Regarding Subtitles: Canadian Newspaper Coverage (May 2014-2018)
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Regarding Subtitles: Canadian Newspaper Coverage (May 2014-2018) Jean-Philippe Deneault University of Alberta Submitted to the Faculty of Extension, University of Alberta in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of the Arts in Communications and Technology August 27, 2018 2 REGARDING SUBTITLES: CANADIAN NEWSPAPER COVERAGE (MAY 2014-2018) Acknowledgements I would like to thank my capstone supervisor, Dr. Rob Shields, and my academic advisor, Dr. Gordon Gow, the faculty and staff of the MACT program, Mr. Denis Lacroix, Interim Head of Bibliothèque Saint-Jean, and my friends, family and colleagues for their patience, support and guidance. 3 REGARDING SUBTITLES: CANADIAN NEWSPAPER COVERAGE (MAY 2014-2018) Abstract “I want to watch a film, not read it” is a familiar catchphrase used by those who loathe watching subtitled movies. A number of comments made recently in the media describe a noticeable shift towards a more positive attitude to subtitled productions and greater acceptance, or awareness, of subtitles among viewers worldwide. What about Canadians? Has their attitude towards subtitled films also changed? Was this reported in the Canadian news? How has the sentiment towards subtitles been reported and expressed recently in Canadian media? What are the views and relevant topics of discussion regarding subtitles in the Canadian context? An online search was conducted through various databases between May 01, 2018 and May 04, 2018 and the results found in contemporary Canadian news articles were measured against findings from a mix of primary and secondary sources, which include the scholarly literature dealing with subtitle appreciation and consumption throughout cinematographic history. The contemporary materials consist of the most recent commentaries and critical evaluations regarding subtitled productions, both online and in traditional media, in Canada and abroad. Has the sentiment towards subtitles changed with time, succeeding generations and the advent of supranational streaming media companies like Netflix, and what does this mean in the Canadian context? Understanding the sentiment, belief or knowledge of an individual or group about a given subject and identifying what causes that sentiment to change is far more complex. This study undertakes to achieve that understanding and identify the causes through a content analysis of Canadian newspapers that will reveal these attitudinal shifts within the Canadian context. Keywords: subtitles, press coverage, Canada – content analysis (communications), qualitative thematic analysis, Netflix 4 REGARDING SUBTITLES: CANADIAN NEWSPAPER COVERAGE (MAY 2014-2018) Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................02 Abstract ......................................................................................................................03 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................04 Introduction I Want to Read a Film: A Positive Attitudinal Shift towards Subtitles .....................06 Literature Review What is gained, what is lost? Observations from the history of subtitles. .....09 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon..................................................................13 An international revolution ............................................................................17 Subtitles and identity politics: The Ottawa-Netflix Deal. ..............................19 Zeitgeist ..........................................................................................................24 Methodological Considerations Research design .............................................................................................25 Why newspapers? ..........................................................................................27 Limitations and relevance of the scope ..........................................................28 Criteria ...........................................................................................................31 Criteria for inclusion in the study ..................................................................32 Examples of functionality ..............................................................................32 Examples of quality .......................................................................................33 Examples of attributes....................................................................................33 Examples of sentiment ...................................................................................34 Examples of dimensionality ...........................................................................35 Prescriptivity: Influencing the reader.............................................................36 Context ...........................................................................................................38 Exclusion from the study ...............................................................................39 Examples of discarded items ........................................................................40 Polysemy ........................................................................................................40 Limitations .....................................................................................................40 Objectivity of the news media .......................................................................41 Semiotic and multimodal approaches ............................................................43 Multi-method approach ..................................................................................45 Discussion The Scandinavian influence ...........................................................................46 Attitude towards subtitles: One bite at a time ................................................50 Lilyhammer ....................................................................................................52 In La belle province .......................................................................................52 Attitude in the United States towards subtitles ..............................................54 Netflix’s Narcos, Omni’s Blood and Water ..................................................55 5 REGARDING SUBTITLES: CANADIAN NEWSPAPER COVERAGE (MAY 2014-2018) Kim’s Convenience ........................................................................................57 Canadian identity politics and the Two Solitudes..........................................59 Mommy ...........................................................................................................61 Diversity and young audiences ......................................................................66 Diversity and Indigenous peoples of Canada.................................................68 Diversity and the Deaf, Late-Deafened and Hard of Hearing .......................70 Vergonha or intelligibility? ............................................................................71 Diversity and the LGBTQ+ community ........................................................73 Film Festivals and subtitles ............................................................................74 Language acquisition .....................................................................................77 Learning (or wanting to learn) a new language .............................................80 New Canadians learn English with subtitles ..................................................82 The Canadian context: Sub/dub and the Netflix catalogue … .......................84 Quality of translation and culture-specific references ...................................88 Sub/dub: What is gained, what is lost ............................................................91 Quality of dubbing .........................................................................................92 Monolingualism and xenoglossophobia ........................................................95 Prescriptive statements...................................................................................99 Comfort zones ................................................................................................102 Conclusion .................................................................................................................104 References ..................................................................................................................110 Appendices ................................................................................................................134 Appendix 1 .....................................................................................................134 Appendix 2 .....................................................................................................135 6 REGARDING SUBTITLES: CANADIAN NEWSPAPER COVERAGE (MAY 2014-2018) Introduction I Want to Read a Film: A Positive Attitudinal Shift towards Subtitles? Simply put, subtitles for film and television provide a translation that gives access to the dialogue to audiences who can’t understand or hear the language of the original. In the early 2000s, during my brief career as a video store clerk in a suburb of Canada’s capital, I often heard the same response when I recommended a subtitled film to a customer: “I want to watch a film, not read it.” I asked myself what were the reasons for this