DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Bleed Air Extraction on Thrust Levels of the F404-GE-400 Turbofan Engine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Bleed Air Extraction on Thrust Levels of the F404-GE-400 Turbofan Engine NASA Technical Memorandum 104247 Effects of Bleed Air Extraction on Thrust Levels of the F404-GE-400 Turbofan Engine Andrew J. Yuhas PRC Inc., Edwards, California Ronald J. Ray NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, California 1992 N/kS/_ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California 93523-0273 EFFECTS OF BLEED AIR EXTRACTION ON THRUST LEVELS OF THE F404-GE-400 TURBOFAN ENGINE Andrew J. Yuhas* PRC Inc. P.O. Box 273 Edwards, California 93523-0273 Ronald J. Ray** NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility P.O. Box 273 Edwards, California93523-0273 Abstract EAFB Edwards Air Force Base, Edwards, CA EBAS A ground test was performed to determine the effects excess bleed air system of compressor bleed flow extraction on the perform- ECS environmental control system ance of F404-GE-400 afterburning turbofan engines. FFC forebody flow control The two engines were installed in the F/A-18 High GE General Electric Alpha Research Vehicle at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility. A specialized bleed ducting system HATP High Alpha Technology Program was installed onto the aircraft to control and measure HARV High Alpha Research Vehicle engine bleed airflow while the aircraft was tied down HPC to a thrust measuring stand. The test was conducted high-pressure compressor on each engine and at various power settings. The HPT high-pressure turbine bleed air extraction levels analyzed included flow rates LPT low-pressure turbine above the manufacturer's maximum specification limit. LPC The measured relationship between thrust and bleed low-pressure compressor flow extraction was shown to be essentially linear at M Mach number all power settings with an increase in bleed flow caus- N1 fan rotor speed, rpm or percent ing a corresponding decrease in thrust. A comparison N2 with the F404-GE-400 steady-state engine simulation high compressor rotor speed, rpm or showed the estimation to be within ±1 percent of mea- percent sured thrust losses for large increases in bleed flow rate. PAMB ambient pressure, psia PLA power lever angle, deg Nomenclature PS3 compressor discharge static pressure, psia PT56 turbine exhaust total pressure, psia ALT pressure altitude, ft TVCS thrust vectoring control system AOA angle-of-attack, deg T1 fan inlet temperature, °R A8 nozzle throat area, in 2 or percent T25 compressor inlet temperature, °R BV1 excess bleed air system control valve 1 T56 low rotor turbine exit temperature, °R BV2 excess bleed air system control valve 2 or °C) DTAMB ambient temperature increment from WFE combustor fuelflow,(Ib/hr) standard day temperature, °R *Senior Propulsion Research Engineer. Introduction ** Aerospace engineer. Copyright (_)1992 by the American Institute of Aeronau- The High Alpha Technology Program (HATP) was tics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the initiated within NASA to develop and demonstrate United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Govern- ment has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under concepts that provide favorable control and maneu- the copyright claimed herein for Governmental purposes. All verability for high-performance aircraft at high-angle other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. of attack. 1 Current fighters have degraded maneuver- Because the pneumatic FFC studies for the F/A-18 ability at high-angle of attack because of loss in aero- were encouraging, the HATP initiated a feasibility dynamic control surface effectiveness. One of the tech- study for a full-scale flight-test program to be con- nologies studied to enhance aerodynamic control is the ducted. To support this goal, the NASA Ames Re- use of pneumatic forebody flow control (FFC). The search Center at Moffett Field, CA, formed a research FFC injects air from a slot on the aircraft forebody team from Dryden and Moffett to evaluate engine to manipulate the forebody vortices that form at high- bleed air capability and aircraft environmental bleed angles of attack. For pneumatic FFC to be feasible, a air requirements on a full-scale aircraft. The F/A-18 significant supply of high-pressure airflow is required. High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV) was equipped with a specially designed ducting system known as Experiments have demonstrated that the manipula- the excess bleed air system (EBAS) and tested on the tion of the asymmetric forebody vortices of a fighter at universal horizontal test stand at Edwards Air Force high-angle of attack through various blowing schemes Base (EAFB). This ducting system branches off from can have a strong effect on the yawing moment? -4 the aircraft environmental control system (ECS) and Forebody flow control feasibility studies into various is- allows engine bleed extraction to be controlled and sues have been conducted by various government agen- measured. Various ground test objectives were per- cies including NASA. The X-29 Advanced Technology formed using EBAS, including the determination of Demonstrator will test a simple pneumatic blowing sys- bleed air extraction effects on engine performance and tem to demonstrate FFC effectiveness. 5 The X-29 sys- operability. tem will use a compressed air bottle to supply the high- pressure air and is limited to a total of 20 sec of op- This paper addresses the measurement of thrust loss eration. The HATP supported research on pneumatic during increases in bleed air extraction for an F404-GE- FFC applications to an F/A-18, including various wind 400 engine installed on the F/A-18 HARV. A compar- tunnel tests. One feasibility study looked at various ison of the predicted thrust loss provided by an engine ways to obtain the estimated flow rates required. These computer simulation and the measured values will be included compressed or liquefied gas bottles, an aux- presented. The analysis offers a comparison of each en- iliary compressor, or engine bleed air. The results of gine at various power settings. A detailed description this study predicted that only engine bleed air would of EBAS and its function will also be presented. meet the mass flow requirements over an extended time period, e Bleed extraction however, has a negative ef- Description of Equipment and Model fect on engine performance. A past study on an F100- F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle PW-220 engine predicts up to 2 percent of net thrust loss for each percent of airflow extracted for bleed. 7 The HARV (Fig. 1) is a one-of-a-kind research air- craft located at the NASA Dryden Flight Research EC 91-201-9 Fig. 1. F/A-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV). ORIGIr,,IAL P_E BLACK AND WHITE PHOiOGRAI..'r_ Facility.This pre-production,single-seatF/A-18 air- modifiedto provide a selectableturbine dischargetem- crafthas been uniquely modified to perform extensive perature biasforadditionalengine stallmargin at high flighttestingin the high-angle-of-attack(AOA) region. AOA. These modificationsinclude a thrust vectoringcontrol system (TVCS). The incorporationof the TVCS re- The controlsystem has two basicmodes of operation which aredependent on the throttlesetting(PLA). Be- quired modificationsto the aircraftavionics,flightcon- trols,hydraulics,cockpit,and engines.I low Militarypower, high compressor rotorspeed (N2) and exhaust nozzle area (A8) are scheduled. Throt- F404-GE-400 Turbofan Engines tle positionand compressor inlettemperature (T25) Two pre-production F404-GE-400 engines (General schedule N2. The throttlepositionschedules A8. At Electric,Lynn, Massachusetts) are installedin the Militaryand above, the controlsystem schedulesmax- HARV. The F404-GE-400 (Fig.2) is a two-spool,low imum fan speed (N1) and maximum low-pressuretur- bypass axial-flowturbofan with afterburner.The en- bine exittemperature (T56). Fan speed is controlled gine consistsof a 3-stage fan, 7-stage high-pressure as a function of engine inlettemperature (TI). The variableexhaust nozzle is modulated to maintain the compressor, annular combustor, l-stagehigh-pressure scheduled T56 which is a function of T1 and ambient turbine,and 1-stagelow-pressureturbine.Variablege- pressure (PAMB). ometry isincorporated into the fan and high-pressure compressor along with a convergent-divergentnozzle. Aircraft-Engine Bleed Air System The F404 engines on the HARV have the divergent Bleed aircomes from an annular manifold at the exit portion of the nozzle and externalflapsremoved to in- of the high-pressurecompressor of each engine (Fig.3). corporate the TVCS. The engine controlsystem was A bleedairpressureregulatorand shutoffvalvein each EC91-201-9 Fig.2. F404-GE-400 turbofan engine. LPT discharge measuring plane Exhaust LPC HPC LPT Afterburner nozzle throat Inlet discharge discharge Inlet Exhaust Exhaust Free- Engine I HPC ICombustor nozzle nozzle stream Inlet discharge I 'ni°'I InletI I discharge I I 0 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 5586 7 8 9 manifold 920148 Fig. 3. F404 engine showing compressor bleed and measured engine parameters. engine compartment is controlled by the bleed air knob Excess Bleed Air System located in the cockpit. The cockpit control allows bleed The EBAS was a specially designed ducting system air to be selected from either or both engine sources, for measuring bleed air flow rates from the F/A-18 or to be turned off. The bleed air passes through a HAKV (Fig. 6). The EBAS hardware was designcd check valve which prevents reverse flow from one en- by NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, CA gine to the other. The bleed air lines are then teed and is illustrated schematically in Fig. 7. The system together. The bleed air line is routed up the backbone consists of two principal sections, the ECS flow mea- of the aircraft over the fuel tanks and then down into surement section and the bleed airflow dump section. the ECS and heat exchanger ejectors (Fig. 4). Bleed The ECS flow measurement section required a section flow is regulated by the ECS. Maximum engine bleed is of ECS duct along the backbone of the aircraft to be re_ limited by the size of the bleed port on the engine but moved and replaced with modified ducting and a Ven- can exceed the manufacturer's maximum specification turi flowmeter (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PROPULSION SYSTEM/FLIGHT CONTROL INTEGRATION for SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Paul J
    PROPULSION SYSTEM/FLIGHT CONTROL INTEGRATION FOR SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Paul J. Reukauf and Frank W. Burcham , Jr. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center SUMMARY The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center is engaged in several programs to study digital integrated control systems. Such systems allow minimization of undesirable interactions while maximizing performance at all flight conditions. One such program is the YF-12 cooperative control program. In this program, the existing analog air-data computer, autothrottle, autopilot, and inlet control systems are to be converted to digital systems by using a general purpose airborne computer and interface unit. First, the existing control laws are to be programed and tested in flight. Then, integrated control laws, derived using accurate mathematical models of the airplane and propulsion system in conjunction with modern control techniques, are to be tested in flight. Analysis indicates that an integrated autothrottle-autopilot gives good flight path control and that observers can be used to replace failed sensors. INTRODUCTION Supersonic airplanes, such as the XB-70, YF-12, F-111, and F-15 airplanes, exhibit strong interactions between the engine and the inlet or between the propul- sion system and the airframe (refs. 1 and 2) . Taking advantage of possible favor- able interactions and eliminating or minimizing unfavorable interactions is a chal- lenging control problem with the potential for significant improvements in fuel consumption, range, and performance. In the past, engine, inlet, and flight control systems were usually developed separately, with a minimum of integration. It has often been possible to optimize the controls for a single design point, but off-design control performance usually suffered.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL ENGINE BLEED Fokker 50
    Fokker 50 - Bleed Air System GENERAL Bleed-air is used for airconditioning, pressurization, airframe and engine air intake de-icing, and for pressurizing the hydraulic tank. Bleed-air is supplied by the engines. For aircraft equipped with APU On the ground bleed-air can be supplied by the APU for air conditioning. ENGINE BLEED Tappings Bleed-air is obtained via tappings on each engine, referred to as Low-Pressure (LP) bleed and High-Pressure (HP) bleed. LP-bleed is normally in use during flight. HP-bleed will be used at idling and low engine speeds, when LP-bleed is insufficient. The HP-bleed valve will open automatically provided the BLEED push button, located at the AIR CONDITIONING panel, is blank. Bleed-air from the HP-Bleed is prevented from flowing into the LP-bleed by a check valve. Duct leak detection A duct leak between the engine tappings and the firewall, resulting in a significant leakage of bleed-air, is monitored by the engine fire detection and warning system. Distribution Bleed-air from both engines is used to supply the following services: • Airframe, and engine air intake de-icing, see ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION • Hydraulic tank pressurization, see HYDRAULIC SYSTEM. • Airconditioning and pressurization, see below. • If mentioned in aircraft system deviation table: Watertank pressurization, see AIRCRAFT GENERAL. Page 1 Fokker 50 - Bleed Air System BLEED AIR FOR AIRCONDITIONING Supply Controls and indicators are located at the AIRCONDITIONING panel. Bleed-air is available when the engines are running and the BLEED push buttons are blank. When a BLEED push button is depressed to OFF, the Pressure Regulating/Shut-Off valve (PR/SO) and the HP- bleed valve close.
    [Show full text]
  • Wings Over the Bay NEW ZEALAND DIVISION Journal of the Bay of Plenty Branch of the NZ Division, Raes: 02-17 ______
    Wings Over the Bay NEW ZEALAND DIVISION Journal of the Bay of Plenty Branch of the NZ Division, RAeS: 02-17 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Welcome to the newsletter for the Bay of was reflected in a graphic which noted composites Plenty Branch, NZ Division, RAeS for February at 50% and metal content down to 20% on leading 2017 edges, engine pylon mounts and elsewhere. Engine cowls too are made from composites. Meeting Recap The February meeting of the Bay of Plenty Branch was held at the clubrooms of the Tauranga Gliding Club on the north west of Tauranga airfield. This was the same venue we had used for the Branch meeting and BBQ last year which was a great place for the AGM and accompanying lecture this year, titled: B787 Operations. The lecture was delivered by Owen Bieleski who holds an ATPL with military transport experience with the RNZAF before embarking on a commercial The extensive use of electric-based systems has career with major airlines overseas. Recently, he almost entirely replaced bleed-air and a good returned home with his family to Tauranga from number of hydraulic-based services. Flight Dubai, where he had flown all six variants B777 controls, too, use fly-by-wire (FBW) with no with Emirates. manual back-up. Owen suggested with the extent of the changes to electrically-based systems, the B787 is sometimes called the ‘electric jet’. Owen explained the B787 is a very different design to its predecessors, with a heavy emphasis on electrical powered systems and multiple layers of automatically managed redundancy. Pilots are alerted to most failures via the EICAS (Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System) as a Warning, Owen Bieleski showing an RNZAF F27 – Friendship at the start of his Caution or Advisory.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Design and Estimation of Conventional and Electrical Aircraft Environmental Control Systems
    Analytical Design and Estimation of Conventional and Electrical Aircraft Environmental Control Systems Hemanth Devadurgam , Soorya Rajagopal , Raghu Chaitanya Munjulury Division of Fluid and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden - 58183 Symbol Description Units ABSTRACT A Area m2 Environmental control system holds vital importance P Perimeter m as it is responsible for passenger’s ventilation and T Temperature degree C kg comfort. This paper presents an analytical design of k Thermal Conductiv- mK environmental control systems and represents the esti- ity mated design in three-dimensional. Knowledge-based K Kelvin K engineering application serves as the base for design- D Hydraulic Diameter m ing and methodology for the environmental control kg m Mass flow rate s systems. Flexibility in the model enables the user p Pressure Pa to control the size and positioning of the system and kg m Dynamics viscosity ms also sub-systems associated with it. The number of passengers serves as the driving input and three- dimensional model gives the exact representation with 1 Introduction respect to the volume occupied and dependencies on The Environmental Control System (ECS) is responsi- the number of passengers. It also provides a faster ble for passengers comfort and one of the most impor- method to alter the system to user needs with respect tant systems of an aircraft. Temperature and pressure to the number of air supply pipes, number of ducts and of the air vary on the altitude and ECS works on reg- pipe length. Knowledge-based engineering gives the ulating the air, takes-in the bleed air mixes it with the freedom to visualize various options in the conceptual recirculating air so that the pressure and temperature design process.
    [Show full text]
  • Depressurisation Event 246 Km South-West of Coolangatta, Queensland 17 November 2007 VH-VBC Boeing Company 737-7Q8
    ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Occurrence Investigation AO-2007-062 Final Depressurisation event 246 km south-west of Coolangatta, Queensland 17 November 2007 VH-VBC Boeing Company 737-7Q8 ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Occurrence Report AO-2007-062 Final Depressurisation event 246 km south-west of Coolangatta, Queensland 17 November 2007 VH-VBC Boeing Company 737-7Q8 Released in accordance with section 25 of the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003 - i - Published by: Australian Transport Safety Bureau Postal address: PO Box 967. Civic Square ACT 2608 Office location: 62 Northbourne Ave, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory, 2601 Telephone: 1800 020 616, from overseas +61 2 6257 4150 Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) Facsimile: 02 6247 3117, from overseas +61 2 6247 3117 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2010. This work is copyright. In the interests of enhancing the value of the information contained in this publication you may copy, download, display, print, reproduce and distribute this material in unaltered form (retaining this notice). However, copyright in the material obtained from other agencies, private individuals or organisations, belongs to those agencies, individuals or organisations. Where you want to use their material you will need to contact them directly. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, you must not make any other use of the material in this publication unless you have the permission of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Please direct requests for further information or authorisation to: Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Copyright Law Branch Attorney-General’s Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton, ACT 2600 www.ag.gov.au/cca ISBN and formal report title: see ‘Document retrieval information’ on page v - ii - CONTENTS THE AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT SAFETY BUREAU ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Control Strategies for Aircraft Bleed-Air Systems
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Politecnico di Milano Comparison of Control Strategies for Aircraft Bleed-Air Systems Alexander Pollok ∗;∗∗ Francesco Casella ∗∗ ∗ DLR German Aerospace Center, Institute of System Dynamics and Control, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]) ∗∗ Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milan, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Bleed-air systems in passenger aircraft are often prone to limit cycle oscillations. Tuning of such systems makes additional flight-tests necessary, generating large expenses. In this paper, several control approaches to improve the performance of bleed-air systems are compared. These approaches combine a base-controller with stiction-compensation techniques. The different approaches are implemented, optimized and evaluated using a high-fidelity bleed- air system model, described in the equation-based modelling language Modelica. Results indicate that interaction between different valves should be reduced as much as possible. If a suitable base control approach is chosen, the influence of a superimposed stiction compensation technique seems to be small. Keywords: Friction, Stiction, Compensation, Limit Cycles, Modelica, Pistons, Modelling, Oscillation, Pneumatic, Valves 1. INTRODUCTION used to control the surge bleed valve of an auxiliary power unit. The technique is not expanded to the complete bleed- In modern passenger aircraft, the cabin is pressurized air system or to the main engines. and temperature-controlled by the Environmental Control System (ECS). Hot and dense air is bled from the engine In preliminary work, the authors developed a high-fidelity compressor stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Clean Air Requirements Using Bleed Air Systems
    Engineering, 2018, 10, 142-172 http://www.scirp.org/journal/eng ISSN Online: 1947-394X ISSN Print: 1947-3931 Aircraft Clean Air Requirements Using Bleed Air Systems Susan Michaelis Faculty of Health Sciences Pathfoot Building R E010, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK How to cite this paper: Michaelis, S. Abstract (2018) Aircraft Clean Air Requirements Using Bleed Air Systems. Engineering, 10, There are certification and airworthiness requirements relevant to the provi- 142-172. sion of clean breathing air in the crew and passenger compartments. There https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2018.104011 have been continuing reports and studies over the years regarding oil fumes in Received: February 22, 2018 aircraft, including impaired crew performance. Oil fumes are viewed in vary- Accepted: April 17, 2018 ing ways ranging from rare seal bearing failures, to low level leakage in nor- Published: April 20, 2018 mal flight. A Masters of Science (MSc) research degree was undertaken to as- Copyright © 2018 by author and sess whether there is any gap between the certification requirements for the Scientific Research Publishing Inc. provision of clean air in crew and passenger compartments, and the theoreti- This work is licensed under the Creative cal and practical implementation of the requirements using the bleed air sys- Commons Attribution International tem. A comprehensive literature search reviewed applicable certification License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ standards, documented and theoretical understanding of oil leakage. Two Open Access types of interviews were conducted to address the research questions. Key aviation regulators were questioned about the process by which they certify and ensure compliance with the clean air requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. INTRODUCTION the Environmental Control System (ECS)
    Canadair Regional Jet 100/200 - Environmental Control System 1. INTRODUCTION The environmental control system (ECS) provides temperature and pressure regulated air for heating, ventilating and pressurizing the flight and passenger compartments. Exhaust air, from the compartments, is used to ventilate the avionics and cargo compartments, before being dumped overboard through two outflow valves. For ground operations, pneumatic air to operate the ECS can be obtained from: A ground air supply cart connected to the aircraft The auxiliary power unit (APU) Either or both engines. During flight, the engines normally supply bleed air for operating the air-conditioning, pressurization, and avionics cooling systems. ECS warnings and cautions are displayed on the engine indication and crew alerting system (EICAS) primary page. ECS advisory and status messages are displayed on the EICAS status page. Views of the aircraft ECS temperature, pressure, valve positions and system status indications are displayed on the EICAS ECS synoptic page. Page 1 Canadair Regional Jet 100/200 - Environmental Control System AFT PRESSURE RAM AIR FLIGHT PASSENGER CABIN BULKHEAD INLET COMPARTMENT GASPER SYSTEM OUTFLOW VALVES (2) DUAL POSITION LEGEND VALVE Pressurized and conditioned by air conditioning system. Pressurized by air SOV DISTRIBUTION MANIFOLD exhausted from RAM cockpit/cabin AIR no temperature LP GROUND control. LEFT CONDITIONED RIGHT Heated by exhaust PACK AIR PACK air from CONNECTION electronics chassis. PACK PRSOV’s Unpressurized 10 TH 10 TH STAGE STAGE L/H ISOL R/H SOV SOV AUXILIARY GROUND POWER POWER UNIT UNIT (HIGH PRESSURE PNEUMATIC SUPPLY) Tvyvsvrq 7ypx 9vht h A v t r ' Page 2 Canadair Regional Jet 100/200 - Environmental Control System 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombardier Challenger 605 - Power Plant
    Bombardier Challenger 605 - Power Plant GENERAL The Challenger 605 is equipped with two General Electric CF34-3B high-bypass ratio turbofan engines. The dual-assembly engine consists of a fan rotor (N1) and a compressor rotor (N2). The N1 rotor is comprised of a single-stage fan connected through a shaft to a four-stage low-pressure turbine. The N2 rotor is a 14-stage axial flow compressor connected through a shaft to a two-stage high-pressure turbine. The accessory gearbox is mechanically driven by the N2 compressor. Normal takeoff thrust rating is 8,729 pounds per engine. During engine-out operation, the automatic performance reserve (APR) system increases thrust on the operable engine to 9,220 pounds. FLAT-RATED THRUST Outside air temperature and pressure altitude are determining factors in achieving takeoff and APR power. Increases in ambient temperature or pressure altitude adversely affect the engine’s ability to produce rated thrust. The CF34-3B is flat-rated to ISA + 15°C at sea level. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION Description The CF34 power plant has two independently rotating major assemblies. The N1 section consists of a fan rotor that is driven through a shaft by a four-stage low-pressure turbine. The N2 section is comprised of a 14-stage axial flow compressor, a combustor, an accessory gearbox and a two-stage high-pressure turbine. The compressor is driven by the high-pressure turbine. Flow Distribution Engine airflow passes through the single-stage fan, and is divided into two airflow paths: • Bypass air – Air is accelerated by the single-stage N1 fan only, and is ducted around the engine nacelle.
    [Show full text]
  • Ac 25-15 11/20/89
    Advisory us. Departmenf of Tronsportafion Federal Aviation Circular Administration Subject: APPROVAL OF FLIGHT MANAGEMENT Date: 11/20/89 AC No: 25-15 SYSTEMS IN TRANSPORT CATEGORY Initiated by: ANM-110 Change: AIRPLANES 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides guidance material for the airworthiness approval of flight management systems (FMS} in transport category airplanes. Like all AC material, this AC is not mandatory and does not constitute a regulation. It is issued for guidance purposes and to outline a method of compliance with the rules. In lieu of following this method without deviation, the applicant may elect to follow an alternate method, provided the alternate method is also found by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA} to be an acceptable means of complying with the requirements of Part 25. Because the method of compliance presented in this AC is not mandatory, the terms II sha11" and "must II used herein apply on1y to an applicant who chooses to follow this particular method without deviation. 2. RELATED DOCUMENTS. a. Related Federal Aviation Regulations {FAR}. Portions of Part 25 and a portion of Part 121, as presently written, can be applied for the design, substantiation, and certification of FMS for transport category airplanes. Sections which prescribe requirements for these types of systems include: § 25.101 Performance: General. § 25 .103 Stalling speed. § 25.105 Takeoff. § 25.107 Takeoff speeds. § 25.109 Accelerate-stop distance. § 25.111 Takeoff path. § 25.113 Takeoff distance and takeoff run. § 25.115 Takeoff flight path. § 25.117 Climb: general. § 25.119 Landing climb: All-engines-operating. § 25.121 Climb: One-engine-inoperative.
    [Show full text]
  • Pneumatic, Air Conditioning, Pressurization System
    AIR - PNEUMATIC, AIR CONDITIONING, PRESSURIZATION PNEUMATIC SYSTEM The Pneumatic System is normally supplied by the Engine's compressor sections. The Pneumatic System may also be supplied by APU bleed air or by an external air source on the ground. Certain systems are given priority depending on aircraft operation and conditions. BLEED AIR FUNCTIONS Pressurization Air Conditioning Engine START Anti Ice Electronics Cooling PNEUMATIC SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION The Pneumatic System is divided by the Cross Bleed Valve (CBV). Normal flight procedures isolate the LEFT and RIGHT sides of the Pneumatic System after engine start. Normally, each engine supplies air to its respective: 1) Air Conditioning Pack; 2) ENGINE Anti Ice system; and 3) WING Anti Ice system. The STAB Anti Ice system uses air from the LEFT side of the Pneumatic System. CROSS BLEED VALVE The Cross Bleed Valve (CBV) permits the connection between the two sides of the Pneumatic System. The CBV allows bleed air to cross feed to the Packs in case of APU operation or engine pneumatic power supply failure. The CBV is electrically controlled by the XBLEED knob on the overhead panel. The CBV is pneumatically actuated. The CBV AUTO mode automatically selects the available pneumatic sources. If Anti Ice is used when operating below 24,600', the CBV AUTO mode will OPEN both HSV's and will automatically CLOSE the LEFT Pack Valve. If one Pack has failed then the logic will keep the operating Pack. ENGINE BLEED AIR The LP bleed air is taken from the 9th stage compressor section and passes through a Bleed Air Check Valve (BACV).
    [Show full text]
  • FJ44-3AP Engines and Wingtip STC Information Sheet
    FJ44-3AP Engines and Wingtip STC Information Sheet FAA STC# ST02371LA, Beechcraft Model 400A aircraft, one-time use, $25,000. • STC# ST02371LA allows for: • Replacement of Pratt & Whitney JT15D-5 series engines with Williams International FJ44-3AP engines. Includes Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) and associated systems. • Removal of existing wingtips which includes upgrading the existing red/green navigation lights and the anti-collision lights to LEDs, which incorporates anti-collision light power supply into the wingtip light. • Removal of the navigation light in the top section of the vertical stabilizer. • Removal of the aft fuselage anti-collision power supply. This eliminates a major source of EMI. No more high voltage. • Installation of new Wing-tip Assemblies, aka winglets. • Installation of new LED navigation and anti-collision light assembly. LEDs use less electrical power, and are more reliable. Equipment Description Part number QTY Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) 123866 2 Rotational Variable Differential Transducer (RVDT) 3A21200096 2 Beam Instl - Mod N530100-001 1 LH Wingtip Assembly (Winglet) NX0047-5720-0100-001 1 RH Wingtip Assembly (Winglet) NX0047-5720-0100-002 1 LH Wingtip LED Light 87-03916-001 1 RH Wingtip LED Light 87-03917-001 1 Locations: New Engine Fuel Control (LH and RH sides) Beam Instl – Mod (New engine mounts) LH Wingtip Assembly and Wingtip LED Lights Rotational Variable Differential (RH side not shown for clarity) Transducer (RVDT) Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) New Pylons Revision 1 • Williams FJ44-3AP Engines: o The installation of the FJ44 engines with FADEC is a pre-requisite for upgrading Autothrottles.
    [Show full text]