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Evaluation of Various Physical and Nutritional Factors Related to Bloat Joseph Thomas Blake Iowa State College

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Evaluation of Various Physical and Nutritional Factors Related to Bloat Joseph Thomas Blake Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1955 Evaluation of various physical and nutritional factors related to bloat Joseph Thomas Blake Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, and the Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology Commons Recommended Citation Blake, Joseph Thomas, "Evaluation of various physical and nutritional factors related to bloat" (1955). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15006. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15006 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMl films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMl a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI EVALUATION OP VARIOUS PHYSICAL AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS RELATED TO BLOAT Joseph Thomas Blake A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Dairy Husbandry Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In or Work Signature was redacted for privacy. .e^ of Major ©e irtment Signature was redacted for privacy. Uean of Graduate College Iowa State College 1955 UMI Number: DP13127 UMI Microform DP13127 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O.Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 4 Occurrence of Bloat 4 Physiology and Anatomy in Relation to Bloat. 5 The Role of Microorganisms 10 Hydrogen-ion Concentration in the Rumen. .... 15 The Pathogenesis of Bloat. l6 Etiological Theories . 1? Prophylaxis and Therapeutics 23 EXPERIMENTAL 26 Equipment and Methods 26 Glossary of Symbols Employed in Tables and Figures 37 Preliminary Experiments 42 Phase 1, Pre-analytical preparation of rumen fluid samples , 42 Phase 2. Effect of method of sample collection on rumen fluid surface tension and pH 46 Phase 3» Effect of time and sample tempera­ ture on rumen fluid surface tension. ... 48 Phase 4. Effect of sample dilution with water on rumen fluid surface tension ... 53 Phase 5. Effect of saliva on surface ten­ sion of rumen fluid and a defoaming agent. 56 Phase 6. Effect of various products on rumen fluid surface tension. ....... 59 Phase 7. Effect of sample foam removal on surface tension . 64 Phase 8. Diurnal variations in rumen fluid surface tension and pH ....... 70 Phase 9. Effect of short-time storage of sample at room temperature on rumen fluid surface tension and pH 74 Phase 10. Daily variations in rumen fluid surface tension 78 Phase 11. Effect of prolonged storage at room temperature on surface tension and pH of rumen fluid and alfalfa extract. 79 TI1934 iii Page Phase 12. Effect of long-time storage under refrigeration on rumen fluid sur­ face tension and pH 8l General discussion of preliminary experi­ ments. .................. 83 Green Forage Type Bloat 92 Phase 1. Pasture bloat 92 Phase 2. Forage extracts II8 Peed-lot Type Bloat 157 Phase 1. Intact animals 157 Phase 2. Pistulated animals 200 Chronic Type Bloat 206 Procedure 206 Results . 209 Discussion. ......... 222 GENERAL DISCUSSION 228 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 236 LITERATURE CITED 2l|0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 258 1 INTRODUCTION Among the multitude of non-infectious diseases affecting the animal population bloat Is one of the more deleterious. Bloat may occur in many species of animals, however, by popu­ lar usage of the terra reference in usually to ruminants in general and to bovine and ovine in particular. Bloat in ruminants may be simply defined as an accumulation of rumlnal gas in a quantity beyond normal physiological limits. However, the different types of bloat and their various ramifications cannot be so easily defined inasmuch as the bloat syndrome is exceedingly complex. Such complexity partially explains why many questions remain unanswered. Part of the complexity lies in the eplzootiology of the disease. The incidence in any one season may range from sporadic to epizootic and the appearance from Insidious to acute. Severity of individual cases may range from mild to extremely severe, and consequently the mortality from low to high. Many livestock owners have safely pastured animals for weeks with no evidence of bloat only to suddenly lose many individuals within a period of a few hours. Consequently owners are unwilling to risk utilizing fully the lush legume pastures which could provide abundant and highly nutritional forage. Bloat is a universal disease. Synonyms in common usage in different parts of the world are meteorism, tympanites and 2 hoven. The disease may be a problem wherever subject species of animals exist, although a greater incidence apparently occurs in certain geographical locations. Factors which could be responsible for this are forage type, weather, husbandry methods and animal strains or families. Surveys of sample populations have indicated that measurable annual economic losses from primary bloat are sufficiently large to classify this as a major disease; how­ ever, the unmeasurable annual economic losses due to pasture wastage are still larger. Each growing season much legume pasture is either lost or not fully utilized due to pre­ cautionary measures employed to avoid the occurrence of fatal bloat. In view of the magnitude of such losses, bloat has long been a subject for repeated and intense research. Never­ theless, today only theories exist, some new and some old, to explain bloat etiology. We are now in an era of intense research in the area of bloat. Coordinated inter-institutional effort may reveal basic truths which could lead to the resolvement of major etiological and therapeutical aspects not yet well understood. As with other livestock diseases of unknown etiology, many hypotheses exist. Some individuals believe that evidence is sufficient to establish the validity of hypotheses; neverthe­ less, many refutable aspects exist. Absolute proof for each of the hypotheses is lacking. On the contrary an increasing number of Investigators are recognizing bloat as a complex 3 syndrome, an amalgamation of closely related disease enti­ ties. A review of recent literature emphasizes the need for further basic research to uncover new facts and better clarify currently recognized facts (what few there are) in the area of physical and chemical properties of rumen fluid and bloat-provoking feed entities. At this institution major emphasis has been placed on various physical and nutritional factors related to bloat. One specific objective of this experiment was to secure additional data relative to existing hypotheses on bloat etiology and therapy. Criteria included are surface tension, ingesta frothiness, fermentation, specific gravity and viscosity of both rumen fluid and plant extracts. Such factors were studied both vitro and in vivo for possible independent and/or interrelated aspects. A further objective was to study relationship of such properties to clinical Incidence and severity of various types of bloat, including the green forage type, feed-lot type and chronic type. The effects of various therapeutic and prophylactic agents upon the afore­ mentioned factors were studied in vitro and in vivo. 4 REVIEW OP LITERATURE Occurrence of Bloat Civilization possibly recognized tympanites as a diseas entity prior to the eighteenth century although it is unlikely that much serious bloat occurred. Not until that era were legume pastures extensively used or were cattle bred for high production. With the breeding and feeding of animals for greater production resulting in greater body stress, physiological malfunctions such as rumen impaction, engorge­ ment and bloat became noticeably important. Some of the earliest recorded research on such non-infectious syndromes was done toward the end of the nineteenth century. Our present knowledge of ruminant disorders began with the recognition of cellulose as a source of gas (178) and as the source of rurainal gases via fermentation (210,211). The composition of rurainal gases was studied
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