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ON CRUSTAL AND LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURES OF RIFT BASINS FORMED WITHIN THE TURKANA DEPRESSION IN THE EAST AFRICA AND THE TRANS-SOUTHERN AFRICAN OROGEN IN THE SOUTHWEST AFRICA By LUELSEGED M. EMISHAW Bachelor of Science in Geology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2012 Master of Science in Geology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2015 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2020 ON CRUSTAL AND LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURES OF RIFT BASINS FORMED WITHIN THE TURKANA DEPRESSION IN THE EAST AFRICA AND THE TRANS-SOUTHERN AFRICAN OROGEN IN THE SOUTHWEST AFRICA Dissertation Approved: Dr. Mohamed Abdelsalam Dissertation Adviser Dr. Daniel A. Laó Dávila Dr. James Knapp Dr. Hamed Gholizadeh ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to my committee members. Their kind gesture and guidance made the successful completion of this dissertation possible. I would also like to extend special thanks to my advisor, Dr. Mohamed Abdelsalam. His high level of care and genuine support made my PhD study pleasant and memorable. My sincere appreciation also goes to my academic mentor, Dr. Kevin Mickus, whose invaluable inputs and constructive feedback improved the computational approaches of gravity data presented in the dissertation. Many thanks to Oklahoma State University -- America's Brightest Orange -- for its best education and financial support. I will always cherish my family in Boone Pickens School of Geology. Special thanks to members of TGIF and Geospatial and Geodynamic Lab for the great intellectual discussions we have had over the years. Finally, I would like to thank my lovely wife, Cabraile Emishaw, and the rest of my family. They have been a great source of inspiration and optimism. Thank you! iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members of Oklahoma State University Name: LUELSEGED M. EMISHAW Date of Degree: DECEMBER, 2020 Title of Study: ON CRUSTAL AND LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURES OF RIFT BASINS FORMED WITHIN THE TRUKANA DEPRESSION (TD) IN THE EAST AFRICA AND THE TRANS-SOUTHERN AFRICAN OROGEN (TSAO) IN THE SOUTHWEST AFRICA Major Field: GEOLOGY Abstract: This doctoral dissertation examines the crustal and lithospheric structures of rift basins formed within the Turkana Depression (TD) in east Africa and the Trans-Southern African Orogen (TSAO) in southwest Africa. Both regions have undergone complex structural and petrological evolution since the Archean eon and exhibit belts of deformations that resulted from the assembly and fragmentation of both Rodina and Pangaea. Since the Cenozoic, the crust and the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the TD and the TSAO have been significantly weakened and stretched by plume related dynamics triggering the southward and the southwestward propagation of the East African Rift System. The Precambrian suture zones and the Mesozoic rift basins have also influenced these zones of extensional deformations. This doctoral dissertation is designed to explore the spatial extent of these structurally complex tectonic entities and investigate the role of these structures in the nucleation and development of various zones of extensional deformations, particularly rift basins related to the East African Rift System. To this end, geophysical, remote sensing, and numerical methods have been implemented to model the upper crustal-, crustal-, and lithospheric-scale structures beneath the TD and TSAO. For the first time, this doctoral work also introduces improved methods to estimate depth to the Moho and the Precambrian crystalline basement using potential field data. The details are presented in the following chapters summarized as three independent projects. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page CHAPTER I ...................................................................................................................1 I. INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY ..............................................................................1 CHAPTER II ..................................................................................................................5 DEVELOPMENT OF LATE JURASSIC-EARLY PALEOGENE AND NEOGENE QUATERNARY RIFTS WITHIN THE TURKANA DEPRESSION, EAST AFRICA ABSTRACT I ................................................................................................................5 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................6 2.2 GEOLOGIC SETTING ...................................................................................11 2.3 THE PRECAMBRIAN CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT .................................11 2.4 THE LATE JURASSIC-EARLY PALEOGENE RIFT SYSTEM OF EAST AFRICA .................................................................................................................13 2.4.1 General Description ..........................................................................13 2.4.2 The Anza Rift ....................................................................................14 2.4.3 The Muglad Rift ................................................................................15 2.4.4 Connection of the Anza and Mugland Rifts .....................................16 2.5 THE NEOGENE-QUATERNARY EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM .........18 2.6 DATA AND METHODS ................................................................................23 2.6.1 Data ...................................................................................................23 v Chapter Page 2.6.2 Methods.............................................................................................24 2.6.2.1 MOHO Depth Imaging With Lithoflex ...............................24 2.6.2.2 2D Forward Gravity Modeling ............................................25 2.6.2.3 Mapping Upper Crust Density Distribution .........................26 2.7 Results ............................................................................................................27 2.7.1 Bouguer Gravity Anomalies .............................................................27 2.7.2 The Depth to the Moho .....................................................................28 2.7.3 The Depth to LAB ............................................................................32 2.7.4 The 3D Density Distribution Model .................................................34 2.8 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................36 2.8.1 Origin of the Lithospheric Structure Beneath the TD .............................36 2.8.2 Origin of Depth Variation of the Density Contrast Anomalies ...............37 2.8.3 The Role of the Precambrian Structure .................................................39 2.8.4 Implications for the Development of the EARS ....................................... 40 2.9 CONLUSION ..................................................................................................42 2.10 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................43 vi Chapter Page CHAPTER III ..............................................................................................................55 III. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH PIECEWISE REGRESSION APPROACH (SAPRA) OF GRAVITY DATA FOR LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE IMAGING: THE LAKE TURKANA RIFT BASIN OF THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................55 ABSTRACT II .......................................................................................................55 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................56 3.2 THE LAKE TURKANA RIFT BASIN ...........................................................59 3.3 FOURIER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DATA .........................62 3.4 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH PIECEWSIE REGRESSION APPROACH (SAPRA) FOR DETERMINING THE DEPTH TO THE MOHO AND PRECAMBRIAN CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT ................................................65 3.5 DEPTH TO THE MOHO AND THE PRECAMBRIAN CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT WITHIN THE LAKE TRUKANA RIFT BASIN ...........................71 3.6 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................73 3.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................76 3.8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................77 vii Chapter Page CHAPTER IV IV. LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE OF THE CONGO-TANZANIA-BANGWEULU CRATON, THE ZIMBABWE-KAAPPVAAL-NIASSA CRATON, AND THE TRANS-SOUTHERN AFRICAN OROGEN........................................................84 ABSTRACT III ......................................................................................................84 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................85 4.2 PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY ........................................................................88 4.2.1 The Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu craton ..........................................88 4.2.2 The Zimbabwe-Kaapvval-Niassa Craton ..........................................91 4.2.3 The Trans-Southern Africa Orogen ..................................................91 4.2.4
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