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Urbanization and Water Resources Vulnerability in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana

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Urbanization and Water Resources Vulnerability in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana Urbanization And Water Resources Vulnerability In The Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana By Suraj Mohammed Thesis submitted to the Department of Water and Environmental Studies at Linköping University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Water Resources and Livelihood Security. Supervisor: Professor Hans Holmen August 2004 Avdelning, Institution Datum Division, Department Date 2004-08-26 Institutionen för Tema, Tema V 581 83 LINKÖPING Språk Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category Svenska/Swedish Licentiatavhandling X Engelska/English Examensarbete ISRN LIU-TEMAV/MPWLS-D--04/001-SE C-uppsats D-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer ISSN Title of series, numbering Övrig rapport ____ URL för elektronisk version http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/temav/2004/tvmpwls/001/ Titel Urbanization and Water Resources Vulnerability in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana Title Författare Suraj Mohammed Author Sammanfattning Abstract Most urban areas of developing countries were hitherto experiencing unprecedented growth in their population, the phenomenon commonly referred to as urbanization, which in this study can be said to be the proportion of urban population relative to the total population of a region. This phenomenon has opportunities vis -à-vis challenges, whose impact on natural resources in general and water resources in particular, cannot be over-emphasized. It is within the context of these urban challenges that this study attempts to look into and possibly assess the situation in the urban and peri-urban areas of Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) in Ghana, whose urbanization processes is prejudiced by this study to be increasing rapidly. The study specifically attempted to assess the changes in the urbanization patterns and the possible future urbanization trend of the area within a specific time frame. The study also attempts to look at the causes of this urbanization, and it s impact on water resources in the Area, both qualitatively and quantitatively, envisaged to be the results of socio- economic activities taking place in the Area. Finally, the study attempts to look into the measures put in place to curb these challenges. Amid paucity of data, however, the study reveals that the most single contributor of urbanization processes in the area has been migration from the countryside, and in particular from the northern part of the country. The study also reveals the fact that even though the general quality standard of some water resources is better, the largely uncontrolled socio- economic activities, coupled with the deplorable sanitary conditions in the KMA, has potential to degrade the water resources in the KMA. In addition, the study reveals that little attention is given, in terms of policy formulation to curb this urbanization processes and to protect water resources in the area. Nyckelord Keyword Urbanization, Water Resources, Socio-economic activities, Vulnerability, Kumasi Metropolitan Area ABSTRACT Most urban areas of developing countries were hitherto experiencing unprecedented growth in their population, the phenomenon commonly referred to as urbanization, which in this study can be said to be the proportion of urban population relative to the total population of a region. This phenomenon has opportunities vis-à-vis challenges, whose impact on natural resources in general and water resources in particular, cannot be over-emphasized. It is within the context of these urban challenges that this study attempts to look into and possibly assess the situation in the urban and peri-urban areas of Kumasi Metropolitan Area (KMA) in Ghana, whose urbanization processes is prejudiced by this study to be increasing rapidly. The study specifically attempted to assess the changes in the urbanization patterns and the possible future urbanization trend of the area within a specific time frame. The study also attempts to look at the causes of this urbanization, and its impact on water resources in the Area, both qualitatively and quantitatively, envisaged to be the results of socio- economic activities taking place in the Area. Finally, the study attempts to look into the measures put in place to curb these challenges. Amid paucity of data, however, the study reveals that the most single contributor of urbanization processes in the area has been migration from the countryside, and in particular from the northern part of the country. The study also reveals the fact that even though the general quality standard of some water resources is better, the largely uncontrolled socio-economic activities, coupled with the deplorable sanitary conditions in the KMA, has potential to degrade the water resources in the KMA. In addition, the study reveals that little attention is given, in terms of policy formulation to curb this urbanization processes and to protect water resources in the area. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I first of all give thanks and glory to God the Lord of the universe, and the sustainer and Cherisher of mankind for giving me life and strength to carry out this study. I wish to express my indebtedness to my supervisor Prof. Hans Holmen, for his patience, valuable suggestions and guidance during the course of this thesis. My greatest appreciation also goes to Mr. Ian Dickson, for his immeasurable assistance, by making it easy for me to have access to a lot of facilities at his own expense and thus made it easy for me to carry out with this study. My appreciation is also due to all the lecturers and staff at the Department of Water and Environmental Studies at Linköping University where this study was carried out, for their effort to impart us with rich and valuable teachings. My special thanks go to my family, my wife and my son, for their moral support, which enabled me to go through these entire studies whilst I was away from them. Last but not least, my thanks go to all my course mates, my friends and my loved ones who contributed towards the successful completion of this thesis. And finally, I am asking for Gods blessings and success for all my future endeavours. Suraj Mohammed. Linköping, Sweden August 2004. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...i Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..ii Table of contents………………………………………………………………………...iii List of figures…………………………………………………………………………….iv List of tables………………………………………………………………………………v Acronyms and abbreviations…………………………………………………………...vi CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction and background………………………………………………………….1 1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………………….……..2 1.3 Aim of the study……………………………………………………………………….3 1.4 Methodology and information sources………………………………………………..3 1.5 Organization of the thesis……………………………………………………………..4 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Defining terms and concepts…………………………………………………………..6 2.1.1 Urban………………………………………………………………………………...6 2.1.2 Concept of urbanization……………………………………………………………..6 2.1.3 Concept of peri-urban……………………………………………………………….8 2.1.3.1 Structure of peri-urban interface….……………………………………….………8 2.2 Urban and peri-urban agriculture……………………………………………….……..9 2.3 Urbanization trend in Africa…………………………………………………………10 2.4 Dynamics of urbanization in Africa………………………………………………….12 2.4.1 Natural population growth…………………………………………………….…...12 2.4.2 Migration…………………………………………………………………….……..13 2.5 Urbanization and development………………………………………………….…...14 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Environmental consequences of urbanization……………………………………….16 3.2 Urban water resources and sustainable development………………………………..17 3.3 Urbanization and land use……………………………………………………………18 3.4 Urbanization and water demand……………………………………………………..19 3.5 Urbanization and water quality………………………………………………….…...20 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 The study area: Kumasi metropolitan area…………………………………………..23 4.1.1 Area history…………………………………………………………………….…..23 4.1.2 Location and size…………………………………………………………………..23 4.1.3 Geological setting………………………………………………………………….25 4.1.4 Topography………………………………………………………………….……..25 iii 4.1.5 Soil resources………………………………………………………………………27 4.1.6 Geohydrology and drainage………………………………………………………..27 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Socio-economic profile in KMA………….…………………………………………29 5.1.1 Population and housing…………………………………………………………….29 5.1.2 Income and poverty levels………….………………………………………….…..32 5.1.3 Migration……………………………………………………………………….…..33 5.1.4 Employment status……………………….…………………………………….…..34 5.1.4.1 Forms of informal economic activities…………………………………………..35 5.1.4.1.1 urban agriculture……………………………………………………………….36 5.1.4.1.2 peri-urban agriculture ………………………………………………………….37 5.1.5 Spatial organization of informal economic activities………………………….…..38 5.1.6 Land tenure and ownership…………..…………………………………….………40 5.1.7 Land use………….…………………………………………………………….…..40 CHAPTER SIX 6.1 Sanitation and water resources in KMA……………………………………………..42 6.1.1 Consumption and waste generation………………………………………………..42 6.1.2 Sanitation……………………….………………………………………….………42 6.1.3 Water resources and utilization…………………………………………………….44 6.1.4 Water quality……………………………………………………………………….46 6.1.5 Health risk of polluted waters……………………………………………………...50 CHAPTER SEVEN 7.1 Sustainable development and KMA…………………………………………………53 7.1.1 Sanitation provision and water resources protection………………………………53 7.1.2 Urban planning……………………………………………………………………..55 CHAPTER EIGHT 8.1 Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………………57 8.2 References……………………………………………………………………………59 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………...70 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: map of West Africa showing Ghana along the coast of Gulf of Guinea…….24 Figure 4.2: map of Ghana showing
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