Volume 5, Issue 9(5), September 2016 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research
Published by Sucharitha Publications 8-43-7/1, Chinna Waltair Visakhapatnam – 530 017 Andhra Pradesh – India Email: [email protected] Website: www.ijmer.in
Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Dr.K. Victor Babu Faculty, Department of Philosophy Andhra University – Visakhapatnam - 530 003 Andhra Pradesh – India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Prof. S.Mahendra Dev Prof. Fidel Gutierrez Vivanco Vice Chancellor Founder and President Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Escuela Virtual de Asesoría Filosófica Research Lima Peru Mumbai Prof. Igor Kondrashin Prof.Y.C. Simhadri The Member of The Russian Philosophical Vice Chancellor, Patna University Society Former Director The Russian Humanist Society and Expert of Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary The UNESCO, Moscow, Russia Studies, New Delhi & Formerly Vice Chancellor of Dr. Zoran Vujisiæ Benaras Hindu University, Andhra University Rector Nagarjuna University, Patna University St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Institute
Universidad Rural de Guatemala, GT, U.S.A Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater
Former Vice Chancellor Singhania University, Rajasthan Prof.U.Shameem Department of Zoology Andhra University Visakhapatnam Prof.K.Sreerama Murty Department of Economics Dr. N.V.S.Suryanarayana Andhra University - Visakhapatnam Dept. of Education, A.U. Campus Vizianagaram Prof. K.R.Rajani Department of Philosophy Dr. Kameswara Sharma YVR Andhra University – Visakhapatnam Asst. Professor Dept. of Zoology Prof. P.D.Satya Paul Sri. Venkateswara College, Delhi University, Department of Anthropology Delhi Andhra University – Visakhapatnam I Ketut Donder Prof. Josef HÖCHTL Depasar State Institute of Hindu Dharma Department of Political Economy Indonesia University of Vienna, Vienna & Ex. Member of the Austrian Parliament Prof. Roger Wiemers Austria Professor of Education Lipscomb University, Nashville, USA Prof. Alexander Chumakov Chair of Philosophy Dr. N.S. Dhanam Russian Philosophical Society Department of Philosophy Moscow, Russia Andhra University Visakhapatnam
Dr.B.S.N.Murthy Dr.T.V.Ramana Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Economics GITAM University Andhra University Campus, Kakinada Visakhapatnam Dr.Ton Quang Cuong Dr.S.V Lakshmana Rao Dean of Faculty of Teacher Education Coordinator University of Education, VNU, Hanoi A.P State Resource Center Visakhapatnam Prof. Chanakya Kumar Department of Computer Science Dr.S.Kannan University of Pune,Pune Department of History Annamalai University Prof. Djordje Branko Vukelic Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram Department for Production Engineering University of Novi Sad, Serbia Dr. B. Venkataswamy H.O.D., & Associate Professor Prof. Shobha V Huilgol Dept. of Telugu, P.A.S. College Department of Pharmacology Pedanandipadu, Guntur, India Off- Al- Ameen Medical College, Bijapur
Dr.E. Ashok Kumar Prof.Joseph R.Jayakar Department of Education Department of English North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong GITAM University Hyderabad Dr.K.Chaitanya Department of Chemistry Prof.Francesco Massoni Nanjing University of Science and Department of Public Health Sciences Technology University of Sapienza, Rome People’s Republic of China Prof.Mehsin Jabel Atteya Dr.Merina Islam Al-Mustansiriyah University Department of Philosophy College of Education Cachar College, Assam Department of Mathematics, Iraq
Dr. Bipasha Sinha Prof. Ronato Sabalza Ballado S. S. Jalan Girls’ College Department of Mathematics University of Calcutta, Calcutta University of Eastern Philippines, Philippines
Prof. N Kanakaratnam Dr.Senthur Velmurugan .V Dept. of History, Archaeology & Culture Librarian Dravidian University, Kuppam Kalasalingam University Andhra Pradesh Krishnankovil Tamilnadu
Dr. K. John Babu Dr.J.B.Chakravarthi Department of Journalism & Mass Comm Assistant Professor Central University of Kashmir, Kashmir Department of Sahitya Rasthritya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati
® © Editor-in-Chief, IJMER Typeset and Printed in India www.ijmer.in IJMER, Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, concentrates on critical and creative research in multidisciplinary traditions. This journal seeks to promote original research and cultivate a fruitful dialogue between old and new thought. C O N T E N T S Volume 5 Issue 9(5) September 2016 S. Page
No No 1. A Study on Employee Welfare Measures with Reference 1 to Hindu Temples in Visakhapatnam, A.P, South India Vijaya Prasad and M.Uma Devi
2. Knowledge of Sexuality among Adolescent Boys : An 16 Intervention Study Lims Thomas and Binesh C J
3. Recent Performance in Mass Campaign towards Adult 28 Education Programme in Andhra Pradesh Billa Raja Rubi Kishore
4. Emotional Intelligence of Higher Secondary Students in 37 Puducherry Region C. Daisy Nambikkai and A. Veliappan
5. Right to Education Act-2009 and SMC 48 Rajvir Singh
6. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Economic Thoughts: A Study 56 Ramesh Krishna Vipparthi
7. Qualities of Leadership 82 D.Rekha 8. 90
V. Unnikrishnan Nampiyathiri
9. Heidegger Philosophical Thought: Being and Time 100 Gopal Mallam
10. Design of An Air Distribution System for A Multi - 112 Storey Office Building L.Tabitha
11. Logical Analysis of Different Load Balancing Techniques 134 : A Review Rajesh Sachdeva and Shalini Sachdeva 12. Paramapurusha Eva Anandamayaha 147 V.S.Vishnubhattacharyulu
13. Ways and Means Todouble Digit Growth in State of 153 Andhra Pradesh N. Srinivas Patnaik
14. The Issues on Further Studies to Ph.D Degrees: The 162 Problems of Liniarity for Lecturers’ Carreer Development Anik Juwariyah, Darni, Trisakti and Ali Mustofa
15. Pulses in Un-Irrigated Area in Telangana 183 Tekmal Renuka
16. Problem-Based Learning Approach for The Teaching of 195 English as A Second or Foreign Language Made Budiarsa
17. 214
18. Effect of Substitution of Zn and Sn on Structural and 220 Electrical Properties of BaFe12O19 Vaishali Soman and Vijay Soman
19. 227
20. A Study on Decision Making Role of Married Women 232 School Teachers in the Daily Family Activities With Reference to Theni District T. Ezhilarasi and M. Nandhini
21. Paddy in Irrigated Area in Andhra Pradesh & 245 Telangana Tekmal Renuka
22. Crying for Ethnic Identity and the Problem of Violence 260 of North Eastern Region -A Critical Study Dandiram Pegu 23. 281
24. Hr Challenges in Tourism Industry in Jammu and 287 Kashmir Raashidah Gani
25. A Study on Relationship Between Nutritional Status 296 and Reproductive Behaviour of Adolescent Girls in Rural and Urban Areas of Chittoor District – A.P. india A.B.Srilatha and A.B.Subhashini
Dr. K. VICTOR BABU ISSN : 2277 – 7881 M.A.,M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,PDF, (D.Lit) Impact Factor :3.318(2015) Faculty of Philosophy and Religious Index Copernicus Value: 5.16 Studies & Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research (IJMER) & Sucharitha: A Journal of Philosophy and Religion Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Pin - 530 003 , Andhra Pradesh – India
Editorial……
You will be happy to know that we have entered the fifth year of publication of IJMER, since its inception in April 2012. Focusing on many interdisciplinary subjects, the published papers are spreading the knowledge with fervent hope of upholding the holistic approach. With all my heart, I reiterate to echo my sincere feelings and express my profound thanks to each and every valued contributor. This journal continues to nurture and enhance the capabilities of one and all associated with it.
We as a team with relentless efforts are committed to inspire the readers and achieve further progress. Aim is to sustain the tempo and improve. We acknowledge with pleasure that our readers are enjoying the publications of Sucharitha Publishers. We solicit to receive ideas and comments for future improvements in its content and quality. Editor –in-Chief explicitly conveys his gratitude to all the Editorial Board members. Your support is our motivation. Best wishes to everyone.
Dr.K.Victor Babu Editor-in-Chief
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VOLUME 5, ISSUE 9(5), SEPTEMBER 2016
A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE WELFARE MEASURES WITH REFERENCE TO HINDU TEMPLES IN VISHAKHAPATNAM, A.P, SOUTH INDIA
Vijaya Prasad Prof. M.Uma Devi Research Scholar DCMS DCMS, Andhra University Andhra University Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam
Abstract
The Hindu culture strongly believes in universal oneness called "Vasudaika kutumbam" treating human beings are one of the creatures along with animals and plants and the theme of this culture includes make others living happily. Temple worship which is central to the culture of this religion. According to the Stephen Knapp, great painter and spiritual philosopher of United States who converted from Christianity to Hindu on his extensive research on Hindu temples states in his article "The threat against Hindu temples and Vedic culture in India" that the AP state endowment board with 77,000 employees supported by 15% to 18% of the income from 33,000 temples has done little for the welfare of employees who are rich assets in Hindu culture. It is unfortunate that priests of temples are penniless and temples are decaying due to lack of maintenance. Adding fuel to fire, hindu priests do not want to train children in priestly activities due to lack of economic resources which results in systematic wipe out Vedic culture across India. It is evident that human resources of Hindu temples are precious assets and assumes the role of ambassadors to hindu culture and in order to protect Hindu or Vedic culture administration need to develop human resources especially religious employees who are the responsible for spreading the Hindu culture.
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This article focused on Hindu temples in Visakhapatnam District with an objective to critically analyse the existing welfare measures rendered to temple employees with a special attention towards various shortcomings in implementing the various welfare measures along with necessary suggestions to introduce some more welfare measures to strengthen the human resources which are vital for survival of Indian culture.
Key words:- Hindu culture, welfare measures, human resources, temple employees, Vedic culture
1. Introduction
The Hindu temples generally engaged in Dharmic activities conducting festivals, Brahmotsavams, Spiritual discourses and Religious cultural programs in addition to regular rituals strictly as per “Agama Sastras” and these are carried out by specialised and skilled religious man power especially in Vedas and Sastras. Those employees who are engaged in such a vital program of temples need adequate welfare measures who are prime resources to spread Hindu culture devotedly to the society and thereby protecting our renowned ancient vedas and sastras. In temples, it should be ensure that the provision of adequate amenities to the employees as well as devotes. The temple activities coupled with the Hindu Dharma have to be spread in the catchment areas of temples for increase in footfalls and consequential increase in revenues to the temples. Temple employees especially in religious posts, “Archakas” are the prime enablers for keeping the devotee-lord link to make devotees happy which will result in their spiritual enlightenment. Hence, satisfying the devotee will increase in revenues to the temples.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The temple employees who are responsible for keeping spiritual environment in temples must be properly treated by the administration
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and thereby keep their devotees expectations. It is pertinent to note that unless the temple employees satisfaction levels meet their expectations, they could not be motivated to strictly follow the Hindu Dharmic life and they cannot send right signals for popularizing Hindu culture in the temple catchment area which is essential in the present era for keeping our culture lively and also it will increase the our hindu temples revenue.
Like employees in other departments, the temple employee welfare schemes also can be classified in to three categories viz. Statutory and non-statutory (Voluntary), Social Security schemes.
• The statutory schemes are those schemes that are compulsory to provide by an organization as compliance to the laws governing employee health and safety.
• The non–statutory schemes differ from organization to organization. It is a comprehensive term including various services, benefits and facilities offered to employees by the employer. Through such generous fringe benefits, the employer makes life worth living for employees.
• Social Security Scheme 2.1 Statutory Welfare Measures of Temple employees
Maintaining holy and spiritual atmosphere is an essential for temples to render quality services by the temples employees. It is evident that delivery of quality services to devotees cannot be achieved unless the keep temple premises and the utensils etc neat and clean. There is a brief introduction of existing statutory welfare measures employed in temples.
Sanitary and hygiene facilities:- Temple premises regarded as a holy places has to maintain holy atmosphere. Then the employees can serve devotees with utmost satisfaction. So, Temple
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administration should take necessary measures to sanitation programs in and around the Temple.
Washing facilities:- In temple's religious activities are continuous process, so there is a provision washing utensils and cloths etc which are utilised in those programs to preserve the spirit of holiness in the temples.
Drinking water:- It is an essential and basic facility to provide drinking water to temple employees along with devotees to facilitate healthy atmosphere.
Rest Shelter facilities:- Temple employees to deliver their services through out the day even in odd hours, there is a provision for shelter rooms for employees.
Creches:- This facility is presently not existed, but there should be a provision for crech facility for the employees to take care of younger children while their parents on duties in temples.
Medical facilities:- Medical facilities for the temple employees and their families extended at par with the State government employees at empannelled hospitals.
Canteen facilities:- The provision of canteen facility makes the employees to feel comfort in their work places in getting quality food items like break fast, lunch and dinner at discounted prices.
2.2 Non-Statutory Welfare Measures of Temple employees:-
Educational Facilities: Education plays a crucial role in motivating and preparing the employee for constant change and development. The educated worker is naturally more receptive and responsible. Many organisations go a step further and extend education facilities like fee reimbursement, books allowance, etc. to the children of the employees.
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Transport Facilities: Transport facilities for employees residing far from the workplace are essential to relieve strain and anxiety. Such facilities will, no doubt, also provide greater opportunity for relaxation and reduce the rate of absenteeism.
Recreational Facilities: Recreation in the form of music, art, theatre, sports and games can play an important role in the mental and physical development of temple employees. The importance of recreation in creating a healthy climate for any Organization.
2.3 Social security Programs
The Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 :The scheme is financed by contribution from employers and employees, with the State Governments sharing one-eighth of the cost of medical care. In order to qualify for the benefit the worker should have contributed to the scheme for a minimum period of 12 weeks. The benefits provided under the scheme include: (i) Sickness and extended sickness benefit, (ii) Maternity benefit, (iii) Disablement benefit, (iv) Dependant's benefit, (v) Funeral benefit
Employees' Family Pension Scheme: Under the scheme, a family pension fund is created by diverting 1 116 per cent of pay and an equal amount each from the employer and the State Government. The Central Government pays the administrative cost of the scheme.
The Employees' Deposit-linked Insurance Scheme, 1976:- The employer is required to contribute to the Insurance Fund at the rate of 0.5 per cent of the'pay of the employees who are provident fund subscribers. The ~enhl Government also contributes to the Insurance Fund an amount representing one half of the amount contributed by the employer
The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Gratuity is an additional retirement benefit. The Act is applicable to all establishments in which
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10 or more workers are employed. The Central Government can bring in any establishment by notification under the provisions of the Act. According to the Act, an employee is entitled to 15 days wages for every year's contiliuance in service. Seasonal workers should be paid gratuity at the rate of 7 days wages per season. The,total gratuity payable shall not exceed more than 20 months wages.
3. Need of the Study
The temples in India plays a vital role and promoting rich heritage and culture. The researchers from India and foreign counties opinioned that there is a great threat for Hindu temples and vedic culture. So far research studies, hindu dharmic organisations focussed on spreading of non-hindu religions and they strongly opposes the non-hindu religious activities openly which is again great threat to communal hormony. This study focusses on strenghthing the Hindu temples from gross root levels insttead of opposing non-hindu religions. On the way of our studies, we considered the temple employees which are great assets of Hindu culture to keep alive and spread to our society by enriching them sufficiently to motivate to follow the Hindu Dharmic life and thereby popularizing Hindu culture.
4. Scope of the Study
This article has thrown light on the welfare measures of temple employees who are considered as rich assets for promoting hindu culture.
• This study will help the top management to improve their welfare measures in favorable for temple employees.
• It enables employees to have a richer and more satisfying life and motivated to strictly follow Hindu Dharmic life to send right signals to society.
• It helps to boost up temple employee morale.
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• To promote employees welfare measures like recreation Facilities.
5. OBJECTIVES
1) To identify the various welfare measures implemented in the temples in Visakhapatnam District, AP
2) To analylse the effect of existing welfare measures among temple emmployees in Visakhapatnam District of AP, South India.
3) To assess the additional welfare measures required for temple employees to keep motivate them to keep Hindu culture alive.
4) To study the opportunities to acquire the specialised religious skills to temple employees especially religious employees to enrich them professionally to upgrade
6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.1 Sample Design:
The total employees in AP Endowment department including Secular and Religious staff are 1143 as a unit of study i.e universal population.
Our sample size taken as 135 which is approximately 12% of the universe.
The Sampling technique used in this research is stratified random Sample.
The Sample design is concerned utmost care has taken to cover all categories Of temple staff including religious and secular jobs
6.2 Data Collection:
Data refers to a collection of organized information, usually the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises.
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Temples under major category designated as 6(a) (i.e income is more than 25 lakh rupees) and these temples are headed by Commissioner rank officer. My research under study involves 6 temples data in Visakhapatnam District under this category as follows.
1. Sri Sampath Vinayaka Temple, Asilmetta, Visakhapatnam
2. Sri Nukalamma Ammavari Temple, Anakapalli
3. Sri Satyanarayana Swamy Temple, Sandhill, Visakhapatnam
4. Sri Karkachettu Polamamba Temple, Pedawaltair, Visakhapatnam
5. Sri Durgalamma Ammavari Temple, Velamapeta, Visakhapatnam
6. Sri Erukumamba Ammavari Temple, Dondaparthi, Visakhapatnam 6.3 Data Sources
a) Primary Data: Data collected directly from the employees of the above temples using structured questionnaires, interviews.
b) Secondary Data collected from Endowment Department Deputy Commissioner’s Office
Visakhapatnam regarding Recruitment and Selection process, regarding various jobs eligibility norms, Endowment Portal on Website etc.
6.4 Data Analysis:- Sample Data collected from 135 employees out of 1143 employees of Temples staff which includes religious and secular posts. These sample data collected from 6 temples in Visakhapatnam District, the distribution of employees in these 6 temples are as follows
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Table 1: Sample Data Resource Table
Sl Name of the Temple Place Type of Post Temple Secular Religious wise employees 1 Sri Sampath Vinayaka Temple Asilmetta, 17 11 28 Visakhapatnam 2 Sri Nukalamma Ammavari Temple Anakapalli 35 12 47 3 Sri Satyanarayana Swamy Temple Sandhill, 11 11 22 Visakhapatnam 4 Sri Karkachettu Polamamba Pedawaltair, 13 8 21 Temple Visakhapatnam 5 Sri Durgalamma Ammavari Velamapeta, 5 5 10 Temple Visakhapatnam 6 Sri Erukumamba Ammavari Dondaparthi, 4 3 7 Temple Visakhapatnam Total Employees considered for analysis in 6 temples 85 50 135
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Table 2: Distribution of respondents based on their opinion about welfare measures (on consolidated data on 6 temples as mentioned above)
Serial Factor Religious posts Secular posts number Frequen Percenta Frequenc Percentag cy ge y e 1 Highly 12 14.12 8 16 Satisfied 2 Satisfied 21 24.7 16 32 3 Average 20 23.53 13 26 4 Dissatisfied 18 21.18 8 16 5 Highly 14 16.47 5 10 dissatisfied Total 85 100 50 100 Comparision on opinions on welfare measures by Religious and Secular posts
The table indicates that the religious employees are not much comfort in terms of existing welfare measures as compared to secular employees i.e 37.65% of religious employees and 26% of secular employees expressed their dissatisfaction.
Table 4: Opinion on respondents on requirement of additional welfare measures
Serial Whether Religious posts Secular posts number additional Frequen Percent Frequen Percenta welfare cy age cy ge measures required? 1 Required 56 65.88 38 76 2 Not required 29 34.12 12 24 Total 85 100 50 100
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Opinions expressed by Religious and Secular employees towards requirement of addition welfare measures.
The table indicates that secular employees in large percentage i.e around 76% of employees expressed their opinion that the existing welfare measures are inadequate and requires additional welfare measures, where as secular employees in 65.88% also expressed similar opinion. Where as 34.12% of employees under religious and 24% of employees under secular opinioned that additional welfare measures not required.
Table 5: Opinion on respondents to acquire professional skills really enrich their jobs?
Serial Imparting Religious posts Secular posts number professional skills enritch Frequen Percent Frequen Percenta their jobs cy age cy ge
1 Yes 71 83.53 18 36
2 No 9 10.59 29 58
3 Can't Say 5 5.88 3 6
Total 85 100 50 100
From the above table it is evident that religious employees (83.53%) has strong opinion on requirement of professional skills to enrich their jobs to deliver quality of service, but in secular post only 36% of employees has such opinion. But in secular jobs around 58% of employees opinioned that they don't require any furhter professional skills.
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Table 6: Opinion on respondents on upliftment of career advance in their jobs
Serial Factor Religious posts Secular posts number Frequen Percent Frequen Percenta cy age cy ge
1 Highly 12 14.12 8 16 Satisfied
2 Satisfied 21 24.71 16 32
3 Average 20 23.53 13 26
4 Dissatisfied 18 21.18 8 16
5 Highly 14 16.47 5 10 dissatisfied From the above tables it is clear that the religious employees have much dissatisfaction levels on their career advancement with 37% (Dissatisfaction+Highly Dissatisfaction) compared to 26% of Secular employees.
7. Findings
7. The temple employees not satisfied much with existing welfare measures especially religious employees.
.7.1. Most of the temple employees are in favour of requirement of some additional welfare measures.
.7.2. In temple employees, especially in religious employees has an ambition to learn professional skills for delivering quality of services to devotees.
.7.3. The temple employees expressed their dissatisfaction in their professional upliftment/career.
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.7.4. Temple employees are not willing to introduce their children to their temples as their jobs and their salaries are not upto the industry standards.
.7.5. Found less of skill imparting religious institutions in Andhra pradesh to produce a qualitative human resources in temples.
8. Suggestions
1. The Temple administation need to review time to time , for revival of welare measures according to the current situtations and if required introduce new welfare measures accordingly.
2. The Temple employees must be encouraged to introduce their children in religious/secular post in temples by introducing varioius attractive incentives and promising career.
3. Temple employees are encouraged to learn professional skills and thereby promising career in their professional life.
4. Temple employees need comfortable standards of living, so that they can concentrate to strictly follow the Hindu Dharmic life and they cannot send right signals for popularizing Hindu culture in the temples.
5. We need to address the shortcomings on implementing welfare measures and if require introduce some additional welfare measures.
6. The religious institutions like temples, vedic schools, classical music schools needs special care and support from the Government to produce quality product for future needs.
9.Conclusion
• In our society we have to protect our rich hindu culture. In gross root level, the religious employees play a vital role to spread our rich culture and those employees are valuable assists for our culture. But now they are not much satisfied with the welfare measures.
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• The dissatisfaction levels of religious employees demotivated to spreading Hindu Dharmic life which is not desirable for the survival of our traditional rich vedic culture.
• The less care on protection of traditional vedic culture resulted in gradual wiping out of our indigenious rich vedic culture from our society. So now our society indirectly motivated to adopt foreign culture by ignoring our traditional culture.
• The inadequate support for employees engaged in hindu religious activities, causes them forcible kept their generation away from temple related jobs.
• It is a wakeup situtation to preseve our rich culture from disappear by framing a most promising career in religious posts with attractive package.
• At present temple's religious employees presumes that they were not properly treated by the Government which effects their dedication to their services to devotees which results in obstruction in achieving the spiritual enlightment.
Bibliography
1. http://www.stephenknapp.com/threat_against_hindu_temples_a nd_vedic_culture_in_india.htm
2. Shoba Misra & Dr. Manju Bhagat, Principles of successful implementation of labour welfare activities
3. Human resources and personal management, Tata Mcgraw Hill,2005
4. Minutes of AP Endowment Archakas and other Employees Welfare fund trust meeting held on 02.03.2015 in the office of the Chief Commissioner of the Land administration, Hyderabad
5. Report of the Committe on service issues of Temple Employees
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of AP Endowment , Hyderabad
6. Report on Archaka widow welfare of the O/o.Commissioner of AP Endowment, Hyderabad
7. Proceedings on Salary and Remuneration fund – Payment of minimum remuneration of the Commissioner of Endowments Department, Hyderabad dated 08.04.2015.
8. AP Endowment manual
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KNOWLEDGE OF SEXUALITY AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS : AN INTERVENTION STUDY
Lims Thomas Binesh C J Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Social Work Department of Social Work St.Thomas’ College St.Thomas’ College Thrissur, Kerala, India Thrissur, Kerala, India
Abstract Knowledge on the physiological & psychological changes are important in the period of adolescence. This experimental study examines the knowledge level of adolescent boys on their physical changes, psychological changes in the adolescent period. The knowledge level of the respondents of physical & psychological changes was assessed by using a self prepared questionnaire before and after intervention i.e. pre and post measurement. The researcher adopted simple random sampling to select 60 samples via the lottery method. The results of the study exert the importance of educating the adolescents about their bodily changes in their family as well as school Keywords : Adoloscence, Knowledge, Physiological & Psychological changes Introduction Adolescence is the period in development between the onset of puberty and adulthood. It usually begins between 11 and 13 years of age with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and spans the teenage years, terminating at 18 to 20 years of age with the completion of the
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development of the adult form. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents as the age group 10–19. Today, 1.2 billion adolescents stand at the crossroads between childhood and the adult world. Around 243 million of them live in India. Investing in the world’s 1.2 billion adolescents aged 10-19 now can break entrenched cycles of poverty and inequity, said UNICEF today in its 2011 State of the World’s Children report entitled ‘Adolescence: An Age of Opportunity’. India is home to more than 243 million adolescents, who account for a quarter of the country’s population. Physical and psychological changes or development is significant during adolescent period. Puberty is the age of a growth spurt. Physical changes can be both internal and external. Physical changes such as; Hormone development, growth in body parts, gain height and weight, hair growth, voice change etc. are taking place during this period. During the pubertal growth spurt, four important physical changes occur which transform the child’s body into that of an adult: changes in body size, changes in body proportion, the development of the primary sex characteristics, and the development of the secondary sex characteristics. The primary sex changes include the development of sex organs. In males, the gonads or testes are developed. And secondary sex changes include the changes in physical features. During adolescence, their sexuality brings into sharper focus. Sexual desires and arousal, sexual experimentation, and the formation of a sexual identity are more pronounced in adolescence. The process of puberty encourages the release of specific hormones that are primarily responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics
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and for the emergence of reproductive capabilities. The relationship between pubertal change and adolescent sexuality may not only be hormonal but may also include how the teen and others respond to changes in secondary sex characteristics. In this context, it’s highly important that the adolescents must be able to properly understand the biological and psychological changes. Many of them are not able to understand and cope up with these changes. UNICEF India (2013) reported that, 61% of adolescents are confused about their physical changes during adolescence period in south Asian countries.
Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women (WHO). Sex is a way of distinguishing male and female members of a species, usually by referencing their reproductive functions. It also mean about the biological changes happening in the human anatomy. Sexuality is a central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles and relationships. While sexuality can include all of these dimensions, not all of them are always experienced or expressed. Sexuality is influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, ethical, legal, historical, religious and spiritual factors. 'Sexuality' is the sexual dimension of the personality. It is everything that is associated with maleness or femaleness of a person.
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Awareness of sex and sexuality is significant in adolescent period. The level of sexual awareness varies from age to age. Awareness of sexuality will be understood from early childhood, when the personality of a child starts to develop. Sexuality awareness also helps them to differentiate the positive and negative aspects of their own sexuality. It will help them to avoid unwanted anxieties towards physical and psychological changes. Sexuality of an adolescent is influenced by their parents, peer groups and siblings etc.
Result of Sources of information related to sex and sexuality, reveals that both boys and girls, ‘friends and mass media’, play a major role in providing information on ‘sex related matters’, ‘peers and older friends’ are another major source of information because they are easily available and accessible to young people. They feel more free and comfortable to speak to them on sexual issues and concerns. Nearly 50% of respondents (boys 54.4% and girls 42.2%) prefer older friend to peers. Mass media (print and electronic) are the next important source of information for young people. For about 45% of boys, electronic media such as, blue films (41.4%), cable TV (43.8%) and foreign films (48.2%) are the main source of information. Over a quarter (27.2%) of boys and 5.6% of girls get the information from yellow literature-pornography.
Materials & Methods
The study intended to assess the knowledge level of adolescent boys on their physical changes, psychological changes in the adolescent period.
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The study was carried out among the same group of respondents. The awareness level of the respondents of sex and sexuality was assessed by using a self prepared questionnaire before and after intervention i.e. pre and post measurement. The researcher prepared an intervention module for implementing among the respondents for the Pre & Post assessment. The intervention dealt with the physical changes about; hormone development and changes, Primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics, physical maturity (girl and boy), Nocturnal emission, Sperm and semen etc. And psychological changes about; relation of physical maturity and psychological changes, reasons for psychological changes, Adolescent’s thoughts, consciousness, attitude, desire and behaviors during this period, anxiety, depression, fear, self confidence etc. Hence, the study is experimental in nature. The Self Prepared Questionnaire included 41 questions. The questionnaire was divided into 23 questions based on physical changes and 18 questions based on psychological changes. The universe of the study is all Adolescent boys doing first year degree course in arts or commerce subjects, between the ages 16 to 19 from St: Thomas’ college (Private), Thrissur. The researcher adopted simple random sampling to select 60 samples via the lottery method.
Results & Discussion
The following data explains the results of the study carried out in the aspect of Knowledge level on physical as well as psychological changes among the respondents before and after intervention.
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Knowledge on Physical Changes (Pre – Post)
Level Pre-intervention Percent Post- Percent (F) intervention (F) Less than 36 60 10 16.66 32 Greater 24 40 50 83.33 than 32 Total 60 100 60 100 Table 1: Awareness on physical changes of the respondents
Table 1 explains about respondent’s awareness of physical changes before and after intervention.
The median value of the table is 32. The median value is calculated as benchmark because, to avoid the impact of the difference between low observation and high observation. Here, the median is calculated from the score of respondents in physical change awareness.
Pre-intervention result shows that, 60 percent of respondents have less awareness of physical changes. The post-intervention result shows that, students with less awareness regarding physical changes decreased in to 16.66 percent. 40% of respondents have high level of awareness of physical changes as before intervention. It is increased to 83.33% after the intervention. There is a 43.34% increase in respondent’s awareness of physical changes during adolescence before and after intervention.
UNICEF India (2013) reported that, 61% of adolescents are confused about their physical changes during adolescence period in south Asian countries. In this context, the intervention package of the present study
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included physical changes such as; height, weight, primary sex characteristics and secondary characteristics. The awareness of physical changes before intervention was low (60%) among respondents. The intervention made successful change in the awareness of physical changes. . The awareness of physical changes after intervention changed in to (16.66%) among respondents. The reasons behind less awareness of physical changes among adolescent boys could be, the lack of proper information regarding the sex and sexuality from their family or teachers about the changes.
37 36 35 34 33 Mean 32 Mean 31 30 29 Physical Physical changes- changes- Pre test Post test
Figure 1: Mean Differences of the Pre & Post Intervention on Physical Changes
Figure 1 shows the mean and the mean difference of the pre and post intervention on physical changes. The mean value of awareness of physical changes before and after intervention changed from 31.6500 to
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35.7167. The mean difference of awareness of physical changes before and after intervention is -4.06667. It clearly explains the differences in the awareness level of the respondents before & after intervention.
Knowledge on Psychological Changes (Pre-Post)
Level Pre- Percent Post- Percent intervention(F) intervention(F) Less than 34 56. 15 25 24 66 Greater 26 43. 45 75 than 24 33 Total 60 10 60 100 0 Table 2 : Awareness on psychological changes of the respondents Table 2 denotes the adolescent’s awareness of psychological changes before and after intervention
The median value is 24. The median value is calculated as benchmark because, to avoid the impact of the difference between low observation and high observation.Pre-intervention result shows that, 56.66 percent of respondents have less awareness of psychological changes. Post- intervention result show that, students with less awareness regarding psychological changes decreased into 25 percent. 43.33% of respondents have a high level of awareness of psychological changes before intervention. It is increased to 75% after the intervention. There is 31.66 percent increase in respondent’s awareness. These results also signify the effect of intervention in improving the psychological aspect of sex and sexuality among the respondents
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Anand G. Sathe and Shanta Sathe (2012), conducted a study in Concerns on sexuality development shows that, pimples were the most worrisome factor for adolescent boys (66.8%) and girls (47.6%), adolescent boys were more worried about their height (53.8%), weight (44.8%) and their figures (47.8%). While the worry was about the size of the penis among boys (45.8%), it was the size of the breast for girls (21.4%). Facial hair was another worry on physical development by 42% boys and 18% girls.
This present study also shows the similar result. Psychological changes based on primary sex characteristics and secondary characteristics have been included in the intervention. In this study, respondents also have worries and anxieties regarding primary and secondary sex characteristics. The awareness of psychological changes before intervention was low (56.66%) among respondents. The intervention made successful change in the awareness of psychological changes. . The awareness of psychological changes after intervention changed in to (25%) among respondents. The adolescents experience psychological feelings such as anxiety, fear, curiosity, and depression etc. during the adolescent period. These psychological changes happening due to physical changes occur in their body. Lack of availability of right information about sexuality from parents and teachers would lead to the non-realization of physical as well as psychological changes during this period. While they lack awareness of these areas, they were trying to cope up with their own manner. Those steps may lead to some psychological problems or addictions.
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Mean
28 27.5 27 26.5 26 25.5 25 Mean 24.5 24 23.5 23
Psychological Psychological changes-Pre changes-Post test test Figure 2 : Mean difference of the pre and post intervention on psychological changes
The above figure shows the mean and the mean difference of the pre and post intervention on psychological changes. The mean value of awareness of psychological changes before and after intervention changed from 24.5500 to 27.3500.The mean difference of awareness of psychological changes before and after the intervention is - 2.80000. It clearly explains the differences in the awareness level of the respondents before & after intervention.
Conclusion
The results of the study exert lack of knowledge among the adolescents about their pubertical changes. It specify about the importance of educating the adolescent boys from their secondary classes. A threefold
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approach must be initiated which consists of parents, teachers and government. As we already know, family is the first school and parents are the first teachers. They can teach their children about their physiological as well as psychological changes when they grow. Along with the regular classes, teachers can also educate about student’s physical as well as psychological changes when they grow into an adult. The government can initiate body literacy or family education programmes through the programmes such as ICDS, NRHM etc. Through these three tier timely interventions, we can prepare our adolescents for a better future.
Acknowledgement
The study has been carried out as a preliminary study for the UGC Minor Research Project titled Awareness on Sex & Sexuality among adolescent boys in Thrissur district : An Intervention Study
Bibliography
1. Chithra, R. (2010). Merits of sex education in schools. Health Action. 11 (8),34-36 2. Chander, S. J. (2008) It is time to talk Human sexuality with Adolescents. Health Action (17(9), 12-14 3. Manju. R. Nair (2005) , My Body. A Hand Book for boys. Sakhi women’s resources Centre. Thiruvananthapuram, 12-17, 21-28 4. Sathe A.G. & Sathe (2005). Knowledge behaviour and attitude about Adoloscent Sexuality amongst Adoloscents in Pune : A Situational analysis. Journal of Family Welfare. 51, 49 -59 5. http://medind.nic.in/jah/t05/i1/jaht05i1p49.pdf retrieved on 1st August 2016 6. Susan Moore & Doreen Rosenthal.(1993).Sexuality in Adolescence .Ro utl edge, London 11-14
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7. Vijayakumar, S. (2008) Impact of electronic media on children and adolescents. Health Action 17(9), 9-11 8. http://unicef.in/PressReleases/87/Adolescence-An-Age-of- Opportunity retrieved on 1st August 2016 9. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/sexual_health/sh _definitions/en/ retrieved on 2nd August 2016 10. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/gender_rights/sexual _health/en/ retrieved on 2nd August 2016
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RECENT PERFORMANCE IN MASS CAMPAIGNTOWARDS ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Billa Raja Rubi Kishore Research Scholar Dept. of Education Acharya Nagarjuna University Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract:
The Saakshar Bharat programme in Andhra Pradesh has been well established in terms of human resources. The aggregate achievement of adult literates is recorded by 6710580 in Andhra Pradesh during 4 phases the literacy programmes. Of which, interestingly 75.23 per cent belong to female and the remaining are male. Thus, it can be said that the objective of Saakshar Bharat programme to provide literacy to women is achieving at significant level. However, the studies revealed that the state of Andhra Pradesh is one of the 10 illiterate states of the country. Further, there is an inter-district disparity among the districts in implementing the programme. Thus, there is a need of hour to proper supervision and political and administrative efforts in towards success the mission and reduce the inter district disparities.
Key words: Adult Education,Saakshar Bharat, Disparities
Introduction
Low levels of literacy have been a persistent problem in India, despite the implementation of strong and sustained government programmes to tackle this issue. The National Literacy Mission launched in 1988 with the purpose of imparting functional literacy to non-literates between the ages of 15 and 35 years produced 127.45 million literates. As a result, the literacy rate jumped by 12% between the Census of India undertaken in 1991 and that in 2001, from 52.21% to 64.84%. But the sheer numbers of illiterates recorded in the 2001 Census, putting the number of illiterates in the 15 years and above age group at 259.52
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million, called for further introspection. This was compounded by the fact that wide disparities were reflected in terms of gender, social groups and regions. Thus, notwithstanding the progress achieved, India still has a long way to go to reach the world average rate of literacy, which is 84%. In the context of Andhra Pradesh, the significance of adult literacy is pronounced, as according to the 2001 Census, the state had a literacy rate of 60.47% and a gender gap of 19.89%. The SaaksharBharat programme, launched at the allIndia level in 2009, was conceptualised with the goal of creating a learning society with focus on non-literates and neo-literates in the age group of 15 years and above with a special focus on women. This programme seeks to reach 80% literacy in the target group along with reducing gender disparity in literacy to less than 10% by 2012. The programme also aims to reduce other socio and regional disparities.
Literacy Status of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (AP) is one of India's promising states. It has made large strides in many areas, notably in the information technology sector. However, the literacy rate in AP has been one of the lowest over six decades, and the gap seems to have worsened between 2001 and 2011 as per literacy data released in the Census 2011 report. The surprises are the presence of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in the top 10 state for illiteracy.Compared with the southern and central states, AP recorded the poorest improvement in literacy levels over the decade 2001-2011. AP's overall literacy rate at 67.7 per cent is much lower than the national average of 74.1 per cent. This trend is reflected in both male and female literacy rates. AP's male literacy rate at 75.6 per cent is lower than the 80 per cent plus in all other states, and lower than the national average of 82.1 per cent. The female literacy rate at 59.7 per cent is also lower than 60 per cent plus in other states, and is significantly lower than the national average of 65.5 per cent.
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In other Words, the illiterate rate is 32.59 per cent whereas 25.17 are male and 39.99 per cent are female. Of the districts of the state, highest illiteracy rate (41.11 per cent) is recorded in Vizianagaram District i.e. more than the state level and lowest by West Godavari by 25.37 percent
Table-1: Illiteracy Rates of Districts in Andhra Pradesh 2011
Sl. District Total Illiteracy Rate:
No. Male Female
1 West Godavari 25.37 22.08 28.64
2 Krishna 26.26 21.7 30.82
3 Chittoor 28.47 20.17 36.72
4 East Godavari 29.01 25.49 32.48
5 Nellore 31.1 24.26 38.01
6 Guntur 32.6 25.21 39.91
7 Y.S.R. 32.7 22.22 43.23
8 Visakhapatnam 33.09 25.44 40.66
9 Anantapur 36.43 26.98 46.03
10 Prakasam 36.92 27.08 46.89
11 Srikakulam 38.26 28.39 47.92
12 Kurnool 40.03 29.9 50.22
13 Vizianagaram 41.11 31.85 50.13
Andhra Pradesh 32.59 25.17 39.99
Source: Saakshar Bharat: Sustaining and enhancing efforts in adult education in AP.
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The Prime Minister launched Saakshar Bharat, a centrally sponsored scheme of Department of School Education and Literacy (DSEL), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India (GOI), on the International Literacy Day, 8th September, 2009. It aims to further promote and strengthen Adult Education, specially of women, by extending educational options to those adults who having lost the opportunity of access to formal education and crossed the standard age for receiving such education, now feel a need for learning of any type, including, literacy, basic education (equivalency to formal education), vocational education (skill development), physical and emotional development, practical arts, applied science, sports, and recreation. To impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 15-35 years in a time bound manner, the National Literacy Mission (NLM) was launched in 1988.
The Saakshar Bharat programme in Andhra Pradesh has been well established in terms of human resources. Since its launch in 2011, 37,842 preraks, 3,05,694 volunteer teachers, 37,842 master trainers and 1,890 resource persons have been appointed. In addition to these appointments, 76 district coordinators and 945 mandal coordinators have been appointed in all the Saakshar Bharat districts. A critical factor in the successful implementation of Saakshar Bharat has been the existence of the Directorate of Adult Education since the 1980s. This ensures availability of a dedicated team with over 30 years of experience in the adult education sector. The infrastructure, financial as well as human resources of this Directorate were utilised in the implementation of the programme.
Improvement in literacy rate:
The initiative has significantly impacted the overall literacy rate in the state of Andhra Pradesh as it has improved from 60.47% in 2001 to 67.02% in 2011 with a 6.55 percentage increase. Reduction in gender
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gap in literacy: An analysis of gender disaggregated data on literacy in the state shows that the male literacy rate increased from 70.32% in 2001 to 74.88% in 2011 showing a 4.56 percentage increase. Similarly, female literacy increased from 50.43% in 2001 to 59.15% in 2011 showing a marked increase of 8.72%. The gender gap also decreased significantly from 19.89% in 2001 to 15.73 in 2011, marking a decrease of 4.16% (Source: Andhra Pradesh State Literacy Mission Authority, and One World Foundation India, 2014).
Table2 to 6 explains the Achievement in Basic Literacy programmeby phase wise. At present, about 4 phases was completed and 5th phase also in progress.
Table 2:Achievement in Basic Literacy programme Phase –I
S.No District Achievement Total Male Female 1 Srikakulam 0 59994 59994 2 Vizianagaram 16792 112209 129001 3 Vishakapatnam 0 62139 62139 4 Guntur 0 0 0 5 Prakasham 0 52155 52155 6 Nellore 175 42631 42806 7 Chittoor 0 76730 76730 8 Kadapa 0 53930 53930 9 Ananthapur 0 79267 79267 10 Kurnool 203 86697 86900 Total 17170 625752 642922 Source: As table 2
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Table 3: Achievement in Basic Literacy programme Phase –II
S.No District Achievement Total Male Female 1 Srikakulam 15802 47183 62985 2 Vizianagaram 146111 214755 360866 3 Vishakapatnam 18161 47885 66046 4 Guntur 3039 74131 77170 5 Prakasham 10540 52030 62570 6 Nellore 5506 37287 42793 7 Chittoor 23162 58858 82020 8 Kadapa 10231 49769 60000 9 Ananthapur 20903 58234 79137 10 Kurnool 11830 64517 76347 Total 265285 704649 969934 Source: As table 2
Table4: Achievement in Basic Literacy programme Phase –III
S.No District Achievement Total Male Female 1 Srikakulam 0 0 0 2 Vizianagaram 47705 68670 116375 3 Vishakapatnam 50673 111910 162583 4 Guntur 48728 113773 162501 5 Prakasham 52234 118378 170612 6 Nellore 43275 87437 130712 7 Chittoor 63916 166584 230500 8 Kadapa 37619 96131 133750 9 Ananthapur 50157 88790 138947 10 Kurnool 71943 123607 195550 Total 575147 1175939 1751086 Source: As table 2
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Table 5: Achievement in Basic Literacy programme Phase –IV
S.No District Achievement Total Male Female 1 Srikakulam 7969 20099 28068 2 Vizianagaram 9671 13238 22909 3 Vishakapatnam 21553 30166 51719 4 Guntur 8299 42610 50909 5 Prakasham 7122 30853 37975 6 Nellore 9611 33704 43315 7 Chittoor 14276 49925 64201 8 Kadapa 7018 45076 52094 9 Ananthapur 11881 52470 64351 10 Kurnool 15344 45636 60980 Total 112744 363777 476521 Source: As table 2
The aggregate results shown in table 6 explain that the achievement of adult literates is recorded by 6710580. Of which, interestingly 75.23 per cent belong to female and the remaining are male. Thus, it can be said that the objective of Saakshar Bharat programme to provide literacy to women is achieving at significant level.
Table 6: Achievement in Basic Literacy programme (Aggregate )
S.No District Achievement Total Male Female Number %age share 1 Srikakulam 278323 4.15 127276 151047 2 Vizianagaram 1038023 15.47 408872 629151 3 Vishakapatnam 594587 8.86 252100 342487 4 Guntur 521094 7.77 230514 290580
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5 Prakasham 576728 8.59 253416 323312 6 Nellore 460685 6.87 201059 259626 7 Chittoor 805548 12.00 352097 453451 8 Kadapa 544680 8.12 244906 299774 9 Ananthapur 640463 9.54 278761 361702 10 Kurnool 740234 11.03 320457 419777 Total 6710580 100.00 2870117 3840463 Percentage - - 42.77 57.23 Source: table 2 to table 5
It is further observed that the programme is significantly implementing in Vizianagaram district as recorded by 15.47 per cent. But, Srikakulam district is behind the remaining districts.
Conclusion
The Saakshar Bharat programme in Andhra Pradesh has been well established in terms of human resources. This ensures availability of a dedicated team with over 30 years of experience in the adult education sector. The infrastructure, financial as well as human resources of this Directorate wasutilized in the implementation of the programme. The aggregate results shown in table 6 explain that the achievement of adult literates is recorded by 6710580. Of which, interestingly 75.23 per cent belong to female and the remaining are male. Thus, it can be said that the objective of Saakshar Bharat programme to provide literacy to women is achieving at significant level. However, the studies revealed that the state of Andhra Pradesh is one of the 10 illiterate states of the country. Further, there is an inter-district disparity among the districts in implementing the programme. Thus, there is a need of hour to proper supervision and political and administrative efforts in this regard.
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References:
1. Social Sector Service Delivery: Good Practices Resource Book 2015 2. Andhra Pradesh State Literacy Mission Authority, and OneWorld Foundation India, 2014 3. Census of India, 2011 4. Reports of Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development Department of School Education & Literacy ShastriBhawan, New Delhi
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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF HIGHER SECONDARY STUDENTS IN PUDUCHERRY REGION
C. Daisy Nambikkai Dr. A. Veliappan Research Scholar Assistant Professor Department of Education Department of Education Manonmaniam Sundaranar Manonmaniam Sundaranar University University Tirunelveli, India Tirunelveli, India
Abstract
Knowing about one’s emotional intelligence in terms of an emotional quotient has wide educational and social implications for the welfare of the individual and the society. The present study comprised of seven hundred and twenty four students from 12 schools of eleventh and twelfth standard. The investigator was used the emotional intelligence inventory prepared and validated by Mangal and Mangal (2009). It consists of 100 items with four dimensions namely intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management. Each item is provided with the two alternatives namely Yes, No. The minimum and maximum scores were 0 and 100. Findings of the present study indicates that i) Significant difference is found between male and female higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal awareness.ii) Significant difference is found among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal management. iii) Significant difference is found among pure science, mathematics and computer science subject group of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on interpersonal management. iv)Significant difference is found among rural, semi-urban and urban school locality of higher secondary
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students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness; and interpersonal management.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence,intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management, interpersonal management.
Introduction
Emotional intelligence refers to the type of behaviours which is free from neurotic symptoms. A person having this trait has a realistic view about life. Emotionally intelligent person tries to face the ups and downs of the life and tries to reason out things and solves problems with patience. Emotionally illiterate are easily teased and are often frustrated.
Importance of emotional intelligence
Daniel Goleman has stressed the following factors while showing the importance of emotional intelligence:
1. Emotional intelligence is as powerful, and at times more powerful than intelligent quotient, while intelligent quotient contributes only about 20% of success in life, the other forces like emotional intelligence contribute the rest.
2. Emotional intelligence may be the best predictor of success in life. Emotionally intelligent people are more likely to succeed in everything they undertake in their life.
3. The concept of emotional intelligence is to be applauded, because it captures the essence of the children for being productive and happy.
4. Success in academics can be predicted more by emotional and social measures than by academic ability.
5. Emotional intelligence helps the people in all spheres of life through its various components namely knowledge of his emotions,
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managing the emotions motivating oneself, recognizing emotions in others and handling relationships. The achievement of the end of results in terms of better handling of mutual relationships is quite essential and significant in life. It can only be possible through emotional intelligence and its proper development (Mangal, 2004).
Significance of the study
Emotional intelligence is need of the hour especially in the adolescent stage. Because emotionally intelligent persons make better decisions, they live with integrity, they use their emotions as a source of energy and direction, they are more effective and solving problems, they collaborate better; they are more effective leaders, better spouses and more conscious parents. Emotionally intelligent persons are not always happier, higher self -esteem, better learners, they are less depressed, and more optimistic and happier, but more aware of both comfortable and uncomfortable feelings (Darsana, 2007).Individual’s success at workplace is 80% contingent on emotional quotient, our intelligent quotient gets us selected and emotional quotient gets us promoted. Studies have shown that intelligent quotient is inherent but emotional quotient can be developed and nurtured by developing self-awareness, empathy and managing relationships (Saluja, 2009).
Objectives of the study
1. To find out whether there is any significant difference in the emotional intelligenceof higher secondary students with regard to gender.
2. To find out whether there is any significant difference among theemotional intelligenceof higher secondary students with regard to type of school, subject group and locality of school. Hypotheses of the study
1.There is no significant difference between male and female higher secondary students in emotional intelligence.
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2.There is no significant difference among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in emotional intelligence. 3.There is no significant difference among pure science, mathematics and computer science subject group of higher secondary students in emotional intelligence. 4.There is no significant difference among rural, semi urban and urban school locality of higher secondary students in emotional intelligence. Research Design
The investigator adopted the survey method to study the influence of emotional intelligenceof higher secondary students. The survey method gathers data from a relatively large number of cases at a particular time. It attempts to describe and interpret what exists at present the conditions, practices, processes, trends, effects, attitudes and beliefs for which the survey type of research would be more relevant and useful.
Population and sample
The population for the present study consists of the higher secondary students in Puducherry region. The researcher had chosen the higher secondary school students in Puducherry region as the population. The population consists of eighty five higher secondary schools, in which there only fifty seven schools having the pure science, mathematics and computer science group. The sample size for the present study comprised of seven hundred and twenty four students from 12 schools of eleventh and twelfth standard in government (4), government aided (5) and unaided (3) schools from Puducherry region were selected.
Tools used:
The investigator was used the emotional intelligence inventory prepared and validated by Mangaland Mangal (2009). It consists of 100
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items with four dimensions namely intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management. Each item is provided with the two alternatives namely Yes, No. The minimum and maximum scores were 0 and 100.
Validity and reliability
The validity of the inventory has been established by adopting two different approaches, namely factorial and criterian related approach. Reliability of the inventory was examined and the correlation co- efficient was 0.89.
Data Analysis 1. There is no significant difference between male and female higher secondary students in emotional intelligence. Table 4.1 Difference between male and female higher secondary students in emotional intelligence Dimensions of Male Female Calculated Emotional (N-427) (N-297) Remarks ‘t’ value intelligence Mean SD Mean SD Intrapersonal 13.26 3.37 13.86 2.90 2.54 S awareness Interpersonal 12.82 3.18 13.21 3.24 1.61 NS awareness Intrapersonal 14.19 4.81 13.66 2.70 1.89 NS management Interpersonal 13.28 3.38 13.68 3.06 1.66 NS management Emotional 53.17 8.86 54.37 8.27 1.87 NS intelligence (Total) S-Significant NS-Not significant It is inferred from the above table shows that the calculated‘t’ value is greater than the table value (1.96) for df of 722, at 5% level of significance. It shows that there is significant difference between male and female higher secondary students received their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal awareness. But there is no significant
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difference in theinterpersonal awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal management.
2. There is no significant difference among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in emotional intelligence.
Table 4.2
Difference among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in emotional intelligence
Dimensions of Source of Sum of F- Emotional Categories MSV Remarks variance squares value intelligence Government Between 247.05 123.52 Intrapersonal Aided awareness 12.46 S Unaided Within 7149.91 9.92 Government Between 273.20 136.60 Interpersonal Aided awareness 13.70 S Unaided Within 7188.45 9.97 Government Between 103.08 51.54 Intrapersonal Aided management 3.09 S Unaided Within 12007.53 16.65 Government Between 289.35 144.68 Interpersonal Aided management 14.11 S Unaided Within 7393.66 10.25 Emotional Government Between 3198.00 1599.00
intelligence Aided 22.66 S (Total) Unaided Within 50868.38 70.55 S-Significant df (2,722), the table value of ‘F’ is 2.99
From the above table shows that there is significant difference among government, aided and unaided schoolhigher secondary students in their intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal management and emotional intelligence.
3. There is no significant difference among pure science, mathematics and computer sciencegroup of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence.
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Table 4.3
Difference among pure science, mathematics and computer science group of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence.
Dimensions of Source of Sum of F- Emotional Categories MSV Remarks variance squares value intelligence Pure science Between 15.38 7.69 Intrapersonal Mathematics
awareness Computer 0.75 NS Within 7381.58 10.24 science Pure science Between 31.73 15.86 Interpersonal Mathematics
awareness Computer 1.54 NS Within 7429.92 10.31 science Pure science Between 30.61 15.30 Intrapersonal Mathematics
management Computer 0.91 NS Within 12080.00 16.75 science Pure science Between 136.81 68.41 Interpersonal Mathematics
management Computer 6.54 S Within 7546.20 10.47 science Pure science Emotional Between 368.75 184.38 Mathematics intelligence Computer 2.48 NS (Total) Within 53697.63 74.48 science S-Significant NS- Not Significant df (2,722), the table value of ‘F’ is 2.99
From the above table shows that there is significant difference among pure science, mathematics and computer science group higher secondary students in their interpersonal management. But there is no significant difference among intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness, and intrapersonal management and emotional intelligence.
4. There is no significant difference among rural, semi urban and urban school locality of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence.
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Table 4.4
Difference among rural, semi-urban and urban school locality of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence.
Dimensions Source Sum of F- of Emotional Categories of MSV Remarks squares value intelligence variance Rural Between 334.20 167.10 Intrapersonal Semi-urban awareness 17.06 S Urban Within 7062.75 9.80 Rural Between 201.40 100.70 Interpersonal Semi-urban awareness 10.00 S Urban Within 7260.25 10.07 Rural Between 13.02 6.51 Intrapersonal Semi-urban management 0.39 NS Urban Within 12097.59 16.78 Rural Between 173.99 87.00 Interpersonal Semi-urban management 8.35 S Urban Within 7509.02 10.41 Emotional Rural Between 2195.50 1097.75
intelligence Semi-urban 15.26 S (Total) Urban Within 51870.88 71.94 S-Significant NS- Not Significant df (2,722), the table value of ‘F’ is 2.99
From the above table shows that there is significant difference among rural, semi urban and urban residents of higher secondary students in their intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness, interpersonal management and emotional intelligence. But there is no significant difference among intrapersonal management.
Findings and interpretation of the study:
1. Significant difference is found between male and female higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal awareness. The female students received better emotional intelligence on intrapersonal awareness than the male students. This may be due to the fact that the female students gain much guidance programme from the school set up and also from the family members especially after puberty stage.
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2. Significant difference is found among government, aided and unaided schools of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal management. The higher secondary students of government schools are found to be significantly better receiving emotional intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness and the higher secondary students of aided schools are found to be significantly better receiving emotional intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal management. This may be due to the fact that the aided school teachers and students are very much achievement oriented and developing good personal management towards others. So that they are aware of thyself and develop conducive managerial intelligence towards others.
3. Significant difference is found among pure science, mathematics and computer science group higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on interpersonal management. The higher secondary students of pure science group are found to be significantly better receiving emotional intelligence on interpersonal management. This may be due to the fact that pure science students are better understood about the scientific facts and principles like equal and opposite reaction. So that they leant to behave properly, and manage all the situations intelligently.
4. Significant difference is found among rural, semi-urban and urban school locality of higher secondary students in their emotional intelligence on intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness; and interpersonal management. The higher secondary students of urban school locality are found to be significantly better receiving intrapersonal and interpersonal awareness and the higher secondary students of rural school locality are found to be significantly better receiving interpersonal management. This may
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be due to the fact that awareness programmes conducted to the students in the school differs in rural, semi urban and urban locality. Science and technology provisions are very less in rural areas and also the teachers are not spend their time for arranging awareness programmes.
Conclusion
Parents may stimulate their children to participate in extra- curricular activities and particularly encourage in sports activities for the development of intrapersonal awareness and interpersonal management.Because, physical exercise actually has an effect on memory and thinking. Many studies indicate the parts of the brain responsible for thinking and reasoning is bigger in those who exercise regularly. Also, exercise reduces stress and anxiety and boosts mood, which can make it easier to concentrate and learn.
Reference:
1. Adel and Mahdi (2010). The role of emotional intelligence in predicting students’ academic achievement in distance education system, Innovation and creativity in education, 2(2), 1158-1163. 2. Batool and Nazi (2014). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of sense of humor and hope among adults, Journal of the Indian academy of applied psychology, 40(2), 270-278. 3. Chandran and Nair (2015). Family climate as a predictor of emotional intelligence in adolescence, Journal of the Indian academy of applied psychology, 40(1), 167-173. 4. Darsana M. (2007). Relationship between emotional intelligence and certain achievement facilitating variables of higher secondary school students, Edutracks, 7 (4). 5. Glassman, W.E. and Hadad, M. (2010).Approaches to psychology 5thed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company.
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6. Goleman (1998).Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam books. 7. Kalhotra (2014). Emotional intelligence of higher secondary school students in relation to their gender and locality, New frontiers in education, 47(3), 64 - 75. 8. Mangal, S.K. (2004). Advanced educational psychology, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi, 324 - 327, 367 - 368. 9. Paramasivam, P. and Mani, S. (2013). Influence of emotional intelligence on achievement in chemistry among higher secondary students, International journal of scientific research, 2 (9), 105 - 107. 10. Saluja, A. (2009).Emotional intelligence in relation to self- respect and achievement motivation of student teachers. MERI journal of education 5 (1): 66-75. 11. Yadav (2013). Emotional intelligence, creativity and their impact on academic achievement of senior secondary class students, Edutracks, 13 (10), 46 - 48.
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RIGHT TO EDUCATION ACT-2009 AND SMC
Rajvir Singh Research Scholar OPJS University Churu Rajasthan. India
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DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR ECONOMIC THOUGHTS: A STUDY
Ramesh Krishna Vipparthi Lecturer Department of Commerce SCIM Government Degree College Tanuku, West Godavari Dist., A.P
Abstract
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a multifarious personality, with a pragmatic thinking. It is like diamond observation, cautious to handle and not a matter to play with. It had certain power to go beyond a common literature. His thoughts were not facial and paying no heed to dogmas or abstract ideas. He observed problems of India with a wonderful deep insight. He is unique in thought and philosophy. It observed the serious discourage of human problem, which concerned with life and death, rather than a period of adolescence or young age of man.Dr. Ambedkar established the Indian Economics of Development under a mixed economy through the parliamentary democratic setup of polity. His entire life is vested in nation building. He had got the most suitable position of labour department, allied with planning division. Human resource development, family planning, population and poverty control, unemployment and employment opportunities, water and power developments, national Dividend and its distribution strategies Monetary system and currency crises, he had substantial theories upon these factors and that are proved to be worthy of Indian importance.
Keywords: Dr.BR Ambedkar, Economic Thoughts, Economic Development, Caste, Agriculture, Labour, Indian Currency, State Socialism.
Introduction
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkarwas born in an untouchable family and subjected to consistent caste based discrimination by the Hindu
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society, became first talented person of the world as per the analysis made by Cambridge University, London. Eventually, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Gained a reputation as a world scholar and advocated political and social rights and freedoms for untouchables. He is regarded as a Bodhisattva by Buddhists, though he never claimed himself to be a Bodhisattva. Ambedkar emerged as a powerful jurist, political leader, Buddhist activist, philosopher, thinker, anthropologist, historian, orator, prolific writer, economist, scholar, editor, revolutionary and a revivalist for Buddhism in India. He was the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1990.
Contribution of Dr Ambedkar to Indian Nation
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer had a deep effect on modern India. In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought was respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairperson of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticized caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus. His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.So, the present study is an attempt to critically evaluate the relevance of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's vision and mission in the present scenario of our national development and to prepare an extensive vision document for the times to come.
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Objective of the Study
1. To promote the ideas of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar for national economic development
2. To expand a model based on the critical evaluation of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's vision and mission on economic development & downtrodden sections of the society.
3. To study the Ambedkar’s views and their implications for national welfare.
Methodology of the study
The study is entirely based on historical empirical Method. Both primary and secondary sources of information are used. The primary data he Books and Articles written by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, the secondary sources are books written on Dr. Ambedkar many international and national written on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.The study attempts know the views of Dr. Ambedkar on Economic thoughts in India seek to enquire with holistic perspective and by qualitative methodologies its aim was to evolve possible relevance of Dr. Ambedkar’s economic thoughts.
Data Collection
The Study basically depends on primary and secondary data. It will be collected from ‘Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar writing and speeches’ Published by Government of India. There are 21 volumes. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had written many books. The editorials written by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in the ‘Bahishkrut Bharat’ and the ‘Mooknayak’ and letters, encyclopaedia, biographies journals and from interned web site.
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Scope of The Study
The present study entitled „DR. B.R AMBEDKAR ECONOMIC THOUGHTS”are anattempt to discuss the systematic and conceptual study of economic ideas and different approaches regarding to it and to search out Dr.Ambedkar's relentless efforts towards economic thoughts are which has been neglected by contemporary scholars. Dr. Ambedkar's thoughts on Economics are covered in the present study. The Reports, Journals, Newspaper and Surveys have been consulted. The proceedings of the Seminars, Conferences, Workshop and Symposia have been utilized.
Limitations of The Study
Every social research has to explain limitations and delimitations of the research frame, because the vastness of the area can create many complications. The following will limitations of the present work.
Ambedkar lived many lives as an academic, as a political activist, as a member of legislature, as a law minister in the pre-independent and independent India. But his sole aim was to liberate the Dalits from the shackles of Hindu hegemony. His contributions rest not only in the social and educational fields but also in the domains of economics, political science, law, constitutional studies etc. His thoughts can be studied from the perspectives of varied disciplines. However, the present endeavour has been limited to the analysis of his economical contributions in the context of his social ideals and the movement for the emancipation of the society. Apart from the social ideology, his educational ideals can be studied from the perspectives of economics, political science, religion etc. But it is beyond the pragmatic concerns of time and resources. Therefore, the focus of the study has been limited to Dr. B R Ambedkar economic ideas.
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Review of Literature
W.N.Kuber (2001)1 in his book entitled Dr. Ambedkar: A critical study focuses on a wide spectrum of Ambedkar’s views on different social and political questions examined from Marxian stand point? The study also deals with Ambedkar’s views on the origin of the studras, untounchability, caste system and the hindrances to their abolition. It also takes into account of his views on Brahmanism with special reference to the Anti – Brahmin movements and the Hindu code.
Vasant moon (2002)2 examined to bring to light the multifaceted personality of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, who is generally perceived to be only as the leader of the oppressed classes. Giving a comprehensive account of the trials and tribulations of this great son of soil, he reveals Ambedkar as the humanist, economist, socio-political scientist, constitutional expert, socio-religious reformer and above all a great patriot.
LC Mallaiah (2006)3 examines the relevance of ambedkar strategy which emphasis on industrilisation collective forming system, imposition of tax on land and agriculture income and strict implementation of land reforms for indian agriculture development partcularly, and economic development with justice in general through analysing the present agrarian structure and agrarian relation and its impact on productivity ,employment andpoverty. He focuses mainly on the issues of consilidation ,enlargement and agriculture labour, farming system, employment, poverty and land tax system in india.
1W.N.Kuber: Dr.BR Ambedkar, Publication Division, Govt.of India New Delhi, 2001. 2 Vasant Moon: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, National Book Trust, Govt.of India, New Delhi, 2002. 3L.C.Mallaiah: The relevence of Dr.B.R. Ambedkar’s views on Indian Agriculture Development, Abhijeet Publication, Delhi,2006.
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D.C.Ahir (2007)4 published Manual is designed to introduce the vast material, covering more than 14,000 pages, in 17 volumes, of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings And Speeches, so as to enable the scholars, students and other readers to know at a glance as to what each volume has to offer. Apart from the Ministerial prefaces, Introductions, Editorial Notes and Contents, it also presents Dr. Ambedkar's original prefaces which reflect the inner thoughts.
Sukhadeo thorat(2007)5analyses the evolution of Economic Planning and Water and Power Policy in India during the period immediately preceding independence. Dr. Ambedkar’s views on Economic Development and Planning and relates how he left the stamp of his profound scholarship, scientific and humanistic approach on India'’ Post War Economic Plan and water and Power Policy. Given the ongoing discussion on the question of Inter State Water disputes and alternative ways of harnessing water resources in the country.
Sukhadeo thorat and Narender Kumar (2008)6 extensively elaborated of the comprehensive collection of Ambedkar’s ideas and initiatives the principles invoked in these writings have wider application than immediate context suggested these writings advance a normative defence and justification of preferential policies nearly fifty years before these arguments found wider circulation in the public domain worldwide.
4 Ahir, D.C: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches (A Ready Reference Manual of 17 Volumes). Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 2007. 5 Sukhadeo thorat: Ambedkar’s role in planning water and power policy, Shipra Prakashan, Delhi,2007. 6 Thorat, S. and N. Kumar: B. R. Ambedkar: Perspectives on Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policies, Paperback Edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2008.
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Raj Kumar (2011)7 extensively presented Ambedkar was for limited state control in matters economic in his economic philosophy, Ambedkar advocated limited control of state to avoid any kind of dictatorship. He felt that the economic structure of society which served the interest of labour best was socialism. Worker according to him must have both equally and likely. He favoured constitutional methods of achievement the economic objectives. The methods of civil disobedience, non cooperation and satyagrahas must be abandoned, he averred. This will enable there to understand economic thought of Ambedkar and relevance.
Narendra Jadhav(2016)8 extensively work in his book, " Ambedkar: An Economist Extraordinaire " "What Ambedkar always had in mind was in the best interest of the nation as a whole," the author says. "To brand him only as a leader of the downtrodden in India is an insult to this great patriot." Indian society has done great injustice to itself by ignoring the economic thoughts of national icon BR Ambedkar, he says that the widespread ignorance regarding Ambedkar's contribution as an economist was "shocking and unfortunate".
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a genius economist, who had a very clear perspective for welfare of downtrodden community. He was a philanthropist who had an interdisciplinary approach and he was able to develop various concepts regarding economic development of the weaker section and downtrodden community. Dr. Ambedkar’s contribution of Indian economic thought which has originated from Kautilya to Dadabhai Naoroji leads towards the economic nationalism of India. Dr Ambedkar was struggled whole life for the liberation of the masses from the clutches of the bourgeois or the conservative economic
7 Raj Kumar: Economic Thought of B.R.Ambedkar, Commonwealth, New Delhi, 2011. 8Narendra Jadhav: Ambedkar: An Economist Extraordinaire, Konark Publishers, New Delhi,2016.
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system.
However, his economic ideology and mission have been buried in the sands of globalization, privatization and ‘reforms’ by the ruling elite and even his self-proclaimed followers, who have joined hands in erecting stone and granite statues of the ‘Revolutionary’ whose thoughts not only sprang from the soil of the country but also its political, economic and social realities.
DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR'S THOUGHTS ON ANCIENT INDIAN COMMERCE
The perspective of history denoted by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar with reference to ancient Indian trade and commerce, expounded the India's great contribution and performance in trading activities. His thrusting discussion and bulk of references over the subject bring us to this realization. But still his arguments voice slightly a sense of favour to Indian prestige. Perhaps it might not be wrong to say that it is due to his being an Indian, but it is also true that it cannot reduce or reline the significance of ancient Indian commerce and trade for which Dr. Ambedkar toiled laboriously and due to his confirmed wit over the subject. Out of the above contentions, acceptance of the single one and forsaking the other is also seemed to be not possible. Apart from the above feeling, the work of Dr. Ambedkar over the subject has a very important and valuable consequence. It is a vital massage to Indian educational community, which has a merit of celebration. His work deserves to be studied as a textbook in Indian educational institutions and universities.
Dr. Ambedkar took much pain to study it but it did not give him any academic degree, it was an unfinished effort under taken as a subject of M.A. But for Indian students it is not a negligible work. It has due importance not only because it is a fresh young wit of Dr. Ambedkar, exerted for Indian history, but also it is a vital issue, which
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was never been touched by way of a commerce study in such a close observation.
Dr. Ambedkar's consequence on the subject signifies many vital aspects pertaining to India's commercial, geographical, social, cultural, agricultural and historical subject. His study on the subject is going to be an evidence of reasoning of India's fortune and decline position, achievements and natural abundance in Indian antiquity, the fortune for which entire world, down the ages toiled to wander from pole to pole north and south, east to west through longitudes and latitudes.
CONTRIBUTION TO MONETARY ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC FINANCE
Dr. Ambedkar wrote three scholarly books on Economics:
(1) Administration and Finance of the East India Company;
(2) The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India and
(3) The Problem of the Rupee: Its origin and its solution.
The first two represent his contribution to the field of public finance, the first one evaluating finances of the East India Company and the second one analyzing evolution of the centre-state financial relationship in British India. The third book, his magnum opus in Economics, represents a major contribution to the field of monetary economics. In this book, he has examined the evolution of the Indian Currency as a medium of exchange and has discussed the problem of the choice of appropriate currency system for India. Not many economists are even aware of the fact that Ambedkar had a debate on the currency question with influential economic thinkers, such as John Maynard Keynes.
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ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
Administration and Finance of the East India Company was Ambedkar's first books. It was his thesis for the M.A. degree from Columbia University, U.S.A. It was more like a detailed research paper than a book, in this book Dr. Ambedkar provides an historical review of the changes in administration and finance of the East India Company during the period, 1792 to 1858, and depicts how those changes led to suffering of the Indian people at the hands of the British rulers. The East India Company got a foothold in India in the name of trading and then, over a period of time, gradually extended its rule over the entire country.
Ambedkar provides data on gross revenue and gross expenditure of the company government during the period, 1792-93 through 1857- 58. In 36 out of these 66 years, the company government had surpluses while in the remaining 30 years the government finances showed deficits. Quoting, R.C. Dutt, ‘Ambedkar points out that this surplus money was not saved in India. Instead, "it wants as a continuous tribute to England to pay dividends to the company's share holders; and as the flow of the money from India was not sufficient to pay the dividends, there was increasing debts of India’.
Ambedkar was barely twenty four when he wrote this essay. Not surprisingly, his style is temperate. He follows the strategy of studiously quoting other scholars to substantiate his arguments and refrains from making bold statements of his own. Yet, his characteristic sharpness unmistakably comes through especially when he brings out errors by the contemporary authorities on economics such as R.C. Dutt. Dr. Ambedkar's modest beginning in this essay laid the foundation of his more profound subsequent economic research. Indeed, in his later
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work, he adopted a far bolder style which became a distinctive characteristic of all his writings
THE EVOLUTION OF PROVINCIAL FINANCE IN BRITISH INDIA
The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India' was Dr. Ambedkar's thesis for the degree of Ph.D. from Columbia University, U.S.A. The thesis was completed in the year 1917 and was first published in book form in 1925.The thesis extensively dealt with a very important problem of centre-state financial relations, covering a wide period of about 88 years, from 1833 to 1921. It is true that most part of this thesis has been devoted to historical accounts, but pioneering nature of this work is quite evident. As pointed out by Dr. Ambedkar himself, prior to his study, no spade-work had been done in the field of Indian finance.
Dr. Ambedkar was of the opinion that, the setting of the problem is a familiar one. The expanded role of government calls for large revenue collection from taxation; yet in a poor country like India there are obvious limits to taxation. As a result, the problem of equitable distribution of burden among various forms of governments such as the central government, provincial and local governments assumes significance. He provides a detailed and insightful perspective on the financial relationship between the central government and the provincial governments in British India during the period 1833 through 1921. In doing so, he presents a pioneering study of the origin, development and mechanism of provincial finance in India.
Dr. AMBEDKAR'S VIEWS ON INDIAN CURRENCY
Dr. Ambedkar's contribution to monetary economics is evident from his Doctor of Science thesis - The Problem of the Rupee: Its origin and its solution' and his subsequent statement and evidence before the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and finance (which led to the
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establishment of the Reserve Bank of India). Dr. Ambedkar completed his thesis in 1921 and it was first published in 1923. The book was reprinted in 1947. It is to bring out an up-to-date edition of the history of Indian currency and Banking in two volumes, of which The Problem of the Rupee forms volume one volume two will contain the history of Indian currency and Banking from 1923 onwards.' Unfortunately, Dr. Ambedkar could not find time to complete the second volume.
‘The problem of the rupee’ is truly a monumental book. It is a very bold attempt, and he has variously shown the sparks of originality. In this book Dr. Ambedkar offers an excellent exposition of the evolution of the Indian currency in terms of its form as a medium of exchange and its equivalence in terms of precious metals, such as gold and silver. Dr. Ambedkar goes into the most neglected period extending from 1806 to 1893. With this historical perspective brought up to the early 1920s, Dr. Ambedkar then focuses on one of the most perplexing problems at that time, that is, the choice of an appropriate currency system for India.
ECONOMICS OF CASTE SYSTEM AND UNTOUCHABILITY
Traditionally, Hindu society is based on the so called 'Chaturvarnya', that is, a division into four classes, Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. The Holy Scriptures had regarded this division into four Varnas' as the ideal form of social organization. Dr. Ambedkar believed that the multitude of castes in India was created as a result of mixed unions between the four Varnas'. He had to attack Hindu civilization in the light of casteism and untouchability and its hollow glory. According to him, Hindu civilization was a "diabolical contrivance to suppress and enslave humanity and its proper name would be infamy."
Dr. Ambedkar argued that, it (the cast system) is the most vicious system. That the Brahmin should cultivate knowledge, that the
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'Kshatriya' should bear arms, that the Vaishya' should trade and that the 'Shudra' should serve.
Dr. Ambedkar forcefully argued that the caste system in India has been a major obstacle to her economic growth and development. He says, "The caste maintained the occupation, and as there was no permission to adjust occupations, caste becomes a direct cause of the unemployment we see in the country". The caste system de mutely led to vast unemployment and thus to cries the economy of India.
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS
Dr. Ambedkar emphasized the problem of small Holdings. The consolidation of the land was attempted up to some extend with failure and success but the second preposition that Dr. Ambedkar had presented yet not given any attention towards it, without which no holding can bring any desired effect. Perhaps that must be the reason where even at consolidation or no progress found or people rejected the consolidation.
Dr. Ambedkar had proposed inferences in favour of India's industrialization as a remedy to her agricultural problems. The striking feature of Dr. Ambedkar argument is that he considered industrialization as a necessary but not a sufficient condition for consolidation of agricultural Land holdings in India Dr. Ambedkar eloquently ponders upon.
The view of the scheme of his study of smallholdings, Dr. Ambedkar treats the capacity of industry to absorb labour and thus reduce the population, pressure on agricultural land as the fundamental said gain divided. Therefore, the industrialization should be adopted as the measures for land consolidation.
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DR. AMBEDKAR’S VIEWS ON AGRICULTURE INCOME TAX
According to Dr. Ambedkar, the socio-economic development of an economy depends primarily upon the availability of adequate finances and their proper utilization. In India, taxation was assigned the central task of collecting sufficient revenue to finance economic development program in spite of low ability to pay taxes due to extremely low levels of income and consumption. The essence of revenue function of taxation policy in the initial stage of development was to cut down the existing level of consumption, particularly of well-off sections, and mop up the savings for public investment. However, as income rose consumption levels were to be prevented from rising and additional revenue generated. The strategy was to channel an increasing proportion of incremental income into building development infrastructure. Taxation was the main fiscal weapon available to the government for this purpose and it has to be used to the hilt. Taxing at progressive rates partly as revenue and partly as equity measure, the government attempted to make both direct and indirect tax rates progressive. However, it is to be noted that the merit of progressiveness has been lost while implementing it in letter and spirit.
DR. B R AMBEDKAR VIEWS ON WATER POLICY AND PLANNING
No less important, but less well known among Ambedkar's contributions to the nation are his direct participation and role in the formulation of certain development policies and planning. At least on two occasions, Ambedkar was directly involved in policy making: once as Law Minister in the Central Cabinet of independent India during 1947-51 and, earlier, as a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, in charge of the Labour, Irrigation and Power portfolio during 1942-46. Though he made a substantial contribution to the nation's development
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in this position, surprisingly, this aspect of his life has hardly been studied.
An Independent Department of Labour had been created in November 1937, the Department of Industry, which was a part of a combined Department of Industry and Labour, going to the Commerce Department. Subjects like "irrigation", "electricity" and others related to public works were also transferred to the newly created Department of Labour. The policy formulation and planning for the development of "irrigation and electric power" including "hydro-electric power" thus became the major concern of the labour portfolio in July 1942.
The early 1940s, when Ambedkar took charge of irrigation and electricity, were a crucial period for the evolution and adoption of the concept of economic planning at an all-India level. The post-war plan for the reconstruction and economic development for India was then taking shape. The Government took a very ambitious initiative to develop a framework within which positive alternative policies were centrally formulated. It was to be an action plan. The policy regarding water resources and electric power development was conceived, initiated and was given a definite shape as part of this programme.
B R AMBEDKAR VIEWS ON LABOUR WELFERE AND TRADE UNIONS
Labour welfare implies the setting up of minimum desirable standards and the provision of facilities like health, food, clothing, housing, medical assistance, education, insurance, job security, recreation etc. Such facilities enable the worker and his family to lead a good work life, family life and social life. Labour welfare also operates to neutralise the harmful effects of large-scale industrialisation and urbanisation. Labour welfare activity in India was largely influenced by humanitarian principles and legislation. During the early period of industrial development, an effort towards worker's welfare was made
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largely by social workers, philanthropists and other religious leaders, mostly on humanitarian grounds.
Industrial workers in India had to go through many decades of privation since in the early days of the factory system of production, Workers were considered as a commodity, which could be easily procured and readily replaced. Low wages, long hours of work, insecurity of employment, insanitary working and living conditions, persecution for trade union activity, and grave social and economic injustice brought untold miseries to the working class. Industrial unrest assumed serious proportions and industrial relations were badly strained. A major portion of Indian society consists of the depressed and deprived masses. They have endeavoured the wrath and wrongs, physical and mental tortures of their employers for ages. Despite this fact that they are backbone of the Indian society, India, a developing country, cannot survive and progress without them, it was evidently clear to the desiring freedom fighters and able constitution makers like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. They framed several provisions in Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, to raise the weaker segment to the general level. On different occasions he dealt with the problems of landless labourers, small holdings, Khoti system, Maharwatan, collective farming, land revenue, currency system and abolition of land lordism.
Dr. B R AMBEDKAR STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Ambedkar believed that the thrust of the strategy of India's economic development should be on eradication of poverty, elimination of inequalities, welfare work for labourers and on ending exploitation of the masses. Dr. Ambedkar accepted the Marxian view that there is exploitation in the world; that the poor are exploited by the rich, employees are exploited by their employers, and that the enslavement
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of the masses by the privileged few leads to perpetuation of poverty and its attendant suffering. Yet Dr. Ambedkar did not sympathise with the Marxist paradigm of development.
Dr. Ambedkar was aware of the nature of capitalism and its effect on the common man. He did not believe in the big businessmen. He was of the opinion that their lives were luxurious due to the sweat of the labouring classes. Business-houses had continuously exploited the masses.
Dr. Ambedkar realized that capitalists had not done anything specifically for the lower strata of the society. He was aware that capitalism presupposes the existence of freedom of enterprise and laissez-faire policy. But it also makes for class conflicts, lack of coordination and wasteful competition. Still he did not totally reject the concept of capitalism.
Dr.B R AMBEDKAR ON MARXISM
Dr. Ambedkar regards Carl Marx as the father of modern socialism or communism. Karl Marx was one of the greatest thinkers of his time. The central idea of Marxism can be described as a theory of value and exploitation combined into the study of progress of history and prophecy regarding the collapse of the capitalistic system.
Dr. Ambedkar studied in depth the creed of Marxism. In his opinion, "Marx was more interested in proving that his socialism was scientific. His crusade was as much against capitalists as it was against those whom he called the Utopian socialists." He further pointed out, by scientific socialism what Carl Marx meant was that his brand was inevitable and inescapable and that society was moving towards it and that nothing could prevent its march. It is to prove this contention of his that Marx principally laboured.
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It is true that Marxism supplies a way of life to be worked out into a practical shape. From this point of view, it is essentially a theory of method. It seeks to lay down the principles up to which transition from capitalism to socialism is to be accomplished, and its two essential doctrines are the class war and the revolutionary, that is, forcible transference of power to the proletariat. In it, the economic element is the dominant, more accurately, determinant factor in man's life.
Dr. B R AMBEDKAR ON STATE SOCIALISM
Dr. Ambedkar believed in placing an obligation on the state to plan the economic life of the people on lines which would lead to highest point of productivity. Without closing every avenue to private enterprise and also provide for the equitable distribution of wealth. Dr. Ambedkar prepared a memorandum "States and Minorities" and submitted it to the Constituent Assembly on behalf of All India Scheduled Castes Federation. The memorandum was unique and depicts the blue print of Dr. Ambedkar's model of economic development. His model of economic development further represents a modified form of state socialism which has two special features:
It propels state socialism in important fields of economic life,
It does not leave establishment of state socialism to the will of legislature. It establishes state socialism as the law of the constitution and thus makes it unalterable by any act of the legislature and executive. By 'Democracy' Ambedkar refers to fundamental changes in the social and economic life of the people and the acceptance of those changes by the people without resorting to disputes and bloodshed.
Dr. Ambedkar emphasized so much on economic democracy because political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it economic democracy. And "to a poor man the right to vote is not as important as the right to have a loaf of bread."
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Dr. Ambedkar was conscious of the intimate connections between individual liberty and the shape and structure of the economic aspect of social life. Therefore, in order to make the principles of one man, one value, real and operative, he wanted political democracy to be enforced by economic democracy.
DR. AMBEDKAR VIEW ON ‘ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION’
Responding to the libertarian argument that where the state refrains from intervention in private affairs - economic and social - the residue is liberty, Dr. Ambedkar says: "It is true that where the state refrains from intervention what remains is liberty. To whom and for whom is this liberty? Obviously this liberty is liberty to the landlords to increase rents, for capitalists to increase hours of work and reduce rate of wages." Further, he says: "In an economic system employing armies of workers, producing goods en masse at regular intervals, someone must make rules so that workers will work and the wheels of industry run on. If the state does not do it, the private employer will. In other words, what is called liberty from the control of the state is another name for the dictatorship of the private employer."
India's experience with neoliberal reforms since 1990 shows that Dr. Ambedkar's apprehensions regarding the implications of the unfettered operation of monopoly capital, both domestic and foreign, were far from misplaced. As has been documented and written about extensively, during this period of neoliberal reforms, there has been no breakthrough in the rate of economic growth. At the same time, there has been a distinct slowing down of the rate of growth of employment and practically no decline in the proportion of people below the poverty line. Agriculture has been in a crisis for some time now and the rate of growth of industry has also been declining for several years now. At the same time, despite a slower growth of food grains output, the
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government is saddled with huge excess stocks, which it seeks to sell abroad or to domestic private trade at very low prices.
DR. AMBEDKAR VIEW ON COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR- GENERAL OF INDIA
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar considered the CAG the most important functionary in the constitution even more than the judiciary. The provision is found in Part V, chapter V of the Constitution of India, Article 148 is about the appointment of CAG but certainly procedure is to be prescribed for the said appointment to make the said appointment impartially. As like the said appointment other important functionary bodies that are Central Vigilance commission and the National Human Rights Commission on appointment of said body the procedure is prescribed but the State has still failed to prescribe the procedure for CAG. The Article 150 is about account of Union and State has to be kept with the CAG, and audit reports under Article 151 are also of CAG which are been laid before each house of Parliament and the report of CAG relating to account of State are laid before the legislature of the State. If the function of the CAG is so important then procedure isrequired for selection of CAG. In other words after 65 years of Independence the State has failed to follow the Constitution in real sense.
Dr. AMBEDKAR'S CONCEPT OF 'MIXED ECONOMY'
Dr. Ambedkar favoured a 'Mixed Economy', partly public sector and partly private. He did not want to close all avenues of business and trade, technical progress and full utilization of resources. While presenting a memorandum on State and Minorities, he clearly stated, "The main purpose behind the clause is to put an obligation on the state to plan the economic life of the people on lines which would lead to the highest point of productivity without closing every avenue to private enterprise, and also provide for the equitable distribution of wealth."
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Dr. Ambedkar was against monopoly in every form, because he knew that monopoly leads to exploitation. Monopoly of private sectors sucks the blood of the common man directly or indirectly. It does so directly in the sense that it extracts work at low level of wages from the labourers and indirectly it raises costs of their products by creating artificial scarcities. Therefore, Dr. Ambedkar favoured mixed economy concept under which both public and private sectors are exist while key industries like defence, railway, electricity etc. Are controlled and run by the state, on the other hand, private sectors are Also flourished in the rests industries.
Dr. Ambedkar suggested that the main thrust of the economic plan must concern labour. According to him, “the purchasing power of the people must be increased by improvement in the efficiency and consequently the productivity of the labour on the one Hand and simultaneous development and reorganization of agriculture and industries and services on the other”. He further stated that, the improvement of the living condition and increase in purchasing power will fail in their effect if they do not result in more equitable distribution of wealth that is produced. The provision of various amenities free or at reduced cost to the poorer classes such as education, medical relief, water supply and other public utility services including electric power will have that result. The general improvement in the health and efficiency of labour will tend the same way. The positive measure to secure a faire deal for labourers to ensure them a reasonable wage together with such provision as maternity and sickness benefit holidays with pay etc. will have the same effect.
However, Dr. Ambedkar argued that planning must focus on the poor masses of the Indian society, particularly poor working class. For that purpose, public sector entrepreneurs should be there. Hence, Dr. Ambedkar does not want that all sectors of production should be nationalized. Some of them should be put under democratic control,
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that is, in the hands of private organizations. It is the will of the people which should determine whether a particular thing has to be realized through democratic control or through state control.It is clear that if he were alive today, he would have certainly argued for 'privatization' of some of the lines as some of the public sectors industries have not been successful in achieving the goal of high productivity, in spite of the fact that they have the best men and material with them. Therefore, he was rightly against complete nationalisation of economy and state monopoly.
Suggestions
1. The current scenario of Indian economy, inflation, farmer conditions, India's large young labour force not being fully utilized for the economic development, we need to reconsider the thoughts of Dr.B.R Ambedkar and again frame our economic policies towards better economical growth of India.
2. Dr.B.R Ambedkar thought that fast development of India is impossible without Industrialization. According to him creating large scale employment produces essential goods for mass consumption. It utilizes raw materials, reduces foreign dependence and increasing security to labour, and ultimately leads to the overall economical development of the country. The private sector industries cannot make big industries for want of large scale investments. So, government should come forward to start large scale industries .The smaller industries should be kept in private sector. The insurance and transport companies should be nationalized. Rights to strike should be given to labourers. After the independence the industrial policy of the Indian government is in keeping with Dr. B.R Ambedkar expectations.
3. Dr.B.R Ambedkar’s contribution to economic development and
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progress of women is significant. According to him, “participation of women in the economic development is impossible without developing their social status and equality. But due to bad economic conditions of women in India, India's economic progress is hampered”. So, it is important to improve the economic condition of women and give those equal rights and freedom of occupation.
4. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar's concepts of family planning, upliftment of women and human capital and many others are important contribution to the development of the Indian economy. As the existing laws and reforms land ceiling Act, minimum wages Act, Distribution of surplus land etc are not effective it is essential to reconsider them in the context of Dr.B.R Ambedkar's perspective.
5. What follows is an attempt to understand and highlight the role and contribution made by Ambedkar and his department during 1942-46 to this aspect of India's development. Their achievements were in terms of policy formulation, creation of an administrative apparatus and technical bodies at the Centre that provided an alternative solution to state-Central problems, and setting in motion several present-day major and medium river valley projects.
6. Dr.B.R Ambedkar recommended collective farming under State socialism, a scheme to be incorporated in the constitution of India. But as the state socialism was deemed to be a rigid form for India, and thus the leaders of the nation thought of co- operative farming advantageous for large scale farming, without abolition of private land property, they accepted mixed economy for India and rejected State socialism. But the significance the scheme is in exhaustible and time immortal. He regarded it to
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be collective farming, which was to be executed as Agriculture system. The scheme enticed the planners of India and few good attempts were made under cooperative farming after independence.
7. Dr.B.R Ambedkar recommended that Moneylenders should be compelled to maintain their record of all lending operations and mandatory issue of pass books giving details of transactions between the lenders and borrowers with corrective measures of check to their licences to be hold up of renewal or cancel at the failing to obey the regulations.
8. By this one was to gain productive employment, which would contribute to the national dividend and such action would remove the psychological disease of untouchability in town and cities and one would gain education to elevate self respect, self confidence and self efforts. If there is no earning, no surplus and no capital in agriculture then for earning capital, the idle labour must be put to use in business other Than agriculture.
9. Labour's creed is internationalism. Labour is interested in nationalism only because the wheels of democracy such as representative parliaments, responsible executive, constitutional conventions, etc.- work better in a community united by national sentiments. Nationalism to labour is only a means to an end. It is not an end in itself to which labour can agree to sacrifice what is regarded as the most essential principal of life.
Conclusion
Dr.B.R Ambedkar’s economic ideology is the guidance document. The application , in steps and phases can only be implemented when the mazdoors in both the formal and the informal sector, kisans , landless workers , rural and urban men and women without livelihoods and entitlements, adivasis, artisans , bundkars,
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students , teachers , educated unemployed , technicians and engineers ,employed or unemployed , subscribe and dedicate themselves to a better future for all . Quite obviously the Dalits as a caste group are not sufficient in numbers to change the system, its core policies, priorities and its structure without joining with the other oppressed groups, communities and demonstrating an overwhelming democratic majority. Dr.B.R Ambedkar had emphasized this again and again in all his writings and speeches. For this a United Front of all sections and elements who constitute the exploited majority must be forged as a federation with decentralization as its watchword.
Bibliography
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4. Dr.Narendra Jadhav: Dr. Ambedkar's Economic Thought and Philosophy, Bombay Popular Prakashan, 1999.
5. Hegde O D: “Economic Thought of Dr. B R Ambedkar”, Mohit Publications, New Delhi,1998.
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7. K shirsagar Ramchandra Kamaji:Political thought of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Intellectual publishing house, New Delhi, 1992.
8. K.Sateesh Reddy & P.Ramaiah: Dr.B.R.Ambedkar's Economic Philosophy, Delta Publishing House, New Delhi,1994.
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9. Kadam, K.N.: ‘Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and the Significance of his Movement’, Popular Prakashan Private Limited, Bombay,1993.
10. Kuber,W.N: B.R.Ambedkar–A Critical Study, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi, 1987.
11. Misra & puri: Indian Economy, Himalaya publishing house ,New Delhi,2015.
12. Raj Kumar : Economic thoughts of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Commonwealth Publishors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,2011.
13. Rajshekhariah: ‘Dr.B.R. Ambedkar–The Quest for Social Justice’, Uppal, New Delhi,1989.
14. Ramesh singh: Indian Economy, Mc Grawhill publications,New Delhi,2015.
15. Rodriguez Valerain: ‘The essential Writing of B.R. Ambedkar’, OxfordUniversity press, valerian Road, Delhi 2002.
16. Saharla R.P.: " Economic Thoughts of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, The Economic Challenger, no. 14, Issue 54, Jan- March, 2012.
17. Sarode Jayashri Purushottam: Impact of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Thought on Indian Economy", Research Analysis and Evaluation, Vol. 4 , Issue 42, 2013.
18. Singariya M.R: “Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: As an Economist” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, Vol. 2, Issue (3), pp 24-27, 2013.
19. Sukhadeo Thorat: Ambedkar's Role in Economic Planning and Water Policy, Shipra Publications, New Delhi,1998.
20. Thorat, Sukhadeo; Kumar, Narender: B. R. Ambedka’s perspectives on social exclusion and inclusive policies, Oxford University Press,New Delhi, 2008.
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QUALITIES OF LEADERSHIP
Dr.D.Rekha Post Doctoral Fellow Department of Sahitya R.S.Vidyapeet ,Tirupati
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HEIDEGGER PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT: BEING AND TIME
Gopal Mallam Research scholar Department of Philosophy Osmania University, Hyderabad
Abstract : This paper deals with The secret of Being and Time and of its constant cultural and philosophical presence lies in its unusual hermeneutical richness. Being and Time becomes, so to speak, a precise seismometer capable of detecting the slips and falls of the contemporary era with surprising accuracy. It offers us an exact scan of the ethical and moral conscience of our time. Being and Time does not develop a philosophical theory among others, rather it faces the challenge of thoroughly reflecting upon the dilemma that is constantly present in philosophy, namely the question of human being and its relation to being in general. From this point of view, I would like to consider the possibility of reading this fundamental work of Heidegger as an ethics of the care, that is, as book that promotes a cultivation of the self and the other.
Keywords: Authenticity; Care; Constancy; Falling Prey; Friendship;
Introduction
Still today, Being and Time remains a magical work, a title composed of two intriguing words that, in its complex simplicity, attempts to reconsider the fundamental question in the history of philosophy: the question of being. The secret of Being and Time and of its constant cultural and philosophical presence lies in its unusual law. Being and Time does not develop a philosophical theory among others, but rather it faces the challenge of thoroughly reflecting upon the dilemma that is present in traditional philosophy. How does Heidegger face this
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challenge? Mainly by reexamining the fundamental problem that has pervaded Western thought: the problem of being. However, he does this in a peculiar way, by bringing together the basic concerns of the contemporary time period: the disillusionment of the modern world, the conflict of traditional values, the decline of metaphysics, the fleeing of the gods, the realms of technology, the hegemony of instrumental rationality and the search for new symbolic resources for mankind. In this sense, Being and Time becomes a precise seismometer capable of detecting with surprising accuracy the slips and falls of the contemporary era, offering us an exact scan of the ethical and moral conscience of our time. Hence, its enduring relevancy, even well into the 21st century. From this point of view, I would like to consider the possibility of reading Being and Time as an aesthetics of existence, that is, as a book that promotes a cultivation of the self.
Being and Time has the ability, as Susan Sontag comments regarding the picture, of sloughing off the flakes that obscure our everyday vision, and, in so doing, of creating a new way of viewing reality (Sontag, 1977: p. 105ff). In a strong and passionate tone, solicitous and at the same time distant, attentive to detail but without losing sight of the main focus, Being and Time allows us to grasp the social world just as it is, including its misfortunes. Philosophy can be benign, but it is also an expert in cruelty when it comes to portraying the symptoms of a society that is sick, idle and decadent. A harsh diagnosis of reality that, in his own way, Nietzsche had already put forward in his Untimely Meditations which depicted German cultural society as a time period dominated by professors and technocrats, and by military and government officials. From this point of view, Being and Time has its full share in the climate of intellectual unrest, of existential inhospitality and of spiritual uneasiness of an era dominated by the decadence of heroes. One finds multiple portrayals of a fragmented society and of a lack of idols in works of the time period such as Robert
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Musil’s The Man Without Qualities, Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain, James Joyce’s Ulysses, Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, and, in a very visual way, Edvard Munch’s The Scream, and in Robert Wiene’s film The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari.
Being and Time and the Spirit of Its Era
Therefore, it is hardly surprising that from this bleak landscape of German society there spontaneously emerge questions that are in some way or another related to the sense of human existence. What is there to do with a civilization that is drifting without direction? How can one escape a technical rationality that calculates all the variables of human existence that eliminates all trace of human individuality and that subjects personal will to the causal order of science? The spirit feels trapped and distrusts a positivist discourse that aims to construct an ideal society and to rationally govern the course of history. Life needs to make a way for itself and to break away from false conceptions of the world. One must look back upon reality and face the complex question of how to recapture the immediacy of life experience. This means we must launch an enormous effort towards destruction and creation of a new philosophical language that overcomes the conceptual constraints of science and metaphysics. Sometimes one cannot ignore in the young Heidegger the voice of the “lawbreaker self” of the protagonist of Dostoyevsky’s novel, Notes from Underground, which calls back to an independent and autonomous self. That underground self, like the pre theoretical life which Heidegger speaks of in his first lecture courses at Freiburg, rejects the Euclidian world of positive rationalism that seeks to resolve the complexity of human problems with the precise procedures of logic and arithmetic. It is simply a matter of preserving the uniqueness of each individual without resigning oneself to being another face in the crowd. In short, one must constantly practice a hermeneutic of suspicion in order to return to the individual the capacity of thought and action.
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In this sense, we need persons with charisma who are capable of updating the old structures of thought and behavior. Philosophy should respond to the fundamental questions of human existence, even though this may mean going against the established order. Living philosophically is equivalent to living precariously and thinking against preconceived norms. The young Heidegger becomes an echo of this call, already taking on the challenge of developing a new idea of philosophy in his first lectures of 1919. We find ourselves, as Heidegger comments with a certain tone of drama, at the crossroads that decides upon “the very life or death of philosophy. We stand at an abyss: either into the nothingness, or we somehow leap into another world” (Heidegger, 1987: p. 63). We are at one of the most philosophically and personally decisive moments in Heidegger’s life. On the one hand, we observe his break with the system of Catholicism and his Protestant marriage to Elfredi Petri and, on the other hand, there are clear signs of estrangement with respect to his solid theological and Neo-Kantian training which points towards the development of a hermeneutics of factual life. In this sense, Karl Löwith shrewdly portrays the peculiar personality of the young Heidegger: “A Jesuit by education, he became a Protestant through indignation; a dogmatic through education; an existential pragmatist through experience; a theologian by tradition, and an atheist as researcher” (Löwith, 1986: p. 45). Different aspects of a person who attempts to grasp a phenomenon as mysterious, as slippery and as foggy as that of human existence in its utter facticity. Life presents itself to the young Heidegger as an enigma waiting to be understood. The decipherment of that enigma sets the course for an early philosophical itinerary that will gloriously culminate in his great book, Being and Time (1927).
Heidegger responds to this problem from a totally new perspective: an analysis of human life and its peculiar ability to face its inherent tendency to fall. The analysis of human existence that is carried out in
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Being and Time, and therefore in previous lectures, is really an analysis that turns against the tendency that life shows towards repeatedly falling prey to the clutches of public opinion with the aim of giving it successful form, as if life were a work of art to which Being and Time intends to impart a beautiful appearance.
Being and Time and the Cultivation of the Self
Heidegger, as we know, avoids the classical definition of man understood as a rational animal. Human existence basically consists of care (Sorge). This conception of human nature may perhaps surprise the reader of Being and Time, but it is not new by any means, but rather dates back to the ancient tradition of the care of the self and of the care of the soul. Heidegger himself admits having found the concept of “care” in the ancients and points out its importance for Greco- Roman philosophy and Christian spirituality. Thus, for example, regarding a comment on the last letter of Seneca, specifically epistle CXXIV, he writes:
The perfectio of human being—becoming what one can be in being free for one’s ownmost possibilities (project) —is accomplishment of care” (Heidegger, 1986: p. 199).
From this perspective, Being and Time can be read within the framework of a long tradition of the care for the self, initiated by Plato, practiced by the different Hellenistic schools, later forgotten by the philosophy of the scholastic era and, finally, taken back up by authors such as Michel de Montaigne, Blaise Pascal, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, which reaches its greatest contemporary expression in Michel Foucault’s ethics of care.
Here is not the proper place to exhibit the concrete decisions and the flourishing stages of this tradition3 . It is sufficient to remember its central idea, simplified in Plato’s simple assertion that the human soul is in movement (Plato, 1956, 896a). In the majority of cases, mankind
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lives absorbed in its daily worries, victim to its desires and passions, chained to its professional ambitions and dependent upon economic and material factors. The movement of the soul, nevertheless, allows one to look back upon oneself, that is to say, it provokes a conversion of the gaze, and it makes an internal change possible. However, this self- cultivation is not motivated by narcissistic interests and aestheticizing criteria (a charge which, on the other hand, is frequently brought against Foucault). Focusing on the interior world does not exclude but, in fact, directly draws our attention to the evils of society. In this sense, self-escalation comes accompanied by a movement of the liberation of the ego’s always limited perspectives and demands. The young Heidegger was already very conscious of this potential confusion when he points out in his 1921 course about Augustine that The self-concern appears easy and convenient, interesting and superior as “egoism”. (…) Really: self-concern is precisely the most difficult, taking oneself to be less and less important by engaging oneself all the more; positing to oneself precisely an “objectivity” in the face of which that of the generality is mere playfulness, a convenient getting-done of the things themselves and of the beings and their connections (Heidegger, 1995: p. 241).
The call for Dasein to take care of itself, to pay attention to its own being, even the later idea of letting itself experience a calming of the spirit like serenity (certainly, very close to Epicurean ataraxia), invites one to read Being and Time from the stimulating perspective of the care for the self (Adrian, 2013).Does Heidegger’s suggested similarity between Dasein and the soul perhaps not authorize such a reading?
At first glance one can observe a considerable amount of relatedness between Being and Time and the ancient tradition of the care for the self (in both its Greek and Latin equivalents of epimeleia heauton and cura sui, respectively). In both cases, it is a question of opening up the possibility of a self that is more intense, more fundamental and
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appropriate, and one that realizes the human tendency to get lost in things, to get caught in the whirlwind of daily tasks, and to be influenced by public opinion. It is exactly this dual possibility of leading a life that is in between authenticity and in authenticity, perdition and salvation, ignorance and wisdom that is a constituent part of the care’s fundamental ambivalence. Echoing another basic dimension of the tradition of the care of the self, Heidegger speaks of a “conversion,” of an “about-face,” of a “turning back” (Hinkehr) of Dasein from its starting position of fleeing (Abkehr) from itself to describe this possibility of care’s changing direction (Heidegger, 1986: pp. 184-185). As it is known, Heidegger insists upon the idea that Dasein regularly becomes distanced from itself. To use one of his preferred expressions, human beings are more frequently far away from themselves (weg-sein) than they are there (da-sein). This is why he speaks of a “being alert,” of a “being awake” (Wachsein) to describe the secret (and, in the end, ethical) purpose of the analysis of human life that is programmatically developed for the first time in the well-known 1923 course Ontology. The Hermeneutics of facticity (Heidegger, 1988: p. 10). Wegsein is a form, albeit deficient, of Dasein. It is this self-neglect, this estrangement that is attacked by Heidegger, who—as a good phenomenologist— wants, on the one hand, to stimulate the ability to be open to oneself and, therefore, to being, and, on the other hand, to fight the obstruction that idle talk (Gerede) exerts on this openness.
In a similar way to the majority of ancient philosophers, Heidegger not only shows an occasional interest in the tendency of individuals to become estranged from themselves, but rather he interprets this movement as them truly fleeing from themselves. In this context, Heidegger uses the expression “plunge” (Absturz) and “eddying” (Wirbel) to respectively describe the “groundlessness and nothingness of inauthentic everydayness” and the “movement of falling prey” (Heidegger, 1986, 178). Starting with Pascal’s harsh comments about
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fleeing from oneself, Heidegger traces back the root of this phenomenon to the movement of falling (Verfallen) in the world of things6 . This is a leitmotiv as much as in Heidegger’s early work as in Being and Time, which is conveyed in the well known difference between authenticity (Eigentlichkeit) and in authenticity (Uneigentlichkeit). Indeed, authenticity and in authenticity denote nothing more than the two possible paths that Dasein can take in carrying out its existence: either flee from itself and from its more appropriate choices, or embrace these choices as a manifestation of responsibility in the form of a wanting-having-conscience. In sum, the presence of the topic of self-knowledge, which Heidegger rechristens transparency (Heidegger, 1986: p. 146), places us before one of the most important tasks of epimileia heauon, of understanding the possibility of being-self as “constancy of the self” (Ständigkeit des Selbst).
The constancy of the self in the double sense of constancy and steadfastness is the authentic counter-possibility to the lack of constancy (Unselbst-ständigkeit) or irresolute falling prey. Existentially, the constancy of the self (Selbstständigkeit) means nothing other than anticipatory resoluteness (Heidegger, 1986: p. 382).
Obviously, there are more than a few critics who reject this approach to reading Being and Time, even Heidegger’s text itself offers a certain amount of resistance. The first and clearest objection is that Heidegger, in contrast to the ancient thinkers, does not analyze life’s concrete characteristics, he does not establish anything prescriptive, does not formulate anything imperative. His analysis is purely formal. One cannot forget that “in the existential analytic we cannot, on principle, discuss what Da-sein factically resolves upon” (Heidegger, 1986: p. 382). Nevertheless, it is worth remembering that the ancient authors who defended a epimileia heauton are not noted for subjecting themselves to a series of prescriptive behaviors through which their self-care becomes universally defined. Rather than prescribe universal
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rules of behavior, they offer instructions on how to lead, carry out, and complete a full life. The tradition of the care of the soul returns the individual to his/her particular situation; it awakens the feeling of responsibility toward oneself. In short, the practices of self refer to a choice of life, that is to say, they do not present themselves as an obligatory category that is imposed universally, but rather, in Heideggerian terms, they possess an indicative-formal character that establishes Dasein’s way’s of being. When it comes down to it, can it not be said that “universal phenomenological ontology, which taking its departure from the hermeneutics of Dasein” (Heidegger, 1986: p. 38), tries to establish the conditions of possibility of authentic life? It is true that the ontological analysis of Being and Time is not guided by a particular ideal of life, that is, it does not offer “a definite ontic interpretation of authentic existence” (Heidegger, 1986: p. 301). However, paradoxically, is Being and Time not the incarnation of a concrete task such as the questioning of being and the establishment of its conditions of what is possible?
The solution that Heidegger will later refer to in Being and Time registers, ultimately, in the sphere of the practical question about the meaning that we want to give to our existence, which finds itself always destined to shift between one of two possibilities: now an improper existence now a proper existence. Here again it is highlighted that the practical question obligates one to confront oneself. Evading freedom is as significant as fleeing from oneself. The available time to make a choice which is opened by the practical question has the nature of a “self-choosing” which offers the possibility of a self-determination of our being, free from prescribed norms; an assessment that is in accordance with the phenomenon of differentiation that Dasein undergoes because of the anxiety that “reveals to it authenticity and in authenticity as possibilities of its being” (Heidegger, 1986: p. 191). Thus, there exists a scope of decision in which one considers how to
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carry out one’s existence. The same structuring of the work in two large sections aims to conceptually express the existential hiatus in which contemporary man lives: the first section develops a complex hermeneutics of everyday life that analyzes the different forms of estrangement and fleeing from oneself, while the second section proposes a hermeneutics of responsibility through which the individual becomes critical of his real state of disorientation. In both cases, Heidegger advances a genuine hermeneutics of the self. Just like what happens with Hellenistic philosophies and with late Foucault that develop a hermeneutics of the practices of the self that is parallel to biblical hermeneutics, Heidegger first offers a complete diagnosis of the evils of the time period in order to later recommend an appropriate remedy. It is a matter of carrying out self-reflection in order to get to know yourself regarding your own limits, your relationships with others, your contact with the world and, in conclusion, your choices in designing your own life according to freely and independently chosen criteria. Life, in short, is subjected to a constant test. There is no situation that always returns unchanged, that is, every life situation must be weighed calmly and analyzed for itself in order to offer an answer that is appropriate to the circumstances of the moment. This is undoubtedly the ideal of the sensible and wise man depicted by Aristotle. And this explains, in part, the fascination that the young Heidegger experienced from reading Nicomachean Ethics, to which he dedicated a commendable exegetic effort (as is shown by his substantial and brilliant interpretations of the sixth book in the course of his first lectures of the winter semester of 1924/25).
Conclusion
How do we access to the other? How does the other come to manifestation? First and foremost, in the mode of being of hearing, hearing constitutes Dasein’s most authentic openness to its own most possibility of being, as in hearing the voice of the friend whom every
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Dasein carries by itself. By hearing the voice of the other, which is deeply rooted in its own self, Dasein becomes open to the being of others in the peculiar modality of solicitude (Fürsorge). This allows the establishment of an authentic bond in which the other is liberated to its own freedom (Heidegger, 1986: p. 122). The possibility of the ethical encounter of the other as irreducible otherness is the positive counterpart of the mode of being solicitous to the other. In authentically hearing the voice of the friend that each Dasein carries by itself, Dasein does not merely listen to the impersonal voice of the public “they” but also becomes opened to the recognition of the otherness as such. Ontically speaking, as Duarte points out, “it means that Dasein has become genuinely friends with the other” (2005: p. 27), without leveling the other to the dominating values of the public sphere. Resolute Dasein has, thus, acquired the possibility of an authentic, responsible and respectful encounter with the other. In an ontological sense, friendship is the possibility of caring for the other respecting its own space of freedom and self-determination. A further analysis of friendship and the constitution of the self should allow us to trace a path in Being and Time that connects the ontological to the ethical.
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DESIGN OF AN AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING
L.Tabitha M.Tech-2 Year Thermal Engineering Stanley Stefan College of Engineering & Technology Kurnool,A.P. Introduction
There are many types of air conditioning system like window air conditioners, split air conditioners etc. but these AC’s system are used in small room or office where cooling load required is low. When the cooling load required is very high like multiplex building, hospital etc. central AC’s system are used. In central AC’s system the cooled air is directly not distributed to the rooms. The cooled air from the air conditioning equipment must be properly distributed to rooms or spaces to be cold in order to provide comfort condition. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the spaces to be cooled, then the ducts are installed. The duct systems convey the cold air from the air conditioning equipment to the proper air distribution point and also carry the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for reconditioning and recirculation.
As the duct system for the proper distribution of cold air, costs nearly 20% to 30% of the total cost of the equipment required. Thus, it is necessary to design the air duct system in such a way that the capital cost of ducts and the cost of running the fans are lower.
Classification of ducts
The duct may be classified as follows:
1.Supply air duct – The duct which supplies the conditioned air from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be cooled is called supply air duct.
2.Return air duct – The duct which carries the reciprocating air from
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the conditioned space back to the air conditioning equipment is called return air duct.
3.Fresh air duct – The duct which carries the outside air is called fresh air duct.
4.Low pressure duct – When the static pressure in the duct is less than 50 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a low pressure duct.
5.Medium pressure duct - When the static pressure in the duct is up to 150 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a medium pressure duct.
6.High pressure duct - When the static pressure in the duct is from 150- 250 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a high pressure duct.
7.Low velocity duct – When the velocity of air in the duct is up to 600 m/min, the duct is said to be a low velocity duct.
8.High velocity duct - When the velocity of air in the duct is more than 600 m/min, the duct is said to be a high velocity duct.
Duct Material:
The ducts are usually made from galvanized iron sheet metal, aluminium sheet metal or black sheet. The most commonly used duct material in the air conditioning system is galvanized sheet metal, because the zinc coating of this metal prevents rusting avoids the cost of painting. The sheet thickness of galvanized iron duct varies from 0.55 mm to 1.6 mm. The aluminium is used because of its lighter weight and resistance to moisture. The black sheet metal is always painted unless they withstand high temperature.
Now a day, the use of non-metal ducts has increased. The resin bounded glasses are used because they are quite strong and easy to manufacture according to the desired shape and size. They are used in low velocity application less than 600 m/min and for a static pressure below 5 mm of water gauge. Sometimes cement asbestos duct also used
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for underground air distribution. The wooden duct may be used in places where moisture content in the air is not very large.
Duct Shape: Fig 1. Shows different duct shapes:
Fig.1 Various Shapes of Duct
1. Circular/round duct: For a definite cross-sectional area and mean air velocity, a circular duct has less fluid resistance against air flow than other ducts. It also has better stiffness and strength. The longitude- seamed round ducts and spiral duct are used in commercial buildings. The main drawback of round ducts over the other duct is the more space required during installation.
2.Rectangular duct: Rectangular duct takes less space as compared to the round duct. It can be easily fitted where space is less. Rectangular ducts are less stiff than circular ducts, and also easily fabricated. The
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air leakage in joint of rectangular ducts has a greater percentage than other ducts joint. The rectangular ducts are generally used in low- pressure systems.
3.Flat oval duct: Flat oval ducts have a shape between round and rectangular cross-sectional shown in Fig. 1.1. Flat oval duct have the benefits of both the rectangular and the round duct with less large- scale air disorder and a lesser depth of space required. These ducts are easy to fit and also have lesser air leakage.
4.Flexible duct: Flexible ducts are used to connect the key duct to the incurable (terminal) box. Their plasticity and ease of elimination allow separation and rearrangement of the incurable (terminal) devices. These ducts are made of numerous-ply polyester film reinforced by a helical steel wire core.
From an economical point of view, the circular ducts are preferable because the circular shape can carry more air in less space. This means that less duct material, less duct surface friction, and less insulation is required. Also, the circular ducts have less friction drop than the rectangular ducts.
Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
Fan coil unit is a device consisting of a cooling or heating coil and fan. It is a part of the heating ventilation and air conditioning system used to circulate the cold water into the room. In FCU no need to ductwork and it is used to govern the temperature in the region where it is fitted. It is controlled by either physically or by a regulator.
Fan coil units (FCU) are normally used in places where economic installations are desired such as storage rooms, loading docks and corridors. In high-rise buildings, fan coils may be arranged, situated one above the another from floor to floor and all interrelated by the same tubing loop. FCUs are an admirable delivery apparatus for
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hydraulic chiller boiler systems in large housing and light profitable applications. In these applications the FCUs are mounted in bathroom ceilings and can be used to provide infinite comfort zones - with the facility to turn off vacant areas of the building to save energy.
Advantages of Fan Coil Unit
The system requires only piping installation which takes up less space than all-air duct systems.
FCU is available in many sizes, including with a self-finish galvanized steel chassis or a painted casing.
Sound level in fan coil unit low and zones can be individually controlled.
FCU is very efficient and energy consumption is less.
Control and maintenance of FCU is also easy.
Disadvantages:
The FCU requires more maintenance than "all air" systems, and the maintenance work is performed in occupied areas.
Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Air handling unit (AHU), is a device used to circulate the air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. An air handling unit is usually a big metal box having a blower, chambers, heating or cooling elements, dampers and sound attenuators. AHU generally connect to a ductwork ventilation system that allocates the cooled air through the house or rooms and takings it to the AHU.
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Fig.2 Air Handling Unit
Air handling unit components as follows:
1.Filters:Air filter is used in the AHU in order to deliver clean dirt-free air to the house occupants. This air filter is generally placed leading in the air handling unit in order to retain all the other apparatuses clean. Depending upon the grade of filtration required, air filters will be organized in two or more successive banks with a coarse-grade section filter provided opposite of a fine-grade bag filter.
2.Heating or cooling elements: Air handlers need to deliver cooling, heating, or both to variation the supply air temperature, and humidity level contingent on the position and requirement. Such conditioning is delivered by a heat exchanger coil. Such coils may be direct or indirect in relation to the medium providing the cooling or heating effect.
3.Humidifier:Humidification is habitually essential in colder weathers
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where nonstop warming will make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality.Generally evaporative type humidifier is used.
4.Blower or Fan: Air handlers generally employ a big blower, which is driven by an AC generation electric motor to transfer the air. The blower runs at a constant speed. Flow rate of air can be controlled by inlet blades or outlet dampers on the fan. Numerous blowers are used in big commercial AHU, normally placed at the end of the air handling unit and the opening of the source ductwork.
Methodology
This study gives the fundamental principles of duct or air distribution system design for a multi-storey building. There are mainly three types of duct sizing method namely (i) equal friction method, (ii) modified friction method (static regain method) and (iii) velocity reduction method. Now a days, the use of manual duct calculator is normal and computer aided duct design is becoming more popular. Also understanding the friction chart is very important to use this manual duct calculator, because these are the foundations of the other methods. This will provide the necessary knowledge to the duct design error and overcome to the errors.
For designing a proper duct system, it is necessary to estimate cooling load which is used to select the zone and air flow rate that the duct system distributes. Once the air flow rate is determined, the duct system component can be placed. This includes the supply and returns diffusers and decides to air handling unit (AHU) or fan coil unit (FCU) is good for that space.
General rules for duct design
Air should be conveyed as directly as possible to economize on power, material and shape.
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Sudden change in direction should be avoided.
Air velocities in ducts should be within the permissible limits to minimize losses.
Rectangular ducts should be made as nearly square as possible. This will ensure minimum ducts surface. An aspect ratio of less than 4:1 should be maintained.
Damper should be provided in each branch outlet for balancing the system.
Duct Design Criteria: The following factors are considered while designing a duct system
1.Space Availability: The sizing of a duct depends on the space available in the building. Ceiling plenums, duct chases, obstruction like walls and beam dictate the size of duct to be used, irrespective of the size at a least cost. At the time of design, the duct coordination is required to avoid sprinkler piping, power and light fixtures. For this, header duct and runouts are easier to locate. Larger the trunk and branch ducts greater the coordination required with equally large piping.
2.Installation Cost: While designing, the duct installation cost is very important. This includes size of ducts, type of material used, number and complexity of the duct fitting and height of the site conditions impacting duct installation labor. Use least no of fitting as possible to lower the installation cost.
3.Air Friction Loss: Air friction loss is affected mainly by the duct size and shape, the material used, fittings used. According to Carrier Handbook‖ round galvanized sheet metal has the lowest friction loss per meter, while the flexible ductwork has the highest friction loss per meter. The quality of fitting has a direct effect on the overall pressure drop of a duct system, smooth and efficient fitting with a low turbulence reduce the duct system air pressure drop. A direct route
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using round duct with less fitting and size changes can have a less friction loss in comparison with the similar size rectangular system with a longer route and size changes at each branch duct.
4.Noise Level: The modern AC systems require control of noise level below a particular level in addition to the control of humidity, temperature and air velocity of excessive noise which causes uncomfortable feeling. The equipment as blowers, humidifiers, motors and many others contribute noise to the air conditioned space. The air passing through the ducts and grills also create noise.
5.Heat Transfer and Leakage: Ductwork that runs through very warm or cold areas can suffer heat gain or loss that effectively reduce the capacity of the cooling and heating equipment, result in occupant discomfort and higher operating cost. Leakage in duct also affects the capacity of cooling equipment and may create odors.
Pressure in Duct
The flow of air within a duct system is produced by the pressure difference existing between the different locations. The greater the pressure difference, the faster the air will flow. The following are the three types of pressures involved in a duct system.
1. Static Pressure (Ps): The static pressure always exists in a duct system. The pressure which is independent upon the air movement called static pressure. This type of pressure pushes against the wall of the duct. It tends to rush a duct when its force is greater than that of atmospheric pressure and tends to collapse when its force is less than that of the atmosphere. These pressures overcome the friction and shock losses as the air is flow.
2. Velocity Pressure (Pv): The velocity or dynamic pressure is equal to the drop in static pressure necessary to produce a given velocity of flow. In other words, it is equal
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to the increase of static pressure possible when velocity is reduced to zero.
3. Total Pressure (Pt): It is the algebraic sum of the static pressure and dynamic pressure.
Pt= = Ps + Pv
Pt = total pressure, Pa
Ps = static pressure, Pa (measured by any pressure measuring instrument)
Pv = velocity pressure
2 ρV =
m3 2 (for air ρ = 1.024 kg/ ) =0.602V2
V = fluid mean velocity, m/s = Q/A
Where, Q = air flow rate, m3/sec , A = cross sectional area, m2
Pressure Losses in Ducts
Pressure is lost due to friction between the moving particle of the fluid and the interior surfaces of a duct. When the pressure loss occurs in a straight duct, then this loss is known as friction loss. The pressure loss is due to the changes of direction of air flow such as bends, elbows etc. and at the change of cross section of the duct, this loss is known as dynamic losses.
The value of friction factor (f) for different Reynolds numbers and different roughness factor find directly from the Moody chart as shown in Fig. 3
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Figure 3. Moody Chart
1. Pressure Loss due to Friction in Ducts
The pressure loss due to friction in ducts may be obtained by using the Darcy’s formula, i.e.
fL 2 ρa V
Pf = ------
2Dh 2 Where ,Pf = pressure loss due to friction in N/m L = length of the duct in meters
f = friction factor depending upon the surface of the duct
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= density of air in kg/m3 ρa V = mean velocity of the air flowing through the duct in m/s
Dh= hydraulic diameter in m Cross sectional area of the duct(A) = Perimeter of the duct(P) = D/4 for circulation cross section, where D is a diameter of duct
= ab/2(a+b) where a and b is a side of rectangle 2. Dynamic Losses in Ducts
The dynamic losses are caused due to the change in direction or magnitude of velocity of the fluid in the duct. The change in the direction of the velocity occurs at bends and elbow. The change in the magnitude of velocity occurs when the area of duct changes i.e. enlargement, contraction, suction etc.
The dynamic pressure loss p is proportional to the velocity Δ d pressure and it is expressed as a product of the downstream velocity
pressure pv and a dynamic loss coefficient (K).
2 ρC p = Kp = K Δ d v 2 Where, V = downstream velocity.
The losses in elbows, fittings etc. are also expressed in terms of an
equivalent length Le of the duct, so that
4fLepv p = Kp = Δ d v D
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Friction Chart
The frictional pressure loss for circular ducts (in mm of water) for various velocities (in m/s) and duct diameters (in mm) obtained directly from the friction chart as shown in Fig.3.2. In this chart, the vertical ordinate represent volume flow rate of air in m3/s and the horizontal ordinate represents frictional pressure loss in mm of water per unit length of the circular duct. These charts are valid for 20°C and 1.013 bar and clean galvanized iron ducts with joints and seams.
Duct Velocity Ranges
The velocities in the ducts must be high enough to reduce the size of the ducts but it should be low enough to reduce the noise and pressure losses to economize power requirement. The velocities recommended for various applications are given in Table 1
Table 1. Recommended Velocities in (m/min)
Designation Residences School, Theaters & Industrial Public building Building Outdoor air 150 150 150 intake Filters 75 90 105 Cooling coil 135 150 180 Air washer 150 150 150 Fan outlet 300-480 400-600 480-725 Grills 40-60 60-80 80-100 Main duct 210-300 300-400 360-540 Branch duct 180 180-270 240-300 Branch riser 150 180-210 240
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Figure 3.2. - Duct Friction Chart
Equivalent Duct Diameter
In order to find the equivalent diameter of a circular duct for a rectangular duct for the same pressure loss per unit length, Huebscher developed a relationship between rectangular and round duct. According to this,
1.30(ab)0.625
De = ------(a+b) 0.250
Where De = equivalent circular diameter of rectangular duct for equal length, mm
a = length one side of duct, mm
b = length adjacent side of duct, mm
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Equivalent round duct diameter can also be determined by using Fig. 5 which is based on the above equation .
Figure 5. Equivalent Round Duct Diameter
Duct Design Method
There are mainly three methods which are commonly used for duct design. These are:
1.Velocity Reduction Method: The duct are designed in such a way that the velocity decreases as flow proceeds. The pressure drops are calculated for these velocities for respective branches and main duct. The pressure at the outlet is adjusted by damper in the respective ducts.
The advantages of this system are given below:
This method is the easiest among all methods in sizing the duct diameters.
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The velocities can be adjusted to avoid noise. The major disadvantage of this system is that, considerable judgment is required in selecting velocities to make the system optimum in economy and power.
2. Equal Friction Drop (friction loss) Method: In this method, the size of the duct is decided to give equal pressure drop per meter length an all ducts. The velocities are automatically reduced in the branch duct as the flow is decreased.
The main advantage of this method is that, if the duct layout is symmetrical giving the same length in each run, then no dampers are required to balance the system as this method gives equal pressure loss in various branches.
Disadvantages of this method is that, if the runs are of different lengths, then the shortest run will have a minimum drop and air will come out with higher pressure compared with long run ducts. It is necessary to reduce this high pressure of coming out air with the help of damper or high velocity can be reduced in a shorter run, but high velocity may create an objectionable noise. Therefore noise absorbing outlets must be provided.
3 The Static Regain Method: For the perfect balancing of the air duct layout system, the pressure at all outlets must be made same. This can be done by equalizing the pressure losses in the various branches. This is possible if the friction loss in each run is made equal to pressure gain due to reduction in velocity. The gain in pressure due to change in velocity is given by
2 – 2 ν1 ν2 SPR = R 2g
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Where
SPR = static pressure regain
R = static regain factor
The advantages of this system are
It is possible to design long runs as well as short runs for complete regain.
It is sufficient to design the main duct for complete regain and use the same pressure at outlets of the branches.
The disadvantages of this system are
This method allows for balancing but reducing velocity increases the duct size and it should not exceed the economic limit.
Result Analysis:
The result analysis is based on the duct design of multi-storey office building with manual calculation and duct design software like ductulator.
Duct size:
To design the duct for office building calculation of cooling load and air flow rate is done. By taking some suitable velocity (from Table 1), considering noise factor main duct area is calculated. Based on these duct area, the duct size is find out (from Fig.5) for the rectangular duct as well as round duct. The cooling load, dehumidified air flow for all room is given in below:
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Table 2 – Cooling Load And Dehumidified Air For Respective Room
Cooling Dehumidified Type of unit
Load Air used
S.N. Room Name (tons) Flow (m3/min) (FCU/AHU) 120 seat Lecture 1 Room 1 12.39 113 AHU 2 Director TIIR 2.11 21 FCU 3 Admin Office 3.03 32 FCU 4 Placement Office 2.27 25 FCU 5 IPR Office 2.93 32 FCU 120 seat Lecture 6 Room 2 12.39 113 AHU 7 Office Room 6.96 69 AHU 8 Meeting Room 6.77 66 AHU 9 Library 4.53 43 FCU 10 Dining 5.85 63 AHU 11 Alumini Relation 4.68 49 FCU 12 Alumini Visitor 7.55 74 AHU 13 Interview Room 1 2.95 31 FCU 14 Interview Room 2 4.69 44 FCU 15 Seminar Room 7.16 69 AHU Central Design 16 Office 24.69 247 AHU 17 Auditorium 50.14 422 AHU 18 Library Facility 5.57 48 AHU
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Table 3 – Duct size comparison Equal friction method and ductulator software
S. Roo Equal friction method Using software N. m calculation (ductulator) Rectangular Round Friction Rectangular Round Friction r duct duct drop r duct duct drop (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 120 seat 1 lecture 650 * 600 680 0.0445 700 * 550 675 0.0487 room 1 Director FCU is used, no ducting is 2 TIIR required
Admin FCU is used, no ducting is 3 Office required
Placemen t FCU is used, no ducting is 4 required office IPR FCU is used, no ducting is 5 Office required
120 seat 6 lecture 650 * 600 680 0.0445 700 * 550 675 0.0487 room 2 Office 7 Room 600 * 400 530 0.0600 550 * 450 525 0.0655
Meeting 8 Room 500 * 450 520 0.0630 500 * 450 520 0.0674
FCU is used, no ducting is 9 Library required
10 Dining 550 * 400 510 0.0663 500 * 450 500 0.0694
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Alumini FCU is used, no ducting is 11 required Relation Alumini 12 550 * 500 570 0.0603 550 * 450 550 0.0627 Visitor Interview FCU is used, no ducting is 13 required Room 1 Interview FCU is used, no ducting is 14 required Room 2 Seminar 15 Room 600 * 400 530 0.0623 550 * 450 530 0.0655
Central Design 16 950 * 900 1000 0.0295 1000 * 850 1000 0.0303 Office Auditoriu 17 m 1200*1200 1300 0.0195 1250*1150 1300 0.0220
Library 18 450 * 400 460 0.0792 450 * 400 460 0.0822 Facility For calculating duct size equal friction method is used. Frictional pressure drop are different for all rooms (given in above table) as velocity kept constant.
Conclusion
The following conclusion summarizes the design work presented in this thesis:-
a) The duct design for multi-storey office building is done, by using equal friction method. All values are comparable with duct software called ductulator.
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b) The calculated value of frictional is less or near as calculated by software. Due to less value of friction drop, duct diameter is increased but loss in total pressure (i.e. static pressure, velocity pressure) can be avoided.
c) Due to increased duct diameter the use of damper may be decreased.
d) Also the circular duct can carry more air in less space, because of that, less duct material, less duct surface friction and less insulation is required.
e) Pressure loss in duct fitting can be minimized by proper design the elbow shape.
References
1.G.S. Sharma and B. Sharma. ―Duct designing in air conditioning system and its impact on system performance‖. VSRD International Journal of Mechanical, Automobile and Production Engineering, Vol. 2 No. 9 November 2012.
2.C. Aydin, B. Ozerdem. Air leakage measurement and analysis in duct systems. Energy and Buildings 38 (2006) 207–213.
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5..W. R. Chan, J. Joh, M. H. Sherman Environmental. Analysis of air leakage measurements of US houses. Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 616–625.
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7.A. G. Muñoz, N.C. U. Rodríguez, J.M. Belman Flores, V.H Rangel Hernández. Analysis of effect caused by fitting in the measurements of flow in air conditioning system. Applied Thermal Engineering 33-34 (2012) 227-236.
8.I. Kotcioglu, A. Cansiz, M. N. Khalaji. Experimental investigation for optimization of design parameters in a rectangular duct with plate-fins heat exchanger by Taguchi method. Applied Thermal Engineering 50 (2013) 604-613.
9.O. Kaynakli. Economic thermal insulation thickness for pipes and ducts: A review study. RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews30 (2014) 184–194.
10..R. S. Khurmi, J. K. Gupta. A textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
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LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT LOAD BALANCING TECHNIQUES: A REVIEW
Rajesh Sachdeva Shalini Sachdeva Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Dev Samaj College for Women Dev Samaj College for Women Ferozepur City , R.S.D College Ferozepur City , R.S.D College Ferozepur city Ferozepur city
Abstract
Cloud computing is next generation of computing and a developing computing paradigm in the modern industry, either may be government organizations or the public organizations. In simple words we can say that Cloud Computing is set of different servers that cater to need of different clients based on their demands. Clouds have very powerful data centers to handle large number of user’s requests. Cloud platform provides dynamic pool of resources and virtualization. Load Balancing is required to properly manage the resources of the service contributor. Load balancing is a technique to distribute the workload among many virtual machines in a Server over the network to achieve optimal resource consumption, decrease in data processing time, decrease in average response time, and avoid overload.
Through better load balancing in cloud, performance can be improved and better services are provided to user. Here in this paper we have discussed many different load balancing techniques used to solve the issue in cloud computing environment.
Keywords: Cloud computing; Load balancing; Simulation; Virtual Machine; Cloud;
I. INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is a internet based service provider in which users are allowed to access services on demand.Cloud computing is relatively
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a new software system technology, which allows dynamic resource allocation on consolidated resources using a combination of different techniques from parallel computing, distributed computing, as well as platform virtualization technologies [1].. Cloud computing has been a primary focus in both the research community and the industry over recent years because of its flexibility in software deployments, and of its elasticity capability on resource consolidation. The latest trends show that a large number of medium and large scale businesses are shifting to cloud. The service providers are increasing day by day and provides services at lower costs.
The main Objective of Cloud Computing is to shift the computational services from desktop to the internet that is moving computation, services offered by them and data off-site to an external, internal, location that is not visible to main contractor. Cloud Computing model is often referred as "pay-per-use model" because we pay amount as per our usage of resources [3].
Cloud computing implements virtualization technique in which a single system can be virtualized into number of virtual systems [6]. On receiving a request from a client Load balancing helps to decides which client will use the virtual machine and which virtual machines wait or will be assigned to different virtual machine. Load balancing of can be handled dynamically by using virtualization technology where we can remap Virtual Machines (VMs) and physical resources according to the change in load. Due to these benefits, virtualization technology is most oftenly implemented in Cloud computing. In load balancing there are different challenges that needs to be handled like scalability, throughput, availability ,Virtual machine relocation, , fault tolerance, but main issue is the load balancing , it is the process of distributing the load among various nodes of a distributed system in order to minimize the communication delay and to minimize the resource utilization and also avoiding a situation when some of the machines
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have large amount of data and consuming excess time while others have huge amount of load while other nodes are doing nothing or idle with very little work.
A Types of cloud computing
Cloud computing provides three types of services :
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): It provides access to fundamental resources within the cloud i.e. virtual machines, storage etc. In this users need not to buy required servers or network resources of their own. The users pay only for the time duration they are using the service. [7].
Platform as a Service (PaaS): It helps to provide runtime environment to build an application. In this model,Cloud computing provides a way where resources are available and users can create the required applications by themselves.
Software as a Service (SaaS): It allows the users to use software applications as a service from various cloud providers through the internet [9]. In this type elasticity makes a cloud application different from another application.
II. LOAD BALANCING Cloud computing is one of the fastest adopted and implemented technology in various sectors. Many organizations these days are implementing and setting up clouds, due to flexible architecture of cloud which always results in the increase in number of users reaching cloud and ultimately improving performance. Although clouds are categorized as public, private and hybrid models but still there may be problem of reliability in these clouds [4][5]. Cloud computing has been used by most of the organization such as, social networking websites, online applications design by Google doc and Several clouds are also used for online software testing [14].
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Load balancing is one of the most important aspect in cloud computing environment that can purposeful improve resource utilization, performance and save energy by properly assigning/reassigning computing resources to the incoming requests from users. Therefore how to schedule virtual machines (VMs) effectively by considering various parameters that can influence its decision becomes an important research point for cloud computing.
III. EXISTING LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHMS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING
To distribute workload among multiple network links among multiple virtual machines and to achieve maximum throughput, minimize response time. We use two algorithms to distribute the load.
A. Round Robin: In RR algorithm , the cloudlets or jobs are equally divided among all processors. Each cloudlet is assigned to the processor in a timely manner. The process allocation order is maintained locally independent of the allocations from remote processors. Though the load distributions between processors are equal but the processing
time for different processes are not same. So it may be possible that at any point of time some processors may be heavily loaded and others remain idle.In round robin scheduling the time slice play a vital role for scheduling, because if time slice is very large then round robin scheduling algorithm behave like FCFS scheduling. If the time quantum is small then context switching will be more and response time will be less.
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METHODOLOGY
1. Vmload Balancer maintains an index of VMs and state of the Vms (busy/available).
2. Initially all Vms are available
3.The Data center controller receives the user requests/cloudlets.
4. The requests are allocated to Vms on the basis of their states known from the VM queue.
5. The roundrobinvmloadbalancer will allocate the time quantum for user request execution.
6. The Vmloadbalancer will decides the scheduling order based on arrival time and execution time.
7. After the execution of cloudlets, the VMs are de- allocated by the VmLoadBalancer.
8. The datacentercontroller checks for new /pending/waiting requests in queue.
B.)Equally Spread Current Execution Algorithm(ESCE): The load balancer tries to preserve equal load to all the virtual machines connected with the data centre. In Equally spread current execution algorithm, the processes are handled with load priorities. It distributes the load to virtual machine by checking the load at current time and transfer of the load to that virtual machine which is lightly loaded and handles that request easily and result in less time taken , and give maximum possible throughput. In this technique the load balancer tries to divide the load into multiple virtual machines. It maintain a index table containing list of virtual machine with current load. When
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all the virtual machines are currently loaded and when there is a request to the data centre to allocate the new VM, it scans the table for VM which is least loaded. If in case there are more than one VM is found than first come first serve algorithm is used and first identified VM is selected for handling the request of the client/node, the load balancer returns VM id to datacenterbroker. The data centre communicates the request to the VM identified by that id. After each allocation the index table is updated and When task is completed, it is informed to data centre which is further notified by the load balancer. The load balancer again updates the index table and result in decreasing the allocation count by one but in this there is an additional overhead of scanning the queue again and again.
METHODOLOGY
1. Initially all Vms are available
2. When a job is requested to datacenterbroker.
3. Count the active load on each VM
4. Return the id of those VM which is having least load.
5. The VMLoadBalancer will allocate the request to one of the VM.
6. If a VM is overloaded then the VMLoadBalancer will distribute some of its work to the VM having least work so that every VM is equally loaded.
7. The datacentercontroller receives the response to the request sent and then allocate the waiting requests from the job pool/queue to the available VM & so on.
C. Throttled Load Balancing Algorithm(TLB)
In TLB algorithm, an index table is maintained by load balancer which contains virtual machines as well as their states (Available or Busy). On receiving a request from client data centre firstly tries to
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find a suitable virtual machine (VM) to perform the requested task. The data centre broker ask the load balancer for allocation of the VM. The index table is scanned from top by the load balancer until the first available VM is found or the index table is scanned fully. If the status of any VM is Available, then VM id is send to the data centre. The data centre then allocates the request to the VM identified using the throttled algorithm. Also, the data centre updates the index table and set the state of Vm to Busy. But during processing the request of client, if no VM is found, the load balancer returns -1 to the data centre [7][8]. The data centre queues the request of the client with it. When a certain VM completes its task, a request is sent to data centre to update its index table. The total execution time can be estimated in three phases. During first phase there is formation of the virtual machines and they will be idle waiting for tasks, once tasks are allocated, the virtual machines in the cloud will start processing their assigned tasks, which is considered as the second phase, and finally during the third phase after completion of their dedicated tasks the virtual machines are de- allocated.
METHODOLOGY
1. ThrottledVmLoadBalancer maintains an index table of VMs and the state of the VM (BUSY/AVAILABLE). At the start all VM’s are available.
2. DataCenterBroker receives a new request.
3. DataCenterBroker queries the ThrottledVmLoadBalancer for the next allocation.
4. ThrottledVmLoadBalancer check the table from top until the first available VM is found.
5.If VM is found available then ThrottledVmLoadBalancer returns the VM id to the DataCenterBroker.
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6. The DataCenterBroker sends the request to the VM identified by that id.
7.DataCenterBroker notifies the ThrottledVmLoadBalancer of the new allocation.
8.If all Vm’s are busy then ThrottledVmLoadBalancer returns -1.
9. When the VM finishes processing the request, and the DataCenterBroker receives the response cloudlet, it notifies the ThrottledVmLoadBalancer of the VM de-allocation.
6. The DataCenerBroker checks if there are any waiting requests in the queue. If there are, it continues from step 3.
D. First Come First Serve:
FCFS (First Come First Served), used in parallel task processing, is the simplest task ordering strategy. It chooses and processes the task according to the sequence in which they request the DataCenterBroker. With this scheme the user request which comes first to the datacenterbroker is allocated the virtual machine for execution first. The implementation of FCFS policy is easily managed with FIFO queue. The datacenterBroker searches for virtual machine which is in idle state or underloaded. Then the 1st request from the queue is removed and passed to one of the VM through the VMLoadBalancer
METHODOLOGY
1. FCFS VmloadBalancer maintains an index table of virtual machines & number of requests currently allocated to the VM. At start all have zero allocation.
2. The vmloadbalancer allocates the cloudlets/user requests to the available VMs on the basis of requests sent by the datacenterBroker.
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3. The datacenterBroker stores the user requests in a queue on the basis of their arrival time.
4. The first request according to the arrival time is allocated to the VM which is under loaded or free by FCFS VmloadBalancer.
3. The FCFSVmLoadBalancer will execute the cloudlets and calculate the turnaround time, avg. waiting time and response time. After that it will display the result.
4. The datacenterBroker receives the response to the request sent and then allocate the waiting requests from the job pool/queue to the available VM & so on.
5. Completion of their dedicated tasks the virtual machines are de- allocated.
E. MaxMin Load Balancing algorithm:
The Max-min algorithm is commonly used in distributed environment. When a job is requested to datacenterbroker then completion time is calculated for each task on the available resources[2]. This algorithm chooses large tasks to be executed firstly, which in turn small task delays for long time. This algorithm also works in two phases. First, the maximum expected completion time for all the tasks is calculated. The completion time for all the tasks is calculated on all the virtual machines. In the second phase, the task with the maximum expected completion time from makespan is selected and that tasks assigned to the corresponding resource. After the completion of the current task it is removed from the makespan and this process is repeated until all tasks are completed.
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METHODOLOGY
1. MaxMin VmloadBalancer maintains an index table of virtual machines & number of requests currently allocated to the VM. At start all have zero allocation.
2. The vmloadbalancer allocates the cloudlets/user requests to the available VM.
3. Expected completion time is calculated for each VM
4. Task with maximum expected completion time is selected and is assigned to corresponding VM.
5. After completion of task the index table is updated.
VI.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Cloud Computing has widely adopted by the many organizations, still there are some issues like Load Balancing, Virtual Machine Migration, Energy Management, etc. One of the concerned issues is the issue of load balancing, which distribute the load from heavily loaded to lightly loaded among all nodes to improve efficiency and user satisfaction. Using a proper load balancing algorithm, resource consumption can be kept to a minimum which will further reduce energy consumption . There are many existing load balancing techniques out of which few famous techniques are discussed in this paper that mainly focus on reducing associated overhead, service response time and improving performance etc. but none of the techniques has considered the energy consumption factors. Therefore, there is a need to develop an energy- efficient load balancing technique that can improve the performance of cloud computing by balancing the workload across all the nodes in the cloud along with maximum resource utilization.
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Experience, vol. 14, Nov. 2002, pp. 1175-1220.
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WAYS AND MEANS TODOUBLE DIGIT GROWTH IN STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
N. Srinivas Patnaik Lecturer in commerce SBSYM Degree College Kasibugga, Srikakulam Dt
Abstract:
An attempt is made in this paper to discuss the ways and means of double digit growth in State of Andhra Pradesh. Expectation of double digit growth is a challenging issue to the state as two years baby bifurcated in 2014. Even after 21 months of State bifurcation, the problems persist and finding solutions amicably continue to be a challenge for the government. The corresponding growth rate of GDP of India is 7.6 per cent. The Gross Value Added (GVA) at Constant (2011-12) Basic Prices for the year 2015-16 is estimated at Rs. 4,55,484 crore as against Rs. 4,12,188 crore of 2014-15(FRE), registered a growth rate of 10.50 percent. The corresponding growth rate for India stands at 7.3 per cent. The sectoral growth rates of GVA of Andhra Pradesh at constant (2011-12) prices are Agriculture: 8.4%, Industry: 11.13% and Services sector: 11.39%. The Per Capita Income (NSDP) of Andhra Pradesh at current prices increased to Rs.1, 07,532 from Rs.95, 689 in 2014-15 registering a growth of 12.38 percent. The present growth of different sectors shows a positive level which will gives a way to reach target.
Key words: Sunrise state, double digit growth,inclusive growth,
Introduction
As mentioned in socio and economic survey if Andhra Pradesh, even after 21 months of State bifurcation, the problems persists and finding solutions amicably continue to be a challenge for the
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government. Despite severe bottlenecks in the wake of state bifurcation, the government has recorded appreciable progress in terms of the objective of achieving inclusive growth with noteworthy performance in both development and welfare sectors. The assurances of the Union Government to the State of Andhra Pradesh in the A.P. Reorganization Act, 2014 and in the speech of the then Prime Minister in RajyaSabha to support the State on several fronts still remain mostly unfulfilled. During these few months, the support from the Commission was not very encouraging either. No special preference was given to the State despite requests for handholding support, excepting the usual allocations made to other States, as per their eligibility. Union Budget 2016- 17 also did not make any special and noteworthy allocations to the State.The State Government, running financial deficits and planning to build a world class infrastructure in the proposed capital city of Amaravati, is waiting for a big support from the Centre. All measures humanly possible have been taken, not only to overcome the difficulties but to convert the crisis into opportunity and also lay solid foundation for “Sunrise state of Andhra Pradesh”. The state reconstruction is planned in a way such that it promotes inclusive growth.
Brief profile of Andhra Pradesh
With the geographical area of 1, 62,760sq km Andhra Pradesh ranks as the 8th largest State in the country. Situated in a tropical region, the state has the 2nd longest coastline in the country with a length of 974 km. The State has a forest area of 34,572 Sq.Kms as per the forest records, which accounts for 21.58% the total geographical area. Andhra Pradesh is the tenth largest state in the Country, in terms of population. As per 2011 Census, the State accounts for 4.10% of the total population of the country. The decadal growth of population rose from 18.88 percent during 1961-71 to 21.13 percent during 1981-91. Subsequently a significant decline was observed in the rate of growth of
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population and decline is even more prominent at 9.21 percent during 2001-11, lower than the All-India’s growth rate of 17.72 percent. The density of population for Andhra Pradesh is 304 persons per square kilometer, as against 368 persons per square kilometer at all India level in 2011. The sex ratio in the state was up from 983 in 2001 to 997 in 2011 and is higher than all India figures of 943 in 2011.
The literacy rate of the State is 67.35 percent in 2011 as against 62.07 percent in 2001. The literacy rate of the State is lower than the all India literacy rate at 72.98% percent. Literacy in Andhra Pradesh increased over 37 percentage points from 29.94 percent in 1981 to 67.35 percent in 2011. Female literacy rate has gone up from 52.72 percent in 2001 to 59.96 percent in 2011. Urbanisation has been regarded as an important component for growth realization. The percentage of urban population to the total population in the State is 29.47 percent in 2011 as compared to 24.13 percent in 2001.
Current Growth status of the state of Andhra Pradesh
The GSDP at Current Prices for the year 2015-16 (Advance Estimates) is compiled by adding Product taxes and deducting Product subsidies to the GVA at current basic prices and estimated at Rs.6,03,376 crore as againstRs.5,32,922 crore for 2014-15. The Central Statistical Office (CSO) has shifted the base year from 2004-05 to 2011-12 and also revised the methodology. As per the Advance Estimates, the GSDP at constant (2011- 12) Prices for the year 2015-16 is estimated at Rs. 493641 crores as against Rs.44,4752 crores for 2014-15 (First Revised Estimates) indicating a growth of 10.99 per cent.
The corresponding growth rate of GDP of India is 7.6 per cent. The Gross Value Added (GVA) at Constant (2011-12) Basic Prices for the year 2015-16 is estimated at Rs. 4,55,484 crore as against Rs. 4,12,188 crore of 2014-15(FRE), registered a growth rate of 10.50 percent. The corresponding growth rate for India stands at 7.3 per cent. The sectoral
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growth rates of GVA ofAndhra Pradesh at constant (2011-12) prices are Agriculture: 8.4%, Industry: 11.13% and Services sector: 11.39%. ThePer Capita Income (NSDP) of Andhra Pradesh at current prices increased to Rs.1, 07,532 from Rs.95,689 in 2014-15 registering a growth of 12.38 percent.
Ways and means to double digit growth
The Government continues its focus on social infrastructure towards not only meeting basic minimum requirements of the people especially for ensuring higher levels of social justice in society in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals but also the upcoming Sustained Development Goals and the associated global indices. The government is confident that once the process of social development is institutionalized, it provides sustenance for overall economic development.
The MDGs, adopted in 2000, aimed at an array of issues that included slashing poverty, hunger, disease, gender inequality, and promoting access to water and sanitation. The world over enormous progress has been made on the MDGs, demonstrating the value of a unifying global agenda underpinned by goals and targets. However, despite the significant success, poverty and inequality has not yet ended for all while the MDG implementation period has ended in December 2015. The Government of India has announced an SDG frame work containing 14 Goals and 88 Indicators on 11th December 2015.
Andhra Pradesh is envisaging a big structural transformation – both in terms of economic progress and well- being as well. From a modest beginning in 2015-16, the State aspires to achieve the status of a developed state in the country by 2029 in between navigating through one among the best three states by 2020 with a vision to lay foundation of the Sunrise State of Andhra Pradesh. Eventually, Andhra Pradesh is to become a leading investment destination in the World by 2050. Swift
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growth in double digit, better infrastructure, participatory planning and better governance through effective service delivery marked with improved Happiness Index are going to be key milestones for realisation of Vision 2029.
Andhra Pradesh has set for itself a target of becoming one of the top three states in India by 2022, in-terms of socio-economic development and ease of doing business. The State aspires to achieve the status of a developed state in the country by 2029, and the vision is to lay foundation of the Sunrise State of Andhra Pradesh. Achievement of this vision is incumbent upon a fast paced and sustainable double digit growth, delivered through a combination of programmatic and project interventions with a focus on sustainable and inclusive development.
Sectoralintegration
Studies show that integration of sectors is essential to the fast development of the economy. Wang, et al. (2010) shows that there has always been a positive relation between agriculture and economic growth and discuss how agriculture contributes to economic growth. They concludes that although the share of agriculture in GDP has declined significantly over time, the contribution of agricultural growth has maintained an upward trend and it has made an important bazaar, foreign exchange and output contributions to non-agricultural growth and remains an exceptional driving force for economic growth.
Andzio and Kamitewoko, (2004), analyze that the influence of agriculture on GDP of China and three Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries by using multiple regression models and demonstrate that agriculture remains as the cornerstone of China and the SSA countries where it has a significant effect on GDP in these countries.
Subramaniam and Reed (2009) estimated an econometric model that incorporates the linkage among agriculture, manufacturing, service and trade sectors using a vector error correction model for Poland and
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Romania. Chang et al., (2006), mention that the revenue generation effect dominates the comparative advantage effect; higher agricultural productivity enhances industrialization and increases long run economic growth in Japan, Taiwan and Korea. The results show that higher agricultural productivity will subsequently increase industrial sectors’ employment and thus will enhance economic growth. Sultan (2008) states that industry value-added as a possible source of economic growth in addition to export and import that can contribute more than the growth rate of export-import towards the growth rate of GDP.Thus, the same procedure may help to faster growth of the state.
Performance Achievement towards double digit growth
To achieve the initial growth momentum to propel the state to achieve the targets of Vision 2029, the state has set yearly and quarterly economic growth targets. An in-depth analysis was carried out by the State departments using the following approach to identify the growth
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engines. The Planning Department of Government of Andhra Pradesh had initiated various consultative and participatory events to inform the creation of the strategy plan titled “A Rolling Plan 2015-16”. Series of discussions were held with the various district collectors and government departments – Finance, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Energy, Industries and Commerce, Irrigation, Urban, Education (Primary and Higher Education), Infrastructure, Transport, Roads and Buildings among others. Their opinions and inputs had been incorporated to set the direction of the sectoral plan to achieve the bold vision of an inclusive double digit growth. The present growth of different sectors shows a positive level as shown in the table.
Table: Gross Value Added of sectors of Andhra Pradesh at Current Basic Prices (Rs.in cr)
S.No Industry 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-15 2015- 12 13 14 16
1 Agriculture Sector 94751 112605 129633 146803 164086
2 Manufacturing 50706 42377 44138 47817 52316
3 Construction 36234 36761 39932 44889 46500
4 Industry Sector 111867 100859 107715 121506 131643
5 Trade& Repair 26736 31792 40176 44566 50635 Services ,Hotel & Restaurants
6 Services Sector 142963 165570 194725 225587 261917
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, AP and CSO, New Delhi
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Figure: Gross Value Added of sectors of Andhra Pradesh
300000
250000 1 200000 2 3 150000 4 100000 5 Secoral growth growth Secoral 6 50000
0 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Year
The data presented in the table and figure shows a continuous growth during 2011-12 to 2015-2016. It can support to reach the double digit growth. Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu said the state is targeting a double digit growth in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2015-16 financial year. "Our vision is double digit GSDP growth in the current financial year, SwachaAndrha Pradesh and fight against poverty for the comprehensive development of AP and transforms it as the number one state of the country by 2029,"
Conclusion
It is fact that achievement of this vision is incumbent upon a fast paced and sustainable double digit growth, delivered through a combination of programmatic and project interventions with a focus on sustainable and inclusive development. Agriculture sector has been the major contributor with 12.52 per cent growth, beside the key, industry and service sectors in attaining this growth. Naidu exhorted to all 13 district collectors that they should take responsibility of the development of respective areas and that their role has now changed from merely collecting revenue to bring about overall development.
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Integration of sectors and usage of man power in proper manner is essential to the fast development of the economy
References
Granger, C. W. J. (1969), Investigating causal relation by econometric and cross sectional method. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
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THE ISSUES ON FURTHER STUDIES TO Ph.D DEGREES: THE PROBLEMS OF LINIARITY FOR LECTURERS’ CARREER DEVELOPMENT
Anik Juwariyah, Darni, Trisakti, Ali Mustofa Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Abstract
This research aims at describing further studies for the lectures to Ph.D level especially which is related to linieraty issues. The data were collected using the interview, question form and documentation. The results of the analysis signified that a percentage of professors who attended the S-2 and S-3 programs in sampled faculty in Unesa reached 93,33%. The lecturers who took linear studies were assumed to be difficult to complete the task force. For further career level, linierity was sometimes not influential, since there was a further study which did not support the candidates’ carreer. Based on the data obtained in this study, the professors who took further studies with linear discipline also experienced delays in graduation. As many as 31% or 4 people out of 13 people studied in the country with different fields of linear experience had delayed their studies. They could finish their studies although exceeding the time limit as has been approved before.
Keywords: Further studies, linearity, Career Development
Introduction
The paper is a part of a field study entitled “The Map of Lectures’ Further Studies as a Policy Development in the Faculty of Languages and the Arts, Surabaya State University” (Unesa). In order to improve the quality of the university, it is important to require the the betterment of academic man power, administrative chores and academic system. In the field of education, the academic personnel is certainly ranked first in the priority scale in development. Further
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studies for the lecturers is crucial issues since they became the most complex systemic academic debates.
A qualified academic professor will be the capital for institution to grow and compete in future competetion and development. Although studies in the field in fact is an effort to increasing and to deepening of knowledge, but it must remain consistent on the principle of development as follows: 1). the field of study required is equal to the fields that are needed, 2). the purpose of the study to gain certain knowledge of science is of course based on scientific aspects, 3). the usefulness of the knowledge that is required to upgrade the teaching, research and community service, in accordance with the university’s plethora (Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi), 4). S2/S3 degree for lecturers will gurantee the better education service. Labor recruitment is the process of attracting the appropriate workforce with the qualifications set by the organization. This process usually takes place after the manager learned of the number and qualifications of the workforce needed to carry out the tasks and or organization. For recruitment or vacants as a lecturer, qualifications, competencies have been regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Indonesian Ministery number 14 in 2005 about the teachers and professors, in chapter V, Article 48:
(1) The status of professors consists of professors and associate professor. (2) The level of the post of academic professors still consists of an assistant expert, associate professor, and professor. (3) The requirements for an academic professor to be crowned as Professor must have an academic qualification of doctorate degree. (4) Setting the authority level of the post of adjunct academic and set by each unit of higher education in accordance with the legislation.
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Werang (2007:19) states that the term which was commonly used in career are three (3), they are: (1) career as a promotion to a higher level position demanding more responsibility or to get position of a better job than before, (2) the appointment of a career as a work that forms a pattern of clear and systematic progress, (3) career as a history of the work and the position carried out by a person during his tenure. A career is all the work or the office works belonged to or was held during one's working life (Handoko, 2001:121). Many employees consider that a career is a part of a plan drawn up carefully. There are also people who think that a career is one's "fate" for himself. Career planning indeed cannot be fully elevating the success of a career, because of the attitude of the employer, experience, education, and also the "fate" which plays an important role in the career issues. Even so, career planning is necessary for employees to always be ready to use the existing career opportunities. Career should be managed through a careful planning, employees can thus always be ready to utilize themselves with a variety of career opportunities.
John Greenwood (2001:121-122), explains that (1) career as an order of promotion or transfer (position) literally to the more demanding position of responsibility or to new locations in or crossed hierarchichal working relationship during a person's working life, (2) career as a bookmark of the jobs that form a pattern of systematic and clear progress of one’s career path, (3) a person's work history as a career, or a series of positions one held during his working life. In this context, all persons with history of working, they are said to have a career. For the post of lecturer level career for lecturers to the highest level of the academic term, namely Professor, which is governed by the laws of the Republic of Indonesia number 14 in 2005 About a teacher and lecturer, on article 49, and 51 are as follows.
(1) A Professor is a highest academic carrerr in a higher education which has a right to supervise doctor candidate
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(2) A Professor must write books a academic research and disseminate them for the community
(3) A Professor who has an outstanding achievement in his field and internationally acknowledged can be awarded with lifetime professor.
Part Two : Right and Obligation
(1) in his professional carreer, a lecturer must bear:
a. Salary for his minimum requirement for his life and social welfare guarantee;
b. Better carrerr promotion and award for his work achievements;
c. To get law support in carrying out his task and producing his intelectural achievement;
d. To get the equal chance to upgrade his competence, studying access, information, learning resources and materials, research and social work.
There are two viewpoints about social investment in education. First, if investment in the field of education shows that social costs paid off with social benefits, social benefits are greater than social costs. This resulted in a positive investment results, namely getting an increase in human resources. As a consequence will cause a decrease in the degree of inequality of education. Second, if investment in the field of education provides social benefits is lower than the social costs incurred, it will negatively impact (Sholikhah, et al, 2014:179).
RESEARCH METHOD
The subject of the research i.e. lecturers of Faculty of Languages and Arts who did further studies starting from 2004-2014. Based on data obtained by researchers from the faculty members, the number of professors who studied during the period of 4 years and over there were
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29 people, who are scattered at various universities in domestic and abroad. They were sampled to become the respondents of the research reaching 18 people. As for study program and university in local country they went for: Philosophy, Philology, Linguistics, sebelas Maret University (UNS), Linguistics study program of Padjadjaran University (UNPAD), cultural studies at Udayana University (Unud) of Bali, sociology study program and language and literature study program of Airlangga University (Unair) and Surabaya State University (UNESA), the study of the performing arts at Yogyakarta State University (UNY), educational technology study program and language and literature study program of Surabaya State University (UNESA), GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY, Udayana University (Unud), University of Indonesia (UI), and Malang State University (UM). The foreign universities include: Japanese language education of Aichi University of Education, Japan, Cultural Studies at University of Melbourne, Australia, Aichi University, Monash University of Australia and the East Anglia University, United Kingdom (2014).
The source of the data in this study include: professors who took further studies to level S3 and lecturer who had been graduated, dean of the faculty, the ranks of the leadership and the Faculty of language and art of UNESA. Research data consists of two categories, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data i.e. data related to focus research and collected directly by the research team while the secondary data obtained by looking for data on the staffing section. Data collection techniques used in this research were: 1). Interview, 2) documentation, 3) leaflet.
Sugiono (2009:138-140) states that interviews can be classified into two; sructured interview and unstructured interview. Unstructured interview i.e. non interview where researchers are not using the guidelines of the interview which have been arranged in a systematic and complete way. Interview guidelines used with the
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outlines of a problem that should be asked. The interview was conducted using the unstructured interview. This interview forms used to interview the leadership of the Department and Chairman of the faculty. As for the resource person who successfully interviewed as shown in the following table
figure 4.1: List of respondents
No Name Position
1. Prof.Dr. Bambang Yulianto, Dean of FBS UNESA M.Pd.
2 Dr. Subandi, M.Litt. Vice Dean for Academic Affairs
3 Dra. Hj.Sri Wahyu Hidajati, M.Si. Vice Dean for Administration
4 Dr. Drs.Djuli Djatiprambudi, Head of Arts Department M.Sn.
5 Drs. Djoko Tutuko, M.Sn. Head of Sendratasik (Arts, theater, dance, and music)
6 Dr.Roni,M.Litt. Head of Japanese Language
7 Dra. Sulistiani, M.Pd. Head of Javanese Language
8 Dr. Syamsul Shodiq, M.Pd. Head of Indonesian Language
Data analysis techniques are using analysis description of the presentation that is suggested by Riduan. The technique analysis of the description of presentation of the steps is as follows:
1. Make a table of distribution of answers question form
2. Determine the score the answers provided the score.
3. Add up the score of the answers obtained from each respondent.
4. Enter the score into the formula
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The data were analyzed in a descriptive percentage with steps which is by Riduan (2004:71-95) as follows:
1. Calculating the value of respondent and each aspect or variable.
2. Checking value.
3. Calculating the average value.
4. Calculating the percentage with the formula: