREGELIA SECTION 88 15 THE POGONIRIS SECTION 90 16 GARDEN BEARDED IRISES 108 17 A NOTE ON CULTIVATION, ON RAISING 114 SEEDLINGS AND ON DISEASES 18 A TABLE OF TIMES OF PLANTING AND FLOWERING 116 19 A LIST OF SYNONYMS SOMETIMES USED IN 121 GARDENS This edition is copyright © The Goup for Beardless Irises 2009 - All Rights Reserved It may be distributed for educational purposes in this format as long as no fee (or other consideration) is involved. www.beardlessiris.org PREFACE TO THIS DIGITAL EDITION William Rickatson Dykes (1877-1925) had the advantage of growing irises for many years before writing about them. This Handbook published in 1924 represents the accumulation of a lifetime’s knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Artemisia Californica Less
    I. SPECIES Artemisia californica Less. [Updated 2017] NRCS CODE: Subtribe: Artemisiinae ARCA11 Tribe: Anthemideae (FEIS CODE: Family: Asteraceae ARCAL) Order: Asterales Subclass: Asteridae Class: Magnoliopsida flowering heads spring growth seedling, March 2009 juvenile plant photos A. Montalvo flowering plant, November 2005 mature plant with flower buds August 2010 A. Subspecific taxa None. Artemisia californica Less. var. insularis (Rydb.) Munz is now recognized as Artemisia nesiotica P.H. Raven (Jepson eFlora 2017). B. Synonyms Artemisia abrotanoides Nuttall; A. fischeriana Besser; A. foliosa Nuttall; Crossostephium californicum (Lessing) Rydberg (FNA 2017). C. Common name California sagebrush. The common name refers to its strong, sage-like aroma and endemism to California and Baja California. Other names include: coastal sage, coast sage, coast sagebrush (Painter 2016). D. Taxonomic relationships The FNA (2017) places this species in subgenus Artemisia . The molecular phylogeny of the genus has improved the understanding of relationships among the many species of Artemisia and has, at times, placed the species in subgenus Tridentadae; morphology of the inflorescences and flowers alone does not place this species with its closest relatives (Watson et al. 2002). The detailed phylogeny is not completely resolved (Hayat et al. 2009). E. Related taxa in region There are 18 species and a total of 31 taxa (including infrataxa) of Artemisia in southern California, all of which differ clearly from A. californica in habitat affinity, structure, or both (Munz 1974, Jepson eFlora 2017). Within subgenus Artemisia (as per FNA 2017), A. nesiotica from the Channel Islands is the most similar and was once considered part of A. californica ; it can be distinguished by its wider leaves with flat leaf margins (not rolled under).
    [Show full text]
  • Bletilla Striata (Orchidaceae) Seed Coat Restricts the Invasion of Fungal Hyphae at the Initial Stage of Fungal Colonization
    plants Article Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae) Seed Coat Restricts the Invasion of Fungal Hyphae at the Initial Stage of Fungal Colonization Chihiro Miura 1, Miharu Saisho 1, Takahiro Yagame 2, Masahide Yamato 3 and Hironori Kaminaka 1,* 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan 2 Mizuho Kyo-do Museum, 316-5 Komagatafujiyama, Mizuho, Tokyo 190-1202, Japan 3 Faculty of Education, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-857-31-5378 Received: 24 June 2019; Accepted: 8 August 2019; Published: 11 August 2019 Abstract: Orchids produce minute seeds that contain limited or no endosperm, and they must form an association with symbiotic fungi to obtain nutrients during germination and subsequent seedling growth under natural conditions. Orchids need to select an appropriate fungus among diverse soil fungi at the germination stage. However, there is limited understanding of the process by which orchids recruit fungal associates and initiate the symbiotic interaction. This study aimed to better understand this process by focusing on the seed coat, the first point of fungal attachment. Bletilla striata seeds, some with the seed coat removed, were prepared and sown with symbiotic fungi or with pathogenic fungi. The seed coat-stripped seeds inoculated with the symbiotic fungi showed a lower germination rate than the intact seeds, and proliferated fungal hyphae were observed inside and around the stripped seeds. Inoculation with the pathogenic fungi increased the infection rate in the seed coat-stripped seeds. The pathogenic fungal hyphae were arrested at the suspensor side of the intact seeds, whereas the seed coat-stripped seeds were subjected to severe infestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • 080057-13.020.Pdf
    ' ttolaq orlo{4snquo g Japunselou aas ereq peJeplsuoJlou are slueld ssaql '(€986I 'selBr\\ tnq eloo3) Er.rolcl^pu" eITBrsnVqlnoS rllnoS ,teN ur pezllErnl€uosle sr DUDlqog 'pernbar sr oluts sqt ur Suurnccosetcads aqt;o ,rerAerFcrluc p'elFllsnV Iuetsei&ur spee,{\FtueuuoJl^ue snoues'eluoJeqol IeuualodJql e^EqJo'JrE setcedsouotqog stq El?l eseql.Joemlelcueruou oq1 Sutp:t8el uolsnJuotpeltalel osp suorle8qsolul 'tII€IsnV roqunc (tg6I) frad Jo (986I ) u3arg f,q:og pelunoccelou uxut Bunueserda:aseql Jo o^{l 'Je,re,troq',&eq8te;E urelsod\ ur perncJo ouolqog go salcadsaeJqt tEqt pal€clput SoJCpuE.IoqlnE lslu "l,t\uD eq1,{q suorte,uesqoplerd r?rlullsnvurelsa/(\ uI Je) o4r4srp g'sor:eds puorase 3o oruasa:d aql pep.rore.r(L86I) tu:e4 pue (5861)uear9 q8noqlP'(t66I uuoC't66I u,ti\olg? soru?t'q's9861 'oiruls 'B 'DuDqDg e1oo3 3 a) ullEllsnv ur 8ur:rncco se 3o sercedseuo pezluSocer,{lpraue8 o^€q sasnsusJpu€ sr?Jo[IuPITEISnv luaJeu pJqsllqEtsa,{11nj uaeq lou sEq aBeJspulpezll?JnlEu 'ell€rsnv ,{uuurrog erntulcueuroutf,eJ]oc eql ol peJnpoJlulsdnoJ3 luuld :eq1ofuPtu uI sV ?ll€Jlsnv ur pezrlurnl€ueuroraq e^pq ol eeeouptJlu€JltJV utJqlnosJo e:ouaB3o raqrunue;o a\to st DuolqDg uournpoJtul 'pessnssrposlE sl ErlerlsnVujelse/i\ ulse]f,adsouolqpBpezIIEJntuuol I.,!\PCJe>l(lIV)Dptr|s gpue IMSCJe>lt2qJltlp'g seu"u eqt Jo uorl€crlddrsrrupuerdsaprrn aq; pept,torderu uxq esaql:o1 sdeuruoDnqlJlslp pu€ fol V sr,\^e'IID(J'I)DloL[lqu re.^l,.,'q}re) ( J rurng),solrqr7 gpuu Buerd5( JpuV)r?rt gloo^{S o11olusn?uoB ;pezrusoce:e.IE EXu1 eeJql pu? pe.,'rol^atsI uIlEJlsnVuJe1se16 ut tzttrlqrg 3o salceds ',(]OOd p?zrluJuuueqt ;o .{urouoxrl eqI Z6Z-|8Z :(Z) El DtsltttN eIIEJtsnVuralsol\A ul Sutunc:o (eeeceptJl)DuDlqog;osarceds pezllurnlvu aqtJo /rdel^ej cltuouoxBl V C I'3uIuuD1,14 1g'tqcsdal lreJlsqY 'Err{v qlnos u^\oJ adr] 'clnlllsul 's€1,,luoruorlll] 'LX Btg 3rE^trd In)rrrnlo8IEUontN uinrrrqriH uoldluo).
    [Show full text]
  • Buy Hyacinth (Yellow Stone) - Bulbs Online at Nurserylive | Best Flower Bulbs at Lowest Price
    Buy hyacinth (yellow stone) - bulbs online at nurserylive | Best flower bulbs at lowest price Hyacinth (Yellow Stone) - Bulbs Hyacinths bloom in early spring, fill the air with scent, and drench the landscape in color Rating: Not Rated Yet Price Variant price modifier: Base price with tax Price with discount ?81 Salesprice with discount Sales price ?81 Sales price without tax ?81 Discount Tax amount Ask a question about this product Description Description for Hyacinth (Yellow Stone) Hyacinthus is a small genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Plants are commonly called hyacinths. Hyacinthus grows from bulbs, each producing around four to six linear leaves and one to three spikes (racemes) of flowers. This hyacinth has a single dense spike of fragrant flowers in shades of red, blue, white, orange, pink, violet, or yellow. A form of the common hyacinth is the less hardy and smaller blue or white-petalled Roman hyacinth of florists. These flowers should have indirect sunlight and are to be moderately watered. Common name(s): Common hyacinth, garden hyacinth or Dutch hyacinth Flower colours: Yellow Bloom time: Spring; but can be forced to flower earlier indoors Max reacahble height: 15 to 20 cm Difficulty to grow:: Easy to grow Planting and care 1 / 3 Buy hyacinth (yellow stone) - bulbs online at nurserylive | Best flower bulbs at lowest price Hyacinth bulbs are planted in the fall and borne in spring. The Victorians revered hyacinths for their sweet, lingering fragrance, and carefully massed them in low beds, planting in rows of one color each. Plant the bulbs 4 inches deep and a minimum of 3 inches apart.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Colletotrichum Species from Bletilla Ochracea (Orchidaceae), with Descriptions of Seven New Speices
    Fungal Diversity (2013) 61:139–164 DOI 10.1007/s13225-013-0254-5 Endophytic Colletotrichum species from Bletilla ochracea (Orchidaceae), with descriptions of seven new speices Gang Tao & Zuo-Yi Liu & Fang Liu & Ya-Hui Gao & Lei Cai Received: 20 May 2013 /Accepted: 1 July 2013 /Published online: 19 July 2013 # Mushroom Research Foundation 2013 Abstract Thirty-six strains of endophytic Colletotrichum ornamental plants and important research materials for coevo- species were isolated from leaves of Bletilla ochracea Schltr. lution between plants and fungi because of their special sym- (Orchidaceae) collected from 5 sites in Guizhou, China. biosis with mycorrhizal fungi (Zettler et al. 2004; Stark et al. Seventeen different species, including 7 new species (namely 2009; Nontachaiyapoom et al. 2010). Recently, the fungal C. bletillum, C. caudasporum, C. duyunensis, C. endophytum, communities in leaves and roots of orchid Bletilla ochracea C. excelsum-altitudum and C. guizhouensis and C. ochracea), have been investigated and the results indicated that there is a 8 previously described species (C. boninense, C. cereale, C. high diversity of endophytic fungi, including species from the destructivum, C. karstii, C. liriopes, C. miscanthi, C. genus Colletotrichum Corda (Tao et al. 2008, 2012). parsonsiae and C. tofieldiae) and 2 sterile mycelia were iden- Endophytic fungi live asymptomatically and internally with- tified. All of the taxa were identified based on morphology and in different tissues (e.g. leaves, roots) of host plants (Ganley phylogeny inferred from multi-locus sequences, including the and Newcombe 2006; Promputtha et al. 2007; Hoffman and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, Arnold 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Full of Beans: a Study on the Alignment of Two Flowering Plants Classification Systems
    Full of beans: a study on the alignment of two flowering plants classification systems Yi-Yun Cheng and Bertram Ludäscher School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA {yiyunyc2,ludaesch}@illinois.edu Abstract. Advancements in technologies such as DNA analysis have given rise to new ways in organizing organisms in biodiversity classification systems. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of aligning two classification systems for flowering plants using a logic-based, Region Connection Calculus (RCC-5) ap- proach. The older “Cronquist system” (1981) classifies plants using their mor- phological features, while the more recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) (2016) system classifies based on many new methods including ge- nome-level analysis. In our approach, we align pairwise concepts X and Y from two taxonomies using five basic set relations: congruence (X=Y), inclusion (X>Y), inverse inclusion (X<Y), overlap (X><Y), and disjointness (X!Y). With some of the RCC-5 relationships among the Fabaceae family (beans family) and the Sapindaceae family (maple family) uncertain, we anticipate that the merging of the two classification systems will lead to numerous merged solutions, so- called possible worlds. Our research demonstrates how logic-based alignment with ambiguities can lead to multiple merged solutions, which would not have been feasible when aligning taxonomies, classifications, or other knowledge or- ganization systems (KOS) manually. We believe that this work can introduce a novel approach for aligning KOS, where merged possible worlds can serve as a minimum viable product for engaging domain experts in the loop. Keywords: taxonomy alignment, KOS alignment, interoperability 1 Introduction With the advent of large-scale technologies and datasets, it has become increasingly difficult to organize information using a stable unitary classification scheme over time.
    [Show full text]