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3.0 Affected Environment Gravina Access Project Final SEIS Affected Environment 3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT This chapter inventories and characterizes the economic, environmental, and cultural resources in the Gravina Access Project area that could be affected by the proposed project alternatives. This information is drawn from the data, documents, and plans published by a variety of local, state, and governmental agencies, and project-specific technical studies completed by HDR Alaska, Inc., and its affiliates on behalf of DOT&PF, as listed in the References section. All figures referenced in this chapter may be found at the end of the chapter. 3.1 Land Use 3.1.1 Current Land Use This section describes the current land ownership, land uses, and zoning within the project area on Revillagigedo, Pennock, and Gravina islands. General land ownership within the project area is presented below in Table 3-1 and shown in Figure 3.1; land uses are listed in and shown in Figure 3.2; and project area zoning is summarized in Table 3-3 and shown in Figure 3.3. Native lands in Alaska are typically held by regional and village Native corporations formed by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and are considered to be privately owned. Native Village Corporations have been making selections from federal lands over several decades, and some of these selections are still underway in Southeast Alaska. Native Village Corporations have also purchased commercial properties and run businesses in many communities, including Ketchikan. Some of the privately owned land noted below is held by Cape Fox Corporation, which owns hotels and restaurants, among other holdings. No large land areas selected by Native corporations are in the mapped project area. There are no Indian Reservations in the project area. 3.1.1.1 Revillagigedo Island Ownership. The majority of the land in the project area on Revillagigedo Island is privately owned, though there are many Borough- and city owned parcels and a few state and federal parcels interspersed with the private lands. Areas outside the city limits of both Ketchikan and Saxman are largely a mix of state and federal1 ownership. In particular, large tracts of land located immediately outside Ketchikan city limits are owned by the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority and the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Land Use. Ketchikan and Saxman are typical Southeast Alaska waterfront communities. Most of the developable land is densely clustered along the shoreline, with a mix of commercial, industrial, residential, and institutional2 uses. Zoning. Zoning on Revillagigedo Island is mixed similarly to land use on the island. The waterfront features a mix of general commercial and heavy industrial zones, with low-density residential zones scattered across the northern portion of the project area. In the downtown area, near the cruise ship docks, land is generally zoned as commercial. Upland of the downtown area, to the east of Tongass Avenue, zoning is a mix of medium- to high-density residential and public lands/institutional areas. 1 Executive Order 1520 (April 20, 1912) officially reserves the USCG Integrated Support Command (ISC) property in Ketchikan for lighthouse purposes. According to USCG staff (personal communication from Robert Deering [USCG] to Jim Evensen [DOT&PF], November 14, 2003), this is what originally set aside the property for Coast Guard facility use. 2 Institutional uses include publicly owned facilities such as libraries, hospitals, schools, fire and rescue stations, and municipal buildings. Page 3-1 June 2017 Gravina Access Project Final SEIS Affected Environment Table 3-1: Land Ownership in the Project Area Ownership Acreage Federal 8 USFS 704 USCG 58 BLM 3,389 State of Alaska (total) 4,345 DNR 2,381 DOT&PF 28 Leased landa 1,936 Alaska Mental Health Trust 3,984 University of Alaska 52 Native Corporation 23 Borough 1,787 City of Ketchikan 357 City of Saxman 2 Private 2,334 No Data 2,166 Total 19,208 aIncludes airport property owned by DOT&PF and leased to the Borough (1,932 acres) and DNR tide lands (4 acres). Source: Ketchikan Gateway Borough GIS, 2010. Table 3-2: Land Uses in the Project Area Land Use Acreage Residential 554 Commercial 146 Industrial 2,782 Institutional 94 Recreation/Park 45 Vacant* 15,589 Total 19,210 *Based on 2010 Borough Tax Assessment for parcels with appraised improvements equal to zero. Source: Ketchikan Gateway Borough GIS, 2010. Page 3-2 June 2017 Gravina Access Project Final SEIS Affected Environment Table 3-3: Zoning in the Project Area Zoning Classification Acreage Central commercial 59 General commercial 188 Future development 12,516 Historic district 4 Light industrial 350 Heavy industrial 439 Public lands/institutional 340 Low-density residential 2,215 Medium-density residential 665 High-density residential 130 Rural residential 395 Suburban residential - Airport 325 Airport development 804 Airport reserve 328 Total 18,758 Source: Ketchikan Gateway Borough GIS, 2010. 3.1.1.2 Pennock Island Ownership. Approximately 70 percent of the land on Pennock Island is owned by the Borough, while the remaining 30 percent, mostly along parts of the shoreline, is privately owned. Land Use. Pennock Island is approximately 1,130 acres in size and is predominantly undeveloped, including much of the privately owned land. Developed residential land uses occur on the northern shoreline, along the East Channel, with some residences using small streams as a source of drinking water supply. A few privately owned parcels surrounding Whiskey Cove, also located along the East Channel, are being used for industrial purposes. The island contains registered archeological sites (see Section 3.213.20). Subsistence use of the island includes hunting and berry picking (see Section 3.3.7). Zoning. Land on Pennock Island is zoned predominantly as low-density residential, though the land around Whiskey Cove is zoned as heavy industrial. There is also a large tract of land on the southeast corner of Pennock Island (outside of the project area) that is zoned as public lands/institutional. 3.1.1.3 Gravina Island The project area on Gravina Island encompasses those areas that would be most easily accessed as a result of the project alternatives. Title 29 granted the Borough land on Gravina Island to provide areas for public or private settlement or development (see Section 1.3, Purpose and Need). Inadequate access to Gravina Island from the city of Ketchikan on Revillagigedo Island has precluded the development of Borough-owned land on Gravina Island. This lack of access is one of the needs that the proposed project aims to address, though the recent completion of the Gravina Island Highway, by improving intra-island accessibility, has brought the Borough closer to realizing the economic development potential on Gravina Island. Page 3-3 June 2017 Gravina Access Project Final SEIS Affected Environment Gravina Island is the site of the Ketchikan International Airport, which serves as the transportation hub for the city of Ketchikan and surrounding area as well as for the neighboring communities of Saxman, Metlakatla, Klawock, and Craig. Ownership. Most of the land on Gravina Island (62 percent) is owned by USFS. The remainder is owned by private interests (2 percent) and other public agencies, including the State of Alaska (18 percent), the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority (7 percent), the Borough (5 percent), University of Alaska (3 percent), and BLM (3 percent). Land Use. Most of Gravina Island is undeveloped. The existing development lies within the project area on the eastern side of the island. The principal developments include Ketchikan International Airport, a former timber processing plant (Pacific Log and Lumber) 2 miles north of the airport, and private residences in the Clam Cove area and at the northernmost portion of the island. Land uses are described by owner in the following paragraphs. USFS. The USFS land on Gravina Island is a mixture of alpine ridges, wetlands, and various types of forest, managed for multiple uses under the 2008 Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan3 and its 2016 Amendment.4 The plan establishes management direction and provides a guideline for natural resource management for the Tongass National Forest. for intensive development of timber in the central portion of the island, old-growth habitat along its eastern and south-central portions, semi-remote recreation around Bostwick Inlet, and moderate development (timber harvesting) with a focus on maintaining viewsheds in the southern portion of island. DNR. Most of the DNR land on the island is in remote portions of the project area and near Bostwick Lake, Blank Inlet, and Vallenar Bay. The DNR-managed Southeast State Forest, which was designated by the State Legislature in 2010, includes three parcels on Gravina Island: two near Vallenar Bay and one northwest of Blank Inlet.5 The DNR areas and recommended land uses on Gravina Island are:6 • On the shoreline southeast of Clam Cove: Reserved for state interests only. • On Vallenar Bay: Commercial forestry, dispersed recreation areas, settlement, timber, anadromous fish streams, and important habitats and wildlife movement corridors • Adjacent to and west of California Ridge (including the area around Bostwick Lake): Dispersed recreation, timber harvest, wetlands, and wildlife habitat • Small islands, beach, tidelands, and marine waters on the southern tip of Gravina Island: Dispersed recreation, deer habitat, and scenic resources; recommended to be included in the state park system. DOT&PF. DOT&PF owns 2,105 acres of land designated as an Airport Reserve on Gravina Island, including approximately 5.9 miles of waterfront land7. Ketchikan International Airport (including seaplane facilities) is currently leased to the Borough. The 3 U.S. Forest Service. January 2008. Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. United States Department of Agriculture, Region 10. Juneau, Alaska. 4 U.S. Forest Service.
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