Ecosystem Services Green Infrastructure
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Dissertation Multifunctionality as a Principle for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning – Theory, Application and Linkages to Ecosystem Services Rieke Hansen ECOSYSTEM SERVICES GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Lehrstuhl für Strategie und Management der Landschaftsentwicklung Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Lehrstuhl für Strategie und Management der Landschaftsentwicklung Multifunctionality as a Principle for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning – Theory, Application and Linkages to Ecosystem Services Rieke Hansen Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Anja Rammig PrüferInnen der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Stephan Pauleit 2. Prof. Regine Keller 3. Junior-Prof. Dr. Christian Albert (Leibniz Universität Hannover) Die Dissertation wurde am 30.10.2017 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 18.01.2018 angenommen. Form follows function—that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1908 Content List of Figures........................................................................................................................................ V List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ VI List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... VII Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ IX Kurzfassung ......................................................................................................................................... XI Cumulative Thesis ............................................................................................................................. XIII Thesis ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Research Background ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Research Motivation and Questions .......................................................................................... 4 1.3. Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................... 6 2. Background and Concepts .................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Concepts from Planning and Ecology ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Strategic Urban Planning ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2. Environmental Planning and Urban Ecology ............................................................................ 11 2.2. Multifunctionality..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. From Functional Diversity to Multifunctional Landscapes ....................................................... 13 2.2.2. Multifunctionality as a Land Use Concept................................................................................ 14 2.2.3. Landscape and Green Space Multifunctionality ....................................................................... 15 2.3. The Emergence of Green Infrastructure .................................................................................. 20 2.3.1. Definitions of Green Infrastructure and Classification of its Components .............................. 20 2.3.2. Green Infrastructure as a Planning Concept ............................................................................ 22 2.3.3. Green Infrastructure and Multifunctionality ........................................................................... 25 2.4. The Ascending Concept of Ecosystem Services ........................................................................ 27 2.4.1. Urban Ecosystem Services........................................................................................................ 27 2.4.2. Ecosystem Services in Planning ................................................................................................ 28 2.5. Interim Conclusions: Multifunctionality in the Context of Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services .................................................................................................................. 29 3. Methodology and Data ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1. Research Design and Rationale ................................................................................................ 31 3.2. Literature Review Approach .................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Case Study Approach ............................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1. Study Design and Case Selection.............................................................................................. 33 3.3.2. Specific Approach in Study 1 .................................................................................................... 36 3.3.3. Specific Approach in Study 2 .................................................................................................... 37 3.3.4. Specific Approach in Study 3 .................................................................................................... 37 III 3.4. Synthesis Approach and Development of Planning Recommendations .................................. 38 3.5. The Study Areas ....................................................................................................................... 40 3.5.1. Cases within Study 1 ................................................................................................................ 43 3.5.2. Cases within Study 2 ................................................................................................................ 43 3.5.3. Cases within Study 3 ................................................................................................................ 44 4. Synthesis of Results ........................................................................................................... 47 4.1. Conceptual Framework (Paper I) ............................................................................................. 47 4.2. Consideration in Planning ........................................................................................................ 50 4.2.1. Ecosystem Services in Planning Documents (Paper II, Study 1) ............................................... 50 4.2.2. Multifunctionality in Planning Practice (Paper III, Study 2)...................................................... 51 4.3. Good Practice Approaches (Paper III, Study 3) ........................................................................ 51 4.3.1. Spatial Assessment ................................................................................................................... 52 4.3.2. Multifunctionality as Planning Principle .................................................................................. 52 4.3.3. Multifunctionality for Site-Level Design and Management ..................................................... 52 4.4. Key Findings ............................................................................................................................. 53 5. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 55 5.1. Multifunctionality as a Conceptual Linkage between Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services – Potentials and Challenges ....................................................................................... 55 5.1.1. Multifunctionality as a Holistic Concept .................................................................................. 55 5.1.2. Ecosystem Services as a Concept for Operationalising Multifunctionality .............................. 56 5.2. Recommendations for Urban Planning .................................................................................... 59 5.2.1. The Capacity of Urban Planning to Embed New Concepts ...................................................... 59 5.2.2. Conceptual Understanding ...................................................................................................... 60 5.2.3. Embedding Multifunctionality as a Planning Principle ............................................................. 60 5.2.4. Multifunctionality Assessments ............................................................................................... 61 5.2.5. Multifunctionality