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The Pleistocene Epoch and the Evolution of Man [And Comments The Pleistocene Epoch he Pleistocene Epoch and the Evolution of Man! and the Evolution of Man by Cesare Emiliani by Cesare Emiliani THE CALABRIAN STAGE was defined by Gignoux INQUA Congress in Denver, Colorado' in 1965 unan­ imously decided that the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (1913) as the last stage of the Pliocene Epoch, charac­ INQUA Congress in Denver, Colorado in 1965 unan- THE CALABRIAN STAGE was defined by Gignoux (base of the Calabrian stage) be placed at the time terized in the Mediterranean by the presence of imously decided that the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (1913) as the last stage of the Pliocene Epoch, charac-when Hyalinea baltica (Schroeter) first appeared in Arctica (Cyprina) islandica and a dozen marine (base of the Calabrian stage) be placed at the time mollusks terized inpreviously the Mediterranean restricted toby northernthe presence waters of the continuous Late Cenozoic marine section at Le Arctica (Cyprina) islandica and a dozen marine when Hyalinea baltica (Schroeter) first appeared in (North Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic Sea). Arctica Castella, Calabria, Italy. This section has been mollusks previously restricted to northern waters the continuous Late Cenozoic marine section at Le to described by Emiliani (1961), and the regional islandica and the associated mollusks belong a rather Castella, Calabria, Italy.et al. This section has been shallow (North faciesAtlantic, (less Norththan 150 Sea, m., and according Baltic Sea). to Ruggieri Arctica stratigraphy is discussed by Roda (1964). According islandica and the associated mollusks belong to a rather described by Emiliani et al. (1961), and the regional 1965) and are supposed to have entered the Mediter­ to stratigraphy the decision isof discussed the INQUA by Roda Congress, (1964). theAccording Lower shallow facies (less than 150 m., according to RuggieriCalabrian of Ruggieri should be placed in the Late ranean following a general temperature decrease. In to the decision of the INQUA Congress, the Lower deeper-water 1965) and are facies, supposed the climatic to have deterioration entered the isMediter- evid­ Pliocene. ranean following a general temperature decrease. In Calabrian of Ruggieri should be placed in the Late enced by the sudden and widespread appearance in Pliocene.The age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary is un­ abundance deeper-water of facies,the northern the climatic benthonic deterioration foraminiferal is evid- known at present. The long-accepted equivalence of The age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary is un- species enced byfiyalinea the sudden (Anomalina) and widespread baltica appearance (Schroeter). in the marine Calabrian with the continental Villa­ known at present. The long-accepted equivalence of Although abundance this of foraminiferal the northern species benthonic and theforaminiferal molluscan franchian should be considered questionable until sub­ the marine Calabrian with the continental Villa- species species Arctica Hyalinea islandica (Anomalina) are generally baltica (Schroeter).not found stantiated by absolute dating of the marine Plio­ Although this foraminiferal species and the molluscan franchian should be considered questionable until sub- together because of their different habitats, Ruggieri Pleistocene boundary. An age of more than 3.3 million species Arctica islandica are generally not found stantiated by absolute dating of the marine Plio- (1961, 1965) established that Arctica islandica entered years for the beginning of the Villafranchian is together because of their different habitats, Ruggieri Pleistocene boundary. An age of more than 3.3 million the Mediterranean somewhat earlier than Hyalinea indicated by K40j Ar40 dating of French deposits (1961, 1965) established that Arctica islandica entered years for the beginning of the Villafranchian is baltica and distinguished a Lower Calabrian charac­ (Curtis 1965; Obradovich 1965). The Lower Villa­ the Mediterranean somewhat earlier than Hyalinea indicated by K40/Ar40 dating of French deposits terized by the occurrence of the former and the absence franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of baltica and distinguished a Lower Calabrian charac- (Curtis 1965; Obradovich 1965). The Lower Villa- of the latter. the franchian Lower Calabrianmay be the of equivalent,Ruggieri; and at leastthe laterin part, Villa­ of terizedThe 18thby the International occurrence of theGeological former andCongress the absence in franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of the the Lower Calabrian of Ruggieri; and the later Villa- London of the latter.in 1948 removed the Calabrian stage from the Calabrian stage. The 18th International Geological Congress in franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of the Pliocene and redefined it as the first stage of the Cooling of the earth's climate, indicated by the London in 1948 removed the Calabrian stage from theCalabrian stage. Pleistocene. Later, the General Assembly of the 7th appearance of Arctica islandica, Hyalinea baltica, and Pliocene and redefined it as the first stage of the Cooling of the earth's climate, indicated by the the other species of northern invertebrates in the Pleistocene. Later, the General Assembly of the 7th appearance of Arctica islandica, Hyalinea baltica, and continuous Late Cenozoic sections of Italy, is but the the other species of northern invertebrates in the culmination of the long trend of decreasing tem­ continuous Late Cenozoic sections of Italy, is but the CESARE EMILIANI is professor of marine geology at the Institute peratures during the Tertiary demonstrated by both culmination of the long trend of decreasing tem- of Marine Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. He palaeontological and -geochemical analysis (Emiliani CESARE EMILIANI is professor of marine geology at the Institute peratures during the Tertiary demonstrated by both received a Ph.D. in geology from the University of Bologna, 1954, 1961a, and references' therein). The over-all Italy, of Marine in 1945, Science, and a Ph.D.University i~ paleontology of Miami, from Miami, the Florida.University He palaeontological and geochemical analysis (Emiliani received a Ph.D. in geology from the University of Bologna, temperature decrease in the high latitudes was about of Chicago in ~950. He was research associate at the Enrico 1954, 1961a, and references therein). The over-all Fermi Italy, inInstimte 1945, andfor a NuclearPh.D. in paleontologySmdies, University from the of University Chicago, C. 12° temperature during decrease the past in the75,000,000 high latitudes years was(Emili about ani from of Chicago 1950 to in 1956, 1950. andHe wasthen research joined theassociate faculty at of the the Enrico Uni­ 1961a). The cause of this decrease appears to have been versity Fermi of Institute Miami. forHe Nuclearhas led Studies,several deep-seaUniversity expeditions of Chicago, in 12? C. during the past 75,000,000 years (Emiliani the from Atlantic 1950 andto 1956,Caribbean, and then and joinedhas published the faculty about of 50 the papers Uni- an 1961-a). increase The in cause earth of albedo this decrease related appearsto mountain-build­ to have been versity of Miami. He has led several deep-sea expeditions in ing and increasing continentality (Emiliani and Geiss in the fields of isotope geology, marine geology, and micro­ an increase in earth albedo related to mountain-build- paleontology. the Atlantic and Caribbean, and has published about 50 papers 1961b). 1959; ing and Emiliani increasing continentalityThe observed (Emiliani temperature and Geiss inThe the present fields ofpaper, isotope submitted geology, 29 marine IX 66, geology, was sent and for micro- CA{:r decrease was probably interrupted by numerous pauses paleontology. 1959; Emiliani 1961b). The observed temperature treatment to 52 scholars, of whom the following responded and even significant reversals. However, the rapid with The written present comments: paper, Emmanuelsubmitted Anati,29 Ix 66,C. L.was Brace, sent Karlfor CA*W. decrease was probably interrupted by numerous pauses Butzer, treatment H. B. to S. 52 Cooke, scholars, C. S.of Coon,whom Malcolm the following F. Farmer, responded John temperature changes which occurred during the Pleis­ and even significant reversals. However, the rapid E. with Frisch, written Alexander comments: Gallus, Emmanuel M. Gigout, Anati, R. DaleC. L. Givens,Brace, Karl Roger W. tocene were shown, by oxygen isotopic analysis of temperature changes which occurred during the Pleis- T. Butzer, Grange, H. Jr., B. JamesS. Cooke, J. Hester, C. S. Coon, Ralph Malcolm L. Holloway, F. Farmer, Jr., W. John W. deep-sea cores, to have been absent during the Oligo­ Howells, E. Frisch, Kenneth Alexander A. R. Gallus, Kennedy, M. Gigout, ]. Kukla, R. DaleG. Kurth, Givens, Gabriel Roger tocene were shown, by oxygen isotopic analysis of cene and Miocene (Emili ani 1956a). W. T. Grange,Lasker, JohnJr., JamesM. Longyear, J. Hester, III, Ralph M. A.L. Holloway,MacConaill, Jr., Charles W. W. deep-sea cores, to have been absent during the Oligo- A. Howells, Reed, Karl Kenneth H. Schwerin, A. R. Kennedy, Giinter J.Smolla, Kukla, and G. Kurth,L. Van GabrielValen. cene and Miocene (Emiliani 1956a). Their W. Lasker, comments John are M. printed Longyear, in full III, after M. A.the MacConaill, author's text, Charles and 1 Contribution No. 777 from the Instimte of Marine Science, Uni­ are A. followed Reed, Karl by aH. reply Schwerin, from the Giinter author. Smolla, and L. Van Valen. versity of Miami. Their comments are printed in full after
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