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Hybrid Electric & Hydraulic Drives HYBRID ELECTRIC & HYDRAULIC DRIVES Mohammadreza Sadeghi Ali Mohammed Fahimi Rezaii Fluid and Mechatronic Systems Degree Project Department of Management and Engineering LIU-IEI-TEK-A--10/00977--SE 2 Hybrid Electric & Hydraulic Drives ABSTRACT The environmental impact of fossil fuel consumption has been a significant issue over the last decade. Mainly because of public awareness, increased fuel cost and stricter legislation. Today’s technological improvements have reduced fuel consumption and also emission of vehicles considerably. One of the most important solutions to this problem is hybridization. Hybridization in vehicle is using two or more distinct power sources. Additionally, the main objective of hybridization in vehicle is improving the fuel consumption and reducing hazardous air pollutants without lowering vehicle performance and other satisfaction criteria. Development of hybridization systems can be fallen into two categories: electric and hydraulic hybrids. This project illustrates performances of HHV (hybrid hydraulic vehicles) and HEV (hybrid electric vehicles) in NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and 10-15 mode (Japanese Driving cycle) by using simulation models, which has been done by the LMS Imagine Lab Amesim rev 7th and 8th. The following paper compares HRB (hydraulic regenerative braking system) as a hydraulic system and a parallel hybrid electric system (HEV) with the Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery on the light weight vehicle (1 ton). Results show higher performance in HEV, about 13.7% during NEDC and 25.4% during (10-15) improvement in fuel consumption although high energy density and low power density are inherent battery characteristics. Also, all the evidence point to high cost components and short- life time. The HRB model saves around 11% during NEDC and 23.3% during 10-15Mode in fuel consumption in addition to high power density and low energy density .In other words, limitation for accumulating energy is an intrinsic system character. However, high response, low component cost and weight with long life time are advantages of HRB. Two problems exiting in HRB model are: firstly, the necessity of using big size pumps for fully charging hydraulic accumulators that would be impossible in a light vehicle; and secondly the limitation of capturing huge amount of energy in accumulators. In this paper the attempt is made to explicate some of the brand new solutions to alleviate some of these weak points. 3 Hybrid Electric & Hydraulic Drives INDEX ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 2 INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 3 Figures: .................................................................................................................................. 4 Tables: ................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 The first hybrid vehicle: ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Hybrid vehicle God father: ................................................................................................... 7 1.3 New hybrid technologies: ..................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Hybrid Electric Series systems ........................................................................................... 10 1.5 Hybrid Electric parallel systems ........................................................................................ 11 1.6 Split parallel Hybrid ........................................................................................................... 12 1.7 Combined Series and parallel system (Toyota Prius) ........................................................ 13 1.8 HRB-Hydrostatic/Hydraulic regenerative braking system ................................................ 18 1.9 Digital displacement hydraulic hybrid: .............................................................................. 19 2 Simulations .......................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 NEDC (New European Driving Cycle): ............................................................................. 21 2.2 Japanese 10-15 mode-driving cycle: .................................................................................. 22 2.3 Basic Gasoline vehicle with a manual Gearbox: ................................................................ 22 2.4 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle: ....................................................................................... 24 2.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Results: ............................................................................ 31 2.6 Battery state of charge: ....................................................................................................... 32 2.7 Comparing Basic and HEV (Hybrid Electric vehicles): .................................................... 32 3. Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicle (HHV) ...................................................................................... 33 3.1 Hydraulic Regenerative Braking System (HRB) ............................................................... 33 3.2 Design a controller for HRB by Amesim: .......................................................................... 34 3.3 Pump controller: ................................................................................................................. 34 3.4 Motor / Accumulator controller: ........................................................................................ 35 3.5 Pressure relief controller: ................................................................................................... 35 3.6 Clutch controller: ................................................................................................................ 35 3.7 Fully Charged Hydraulic Accumulator (HA001): ............................................................. 35 3.8 Adjusting controller gains: ................................................................................................. 35 3.9 Pump Parameters: ............................................................................................................... 37 4. Calculate HRB fuel efficiency improvement: .................................................................... 38 4.1 Theoretical Methods to estimate fuel efficiency improvement in HRB ............................ 38 4.2 Comparing torque diagrams: .............................................................................................. 40 4.3 Theoretical results of fuel improvement in HRB system: .................................................. 41 5. New Idea: ........................................................................................................................... 48 5.1 Waste Heat Recovery Schematic for Regenerative Braking System ................................. 48 5.2 Modification of Waste Heat Recovery Schematic for Regenerative Braking System. ...... 50 5.3 Preheat Volume: ................................................................................................................. 50 Conclusions: ............................................................................................................................. 52 Appendix 1: Basic Model Parameters of components ............................................................. 53 Appendix 2: parameters of HRB components .......................................................................... 56 Appendix 3: Parameters of HEV components: ........................................................................ 58 4 Hybrid Electric & Hydraulic Drives Figures: Figure: 1 Henri Pieper's 1905 Hybrid Vehicle Patent Application. [14] ................................................................. 6 Figure: 2 Ferdinand Porsche has invented the first 4x4 or 4 wheel drive Hybrid vehicle. [13] .............................. 7 Figure: 3 Victor Wouk was a pioneer for electric and hybrid vehicle development. [16] ...................................... 8 Figure: 4 A detailed electrical circuit diagram. Wouk’s data are in the lower right corner. [16] ............................ 8 Figure: 5 HEV (Hybrid electric series vehicle) [17] ............................................................................................. 10 Figure: 6 HEV (Parallel hybrid electric vehicle) [17] ........................................................................................... 11 Figure: 7 Power split parallel hybrid system [17] ................................................................................................. 12 Figure: 8 combination of series and parallel systems [17] .................................................................................... 13 Figure: 9 drive train component in Toyota prius [12] ........................................................................................... 14 Figure: 10:LCD in prius toyota. ............................................................................................................................ 15 Figure: 11 Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery of Toyota
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