UN DERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING

SENEGAL FIELD ASSESSMENT REPORT

FEBRUARY 2020

This document was made possible by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change (WA BiCC) program. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

For more information on the West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change program, contact:

USAID/West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change Tetra Tech 2nd Labone Link, North Labone Accra, Tel: +233(0)302 788 600 Email: www.tetratech.com/intdev Website: www.wabicc.org

Stephen Kelleher Chief of Party Accra, Ghana Tel: + 233 (0) 302 788 600 Email: [email protected]

Vaneska Litz Project Manager Burlington, Vermont Tel.: +1 802 495 0577 Email: [email protected]

Citation: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2020. Understanding Threats to West African Biodiversity and Linkages to Wildlife Trafficking: Field Assessment Report. Edited by Balinga M. and Stroud A. in 2020.

Cover photo: Green monkey. Credit: Michaklootwijk

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... v I.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 I.I BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON SENEGAL ...... 1 1.2 CITES TRADE CONTEXT ...... 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT ...... 7 1.4 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT ...... 8 2.0 ASSESSMENT OF WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING AT MARKETS AND ENTRY POINTS ..... 9 2.1 MARKETS : SOUMBEDIOUNE AND INFORMAL MARKET NEAR THE STADIUM ...... 9 2.3 AIRPORT : BLAISE DIAGNE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (DSS) – CUSTOMS TERMINAL ...... 11 2.4 AIRPORT : BLAISE DIAGNE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (DSS) – CARGO SECTION ...... 12 2.5 NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU (NCB) OF INTERPOL – DAKAR ...... 13 2.6 SEAPORT : PORT OF DAKAR ...... 14 2.7 LAND BORDER POST : ROSSO ...... 15 2.8 CITES SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY ...... 17 2.9 NGOS ...... 18 3.0 OVERVIEW OF WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT ...... 22 3.1 PROACTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AS DETERRENT TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING ...... 22 3.1.1 Law Enforcement priority ...... 22 3.1.2 Serious crime...... 22 3.1.3 National law enforcement strategy ...... 22 3.1.4 National cooperation ...... 23 3.1.5 International cooperation ...... 23 3.1.6 Strategic risk management ...... 23 3.1.7 Proactive investigations ...... 23 3.1.8 Staffing, recruitment and training of law enforcement personnel ...... 24 3.2 DETECTION OF WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ...... 24 3.2.1 Targeted enforcement presence ...... 24 3.2.2 Joint supportive operations ...... 24 3.2.3 Border control staff ...... 25 3.2.4 Border control equipment ...... 25 3.2.5 Inspection and seizure powers ...... 25 3.2.6 Disposal of confiscated wildlife specimens ...... 25 3.3 WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED USING AN INTELLIGENCE-LED APPROACH ...... 26 3.3.1 Investigative capacity ...... 26

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3.3.2 Information management ...... 26 3.3.3 Intelligence analysis ...... 26 3.3.4 Intelligence-led investigations ...... 26 3.3.5 Follow-up investigations ...... 27 3.4 SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES USED TO COMBAT WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING .. 27 3.4.1 Use of specialized investigative techniques ...... 27 3.4.2 Forensic technology ...... 27 3.4.3 Financial investigations ...... 27 3.4.4 Use of criminal law ...... 28 3.4.5 Case file preparation ...... 28 3.4.6 Case clearance rate and administrative penalties ...... 28 3.4.7 Prosecutorial capacity ...... 28 3.4.8 Prosecution guidelines ...... 28 3.4.9 Available penalties ...... 28 4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 29 4.1 TRAFFICKING ROUTES AND SEIZURES ...... 29 4.2 CHALLENGES RAISED BY PARTICIPANTS ...... 30 4.3 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 30 REFERENCES ...... 33 ANNEX 1 : ORIGINAL PROGRAM OF THE THREAT ASSESSMENT MISSIONS LED BY EXPERTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CITES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY OF SENEGAL ...... 34 ANNEX 2: AMENDED PROGRAM OF THE THREAT ASSESSMENT MISSIONS LED BY EXPERTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CITES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY OF SENEGAL ...... 36 ANNEX 3: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS INTERVIEWED DURING THE FIELD MISSION AND THEIR CONTACTS ...... 37 ANNEX 4: EAGLE TRAININGS ...... 39 ANNEX 5: INTERPOL EMAIL OUTLINING ENACT’S ROLE ...... 40

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List of tables

Table 1. Summary of commercial trade in wild specimens of CITES listed species from Senegal between 2000 and 2017 according to the CITES Trade Database List of Figures Figure 1: Map of trade routes used for the export of wild specimens from Senegal (all purposes combined) between 2000 and 2018. List of photos Photo 1: Senegal’s geography and Regions

Photo 2: Dakar Map and Urban Communes

Photo 3: Soumbédioune market

Photo 4: Informal market in Dakar

Photo 5: Seizures kept in the offices of the WFD

Photo 6: Airport - cargo scanner

Photo 7: Rosso border - Customs and Police rules

Photo 8: Rosso Border - a ferry with passengers and goods arrives from Mauritania

Photo 9: On the road to Rosso - container scanner

Photo 10: Scientific Authority premises - There are many specimens of national fauna and flora

Photo 11: Scientific Authority premises - Pangolin scales.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In concluding this study to assess Senegal's wildlife-related crime and the need for a coordinated response to the situation, we would first like to thank Senegal's Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development for its support in this exercise. Our special thanks go to Colonel Baïdy Ba, Director of Water and Forest, Wildlife and Soil Conservation, for his support to this exercise.

We are also thankful to Colonel Abba Sonko, CITES Senegal Management Authority, and Commander Doudou Sow for their direct and efficient involvement in the field surveys.

This report would not have been possible without their hard work, support, and tireless efforts with their team on the ground organizing and leading the assessments, conducting interviews, and ensuring that the report and its conclusions were validated at the national level. We would also like to express our deep gratitude to the customs officials working in land, air and seaports, and all the other staff members who participated in the assessments and provided us with valuable information on their activities.

Finally, we would like to thank the many other individuals and organizations that assisted WA BiCC to produce this report to the highest standards. WA BiCC staff would also like to express their thanks and gratitude to all those who invested their valuable time, effort, and thought to improve our organization's understanding of the current threats to West African biodiversity and the links to wildlife trafficking.

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I.0 INTRODUCTION I.I BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON SENEGAL

Socio-economic and environmental context

Senegal is the westernmost country on the African continent and has a tropical and warm climate. Located 14 degrees north of the Equator, Senegal is influenced by three climatic zones: Sahelian, Sudanian and Guinean. It has six eco-geographical zones and four main ecosystems (forest, agricultural, river and lake, marine and coastal) as well as a set of peculiar ecosystems which shelter a very rich variety of plants and . As of 2011, land use in Senegal was distributed as follows: 46.8% for agriculture (arable land 17.4%, permanent crops 0.3%, pasture 29.1%), 43.8% forests and 9.4% for other uses. The main natural threats in Senegal are periodic droughts and seasonal flooding in lowlands. Environmental issues in Senegal include deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, desertification, periodic droughts, seasonal flooding, overfishing, wildlife populations threatened by poaching and weak environmental protection laws. Although Senegal naturally has a rich biodiversity, due to human activities and deteriorating climatic conditions, including prolonged rainfall deficits, most ecosystems are being degraded. Senegal’s forest ecosystems, in particular, have suffered severe degradation, with a loss of about 40,000 hectares annually occurring between 2005 and 2010. The exploitation of wood fuel products alone accounts for a loss of 4 million cubic meters each year. Habitat degradation is a serious threat to the survival of several species in Senegal, including terrestrial wildlife like West African red colobus, elephant, lion and giant eland, although national strategies to conserve lions and giant elands have been developed. Furthermore, the impacts of climate change have compelled many farmers to turn to fishing for their livelihoods. This has in turn led to an increase in the numbers of artisanal fishermen which is threatening fishery resources. In some aquatic environments, in addition to resources being overexploited, new environmental conditions have been created by certain activities such as the construction of dams in the Senegal River delta zone. In marine and coastal ecosystems, the high value placed on certain species, overfishing and an increase in human population along the coast are all negatively impacting resources and have led to the white grouper becoming threatened. Senegal has a total area of 196,722 sq. km, including 192,530 sq. km of land and 4,192 sq. km of water. Senegal shares borders with Mauritania to the north, to the east, to the southeast, Guinea- Bissau to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and Gambia to the west. Senegal’s total land boundaries measure 2,684 km. Senegal is divided into 14 administrative regions: Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kédougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sédhiou, Tambacounda, Thies and Ziguinchor.

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Photo 1 : Senegal’s geography and Regions

According to the World Bank (2018), Senegal’s population stands at 15 million inhabitants and is concentrated in the west, especially in Dakar. With 44% of the population residing in towns, the greater part of the country remains rural. Senegal’s capital, Dakar, has the greatest human concentration. Dakar is one of tropical Africa’s leading industrial and service centers.

Photo 2 : Dakar Map and Urban Communes

1.2 CITES TRADE CONTEXT The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, known by its acronym CITES or the Washington Convention, is an international agreement among States. This Convention aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species to which they belong. CITES entered into force in Senegal in 1977. The country’s national laws have been analyzed by the CITES Secretariat in relation to four minimum requirements: designate at least one Management Authority and one Scientific Authority; prohibit trade in specimens in violation of the Convention; penalize such trade; or confiscate specimens illegally traded or possessed. Consequently, Senegal is currently listed in Category 1 under the CITES Project on national legislations, an indication that all four minimum requirements are met by its national laws and that the country’s legislation is believed generally to meet the requirements for the implementation of CITES.

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 2 A review of commercial trade in wild specimens of CITES listed species shows that most of Senegal’s legal commercial exports are in live of Appendix II and III species, followed by reptile leather products (mostly from pythons and monitor lizards) and a large amount of West African seahorses (see table 1 below, with most traded species highlighted in orange).

Table 1. Summary of commercial trade in wild specimens of CITES listed species from Senegal between 2000 and 2017 according to the CITES Trade Database

Purpose Code: T (Commercial Trade) - Source Code: W (Wild specimens)

Data compiled using highest trade data reported by either the importer or the exporter

Amadina fasciata* Amadina III 296,683 live

Amandava subflava* Orange-breasted waxbill III 96,428 live

Estrilda caerulescens* Lavender waxbill III 95,729 live

Estrilda melpoda* Orange-cheeked waxbill III 187,910 live

Estrilda troglodytes* Black-rumped waxbill III 205,771 live

Euplectes orix* Southern red bishop III 98,972 live

Falco chicquera Red-neck falcon II 16 live

Hieraaetus spilogaster African hawk-eagle II 4 live

Lagonosticta rara* Black-bellied firefinch III 1,100 live

Lagonosticta senegala* Red-billed firefinch III 127,452 live

Lonchura bicolor* Black-and-white mannikin III 350 live

Lonchura cantans* African silverbill III 93.262 live

Lonchura cucullata* White-headed munia III 64,165 live

Lonchura fringilloides* Magpie mannikin III 450 live

Musophaga violacea* Violet Turaco III 110 live

Nigrita canicapilla* Grey-headed nigrita III 30 live

Oena capensis* Masked Dove III 59,860 live

Ortygospiza atricollis* Quailfinch III 100 live

Northern grey-headed Passer griseus* sparrow III 300 live

Ploceus cucullatus* Black-headed weaver III 55,575 live

Ploceus heuglini* Heuglin’s masked weaver III 100 live BIRDS

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Ploceus luteolus* Little weaver III 9,507 live

Ploceus melanocephalus* Black-headed weaver III 28,210 live

Ploceus vitellinus* vitelline masked weaver III 20,180 live

Poicephalus gulielmi Red-fronted Parrot II 26 live

Poicephalus robustus Cape Parrot II 122 live

Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot II 96,485 live

Psittacula krameri* rose-ringed parakeet III 45,805 live

Psittacus erithacus** Grey Parrot II 527 live

Psittacus erithacus timneh** Timneh Grey Parrot II 100 live

Ptilopsis leucotis Northern White-faced Owl II 10 live

Pyrenestes ostrinus* Black-bellied Seedcracker III 100 live

Pytilia hypogrammica* Yellow-winged pytilia III 700 live

Pytilia phoenicoptera* Red-winged pytilia III 19,680 live

Serinus gularis* Streaky-headed seedeater III 250 live

Serinus leucopygius* White-rumped seedcracker III 108,935 live

Serinus mozambicus* Yellow-fronted Canary III 471,480 live

Streptopelia senegalensis* Laughing dove III 21,596 live

Tauraco persa Guinea tauraco II 44 live

Treron waalia* Bruce’s green pigeon III 1,893 live

Turtur abyssinicus* Black-billed wood dove III 2,975

Turtur afer* Blue-spotted wood dove III 3,820

Uraeginthus bengalus* Red-cheeked Cordonbleu III 298,304

Vidua chalybeate* Village indigobird III 54,663 live

Vidua macroura* Pin-tailed whydah III 38,912 live

Vidua orientalis* Northern Paradise-whydah III 58,160 live

Crocodylia spp. I 322 leather products (small)

Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile II / I 818 leather products (small)

Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked chameleon II 1 live

Chamaeleo senegalensis Senegal chameleon II 60 live

Pelusios gabonensis African forest turtle III 50 live REPTILES

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Python anchietae Angolan python II 50 leather products (small)

Python regius Royal python II 100 leather products (small)

15 leather products (large) Python reticulatus Reticulated python II 225 leather products (small)

150 derivatives 123 garments 750 jewelry 49 live 708 shoes 1,044 skin pieces 3,978 skins Python sebae African Rock Python II 54 pairs leather products (large) 20,425 leather products (large) 2,815 pairs leather products (small) 188,929 leather products (small)

Python spp. II 17 leather products (small)

Trionyx triunguis African softshell turtle III 3 live

Varanus acanthurus Spiny-tailed monitor II 58 leather products (small)

1,670 leather products (small) Varanus exanthematicus Savannah monitor II 233 leather products (large) 2 skins

27 garments 402 shoes 83 skins pieces Varanus niloticus Nile monitor II 7,365 skins 50 pairs leather products (large) 3,479 leather products (large)

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782 pairs leather products (small) 35,527 leather products (small)

Varanus spp. II 20 leather products (small)

Pterocarpus erinaceus Vène wood II 68 m3 logs ; 3,500 carvings

PLANT S 270 kg skeletons 2,170 skeletons Hippocampus algiricus West African seahorse II

5,269.49 kg bodies 298 bodies

180 kg fins II Sphyrna zygaena Smooth hammerhead 480 fins MARINE SPECIES MARINE

* species was listed in Appendix III at time of export but is no longer listed in CITES

** species was listed in Appendix II at time of export but is now listed in Appendix I

Specimen trade levels reported for Senegal in the CITES trade database between 2000 and 2017 indicate that during that period, for all sources and purposes combined, most exported species remained live birds and large quantities of snake leather products. Live specimens were either from the wild or bred in captivity. A graphic representation of trade routes used for reported legal international trade in wild specimens of CITES species from Senegal during the period 2000–2017 is provided below.

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Figure 1: Map of trade routes used for the export of wild specimens from Senegal (all purposes combined) between 2000 and 2018.

Source: CITES Trade Database. Graphic representation produced using TradeMapper.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT This assessment had two complementary objectives: . Objective 1: To assess the status and effectiveness of the implementation of existing legal frameworks and policies in order to identify loopholes that limit the ability to fight wildlife- related crime in West Africa. As part of this objective, the project team analyzed policies around the environment, forest management, and combatting illegal trade in wildlife and their implementation with the aim of formulating recommendations to strengthen national legal policies across the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); and . Objective 2: To analyze the perceived or evidence-based impact of wildlife-related crime on biodiversity in West Africa and to highlight potential activities to build capacity and mitigate threats. Regarding this objective, the project team focused on the overall understanding of wildlife trafficking (targeted species, sources, traffickers involved, possible linkage to other illegal trafficking) by conducting data collection activities. Information gathered during the data collection phase were used to formulate potential recommendations for future mitigation and capacity-building programs throughout the region.

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1.4 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT

The mission was organized in Senegal from 15–20 July 2019 and was coordinated under the leadership of Mr. Abba Sonko of CITES Management Authority and Commander of Water and Forests Hunting and Soil Conservation Directorate (hereinafter “Water and Forests Directorate (WFD)”). The assessment took place in the capital city of Dakar, including at the city’s international airport and seaport and at the land boundary border post of Rosso (along the border with Mauritania). Interviews were conducted with environmental officers (Water and Forests Directorate), Customs and law enforcement officers (INTERPOL), as well as NGOs (EAGLE Network). A list of all interviewees and the full schedule of the threat assessment are attached as Annexes 1, 2 and 3 (see pages 30, 31 and 32). The original schedule was modified by the Management Authority during the mission. The original schedule is included in Annex 1 and the amended one in Annex 2. During the interviews, the assessment team collected qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was recorded using smartphones and will be compiled into a comparative study between all the West African countries assessed during the second round of the mission. Members of the assessment team were as follows:

• Charles MacKay, MK Wildlife Consultancy (customs expert) • Warren Sweeney, Freeland-Africa (enforcement expert) • Aurora Luongo, Born Free USA • Abba Sonko, CITES Management Authority and Commander of Water and Forests Directorate

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2.0 ASSESSMENT OF WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING AT MARKETS AND ENTRY POINTS

2.1 MARKETS : SOUMBEDIOUNE AND INFORMAL MARKET NEAR THE STADIUM

The purpose of our visit was to see what was being offered in the markets in Dakar. The first market we visited, Soumbédioune, was highly structured in that there were stores and workshops throughout and was mostly meant for tourists. There were a few tourists visiting the market. We found one shop which was selling handbags, shoes and belts made from rock python, crocodile, ostrich and monitor lizard skins. We found no evidence of ivory being offered for sale.

Photo 3 : Soumbédioune market

The team was then led to where an unstructured market had been up until the previous month, that is near the football stadium in the central business district. However, the pavements were no longer accessible to the vendors, as large concrete flowerpots had been placed there instead. Apparently, the vendors came from different countries such as Mali and and were selling voodoo market type of artifacts. There were a couple of traders selling on the street corner and Mr. Sonko approached them and asked what they had for sale in their bags. Upon inspection, there were monkey skins and monkey skulls for sale. Also offered were “lion pelts”, but upon examination by Mr. Sonko, it was determined that they were cow skins. At one point, an irate seller approached Mr. Sonko questioning what he was doing and under what authority he was examining the goods for sale. Mr. Sonko produced his Water and Forest Directorate identification badge and told the man that he was doing an assessment of what was being offered for sale, but that he was not there to take any enforcement action. It was at this point that the man who had the monkey parts, quickly disappeared and was not seen again. The other man also left the area soon after. It is unlikely that the traders have stopped selling, so one wonders where they are operating from now.

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2.2 WATER AND FORESTS, HUNTING AND SOIL CONDIRECTORATE

The team briefly met with Colonel Major Baidy Ba, Director General, Water and Forests who welcomed them and spoke of the importance of the assessment and the mandate of Water and Forests Directorate (WFD). Mr. Abba Sonko, Head of CITES Management Authority and Mr. Doudou Sow, CITES Deputy Director, then provided an overview of the directorate. Its mission is to conserve the forest and ecosystem as well as ensure a sustainable extraction of timber products. It is worth noting that at the national level, the forestry service is divided into 5 divisions and is represented at the regional level by inspectorates. Mr. Sonko went over the roles of each division and how each functions within the Directorate. All the divisions are responsible for combating poaching. All Water and Forests officers are sworn in and can therefore make arrests. They report offenders to prosecutors either at the regional or district courts. International offences are prosecuted at the national court. The WFD reviews the appropriate law to determine the relevant provisions to assist prosecutors in choosing the article with the highest penalty. The penalties range from fines of FCFAF 5,000 to 1.2 million ($8.5 – $2,037) and imprisonment from 1 month to 1 year. All cases are referred to the WFD after arrest. Between 2014 and 2018, 48 persons were sentenced to between 3 and 6 months in prison in 20 court cases. These cases were pursued thanks to the collaboration between the WFD and the EAGLE Network. However, the national legislation on wildlife protection is currently under review and an increase in penalties to a maximum of 3 years is being considered. International trafficking offenses will be criminalized. All cases are prosecuted, even for very small quantities. When someone is arrested for an environmental crime, he can be sentenced to a jail term. Some are given a presidential pardon during end-of-year or independence celebrations. Seizures are currently kept in the offices of the WFD, as there is no secure storage facility. They have had discussions with the US Embassy about funding two containers to serve as storage for goods. Live animals are released into the wild as there is no rescue center in Senegal. Phones and vehicle are confiscated from arrested persons when they have been used for smuggling. Phones are examined by a specialist unit and the print-out of the findings is submitted to the prosecutor. Information is shared if other countries are involved.

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There is no specific database for recording information, but the records of each case are stored electronically and shared with EAGLE, which in turn forwards them to INTERPOL. They do not share their information with other entities aside EAGLE, due to security concerns about leaks. They work with EAGLE under an MoU signed at the ministerial level. They collaborate with the Fisheries Department on CITES species and Mr. Sonko demands licenses for fishing sharks before issuing an export permit. There are no specific meetings held with law enforcement authorities, however, they do organize joint patrols at the borders with police, customs and others and disseminate information during training programs. When Mr. Sonko was asked to make recommendations that in his views would help the WFD, he first stated that a manual scanner as well as the use of trained sniffer dogs would be very useful. The need to implement a wildlife strategy within the framework of national and regional governments would go a long way in combating wildlife crime. Other needs mentioned by the WFD were GPS devices, binoculars, mapping tools and more scanners at the borders. A major item needed is a secure storage space for the exhibits collected. He mentioned that a used container could easily be converted into an exhibit locker. Mr. Sonko added that any time a CITES training is organized no provision is made to enable those who have been trained to use their skills. It seems like a waste of time and effort to conduct training sessions. Hence the idea of integrating a course on Cites in the professional training schools of the Customs, Police and Gendarmerie.

Photo 5: Seizures kept in the offices of the WFD

2.3 AIRPORT : BLAISE DIAGNE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (DSS) – CUSTOMS TERMINAL

The team met with Lt. Col. Cherif Gueye – Head of the Customs Coordination Unit at the airport. He stated that there are 100 Customs officers stationed at the airport divided into 4 brigades all of which come under the Coordination Unit; 46 officers deal with passengers, 23 control the freight, 13 are plain clothes officers and 17 are members of the commercial brigade. There are 3 sniffer dogs based there, but these are only trained and used for narcotics. The major units stationed at the airport consists of Customs, Police, Gendarmerie, CITES and CAAT (Airport Anti-Trafficking Unit). CAAT is a multi-agency unit that targets narcotics, firearms, explosives and wildlife, but unlike Côte d’Ivoire’s CAAT unit, there is no Water and Forests officer attached to it. It appears from the WARA website

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 11 that EAGLE – Senegal and the WFD trained 6 members of the CAAT unit on wildlife crime in April 2006 and their training records (provided in Annex 4), suggest they trained 10 members of CAAT. Lt. Col. Cherif Gueye gave an overview of the Customs operations at DSS. There has been only one seizure of wildlife that occurred in May 2019, where 850 gm of ivory, 400 gm of ebony necklaces and 2 kg of seahorses were seized. The matter was handed over to the Police. Customs did not know the outcome of the case. In July 2019, just prior to our arrival in Senegal, there was a small seizure of non- CITES birds made at the airport. CITES is not included in the Customs Training School curriculum and Mr. Sonko explained to the team that he wanted to introduce it. He added that discussions at the Management of Customs Operations and the Management of the Customs School on teaching a course on CITES are far advanced. Lt. Col. Cherif Gueye stated that further training on CITES was needed and would like more material like the Born Free training manual.

2.4 AIRPORT : BLAISE DIAGNE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (DSS) – CARGO SECTION

The team met with Mr. Basile Mendy, Cargo Manager at the airport. We were joined by Lieutenant Ahmadou Moctar Diao, Customs supervisor of scanning section, but Mr. Mendy answered most of the questions. Basile Mendy assume duty as Cargo Manager at the fret terminal in May 2019. He has lots of experience in cargo handling as he worked as cargo manager for DHL at DSS before his current position. Mr. Mendy briefly outlined what happens when cargo is delivered to the cargo terminal. We had the opportunity to walk around the cargo facility. The security measures are stringent, and we had to obtain authorizations to enter the restricted area. All goods arriving at the terminal for export are first weighed and scanned before entering the facility. They receive about 50 tons a day (70 shipments), 99% of which are perishables. They receive about 100 imported shipments a day mainly from Dubai and Asia, but very few transits. According to Mr. Mendy, customs agents receive training provided by USFWS before joining the cargo section and they are required to pass tests in all aspects of the work including CITES. The GAINDE automated system is used for freight clearance and there are profiles set for CITES. As in the port, they will soon be able to set their own profiles. The scanner for imports is not working, so examinations are conducted based on profiles. The supervisor on duty will select which ones should be opened. They handle about five shipments of live animals a week and all CITES permits are signed by WFD and Customs. We were shown the two export scanners at work, although we could not see them at close range as they were in the restricted area. They apparently are old and have limited capacity (a single scan in one color), so if there was anything concealed in the middle, they believe detection would be unlikely. Should there be any suspicion of illegal cargo, the matter is referred to Customs officials at DSS for investigation and processing. WFD is only consulted if flora or fauna is involved.

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Photo 6: Airport - cargo scanner

2.5 NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU (NCB) OF INTERPOL – DAKAR

The person who deals with wildlife matters, Cheikh Sidyante Toure, was in Lyon, France attending a meeting at INTERPOL. The team instead met with Mr. Babou Dieye who formerly worked at INTERPOL but retired and is working as a Consultant to INTERPOL NCB. Mr. Dieye stated that wildlife crime has the same priority level as any other types of crimes. If they receive a message involving it, they deal with it depending on the urgency communicated by the sender. When they receive an eco-message, they pass it on to WFD. They are not an operational unit; the Criminal Investigation Department plays this role. They coordinate operations with Customs and Police at the airport and with WFD on timber. He mentioned that two to three months before our visit, they coordinated a 30-day operation with Fisheries on illegal fishing. He outlined the procedure INTERPOL uses when there is a seizure of wildlife products. An eco- message is filled out usually by EAGLE and a priority message is sent to INTEPROL Headquarters in Lyon. From there, INTERPOL determines what investigation needs to be conducted. INTERPOL gets into contact with Mr. Sonko who coordinates the investigation based on assessed needs, providing advice and assistance when required. Mr. Sonko writes the report and maintains control of the exhibits. The prosecution of the case is entrusted to the Police or Gendarmerie. EAGLE The case is communicated to the Network as well as members of some diplomatic staff (France, Germany, US). Two weeks prior to the team’s visit, they received a message from Malaysia asking them to identify some CITES documents, which they passed on to WFD and sent the subsequent reply. It is mandatory to work with EAGLE and they share all relevant information with them. Between 2014 and 2018, they assisted in 20 operations with EAGLE which then completed all the eco-messages and sent them to the NCB.

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 13 There is a one-year maximum sentence for wildlife crimes in Senegal. WFD would like to see the law changed to include a maximum sentence of 3 years for these types of crimes. In May 2019, two Guineans were arrested in the US for parrot smuggling through Senegal. The information was passed through the NCB, resulting in both persons being extradited to Guinea for prosecution. It is not known what the outcome of the case is in Guinea. In another case, they received a message from the French authorities notifying them of a person selling ivory bracelets on the internet from Senegal. The Water and Forests Department worked on the investigation with EAGLE, which resulted in the seizure of 422 necklaces. As far as technical expertise is concerned, the national police have a crime laboratory, so all seized computers and phones are sent there for analysis. They have arrested people, including terrorists. thanks to such analyses/ Mr. Dieye stated that during an investigation, they can ask Orange to record any phone calls and they can listen in. The Police and Gendarmerie could give permission for WFD to do likewise. If a person is being investigated then they do not need a court order, but once arrested they do. The investigation of wildlife crimes is entrusted to the Police and to Mr. Sonko’s team. Mr. Dieye said the National Police do conduct financial investigations of persons under arrest and detention. By law, they can get bank statements and have the authority to prosecute individuals for money laundering and confiscate property used in committing the offence. INTERPOL has access to ENACT – an in-house application for conducting investigations and analysis of persons and crimes. We were provided with an INTERPOL email outlining ENACT’s role: 1) improve understanding of organized crime in Africa, 2) carry out a factual analysis of the scale of organized crime and its impact on security and governance, 3) its development will serve as a basis for decision making and strengthen cooperation at the national and continental levels. See Annex 5 They do not have any funds to pay for informants, but EAGLE has the resources and conduct all the undercover operations, submitting their report to WFD, INTERPOL and/or Police. INTERPOL works closely with CAAT and was recently involved in the arrest of a Chinese national for ivory trafficking. INTERPOL would like more training on wildlife crime and proposed that it should be included in the Police Training School curriculum. It also believes that a forum of key agencies would be useful to plan operations and share information.

2.6 SEAPORT : PORT OF DAKAR

Dakar is one of the main seaports on the western African coast, and Dakar’s harbor is one of the best in West Africa, protected by the limestone cliffs of the Cape Verde Peninsula and by a system of breakwaters. The team met with Col. Ousmane Kane, Head of Customs at the Port, Col. Mohamadou Sall, Head of Inspection Section and Col. Abdou Faye, Head of Verification. Col. Kane outlined the role Customs plays at the Port of Dakar. Customs’ main concern is to ensure that the correct revenues are collected, so customs officers pay more attention to imports than exports and transshipments. Customs adheres to the World Customs Organization (WCO) regimen in its work at the port. The system relies heavily on document verifications being carried out by the Head of sections and ultimately the Head of Customs at the port to ensure correct duties are being collected. Col. Abdou Faye is Head of the Control Section at the port. He has 15 controllers who determine the validity of brokers’ details submitted on paper. Should there be some doubt as to the authenticity UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 14

of documents or cargo, he can order a container to be opened and inspected. Any contraband goods, except money, are referred to the National Police for investigation and wildlife specimens are forwarded to the WFD. There are two levels of controls: 1. Documents and 2. Containers. They have an automated system for customs control called GAINDE (Gestion automatisée des Informations douanières et des échanges/ Automated management of customs and trade information). Exports and imports go through the risk management system, based on the WCO model, to determine the action to be taken. Profiles are set by head office and are mainly revenue driven. A local system for setting profiles (called SIEVE) is due to come in soon so they will be able to increase the number of profiles set. The controllers determine the status of containers using a color-coded system – R, G.B.O & Y. RED – open the container; GREEN – manual check of documents; BLUE – electronically checked; ORANGE – goods go through a scanner; YELLOW – go to the premises of importer for inspection. The reason why greater attention is paid to imports than exports is that taxes raised at the port account for up to 50% of Senegal’s budget, the rest is obtained from internal revenue. Where revenue offences are detected, Customs deal with the investigation and court proceedings. There are no physical checks on imported goods in transit to neighboring countries unless there is any information. If the goods are high value, a customs agent may travel with the goods up to the border to ensure they are not diverted for home use. The WFD only gets involved when flora and fauna products are found. Col. Mohamadou Sall, Head of the Inspection Section, is in charge of verifying all the details contained in the documents submitted. Basically, he is head of risk management for the Port of Dakar. If there is any doubt, a physical inspection is conducted on goods in containers. Exports are not subjected to scanning, but imports are scanned as a means of controlling entry into Senegal, although they are considering extending it to exports for CITES and other conventions. As at the airport, there is a multi-agency targeting unit based at the port which includes Customs, Police and Gendarmerie officers. Their prime role is to target narcotics, terrorist weapons etc. They do not look for wildlife and according to Customs, the WCO and UNODC would have to decide if their role should be extended. Customs deal with the investigation if it is within the port and if it is outside, the Police tackles it.

2.7 LAND BORDER POST : ROSSO

Senegal shares a land border with five countries: Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Gambia. The team visited the border post of Rosso, located in northern Senegal at the land border with Mauritania along the Senegal River. We met with Lt. Col. Papa Gorgui Ndir Deme, Head of Customs at Rosso Port.

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Lt. Col Deme did not receive the questionnaire before the meeting. He provided us with his background and the purpose of his office at the border. There are 17 Customs officers working around the clock. Most of the traffic arriving in Rosso is on foot via the ferry boat that makes over 75 crossings per day. There are a small number of vehicles, freight and others as well. They recorded six trucks the previous day, at the beginning of the year it was double that number. Photo 7: Rosso border - Customs and Police rules All persons must submit a form stating the value of goods being brought into Senegal. If the value is above CFA francs 200,000 then it is considered commercial and a second more comprehensive declaration form must be filled out and the taxes paid. There is no automated system in place, and they are unable to profile as they have no computer. Exports consist of mostly vegetables, fruits, eggs, iron, rice, plastics, carpets, bananas, mangoes, ... Imports consist mostly of clementine from Morocco, vegetables, camels, lambs, beef and fish. Pallets are imported, but not timber. Exports of timber are banned. All fruits and vegetables are scanned mainly because of taxation and fraud. Lt. Col Deme had CITES training in Dakar over 10 years ago. There are only 3 officers who have received CITES training. There is a specialized team which deals with the recruitment of persons to provide information. There is good cooperation among all the agencies working there, which includes Police, Gendarmerie, Water and Forests Directorate, Fisheries, Veterinary and the Health Service, who also work 24/7.

Photo 8: Rosso Border - a ferry with passengers and goods arrives from Mauritania

In the last seven months since Lt. Col. Deme has been Head of the border post, there have been no flora or fauna seizures made at the Port of Rosso. Weekly meetings are held when the need arises and every three months there is a meeting between the agencies to share information. There is also a monthly security meeting where matters of interest are discussed. There are no MoUs among the agencies at the border. They mostly work on an ad hoc basis, dealing with issues as they arise.

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 16 Customs have a mobile brigade which is responsible for internal checks i.e. at checkpoints, to ensure that double checks are effectively carried out. Customs have their own investigation unit which can deal with any type of offence, but they deal only with customs revenue cases. Any other infractions discovered would be turned over to the Criminal Investigation Department of the Police. There is very little training on CITES and one the challenges is the three-year rotation of personnel. Officers, who get trained, are rotated just about the time when they are comfortable dealing with wildlife crimes. The assessment team stopped at the Senegal Customs Container Scanner located approximately 1 km from the Rosso port, where they were shown inside the huge scanner and given a brief on its operation. There were only three large trucks that were scanned in the previous 24 hours, however, according to the manager, this was a very low number. Most days, he said, they check 10 to 20 trucks.

Photo 9: On the road to Rosso - container scanner

2.8 CITES SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY

The team met with Alain Seck, Head of IFAN (Fundamental Institute of Black Africa), Academy of Science and Technology and were given a tour of the facility which contains many exhibits they had collected over the years. He has had little or no contact with the Police over the years. The Police hardly know that he and his unit exist. In all his years at the Institute and in the field studies, he has never seen an elephant. Any significant findings concerning the possible extinction of any species are listed and turned over to the WFD, namely Abba Sonko for inclusion in a report to CITES. Some of the challenges facing the Scientific Authority are primarily financial. In fact, he only has enough money to fund two ten-day field excursions to count the number of species in Senegal. If he had access to more funding, he and his team would be able to conduct more and longer field surveys. The last general survey was completed in 2006 in the largest national park in Senegal. Any material that may require DNA analysis is sent overseas. They write reports on the species they survey, indicating whether there is an increase or decrease in their number’s. He highlighted the importance of these surveys by giving the example of the African spurred tortoise which they found was almost extinct. As a result, the Management Authority proposed an Appendix I CITES listing and a breeding program was put in place. Mr. Seck listed some of the needs for his operation in no order of priority: access to the internet, computers, air conditioning in the museum to save the specimens from deteriorating, more contact with the National Police and Gendarmerie to inform them that there is a museum of flora and fauna

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 17 that could help in their investigations. He also recommended that the Scientific Authority be given a half-day session on their training courses. He ended by stating that there should be a regional and national strategy to deal with wildlife crime.

Photo 10: Scientific Authority premises - There are many specimens of national fauna and flora

Photo 11: Scientific Authority premises - Pangolin scales.

2.9 NGOS

EAGLE Network, Dakar, Senegal was the only NGO we met, but given the major role they play in combating wildlife crime, it was probably the most important one for the team to meet. The assessment team met with Cécile Bloch-Thior, Manager of EAGLE, Senegal Cécile had not received the questionnaire prior to the visit and so provided some of the answers required and subsequently presented to the team the main priorities of EAGLE as follows: - Shift focus from poachers to traffickers; - Act as observers by allocating over 400 hours of work to it per month;

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 18 - Set a national measurable indicator for law enforcement - A major trafficker arrested, convicted and imprisoned at a rate of one per week; - Fight corruption to ensure the law is applied; - Monitor the entire law enforcement process from investigations to jail visits to confirm the execution of sentences; - Ensure good governance; - Provide expert assistance in legislation; - Provide assistance to CITES on species, when requested; - Establish contact with traffickers and determine the status of species being trafficked.

Cécile went through the questionnaire with the team and provided the following answers:

• The main threats are illegal trade of the most endangered species, the list of endangered species is growing, corruption, bribery, poor law enforcement record, lack of education, poor governance. • Wildlife trafficking is very common in Senegal, from 2014 to 2019, the level has increased. The modus operandi has changed, as specimens are no longer being sold on the streets. There are networks at the regional and continental levels, and they are more organized in that they are targeting specific species of animals (lions, elephants, sea turtles, tortoises etc.). • The situation is deteriorating because of monetary gains. It is illegal to hunt the animals, but it is still done. The influx of Asians into West Africa and Senegal, in particular, is feeding the illicit trade in endangered species. It is now deliberate smuggling whereas before it was as a result of ignorance. • Parrots, lions, elephants are all imported into Senegal from all parts of Africa where they are processed for export to Asian countries. Senegal serves as a storage depot for wildlife, raw ivory comes in from all countries via land border and it is carved here because the laws are very weak and are not enforced. Low risk and high reward come into play. Some traffickers are sentenced to a maximum of three months in prison for offences which in other countries would be a lot harsher. Chinese nationals have no respect for Africans and sometimes work their way out with support from their embassy. The Government of Senegal does not view wildlife trafficking as a major concern or issue. • It is mainly Asians who are the sponsors of trafficking in Senegal as well as those in West African countries such as , Guinea etc. The Governments of China and Senegal have very good relations due to the economic impact that China has made in Senegal and West Africa. • There is a large Chinese community in Senegal and as such, Chinese cultural customs are prevalent. For example, if a person (Asian) is caught with illegal wildlife, the arresting officer determines how much the fine will be and the fine is paid very quickly by leaders of the local Asian community. As a result, the law is interpreted by the officer for his or her own benefit. If the amount is above CFAF 2 million, officials of the WFD must be informed about the circumstances of the case as full report must be submitted. • Transnational organized criminals do not only traffic in wildlife, but also drugs and humans. Where money can be made, these criminals will get involved in other commodities. • The main transport channels used are the same as for drugs; land borders mainly for import, sea and air for export. • The main driving factors behind wildlife trafficking are poverty and difficulty in earning a living. • It has been confirmed that Asians, mostly Chinese citizens or expats, are involved in 95% of the illegal wildlife trade in Senegal. The Consular Service of the Chinese Embassy provides economic support to its citizens who are arrested in Senegal, not only for wildlife trafficking offences but also other crimes such as drugs and human trafficking. It is not uncommon that fines are paid very quickly which keeps the issue out of the public’s attention and away from

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the Chinese Embassy. There has been no hard evidence that the Chinese Embassy is actively supporting the illegal wildlife trade in Senegal. It is only inferred. • Judges seem to sympathize with traffickers and poachers by giving them very lenient sentences, as the jails in Senegal are overcrowded. Most individuals arrested for wildlife crimes spend less than one week in jail. • EAGLE Network has a staff strength of 10 individuals in Senegal. In one month, they work approximately 400 hours and are on duty 24/7. They are involved in undercover operations, observations and investigations. If there are to be arrests made, EAGLE will call in the National Police or the Gendarmerie to assist in the operation as it is very dangerous for their staff. EAGLE does not pay the National Police or the Gendarmerie for their time, but if fuel is needed for vehicles, EAGLE will pay for this as well as food, hotels. There is no per diem payment allowed. EAGLE also pays for training for members of the National Police and Gendarmerie. • All EAGLE staff have undergone CITES training and assist Mr. Abba Sonko during the training of law enforcement officers. The frequency of the training depends on the need as well as the introduction of new material in the CITES. A list of the training that EAGLE has provided to the various agencies can be found in Annex 4. • As noted on their website, EAGLE pursue the following goals:

- Shifting focus from poachers to traffickers; - Arresting a major trafficker and eventually convicting and having persons incarcerated at a rate of one per week. These goals cover the entire EAGLE network across Africa and do not solely apply to Senegal; - Fighting corruption to ensure the law is applied; - Conducting thorough investigations from first report to final arrest and beyond to confirming the successful completion of sentences. • There is no formal evaluation process in place. The fact that EAGLE continues to work and obtain funding from many sources is a tribute to their work. • The biggest impediment to eradicating the illegal trade is corruption and bribery. • Things they expect to be changed about the law and the capacity to improve efforts against wildlife trafficking are as follows: - A rapid review of the legislation. The laws in Senegal must be revised to provide protection to animals as well as law enforcement officers. The laws are too lax and very little is done to protect the police and conservation officers. - Decision-makers attaching higher priority to the sector. - More political will to tackle corruption within government and embassies. • Staff have had some training in digital forensics but not at a high level. • Staff members have the capacity to provide information to the National Police and Gendarmerie to support financial crime investigations. • There is room for increasing the staff level in their unit, however, due to the low pay it is hard to get interested persons to do the jobs. • EAGLE works on its own. It does not share information with other agencies (for fear of leaks). EAGLE works with the National Police and the Gendarmerie only in its enforcement activities. It does not work with Customs as they simply fine traffickers and release them.

Cécile Bloch-Thior made the following recommendations: 1. Amend the wildlife laws to reflect the realities of the problem; 2. More serious commitment by the national government to tackle the issue; 3. Ask the Embassies for assistance in combating wildlife crime;

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4. Raise awareness about bad governance; 5. Instill the political will to tackle wildlife crime.

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3.0 OVERVIEW OF WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT

3.1 PROACTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AS DETERRENT TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING

3.1.1 Law Enforcement priority

In Senegal, wildlife trafficking does not appear to be considered as a high priority by the law enforcement agencies aside the WFD and to some extent INTERPOL. Customs are primarily a revenue mobilization agency, although they will deal with wildlife cases if they come across them. According to EAGLE, in an interview with the team, Customs only look to fine offenders do not prosecute in the courts, as investigating the crime requires too much effort. The police will assist with a case if called on to do so but are not actively targeting illegal trade. EAGLE stated that as there is not much wildlife left in Senegal and the government does not see wildlife trafficking as a serious problem. Most of the wildlife cases are as a result of intelligence provided by EAGLE Network. They undertake the undercover work and report cases to Mr. Sonko of WFD and share information with the Gendarmerie and Police. They do not share information with Customs or any other agencies or NGOs.

3.1.2 Serious crime

In Senegal, wildlife trafficking is not considered a serious crime by law enforcement agencies. Unlike other West African countries with an airport CAAT unit, there is no representative from the WFD within it, nor is there in the multi-agency unit at the port. The penalties under the current laws are very low and therefore do not serve as a deterrent to those engaged in wildlife trafficking activities. EAGLE Network told the team that often only 3-month sentences are handed out to traffickers, when in other countries it is much higher. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)1 defines a serious offence as an act constituting an offence punishable by a term of imprisonment of at least four years or a more severe penalty. Currently, Senegal’s legislation does not include sufficient penalties to meet the definition at the national level. Wildlife offenders do not get adequate punishment for their crimes.

3.1.3 National law enforcement strategy

Currently wildlife trafficking is tackled on an ad-hoc basis, as and when information/intelligence is received, usually from EAGLE Network. During the interviews, both the Water and Forests Department and the Scientific Authority mentioned that there is a need for a regional and national strategy to tackle wildlife crime.

1 https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf

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3.1.4 National cooperation

In Senegal, cooperation between agencies combating wildlife crime is done on an ad hoc basis. There are no MoUs between agencies, but at border posts, they appear to have no problem in working together. For example, Customs at the Rosso Border Post stated that the different agencies i.e. Customs, Police, Gendarmerie, WFD, Veterinary and Health Service work well together and that they meet regularly to discuss any issues arising. Regarding investigations, while EAGLE Network provides all the intelligence, it works closely with Mr. Sonko who assists with undercover operations and is responsible for overseeing the case through to prosecution. Police and Gendarmerie are involved during operations to arrest and search suspects’ properties. EAGLE Network does not work with customs, because they claim that they are more interested in imposing fines on offenders and releasing them go rather than seeking to prosecute them.

3.1.5 International cooperation

In Senegal, international cooperation among national law enforcement agencies responsible for combating wildlife crime occurs occasionally on an ad-hoc basis as and when an operation is planned, or investigations are taking place. The main conduit for international engagement is generally through INTERPOL, although the Management Authority also plays this role when making enquiries from other management bodies on CITES issues.

3.1.6 Strategic risk management

Ideally, risk management practices could be coordinated activities that directly control risks and help to identify high-risk operations, locations, and people, as well as to target operational planning and the impact of anti-trafficking measures. Risk management helps determine where the greatest areas of exposure to effectively manage these risks. Among other things, risk management helps to identify activities that require a higher level of monitoring. In Senegal, strategic risk management is not used by law enforcement agencies to combat wildlife crime. While there are multi-agency targeting teams at the airport and port, they do not include representatives from the Water and Forests Department as wildlife is not a priority area for them. Mr. Sonko mentioned that he was looking to integrate WFD into the targeting teams.

3.1.7 Proactive investigations

In general, law enforcement authorities do not proactively investigate and target key wildlife trafficking threats and identify priority targets, groups, and individuals in advance. The catalyst for wildlife trafficking investigations is provided by EAGLE Network which identifies suspects and conduct undercover operations to gather intelligence. WFD does work closely with EAGLE Network on their investigations, and where necessary, with undercover operations and in mobilizing support from Police and Gendarmerie.

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3.1.8 Staffing, recruitment and training of law enforcement personnel

In Senegal, customs officers are generally transferred every 3 years, which means that any wildlife expertise acquired by these officers is likely to be lost when their assignment ends. Since 2014, EAGLE Network has conducted 16 trainings, mainly targeting WFD, magistrates, justice and police. A copy of their training program can be found in Annex 4. Mr. Sonko has provided training for some customs officers, but according to the customs officials the team met, more training is required. CITES is currently not included in the customs training program for new entrants, however Mr. Sonko informed the team that he contacted them to recommend that they do so and intends to deliver the training himself. INTERPOL also indicated that it would appreciate more training on combating wildlife trafficking and added that it should be introduced in the Police Training School.

3.2 DETECTION OF WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

3.2.1 Targeted enforcement presence

In Senegal, the main locations used by traffickers are targeted by law enforcement agencies, although they do not consider wildlife as a high priority. Like all the other countries in the West African region, Senegal has porous borders.

3.2.2 Joint supportive operations

A multi-disciplinary law enforcement operation is one that involves officers from all relevant enforcement disciplines as appropriate, for example, officers from Police, Customs and the wildlife regulatory authority. These operations are conducted at the sub-national, national or international level on occasional basis which can be interpreted as once in every two years. In Senegal, multi-disciplinary investigations do take place, although customs are not usually involved. The process is usually initiated by EAGLE Network which gathers evidence on a particular target(s), which is then presented to WFD. The Police and Gendarmerie are involved when an arrest must be made. Mr. Sonko said that there are no specific meetings held with enforcement authorities, however they do organize joint patrols at the borders with Police, Customs and others and disseminate information at trainings. Mr. Babou Dieye, a former INTERPOL staff working as a Consultant to INTERPOL NCB after retiring, was interviewed by the assessment team. Mr. Dieye stated that wildlife crime has the same priority as any other types of crimes. If they receive a message involving such crimes, they deal with it depending on the urgency communicated by the sender. If they receive an eco-message, they pass it on to WFD. Since it is not an operational unit, it is the Criminal Investigation Department that plays this role. They coordinate timber operations with Customs and Police and at the airport with WFD. He mentioned that two to three months before our visit they coordinated a 30-day operation with Fisheries on illegal fishing.

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He outlined the procedure INTERPOL uses when there is a seizure of wildlife products. An eco- message is filled out usually by EAGLE and a priority message is sent to INTEPROL HQ in Lyon. From there, INTERPOL determines what investigation needs to be conducted. INTERPOL contacts with Mr. Sonko who coordinates the investigation as appropriate, providing advice and assistance when required. Abba Sonko writes the report and maintains control of the exhibits. The prosecution of the case is entrusted to the Police or Gendarmerie. EAGLE Network as well as members of some diplomatic missions (France, Germany, US) are also informed of the case. Mr. Dieye stated that it is mandatory to work with EAGLE and they share all relevant information with them. Between 2014 and 2018, they participated in 20 operations with EAGLE which then completed all the eco-messages and sent them to the NCB.

3.2.3 Border control staff

This indicator measures the extent to which ports of entry and exit are staffed with law enforcement officers that are aware of and trained in detecting and responding to wildlife crime. In Senegal, the persons interviewed by the assessment team certainly were aware of CITES and wildlife trafficking, however the knowledge of their staff was considered low and all suggested that more training was required to bring them up to the required standard. Identifying what species were protected was the main issue. Mr. Sonko indicated that after the CITES training, there are no positions available where those who have been trained could use their skills. It seems like a waste of time and effort to conduct training sessions.

3.2.4 Border control equipment

In Senegal, the assessment team saw scanning equipment at the port, airport and border crossing posts, all of which seemed to be in working order. There was a concern raised by the freight cargo manager at the airport that their two scanners were old and not able to detect things hidden within the cargo. Customs do have three sniffer dogs working at the airport, however, they are trained to find narcotics and are not capable of finding wildlife products. Customs at the airport asked that further training material like the Born Free guides are made available.

3.2.5 Inspection and seizure powers

In Senegal, all the relevant agencies have the power of inspection, seizure and confiscation to fulfil their law enforcement roles effectively.

3.2.6 Disposal of confiscated wildlife specimens

In Senegal, there are currently no place to securely store seized specimens, be they live specimens or parts or by-products. Mr. Sonko indicated that they are in consultation with the US Embassy about

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obtaining two containers to use as secure storage facility. Currently they keep specimens in the office, which for security purposes is not satisfactory. There is no rescue center for wildlife in Senegal and the current practice by Mr. Sonko is to release animals back into the wild.

3.3 WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED USING AN INTELLIGENCE-LED APPROACH

3.3.1 Investigative capacity

In Senegal, law enforcement agencies are reactive rather than proactive when tackling wildlife crime. Investigations are mostly initiated by EAGLE Network, who gather all the evidence on targets and then approach the WFD and Police to assist with arrests and refer the case to court. During a meeting with Cécile Bloch-Thior, head of EAGLE Network in Senegal, she indicated that they have signed an MoU with the Ministry of Interior, which gives them the legal basis for conducting investigations. They do not have powers of arrest, that is why they require assistance from the Police, Gendarmerie and WFD

3.3.2 Information management

There is no specific database set up to collate information on wildlife, although WFD does keep an electronic record of each case, which they share with EAGLE Network. It is likely that EAGLE Network has their own information database, but they do not share it with any other agency.

3.3.3 Intelligence analysis

In Senegal, intelligence-led investigations on wildlife crimes are conducted by EAGLE Network and not by law enforcement agencies. There is no central database for wildlife information/intelligence. Analysis of information is not carried out for wildlife as law enforcement agencies lack the skills required in this field. Mr. Dieye of INTERPOL informed the assessment team that they have an in-house application for conducting investigations and analysis of persons and crimes called ENACT (see Annex 5). While it does not appear to have been used for wildlife purposes, it does seem a useful tool to tackle wildlife crime. 3.3.4 Intelligence-led investigations

Crime intelligence is information that is requested, gathered, compiled, and analyzed in an effort to anticipate, prevent, and/or monitor criminal activity. Crime intelligence is disseminated to direct and support effective law enforcement action, investigations and prosecution. In Senegal, intelligence-led investigations are conducted by EAGLE Network and not by law enforcement agencies. They keep everything close to their chests until they have enough evidence to warrant the arrest and prosecution of suspects. Lt. Col. Deme (Customs chief at Port of Rosso) mentioned that there is a specialized unit which recruits and directs informants but was unable to say whether the informants are paid, however one would think so. EAGLE Network also use informants and pays them for the information they provide.

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3.3.5 Follow-up investigations

Follow-up investigations may include acting on information and evidence found on seized computers, mobile phones and documents. It includes engaging with authorities in countries of origin, transit, and destination, when appropriate, to share or request information. In Senegal, when the EAGLE Network is conducting investigations, it ensures computers, phones and documents are scrutinized, and foreign enquiries are carried out if necessary. It seems that this work will not be carried out if EAGLE Network is not involved in the investigation. Mr. Sonko always gets involved in this action as all cases go through him.

3.4 SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES USED TO COMBAT WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING

3.4.1 Use of specialized investigative techniques

In Senegal, specialized investigation techniques, such as domestic and international controlled deliveries, use of tracking devices, and covert operations against wildlife trafficking, have not been used by national law enforcement agencies to combat wildlife trafficking. However, EAGLE Network confirmed that they undertake covert operations and Mr. Sonko has also participated in this activity. According to Mr. Dieye of INTERPOL, the Police can ask Orange to record conversations by tapping the suspect’s mobile phone. They are then able to listen in to gather evidence. There have been some good successes in other types of crime, including terrorism, where people have been arrested as a result of using this method.

3.4.2 Forensic technology

In Senegal, the Police have a standard crime laboratory where mobile phones and computers are taken to extract information. The information is provided on printouts, which are submitted to the prosecutor. They do not have the capability of doing any forensic tests on wildlife specimens.

3.4.3 Financial investigations

A financial investigation is any investigation into a person or a person’s financial matters. It could also involve the investigation into the finances of a business or a private limited company. A financial investigation can determine where money comes from, how it is moved and how it is used. It may include techniques such as net worth analysis. Financial investigations may lead to asset forfeiture and possibly tax and customs duties evasion charges. In Senegal, the police do undertake financial investigations of suspects who have been arrested and detained. By law they can obtain bank statements and seize assets connected with the offence.

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3.4.4 Use of criminal law

Criminal law in Senegal is used for all cases when EAGLE Network and WFD are investigating, however small. Nevertheless, it appears that Customs are more intent in raising revenue than prosecuting offenders, so they settle the cases by issuing fines which they believe are appropriate. Interpol said it has the necessary laws to conduct financial investigations of persons under arrest and detention. By law, they can get bank statements and have the means to prosecute individuals for money laundering and can confiscate property used in the offence. EAGLE network said it does follow the money and seize funds when it is possible. 3.4.5 Case file preparation

In Senegal, all cases are referred to WFD after arrest. A file will be compiled by WFD and the Police if they have been involved in arrests etc. Mr. Sonko then works with the prosecutor to determine what the charge will be and look for the one with the highest penalty.

3.4.6 Case clearance rate and administrative penalties

Mr. Sonko indicated that between 2014 and 2018, 48 persons were sentenced to between 3 – 6 months prison in 20 court cases. These cases were driven by EAGLE Network. In all instances where a case file is completed by WFD, the offender is prosecuted. All fines above 200,000 FCFA must be reported to WFD. According to EAGLE, they will not work with Customs, because they look to fine offenders rather than prosecute.

3.4.7 Prosecutorial capacity

The assessment team were unable to secure a meeting with the judiciary, so information on this is limited. However, from the training records EAGLE Network provided it seems that there has been training for the justice department, prosecutors, and four magistrates in 2015. This suggests therefore that the knowledge of those working in this area is reasonably good.

3.4.8 Prosecution guidelines

The assessment team are unaware of any prosecution guidelines in Senegal. Prosecution is a procedure that is well regulated by the hunting and wildlife protection code, the forestry code and the penal procedure code in force in Senegal.

3.4.9 Available penalties

Currently, the maximum penalty is 1-year imprisonment, however, Mr. Sonko indicated that the legislation is currently being reviewed and plans are underway to increase the penalty to a maximum of 3 years. Between 2014 and 2018, 48 individuals were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3 to 6 months in 20 court cases. These cases were driven by EAGLE Network and WFD. UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 28

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 TRAFFICKING ROUTES AND SEIZURES

According to Mr. Sonko, Ivory comes in from DRC and Gabon. Students bring in elephant tails and ivory to fund their education. The same applies to religious tourists. He also indicated that the persons selling animal parts and by-products at the Ibamar Diop stadium in Dakar were from Mali and Niger. Eagle Network stated that ivory comes from all countries into Senegal and likened it to a storage area for West Africa. It comes in and goes out via port, airport and land borders. Most dealers are from Nigeria, Guinea and other countries. Trucks are the main method of transport for imports while port and airport are used for export. Internet searches and data collected during the field mission indicate that the following cases of wildlife seizures and arrests involved Senegal and/or Senegalese nationals:

• January 2017: 2 Spanish traffickers were arrested with 500 birds of 14 protected species concealed in their baggage on route to Spain. http://www.eagle-enforcement.org/news/2-spanish-arrested-with-500-concealed-birds-A265/

• March 2017: 4 traffickers arrested with 91 crocodile skins, 354 python and 101 monitor lizard skins. Two of the traffickers were from Mali. http://www.eagle-enforcement.org/news/4-traffickers-arrested-with-558-skins-of-protected-animals- A264/

• August 2017: two international traffickers were arrested in their shops in Dakar in possession of 780 carved ivory items. The traffickers were also active in , Mali, Nigeria and Burundi. The ivory is believed to have come from Nigeria. http://www.eagle-enforcement.org/news/2-international-traffickers-arrested-with-780-carved-ivory- items-A358/

• Feb 2019: The US authorities dismantled a smuggling network accused of trafficking at least $7 million dollars’ worth of rhino horn and elephant tusk — as well as heroin — around the world. A Senegalese national was one of four persons accused of running the smuggling ring. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wildlife-heroin-trafficking-ring-africa-bust-southern-district-new- york-fish-and-wildlife/

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4.2 CHALLENGES RAISED BY PARTICIPANTS

• The current weak penalties were mentioned by several of the agencies the assessment team interviewed. Mr. Sonko did say that the text for the new Act has been drafted and shared with other agencies, before being submitted to the new Minister. He is hoping that the new Act will be ratified and in place before the end of the year. • The lack of a regional and national strategic plan was mentioned by both WFD and the Scientific Authority. They believe it will help raise the profile of wildlife crimes among other agencies. • The Scientific Authority suffers from budgetary constraints, which means they can only carry- out a couple of 10-day surveys each year on wildlife populations, which is clearly not enough to determine whether a species needs added protection or not. • The Water and Forests Department is concerned that it does not have any officers in the airport and port multi-agency targeting teams. Mr. Sonko believes it will be up to the WCO and UNODC to agree a change. • The lack of priority given by enforcement agencies and judiciary to wildlife crime means that without EAGLE Network, very little by way of proactive enforcement would be carried out. Customs appear do their own thing when it comes to enforcing wildlife laws, fining instead of prosecuting. • EAGLE Network raised concerns about corruption, the influence of embassies in getting nationals off with fines instead of prison sentences and the judiciary who give out light sentences.

4.3 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

The overall observations and recommendations from the assessment team suggest that Senegal is both a country of origin and transit for illicit wildlife products. Senegal has a very strong leader of the WFD in the person of Abba Sonko, who is at the heart of all being done in relation to enforcement. However, coordination/cooperation between agencies does not appear to be particularly strong, for instance, customs seem more intent to fine offenders rather than prosecute. It was disappointing that responses from some of the agencies that were invited to meet the assessment team were not forthcoming and none of the questionnaires were completed and maybe this is an indicator of the low priority attached to wildlife crime. EAGLE Network, a non-governmental organization, is the primary channel through which wildlife crime is tackled, which raises issues of sustainability in the long term. EAGLE Network does an excellent job in investigating wildlife traffickers but say that it faces problems in embassies seeking to interfere in the justice system and weak penalties being given compared to other countries. While they work well with Water and Forests and have to work with the Police to effect arrests, it most often uses its own resources and contacts. Mr. Sonko mentioned that he had received criticism from judges because of the publicity surrounding cases before they are brought to court. Mr. Sonko stated that EAGLE Network are responsible for this, despite being asked not to go to the press until the case is over. Those involved in illegal trafficking of protected species receive relatively light sentences, which show that the issue requires further attention. The current legislation is outdated with a maximum sentence of 1 year unlikely to deter traffickers. The new legislation is likely to have a maximum of 3-year imprisonment, but the question is whether this will be enough deterrent. To address the challenges identified, the assessment team and Senegal participants made the following primary recommendations:

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1. A national strategy is required to tackle wildlife crime. This should be linked to one that is developed regionally. The strategy should cover poaching as well as trafficking. It will be necessary to get all the key organizations to sign up to it, clearly define their respective roles, and nominate focal points to deal with CITES wildlife issues. This would certainly improve coordination/cooperation and help establish a forum for the exchange of information and intelligence among agencies.

2. A targeted training program for all agencies dealing with wildlife crime should be implemented, utilizing where possible officers from Customs and WFD who took part in the train the trainer workshops. WFD and EAGLE Network have provided training for some agencies and this should be taken into account in terms of content, agencies which received it, number of participants involved and the duration of the training.

The Senegal Scientific Authority would not only benefit from participating in the training, but also build their expertise in areas such as identification and familiarization with their work area. Mr. Sonko indicated that he would like the Customs and Police training schools to include wildlife crime law enforcement in their programs and this should be supported. Increasing the number of trained trainers would also be beneficial, so that those on the land borders have the same opportunities as those at airports and ports. Sensitization of senior managers is an important first step, to gain their understanding of the importance of the work to the country and hence their buy-in to the program. EAGLE Network is doing a good job in intelligence gathering and investigating wildlife traffickers and it is difficult to see how this could be done by the enforcement agencies currently, given the low priority attached to this area and lack of coordination/cooperation. However, chain of evidence training should be provided to first responder who are likely to be involved in detecting and investigating offences, be it at the borders, inland or in parks. 3. The targeting teams based at the port and airport should be encouraged to include Water and Forests officers within the unit and set wildlife trafficking as one of the priorities for these units. If the WCO and UNODC do need to give permission for the work to be extended to include wildlife and Water and Forests officers in Senegal, then this should not be an issue, as it is already being done in Cote d’Ivoire and .

4. There needs to be a greater focus at entry and exit points, particularly at airports and ports which traffickers are using to smuggle out wildlife products. Establishing a network of Customs officers trained to a higher level at all entry/exit points should be considered. There are many tasks they could undertake, including:

- Acting as a link with frontline officers and keeping them updated on any latest trends, assisting them with identifications, etc.; - Liaising with their colleagues in the network and ensuring new information is shared; - Ensuring detections are processed using the methodology agreed with stakeholders and acting as the liaison point in such cases; - Being abreast with trends / modus operandi and updating colleagues; - Dealing with confiscated specimens using agreed procedures.

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5. The assessment team was unable to secure an interview with the Fisheries Department, so it does not have much information on the sector, but one can imagine that it is like other West African countries assessed. With the increasing number of marine species as well as freshwater species being listed under CITES, it is important that they are included in the national strategy for tackling wildlife crime. The assessment team is aware some training on shark fin identification has been done in Senegal, however as the number of species listed has been increased, it is quite possible that this needs to be updated and extended to all field officers. Training should include freshwater and marine fish species if the Fisheries Department is responsible for this area as well.

6. Public sensitization is needed so that they understand which species are protected and what the law is. Currently, most people are not aware that they are breaking the law when they are selling or buying protected animals and their products. Public awareness should be a major activity within the national wildlife strategy, but resources such as posters/fliers and other educational materials will need to be funded and expert assistance provided in planning how best it can be achieved.

7. Currently there is no secure storage facility for holding confiscated specimens and the current practice of holding them in the office is a great security risk. Mr. Sonko did mention that he had held discussions with the US Embassy about providing two containers which could easily be adapted to serve storage facility. This should be pursued as a matter of urgency.

Currently there are no facilities to keep confiscated live animals, so they are released back into the wild by the WFD. The assessment team suggest that a review be carried out to see whether there is a need to have a rescue center to care for confiscated animals, even on a temporary basis or whether releasing them straight back into the wild is a satisfactory way of dealing with them. A protocol needs to be developed on how to deal with confiscated goods and their possible disposal. Storage time should be kept to a minimum before the specimens are disposed of to free up space and to ensure the security of high value specimens. The protocol needs to be transparent and cover all confiscations, including live animals, parts, by-products and plants (timber), as well as details on their disposal. 8. There is a need for greater emphasis on raising awareness at Senegal's land border crossings. This could involve one-day workshops on the identification of trafficked wildlife products and animal parts, concealment methods, etc. and the strategic display of posters/banners at the border posts. Billboards depicting species that are banned from hunting/trade and stating “WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING IS A CRIME; OFFENDERS WILL BE PROSECUTED” could also be strategically placed at the border crossings. 9. Education in schools is important and Mr. Sonko expressed his desire for this to be undertaken. A strategy for how this can be done with funding for materials should be considered for Senegal. 10. The Scientific Authority lacks the funding to carry out population surveys other than the very basic in the 20 days per year they have a budget for. This makes it difficult to determine the priority status of species and which need the most protection. The assessment team recommends that an internal review should be carried out by FWD with assistance from NGOs within Senegal and the Scientific Authority to determine how this situation can be improved upon.

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REFERENCES https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=sn#facts https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=sn#facts https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dakar_districts.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Senegal,_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Senegal_-_Location_Map_(2011)_-_SEN_-_UNOCHA.svg https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/18/doc/E-CoP18-026-R1.pdf https://cites.org/eng/legislation/National_Legislation_Project CITES Trade Database available at: https://trade.cites.org/#

https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf

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ANNEX 1 : ORIGINAL PROGRAM OF THE THREAT ASSESSMENT MISSIONS LED BY EXPERTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CITES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY OF SENEGAL

Threat assessment mission led by experts under the direction of the CITES Management Authority of Senegal

Morning:

- Waters, Forests, Hunting and Soil 15 July Conservation Department (CITES Afternoon: Dakar Management Authority) and National Parks - Dakar Airport Directorate

- Customs General Directorate

Morning: Afternoon:

16 July - INTERPOL National Central Bureau - Port of Dakar (B.C.N.) Dakar - Transporters / Transit Areas / Container - National Police General Directorate Road Terminals

17 July Afternoon: Morning: Diama border - Meetings with customs officers and border - Trip from Dakar to Diama border (5-hour post (border agents at Diama drive) with Mauritania) - Travel back to Dakar

Afternoon: 18 July

Morning: Karang border - Meetings with customs officers and border post (border - Trip from Dakar to Karang (4,5-hour drive) agents posted at Karang with Gambia) - Travel back to Dakar

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Morning: Afternoon: 19 July - Alain Seck IFAN (Scientific Authority) - Sandaga Market Dakar - Meeting with representatives of the - Meetings with NGOs and local stakeholders judiciary (prosecutors/judges

20 July - Dakar Review of the conclusions of the mission with the management authority - return trip

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ANNEX 2: AMENDED PROGRAM OF THE THREAT ASSESSMENT MISSIONS LED BY EXPERTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CITES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY OF SENEGAL

Threat assessment mission led by experts under the direction of the CITES Management Authority of Senegal

Morning: 15 July Afternoon: - Directorate of Waters, Forests, Dakar Hunting and Soil Conservation - Dakar Airport (coordination) (CITES Management Authority)

Morning: 16 July Afternoon: - Interpol National Central Bureau Dakar - Port of Dakar (customs) central national(CNB)

17 July Morning: Afternoon:

Dakar-Rosso - Dakar Airport (cargo) - Trip from Dakar to Rosso

18 July Morning: Afternoon: Rosso border post (border - Meeting with customs agents at Rosso - Travel back to Dakar with Mauritania)

Morning: Afternoon: 19 July - Alain Seck IFAN (Scientific Authority) - Informal market in Dakar Dakar - Soumbédioune Market - Meeting with EAGLE

20 July Review of the conclusions of the mission with the management authority - return trip Dakar

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ANNEX 3: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS INTERVIEWED DURING THE FIELD MISSION AND THEIR CONTACTS

Title Name and Position Email and phone number Mr. Abba Sonko [email protected] CITES Management Authority +221 775 37 43 11 Commander of Water and Forests

Mr. Doudou Sow [email protected] CITES Deputy Director +221 70 988 26 31 Water and Forests

Lt. Col Cherif Gueye [email protected] Head of the Customs Coordination Unit Dakar Airport

Ms Cécile Bloch-Thior [email protected] Coordinator EAGLE Senegal +221 77 375 57 71

Mr. Babou Dieye Consultant INTERPOL

Colonel Ousmane Kane Chief of Customs Bureau Port of Dakar

Colonel Mohamadou Sall Chief of Inspection Section Port of Dakar

Colonel Abdou Faye

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Head of Verification Port of Dakar

Mr. Basile Mendy Chief Cargo Manager Dakar Airport (Cargo)

Lt Ahmadou Moctar Diao Customs supervisor of scanning Dakar Airport (Cargo)

Lt. Col. Papa Gorgui Ndir Deme Customs Chief Port of Rosso

Mr. Alain Seck [email protected] President of CITES Scientific Authority +221 33 825 00 90 Head of IFAN (Institut fondamental d’Afrique noire) à l’Académie des Sciences et Techniques de Dakar

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ANNEX 4: EAGLE TRAININGS

The document is attached as a separate document (pdf).

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ANNEX 5: INTERPOL EMAIL OUTLINING ENACT’S ROLE

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UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING | SENEGAL 1

U.S. Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20523 Tel: (202) 712-0000 Fax: (202) 216-3524 www.usaid.gov

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