Unit 2: Cellular Chemistry Warm Up #4
For each statement, answer in your notebook whether the statement is true or false. 1. Chemicals are made up 6. Proteins are a good of cells. source of energy. 2. Organic means 7. Carbohydrates help something is chemical “build” your body free. structures. 3. We need water because 8. An enzyme can be used each cell is filled with again and again to water. speed up a chemical 4. Fats are bad for you. reaction. 5. It is important for your 9. A buffer keeps the pH body to stay exactly the same. at neutral. Where Can I Find Chemicals in My Body? • A chemical is any substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical reaction. Chemicals made up of more than one type of element are called compounds. Living things are made of two main types of chemical compounds: 1. Inorganic: compounds that do not contain carbon bonded with hydrogen. • Water (made of the elements hydrogen and oxygen) is the most important inorganic compound for life: • Water is the most abundant compound in a cell (and organism). Most organisms are 60% - 90% water by weight. • Most chemical reactions occur in water because it provides an optimum environment. • Ex: transport of molecules in a cell Living things are made of two main types of chemical compounds: 2. Organic: compounds that DO contain carbon bonded with hydrogen. There are four main types: a. Carbohydrates (made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) a. Example: provide energy source for respiration (glucose) b. Lipids (made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) a. Example: insulate and protect organs in the body (fats) c. Nucleic Acids (made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus) a. Example: allow traits to be passed from parent to child (DNA). d. Proteins (made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus) a. Example: provide specifically shaped molecules that can carry other molecules (hemoglobin carries oxygen). Matter and Elements
• What is “matter?” • Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass • What is an “element?” • All matter is made up of one or more ELEMENTS. Elements are found in nature as solids, liquids, or gases. Scientists have organized natural Elements into a periodic table. Molecules
• What is a “molecule”? • Elements can take on different properties when they are bonded together with other elements to form a MOLECULE. • For example:
• CO2 = 1 carbon + 2 oxygen • NaCl (table salt) = 1 Sodium + 1 Chlorine
• H2O2= 2 Hydrogen + 2 Oxygen (hydrogen peroxide fizzes when cleaning cuts) Written Response #1: What are molecules made of?
• O2:
• C9H8O4:
• C8H10N4O2: Organic vs. Inorganic
Organic Inorganic
• carbon – hydrogen • NO bond • carbon-hydrogen bond
• C -- H • C -- H Am I Organic or Inorganic?
Organic Inorganic OR ORGANIC ORGANIC INORGANIC ORGANIC INORGANIC ORGANIC INORGANIC Written Response #2
• Answer the following question to the best of your ability based on prior knowledge and what we have covered up to this point. Take in consideration of each of the elements: • CHNOPS – carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
• How do the six essential elements help to maintain homeostasis? How do the six essential elements help to maintain homeostasis? • The elements make up essential organic and inorganic compounds. Each type of molecule performs a specific function/job in organisms. • Hydrogen is also donated or accepted by weak acid-base pair to regulate the pH of a system like cells and blood. These weak acid-base pairs are called buffers. Buffers
• When a cell’s pH drops (becomes more acidic), the buffers in the cell “accept” the hydrogen ions which reverses the pH change. • When a cell’s pH rises (becomes more basic), the buffers in the cell “donate” hydrogen ions • In a cell, acid is being produced as the cell respires. To maintain the pH, a cell must use buffers to counteract the acid. • Different cells or areas of the organism need different pH levels to perform. Buffers help keep that pH level constant. • Example: the stomach of a human maintains a pH of 1.5 – 3.5, but the blood of a human must remain between 6.8 – 7.8. This requires different buffers in the stomach and blood. Written Response #3 – pH Scale
• Draw a diagram of the pH scale. Make sure you include the following: • Scale (numbers 1-14) • Label and color the following on your diagram: strong acid, weak acid, neutral, weak base, strong base pH Lab