The Pleistocene Epoch he Pleistocene Epoch and the Evolution of Man! and the Evolution of Man
by Cesare Emiliani by Cesare Emiliani
THE CALABRIAN STAGE was defined by Gignoux INQUA Congress in Denver, Colorado' in 1965 unan imously decided that the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (1913) as the last stage of the Pliocene Epoch, charac INQUA Congress in Denver, Colorado in 1965 unan- THE CALABRIAN STAGE was defined by Gignoux (base of the Calabrian stage) be placed at the time terized in the Mediterranean by the presence of imously decided that the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (1913) as the last stage of the Pliocene Epoch, charac-when Hyalinea baltica (Schroeter) first appeared in Arctica (Cyprina) islandica and a dozen marine (base of the Calabrian stage) be placed at the time mollusks terized inpreviously the Mediterranean restricted toby northernthe presence waters of the continuous Late Cenozoic marine section at Le Arctica (Cyprina) islandica and a dozen marine when Hyalinea baltica (Schroeter) first appeared in (North Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic Sea). Arctica Castella, Calabria, Italy. This section has been mollusks previously restricted to northern waters the continuous Late Cenozoic marine section at Le to described by Emiliani (1961), and the regional islandica and the associated mollusks belong a rather Castella, Calabria, Italy.et al. This section has been shallow (North faciesAtlantic, (less Norththan 150 Sea, m., and according Baltic Sea). to Ruggieri Arctica stratigraphy is discussed by Roda (1964). According islandica and the associated mollusks belong to a rather described by Emiliani et al. (1961), and the regional 1965) and are supposed to have entered the Mediter to stratigraphy the decision isof discussed the INQUA by Roda Congress, (1964). theAccording Lower shallow facies (less than 150 m., according to RuggieriCalabrian of Ruggieri should be placed in the Late ranean following a general temperature decrease. In to the decision of the INQUA Congress, the Lower deeper-water 1965) and are facies, supposed the climatic to have deterioration entered the isMediter- evid Pliocene. ranean following a general temperature decrease. In Calabrian of Ruggieri should be placed in the Late enced by the sudden and widespread appearance in Pliocene.The age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary is un abundance deeper-water of facies,the northern the climatic benthonic deterioration foraminiferal is evid- known at present. The long-accepted equivalence of The age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary is un- species enced byfiyalinea the sudden (Anomalina) and widespread baltica appearance (Schroeter). in the marine Calabrian with the continental Villa known at present. The long-accepted equivalence of Although abundance this of foraminiferal the northern species benthonic and theforaminiferal molluscan franchian should be considered questionable until sub the marine Calabrian with the continental Villa- species species Arctica Hyalinea islandica (Anomalina) are generally baltica (Schroeter).not found stantiated by absolute dating of the marine Plio Although this foraminiferal species and the molluscan franchian should be considered questionable until sub- together because of their different habitats, Ruggieri Pleistocene boundary. An age of more than 3.3 million species Arctica islandica are generally not found stantiated by absolute dating of the marine Plio- (1961, 1965) established that Arctica islandica entered years for the beginning of the Villafranchian is together because of their different habitats, Ruggieri Pleistocene boundary. An age of more than 3.3 million the Mediterranean somewhat earlier than Hyalinea indicated by K40j Ar40 dating of French deposits (1961, 1965) established that Arctica islandica entered years for the beginning of the Villafranchian is baltica and distinguished a Lower Calabrian charac (Curtis 1965; Obradovich 1965). The Lower Villa the Mediterranean somewhat earlier than Hyalinea indicated by K40/Ar40 dating of French deposits terized by the occurrence of the former and the absence franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of baltica and distinguished a Lower Calabrian charac- (Curtis 1965; Obradovich 1965). The Lower Villa- of the latter. the franchian Lower Calabrianmay be the of equivalent,Ruggieri; and at leastthe laterin part, Villa of terizedThe 18thby the International occurrence of theGeological former andCongress the absence in franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of the the Lower Calabrian of Ruggieri; and the later Villa- London of the latter.in 1948 removed the Calabrian stage from the Calabrian stage. The 18th International Geological Congress in franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of the Pliocene and redefined it as the first stage of the Cooling of the earth's climate, indicated by the London in 1948 removed the Calabrian stage from theCalabrian stage. Pleistocene. Later, the General Assembly of the 7th appearance of Arctica islandica, Hyalinea baltica, and Pliocene and redefined it as the first stage of the Cooling of the earth's climate, indicated by the the other species of northern invertebrates in the Pleistocene. Later, the General Assembly of the 7th appearance of Arctica islandica, Hyalinea baltica, and continuous Late Cenozoic sections of Italy, is but the the other species of northern invertebrates in the culmination of the long trend of decreasing tem continuous Late Cenozoic sections of Italy, is but the CESARE EMILIANI is professor of marine geology at the Institute peratures during the Tertiary demonstrated by both culmination of the long trend of decreasing tem- of Marine Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. He palaeontological and -geochemical analysis (Emiliani CESARE EMILIANI is professor of marine geology at the Institute peratures during the Tertiary demonstrated by both received a Ph.D. in geology from the University of Bologna, 1954, 1961a, and references' therein). The over-all Italy, of Marine in 1945, Science, and a Ph.D.University i~ paleontology of Miami, from Miami, the Florida.University He palaeontological and geochemical analysis (Emiliani received a Ph.D. in geology from the University of Bologna, temperature decrease in the high latitudes was about of Chicago in ~950. He was research associate at the Enrico 1954, 1961a, and references therein). The over-all Fermi Italy, inInstimte 1945, andfor a NuclearPh.D. in paleontologySmdies, University from the of University Chicago, C. 12° temperature during decrease the past in the75,000,000 high latitudes years was(Emili about ani from of Chicago 1950 to in 1956, 1950. andHe wasthen research joined theassociate faculty at of the the Enrico Uni 1961a). The cause of this decrease appears to have been versity Fermi of Institute Miami. forHe Nuclearhas led Studies,several deep-seaUniversity expeditions of Chicago, in 12? C. during the past 75,000,000 years (Emiliani the from Atlantic 1950 andto 1956,Caribbean, and then and joinedhas published the faculty about of 50 the papers Uni- an 1961-a). increase The in cause earth of albedo this decrease related appearsto mountain-build to have been versity of Miami. He has led several deep-sea expeditions in ing and increasing continentality (Emiliani and Geiss in the fields of isotope geology, marine geology, and micro an increase in earth albedo related to mountain-build- paleontology. the Atlantic and Caribbean, and has published about 50 papers 1961b). 1959; ing and Emiliani increasing continentalityThe observed (Emiliani temperature and Geiss inThe the present fields ofpaper, isotope submitted geology, 29 marine IX 66, geology, was sent and for micro- CA{:r decrease was probably interrupted by numerous pauses paleontology. 1959; Emiliani 1961b). The observed temperature treatment to 52 scholars, of whom the following responded and even significant reversals. However, the rapid with The written present comments: paper, Emmanuelsubmitted Anati,29 Ix 66,C. L.was Brace, sent Karlfor CA*W. decrease was probably interrupted by numerous pauses Butzer, treatment H. B. to S. 52 Cooke, scholars, C. S.of Coon,whom Malcolm the following F. Farmer, responded John temperature changes which occurred during the Pleis and even significant reversals. However, the rapid E. with Frisch, written Alexander comments: Gallus, Emmanuel M. Gigout, Anati, R. DaleC. L. Givens,Brace, Karl Roger W. tocene were shown, by oxygen isotopic analysis of temperature changes which occurred during the Pleis- T. Butzer, Grange, H. Jr., B. JamesS. Cooke, J. Hester, C. S. Coon, Ralph Malcolm L. Holloway, F. Farmer, Jr., W. John W. deep-sea cores, to have been absent during the Oligo Howells, E. Frisch, Kenneth Alexander A. R. Gallus, Kennedy, M. Gigout, ]. Kukla, R. DaleG. Kurth, Givens, Gabriel Roger tocene were shown, by oxygen isotopic analysis of cene and Miocene (Emili ani 1956a). W. T. Grange,Lasker, JohnJr., JamesM. Longyear, J. Hester, III, Ralph M. A.L. Holloway,MacConaill, Jr., Charles W. W. deep-sea cores, to have been absent during the Oligo- A. Howells, Reed, Karl Kenneth H. Schwerin, A. R. Kennedy, Giinter J.Smolla, Kukla, and G. Kurth,L. Van GabrielValen. cene and Miocene (Emiliani 1956a). Their W. Lasker, comments John are M. printed Longyear, in full III, after M. A.the MacConaill, author's text, Charles and 1 Contribution No. 777 from the Instimte of Marine Science, Uni are A. followed Reed, Karl by aH. reply Schwerin, from the Giinter author. Smolla, and L. Van Valen. versity of Miami. Their comments are printed in full after the author's text, and I Contribution No. 777 from the Institute of Marine Science, Uni- Vol. are followed9. No.1. by a Februaryreply from 1968 the author. versity of Miami. 27 Vol. 9. No. 1 . February 1968 27
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Glaciation eventually began. It seems logical to during the past 425,000 years. With the single exc-ep speculate Glaciation that the eventually first land began.masses Itto seemsbecome logical glaciated to tion during of corethe paststage 425,000 3, the years. amplitude With theis approximately single exc-ep- tion of core stage 3, the amplitude is approximately were speculate those that occupying the first high land latitudesmasses to and become adjacent glaciated to the same for all cycles (1.6-1.8%0, equivalent to about were those occupying high latitudes and adjacent to the same for all cycles (1,6-1.8%o, equivalent to about oceanic sources of water vapor. This means, of course, 6_7 0 C. after the correction discussed in Emihani Antarctica oceanic sources and Greenland, of water vapor.which Thisprobably means, became of course, 1955b:543). 6-7? C. after The the temperature correction cycles discussed are believed in Emillani to be glaciated Antarctica several and Greenland,million years which ago probably(i.e., during became the the 1955b:543). equivalent The of temperature the carbonate cycles cycles are believednoticed toin bea Pliocene) glaciated and several have million remained years so agoever (i.e.,since during (Emiliani the suite the equivalentof deep-sea of cores the carbonatefrom the cycleseastern noticed equatorial in a Pliocene) and have remained so ever since (Emiliani 1957). Evidence for cool or cold episodes at lower Pacific suite of(Arrhenius deep-sea cores1952). from These the cycles eastern are equatorialespecially latitudes 1957). Evidenceduring the for Pliocene cool or hascold been episodes accumulating at lower evident Pacific in(Arrhenius some of the 1952). Pacific These cores cycles (nos. are 59, especially 60, and recently. latitudes Thus, during marked the Pliocene low-temperature has been episodesaccumulating were 61), evident but less in evidentsome of in the others Pacific (nos. cores 58 and (nos. 62). 59, The 60, and recently. Thus, marked low-temperature episodes were 61), but less evident in others (nos. 58 and 62). The observed by 018/016 analysis of pelagic foraminifera latter cores are stratigraphically longer and include observed by 018/106 analysis of pelagic foraminifera latter cores are stratigraphically longer and include below the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the type section sediments containing Pterocanium prismatium and below the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the type section sediments containing Pterocanium prismatium and at Le Castella, Calabria, southern Italy (Emiliani et Discoaster brouweri. The age of the bottom of the at Le Castella, Calabria, southern Italy (Emiliani et Discoaster brouweri. The age of the bottom of the al. 1961); by pollen analysis of layers below the Plio stratigraphically longest core, no. 58, is estimated at al. 1961); by pollen analysis of layers below the Plio- cene Amphistegina limestone at Castellarquato, north about stratigraphically 1,100,000 years, longest and core,the extinctionsno. 58, is estimatedof D. at cene Amphistegina limestone at Castellarquato, north- about 1,100,000 years, and the extinctions of D. ern Italy (Lona 1963); and by 018/016 analysis of a brouweri and P. prismatium are estimated to have ern Italy (Lona 1963); and by 018/106 analysis of a brouweri and P. prismatium are estimated to have specimen of Arctica islandica collected below the Am occurred about 900,000 and 840,000 years ago respec specimen of Arctica islandica collected below the Am- occurred about 900,000 and 840,000 years ago respec- phistegina limestone at Castellanselmo, Pisa, Tuscany tively (Emili ani 1967). A strong carbonate cycle phistegina limestone at Castellanselmo, Pisa, Tuscany tively (Emiliani 1967). A strong carbonate cycle (Emili ani and Ruggieri, unpublished). These tempera appears near'the bottom of core 58. The total number appears near the bottom of core 58. The total number ture (Emiliani changes, and as Ruggieri, well as theunpublished). ones occurring These during tempera- the of cycles occurring through core 58 (i.e., during the ture changes, as well as the ones occurring during the of cycles occurring through core 58 (i.e., during the Pleistocene, are clearly shown in the Mediterranean past 1,000,000 years) probably numbered 20. past 1,000,000 years) probably numbered 20. (and Pleistocene, probably are elsewhere clearly atshown similar in orthe higher Mediterranean latitudes) Arrhenius (1952) observed that the amplitude of Arrhenius (1952) observed that the amplitude of by (and variations probably of elsewhere planktonic at similarforaminiferal or higher assemblages latitudes) the carbonate oscillations in the upper half of core 58 the carbonate oscillations in the upper half of core 58 at by both variations the specific of planktonic and subspecific foraminiferal levels assemblages (Emiliani is greater than that of the oscillations in the lower half at both the specific and subspecific levels (Emiliani is greater than that of the oscillations in the lower half et al. 1961). The temperature oscillations of the (with the exception of the strong oscillation' near the et al. 1961). The temperature oscillations of the (with the exception of the strong oscillationw near the Late Cenozoic have such high frequencies (about bottom mentioned above) and suggested that the Late Cenozoic have such high frequencies (about bottom mentioned above) and suggested that the 6.7 X 10-13 cps) that stratigraphic work of great oscillations in the upper half correlate with the major detail 6.7 X must 10-13 be cps) carried that out stratigraphic in order to workobtain of a greatclear glaciations oscillations of in the the Pleistocene. upper half correlate with the major glaciations of the Pleistocene. picture detail mustof climatic be carried change. out Samplingin order tointervals obtain ofa clear less Safe correlations between the oxygen isotopic picture of climatic change. Sampling intervals of less than a foot are generaJly necessary. The "mixed" cold oscillations Safe correlations in the Atlantic between and theCaribbean oxygen cores isotopic and than a foot are generally necessary. The "mixed" cold oscillations in the Atlantic and Caribbean cores and and warm assemblages observed by Woodring et al. the carbonate oscillations in the Pacific cores, on one (1946) and warm probably assemblages resulted fromobserved inadequate by Woodring stratigraphic et al. side, the carbonateand the oscillations glacial-interglacial in the Pacific stages cores, of on theone sampling (1946) probably (d. Emiliani resulted et fromal. 1961:687). inadequate stratigraphic continents, side, and onthe the glacial-interglacial other, must necessarily stages rest of with the sampling (cf. Emiliani et al. 1961:687). No especially strong temperature decrease was absolute continents, dating. on the C-14 other, dating, must ofnecessarily both continental rest with noticed No especiallyacross the strong Plio-Pleistocene temperature boundary decrease at wasthe materials absolute and dating. deep-sea C-14 core dating carbonates of both has continental shown in materials and deep-sea core carbonates has shown in- type noticed locality across (Emili the aniPlio-Pleistocene et al. 1961). boundaryOxygen isotopic at the controvertibly that core stage 1 is the postglacial; stage type locality (Emiliani et al. 1961). Oxygen isotopic controvertibly that core stage 1 is the postglacial; stage analysis of the section above the boundary, 45 m. 2 the Main Wiirm or Main Wisconsin; and stage 3 the analysis of the section above the boundary, 45 m. 2 the Main Wiirm or Main Wisconsin; and stage 3 the thick, showed temperature oscillations of an amplitude Laufen of the Alps and the Port Talbot-Plum Point thick, showed temperature oscillations of an amplitude Laufen of the Alps and the Port Talbot-Plum Point which, although consid,erable, was smaller than that of of North America. In addition, stage 4 appears to which, although consid erable, was smaller than that of of North America. In addition, stage 4 appears to the temperature oscillations (of later Pleistocene age) correlate with the Early Wiirm of Europe and Early the temperature oscillations (of later Pleistocene age) correlate with the Early Wiirm of Europe and Early detected by oxygen isotopic analysis of pelagic Wisconsin of North America (Andersen et al. 1960; Foraminifera detected by from oxygen the eastern isotopic Mediterranean analysis of core pelagic 189 Goldthwait Wisconsin etof al.North 1965). America (Andersen et al. 1960; Foraminifera from the eastern Mediterranean core 189 (Emiliani 1955a). It is possible that these oscillations GoldthwaitEarlier glacial et al. deposits 1965). of the continents have not were (Emiliani caused 1955a). by the It growthis possible and that waning these of oscillations relatively yet Earlierbeen dated glacial with deposits sufficient of the accuracy continents to 'warrant have not a were caused by the growth and waning of relatively yet been dated with sufficient accuracy to warrant a small ice caps in Scandinavia, the Alps, Labrador, and correlation with the oceanic stages. For instance, small ice caps in Scandinavia, the Alps, Labrador, and possibly elsewhere. deposits correlation from with the theLaacher-See oceanic stages.region Forof Germany,instance, possibly elsewhere. While the section at Le Castella terminates about tentatively deposits from correlated the Laacher-See with phases region of of the Germany, Giinz, While the section at Le Castella terminates about 45 m. above the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, other Mindel, tentatively and Mindel/Riss correlated stages with ofphases the Alps, of the have Giinz, been sections 45 m. abovein Italy, the as Plio-Pleistocene in restricted areas boundary, of the Emilia other dated Mindel, as ranging and Mindel/Riss from 420,000 stages to 110,000 of the years Alps, ago have been sections in Italy, as in restricted areas of the Emilia- dated as ranging from 420,000 to 110,000 years ago Marche region, extend much farther upwards with (Frechen and Lippolt 1965). The limits of error of the apparently Marche region, continuous extend sedimentation. much farther However,upwards withthe individual (Frechen andmeasurements, Lippolt 1965). however, The limits are asof large error as, of or the apparently continuous sedimentation. However, the somewhat abnormal and probably variable oxygen larger individual than, measurements,the wave length however,of the climatic are as oscillations large as, or somewhat abnormal and probably variable oxygen larger than, the wave length of the climatic oscillations isotopic composition in the upper Adriatic Sea would (Frechen and Lippolt 1965, Tables 3-5), making it im isotopic composition in the upper Adriatic Sea would make results obtained by oxygen isotopic measure possible (Frechen to and correlate Lippolt 1965,unequivocally Tables 3-5), the making deposits it im-in make results obtained by oxygen isotopic measure- possible to correlate unequivocally the deposits in ments uncertain. Similar effects are to be expected in question with the established oceanic stratigraphy. ments uncertain. Similar effects are to be expected in the Plio-Pleistocene sections of the Netherlands. Thus, On question the other with hand, the establishedthe marine-epicontinental oceanic stratigraphy. inter the Plio-Pleistocene sections of the Netherlands. Thus, in order to obtain a complete record of the Pleisto glacial On the deposits other hand,of Alaska, the marine-epicontinental belonging to the Worozon inter- in order to obtain a complete record of the Pleisto- cene, it seems necessary to bore down from the floor fian, glacial Pelukian, deposits Kotzebuan of Alaska, andbelonging Middletonian to the Worozon-stages, cene, it seems necessary to bore down from the floor of the open ocean to a layer equivalent to the Plio dated fian, byPelukian, the Th Kotzebuan230/U238 method and Middletonian (Blanchard stages,1963; of the open ocean to a layer equivalent to the Plio- Pleistocene boundary at Le Castella. This layer may Hopkins dated by et the al. Th230/U2381965; Karlstrom method 1965), (Blanchard afford a 1963;close or Pleistocene may not have boundary been reached at Le Castella. yet, depending This layer upon may the Hopkins et al. 1965; Karlstrom 1965), afford a close or may not have been reached yet, depending upon the correlation with the oceanic stages 3, 5, 7, and 9, actual absolute age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary. correlation with the oceanic stages 3, 5, 7, and 9, actual absolute age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary. respectively respectively (see (see Figure Figure 1).1). Oxygen isotopic analysis of deep-sea cores from The evidence obtained from the deep-sea cores Oxygen isotopic analysis of deep-sea cores from The evidence obtained from the deep-sea cores the Caribbean and the equatorial Atlantic (Emiliani together wiuh theoretical considerations (Emiliani and the Caribbean and the equatorial Atlantic (Emiliani together witih theoretical considerations (Emiliani and 1955b, 1964a, 1966a; Rosholt et al. 1961, 1962) reveal Geiss 1959) strongly suggests that the glacial 1 955b, 1 964a, 1 966a; Rosholt et al. 1961, 1962) reveal- Geiss 1959) strongly suggests that the glacial- ed the occurrence of eight major temperature cycles interglacial cycles observed in the recent past are likely ed the occurrence of eight major temperature cycles interglacial cycles observed in the recent past are likely
28 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 28 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms to to continue continue inin thethe futurefuture forfor anan indeterminateindeterminate lengthlength of of UJ z time. Thus, the name "postglacial," commonly used (!)'" Z time. Thus, the name "postglacial," commonly used
Vol. Vol. 9. No.1. February 9 1968. No. 1. February 1968 2929
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms and and suggest suggest that that the the European European winterswinters mustmust havehave been The 'The extinction extinction of of thethe highlyhighly successfulsuccessful NeanderNeander- very very dreadfuldreadful indeed.indeed. It appears,appears, therefore,therefore, that,that, thals thals about about 30-40,00030-40,000 yearsyears ago remainsremains aa mystery.mystery. during during the the past past 1,000,000 1,000,000 years,years, EuropeEurope and westernwestern Some Some authorsauthors (e.g., (e.g., BraceBrace 1964b)1964b) maintain thatthat thethe Asia Asia functionedfunctioned as as a typicaltypical evolutionaryevolutionary mill,mill, classic classic Neanderthals Neanderthals evolvedevolved directlydirectly intointo H.H. sapiens manufacturing manufacturing the the "praesapiens," "praesapiens," sapiens,sapiens, and sapiens, sapiens, but but thisthis seems seems toto bebe inin conflictconflict withwith modern neanderthalensis neanderthalensis subspecies subspecies fromfrom original, scatteredscattered views views on on speciationspeciation and and evolution.evolution. IfIf we assume that populations populations ofof HomoHomo erectus. Indeed,Indeed, only through aa the the Neanderthals Neanderthals werewere asas intelligentintelligent asas modern man capable capable brainbrain andand consummateconsummate skillsskills couldcould manman or or more more so, so, then then we we mustmust concludeconclude that their demise survive survive the the harsh harsh winterswinters of of thethe glacialglacial ages, forfor resulted resulted from from factors factors other other than than those those connectedconnected with surviving surviving a asingle single glacial glacial nightnight mustmust have have beenbeen aa very the the brain. brain. The The NeanderthalsNeanderthals appear appear toto have beenbeen difficult difficult task. task. While While thethe fossilfossil findsfinds ofof AustralopiAustralopi- particularly particularly subject subject toto deforming arthritisarthritis andand per-per thecus thecus and and Homo Homo erectuserectus pointpoint toto AfricaAfrica asas thethe cradlecradle haps, haps, becausebecause ofof their,their larger larger sinussinus cavities, cavities, alsoalso to of of thethe earlyearly Homininae,Homininae, thethe findsfinds ofof suchsuch "prae"prae- colds, colds, flu, flu, and and otherother diseasesdiseases associatedassociated with cold sapiens" sapiens" oror earlyearly sapienssapiens types asas Steinheim, SwansSwans- weather. weather. If If so,so, modern man replacedreplaced themthem moremore combe, combe, Ehringsdorf, Ehringsdorf, and and FontckhevadeFontechevade pointpoint to because because of of a aphysiological physiological advantageadvantage than by warfare Europe Europe asas thethe cradlecradle of modern man. or or other other means.means.
Comments climatic climatic conditions,conditions, fromfrom tropicaltropical to tendency tendency to to catch catch coldscolds oror flu, in-in Comments sub-arctic. sub-arctic. teresting teresting as itas mayit may be, be,is in is the in presentthe present The The presently presently available available datadata on the state state of of knowledgeknowledge nono moremore thanthan by by EMMANUEL EMMANUEL ANA ANATI*TI* hypothetical hypothetical "cannibalism" "cannibalism" ofof PleistoPleisto- science science fiction. fiction. These These andand other mis-mis cene cene men men areare totallytotally inadequate to conceptions conceptions and and misuses misuses of ofterms terms make make Jerusalem, Israel. 21 II 67 Jerusalem, Israel. 21 II 67 justify justify the the statement statement that that "cannibalism "cannibalism of of the the author's author's quest quest forfor moremore semanticsemantic After After reading reading the the appealingappealing titletitle of may may havehave playedplayed a veryvery importantimportant rigor rigor a arhetorical rhetorical commonplace. commonplace. this this paper, paper, I I waswas disappointeddisappointed to findfind role role during during this this and and thethe laterlater stagesstages of Wherever Wherever it itis is accompaniedaccompanied byby aa that that the the text text deals deals primarilyprimarily withwith geogeo- human human evolutiun." evolution." II trusttrust that some logical logical andand scientificscientific understandingunderstanding of logical logical dating,dating, andand thereforetherefore the title other other colleague colleague willwill qualify thisthis asser-asser the the available available data, dherethere is nothingnothing is is not not fullyfully appropriate. appropriate. I I shallshall con-con tion tion in in detail.detail. II willwill commentcomment onlyonly against against a a dry,dry,· detached,detached, narrowlynarrowly fine fine my my comments comments to to some some ofof thethe viewsviews that that even even shouldshould thethe scantyscanty evidence technical technical approach approach to to thethe study of expressed expressed concerning concerning the the "evolution "evolution of on on cannibalism cannibalism turnturn out out toto havehave been early early man. man. On On thethe other hand, our Man." Man." interpreted interpreted correctly, correctly, we we have have enoughenough science science would would notnot suffersuffer from from a a broadbroad- If If II interpret thethe author correctly,correctly, "uncooked "uncooked andand unchewed"unchewed" skeletalskeletal minded minded humanistic humanistic approach. approach. LetLet us by by "evolution" "evolution" hehe meansmeans "changes"changes in material material todaytoday toto affirm that anthro-anthro not not forget forget that that thethe historyhistory ofof humanhuman average average cranial cranial capacity."capacity." This is cer-cer pophagy pophagy has has nevernever been,been, inin anyany age evolution evolution is our own history.history. tainly tainly not not the the only only aspectaspect ofof the phyphy- or or inin anyany prehistoric culture,culture, aa comcom- sical sical evolutionevolution of man. Furthermore,Furthermore, mon mon practice. practice. other aspects of human evolution and The statement that " ... the finds of by C. L. BRACE* other aspects of human evolution and The statement that ". . . the finds of By C. L. BRACE* development, development, such such as as culturalcultural andand soso- such "praesapiens" or early sapiens such "praesapiens" or early sapiens Santa Barbara, Calif., U.S.A. 17 III 67 cial cial change,change, areare notnot consideredconsidered in the types types ... .., pointpoint toto EuropeEurope asas the cradlecradle Santa Barbara, Calzf., U.S.A. 17 iii 67 present present paper.paper. of of the the modern modern man" man" isis veryvery daringdaring inin- Emiliani's Emiliani's paper paper consistsconsists ofof twotwo dis-dis While "While I I acceptaccept thethe author's claim deed. deed. TheThe statementstatement willwill probablyprobably be tinct tinct parts, parts, and and these these appear appear to beto onlybe only that that some some ofof thethe currentcurrent terms·terms forfor pepe- received received withwith reservationsreservations bvby colleacollea- slightly slightly related related to toeach each other. other. The The first first riods riods areare creatingcreating misunderstandingsmisunderstandings gues gues who who areare specialists in thisthis field.field. part part dealsdeals with the techniquestechniques of among among scholars,scholars, itit isis my belief thatthat The The discoveriesdiscoveries ofof skeletalskeletal materialmaterial in Pleistocene Pleistocene dating dating and and climateclimate evaluevalu- rather rather than than drasticallydrastically changing the Palestine Palestine and and elsewhereelsewhere in in AsiaAsia and ation ation as as wellwell as with thethe conclusionsconclusions terminology-an terminology-an unrealistic proposi-proposi Africa Africa do· do-not not seemseem toto agreeagree with this that that can can be be drawn drawn atat present.present. MuchMuch of tion-anthropologists tion-anthropologists shouldshould reachreach an view, view, and and itit isis probable probable that future disdis- the the work work has has been been donedone byby Emiliani agreement agreement on on thethe definitions of termsterms coveries coveries on on thethe AsianAsian continent will himself, himself, as ashis his recently recenltly published published sur sur- (a (a tasktask thatthat might bebe undertaken by prove prove it it to to be be completelycompletely wrong. vey vey indicates indicates (Emiliani (Emiliani 1966b),1966b), and CA). CA). The The statement statement that thait "the "the cranial cranial ca ca- represents represents a asolid solid and and well-documented well-documented Like Like history, history, prehistory prehistory is iscurrently currently pacity pacity of of H. H. erectus isis such that he contribution contribution of of great great value.value. looked looked atat fromfrom thethe particularparticular angleangle of should should havehave had littlelittle difficultydifficulty in The The second second partpart ofof thethe paperpaper in-in the the period period in in whichwhich wewe are living.living. making making forfor hims'elfhimself aa comfortablecomfortable volves volves speculations speculations on onthe thecourse course of ho of ho- Furthermore, both ecologically and living under ordinary conditions" fol Furthermore, both ecologically and living under ordinary conditions" fol- minid minid evolution, evolution, and, whileand, whilethese arethese are culturally, culturally, the the end end of of thethe lastlast glaciaglacia- lows lows aa ratherrather simplistic andand evolu-evolu of of great great interest interest ,to scientists to scientists in general in general cion cion marked marked aa turningturning pointpoint inin humanhuman tionistic-minded tionistic-minded line line ofof thoughtthought whichwhich and and anthropologists anthropologists inin particular,particular, they evolution. evolution. Therefore,Therefore, inin my opinion, I I havehave somesome difficulty inin following.following. remain remain simply simply speculations.speculations. EmilianiEmiliani the the term term "postglacial" "postglacial" forfor whatwhat camecame The The last last paragraph paragraph illustratesillustrates severalseveral offers offers virtually virtually no no documentationdocumentation in thereafter thereafter is fullyis fully justified. justified. misconceptions: misconceptions: "If"If wewe assume that the support support of of these these speculations. speculations. Some Some of of Nobody Nobody willwill disagree withwith EmilianiEmiliani Neanderthals Neanderthals were were asas intelligentintelligent as his his statements statements would would be be arguablearguable eveneven when when hehe statesstates thatthat "." .... -climatic climatic modern modern man man or or more more so so...... " " ItIt isis if if s4Pporting supporting evidence evidence were were cited;cited; in history history...... has a directdirect bearing on thethe high high time time to to discard discard thethe legendlegend thatthat inin- the the absence absence ofof referencesreferences theythey shouldshould problem problem of of humanhuman evolution";evolution"; butbut telligence telligence depends depends on on cranialcranial capacity.capacity. be be regarded regarded ,more more as asthe the guesses guesses of anof an climatic climatic change change shouldshould bebe considered It It would would bebe likelike statingstating thatthat thethe powerpower interested Interested amateur. amateur. as as oneone ofof manymany causes,causes, andand probably of of an an engineengine depends depends onon itsits size.size. TheThe The The suggestedsuggested temporaltemporal sequencesequence of n9t not even even the the main main one, one, as as manman appearsappears theory theory that that Neanderthals Neanderthals maymay have robustus-a/ricanus-erectus robustus-africanus-erectus is isconfound confound- to have evolved in widely different disappeared as consequence of their to have evolved in widely different disappeared as consequence of their ed zd by by the the facts: facts: where where remains remains have have
30 30 CURRENT ANTHROPCURRENT LOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms been dated, it appears that the sequ Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH ence been is africanus-robustus-erectus dated, it appears that (as the sequ- Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH suming ence thatis africanus-robustus-erectusthe specific designations ecological (as- barriers that serve as isolat stocene epoch with great professional stocene epoch with great professional are suming valid) (Robinsonthat the 1965a; specific Camp designationsing ecological mechanisms barriers must that be veryserve different as isolat- competence. It is to be regretted that bell are 1965). valid) The (Robinson logic suggested 1965a; forCamp- in from ing mechanismsthose which must dictate be very the different ha he competence. has not done It is tothe be sameregretted for thatthe terpreting bell 1965). the Themorphological logic suggested succession for in-bitation from thoseareas ofwhich those dictate invertebrates. the ha- evolution he has ofnot man. done the same for the should terpreting be much the more morphological extensively successiondo Certainly bitation theareas claim of thosethat "newlyinvertebrates. creat evolution of man. cumented should bein viewmuch of more the disagreement extensively do-ed Certainly ecological the barriers" claim that served "newly to creat- cut cumented in view of the disagreement ed ecological barriers" served to cut which currently exists (Robinson off human populations from others which currently exists (Robinson by KARL W. BUTZER*" 1963b, 1965a; Brace 1963a:90-91; deserves off human some populationsdocumentation. from The others dis by KARL W. BUTZER* 1963b, 1965a; Brace 1963a:90-91; deserves some documentation. The dis- 1963b:547; 1967). The argument that tribution of Lower Palaeolithic arti Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. 15 III 67 1963b:547; 1967). The argument that tribution of Lower Palaeolithic arti- Chicago, III., U.S.A. 15 in 67 african us evolved from robustus, ac facts suggests that continuous cultural Emiliani's paper presents an interesting tually africanus based evolvedon Robinson's from dietaryrobustus, hy ac-exchange facts suggests and not that isolation continuous characteriz cultural Emiliani's paper presents an interesting tually based on Robinson's dietary hy- exchange and not isolation characteriz- outline of Pleistocene chronology and pothesis (Robinson 1961, 1962, 1963a), ed human existence, and where there related outline problems, of Pleistocene a presentation chronology that and has pothesis been questioned (Robinson on1961, the 1962, basis 1963a),of ,was ed culturalhuman existence,exchange, thereand where must havethere related problems, a presentation that has been questioned on the basis of should stimulate considerable discus both fact and theory (Brace 1963a :90- been was geneticcultural exchangeexchange, thereas well. must It have is should stimulate considerable discus- both fact and theory (Brace 1963a:90- been genetic exchange as well. It is sion. My only general criticism is that, 91; 1967; Brace and Montagu 1965: possible to suggest that the wide-rang sion. My only general criticism is that, 91; 1967; Brace and Montagu 1965: possible to suggest that the wide-rang- in view of the many controversial 225-28). ing foraging activities of hominid in view of the many controversial 225-28). ing foraging activities of hominid topics touched upon, the paper is ex These are details, however, and, al groups from the Australopithecines on topics touched upon, the paper is ex- groups from the Australopithecines on cessively brief and incompletely docu though These they are are details, not unimportant, however, theand, al-would have prevented any kind of cessively brief and incompletely docu- though they are not unimportant, the would have prevented any kind of mented. This commentary will be con issues relating to Emiliani's reference isolation of a major or protracted sort. fined mented. to certain This commentary aspects of the will Pleisto be con- (repeated) issues relating to "modern to Emiliani's views on reference spe H isolationman has of specialized a major or inprotracted anything, sort. it fined to certain aspects of the Pleisto- (repeated) to "modern views on spe- If man has specialized in anything, it cene stratigraphy discussed by Emi ciation and evolution" are of much has been in adaptability. Even during liani. cene stratigraphy discussed by Emi- ciation and evolution" are of much has been in adaptability. Even during liani. greater significance. A definition of the Lower Palaeolithic, only major Although Emiliani would accept the "modern greater views"significance. should Ahave definition been in of oceans the Lowerand cold Palaeolithic, temperatures only limited major Although Emiliani would accept the oceans and cold temperatures limited first appearance of H yalinea (Anoma cluded, "modern and views" an extended should have discussion been in- human distribution, and since the arch first appearance of Hyalinea (Anoma- human distribution, and since the arch-lina) baltica in the Calabrian marine should cluded, have and anfollowed. extended Presumably discussion aeological record provides us with a lina) baltica in the Calabrian marine should have followed. Presumably aeological record provides us with a sequence at Le Castella as the Plio Emiliani refers to the position of Val picture of continuous human occup Pleistocene sequence boundary,at Le Castella this motionas the Plio-was lois Emiliani (1959:155) refers and to theperhaps position that ofof Val- ation picture of those of continuous parts of the human Old Worldoccup- Pleistocene boundary, this motion was ation of those parts of the Old World never placed before the General As Mayr lois (1959:155)(1963a, b), and but perhaps it should that beof south of the cold-temperate and arctic never placed before the General As- Mayr (1963a, b), but it should be south of the cold-temperate and arctic sembly of the 7th INQUA Congress noted that opposition has been offered areas, it is difficult to imagine how (nor, sembly for that of thematter, 7th doesINQUA it representCongress which noted is thatno less opposition modern (Brown has been and offeredisolation areas, itcould is difficult have taken to imagine place. howTo (nor, for that matter, does it represent which is no less modern (Brown and isolation could have taken place. To a recommendation of the Plio-Pleis Wilson 1954; Brown 1958; Whyte be sure, the northern boundary of tocene a recommendation Boundary Commissionof the Plio-Pleis- of 1965; Wilson Brace 1954; 1966). Brown 1958; Whyte human be sure, occupation the northern shifted boundary with the of tocene Boundary Commission of 1965; Brace 1966). human occupation shifted with the INQUA [G. M. Richmond, personal To be more specific, why must we climatic fluctuations which EmiIi;tni communication]). INQUA [G. M. Richmond,Before such personala speci To be more specific, why must wedocuments, climatic fluctuationsbut this cannot which have Emiliani af communication]). Before such a speci- believe that no fossil population as a documents, but this cannot have af- fic redefinition could, in fact, be at~ whole believe can that have no given fossil rise population to the next as a fected human continuity to the south. fic redefinition could, in fact, be at- fected human continuity to the south. tempted (and before continental or one whole directly? can have Why given must rise we to assumethe next Even during the last glaciation, the tempted (and before continental or one directly? Why must we assume Even during the last glaciation, the littoral lithostratigraphic, mammalian, that evolution only occurred when a assumption that the Neanderthals of and littoral palynological lithostratigraphic, sequences mammalian, are re small that evolutionpopulation only became occurred isolated? when a western assumption Europe that were the isolated Neanderthals (Howell of and palynological sequences are re- small population became isolated? western Europe were isolated (Howell legated to second place in qJ.atters of Why, indeed, must we assume that 1951, 1952, 1957; most recently de Pleistocene legated tostratigraphy), second place an ininternally rwatters of fossil Why, hominid indeed, populations must we were assume poly thatfended 1951, by1952, Howells 1957; 1967most :243) recently is hard de- Pleistocene stratigraphy), an internally fossil hominid populations were poly- fended by Howells 1967:243) is hard consistent radiometric framework typic? Presumably the idea that fossil to maintain. Why, for instance, if employing consistent differentradiometric isotopes framework- (cf. hominids typic? belongedPresumably to polytypic the idea species that fossilisolation to maintain. and speciation Why, for did instance, not take if employing different isotopes (cf. hominids belonged to polytypic species isolation and speciation did not take Broecker 1965) and substantiated by is derived from the assumption that place in either the mammoth' or the paleomagnetic Brorcker 1965) correlations and substantiated (cf. Cox etby modern is derived humans from do the(cf. assumptionDobzhansky thatmouse place (orin eitherany other the mammal)mammoth should or the paleomagnetic correlations (cf. Cox et modern humans do (cf. Dobzhansky mouse (or any other mammal) should al. 1965 )-must be obtained for a 1955:182,333; 1963:353-54); but even it have done so in man? Human cul greater al. 1965)-must number of potentiallybe obtained suitable for a this 1955:182, has been 333; questioned 1963:353-54); (Brown but 1958; even tural it have adaptation done so should in man? have Human been cul-ef greater number of potentially suitable this has been questioned (Brown 1958; tural adaptation should have been ef- type localities. Only then can it be Livingstone 1962; Brace 1964a, c), and fective enough to prevent isolation, type localities. Only then can it be Livingstone 1962; Brace 1964a, c), and fective enough to prevent isolation, decided whether continental or marine there is certainly no justification for and it is significant that Mousterian sequences decided whethershould continentalbest be given or marinepre projecting there is certainlyquestionable no justificationassumptions for tools and showit is significantgreater similarities that Mousterian in form sequences should best be given pre- projecting questionable assumptions tools show greater similarities in formference, or whether a boundary defini into the unknown past. The small, and evident function in an area run tion ference, based oron whetherclimatic changea boundary be in defini- isolated into the population unknown model past. is Thenecessary small, ning and from evident western function Europe in throughan area run-the tion based on climatic change be in- isolated population model is necessary ning from western Europe through the deed more practical than one based on only if genetic drift is considered to be Middle East and from southern Russia deed more practical than one based on only if genetic drift is considered to be Middle East and from southern Russia organic evolution or conventional bio the main force producing evolutionary all the way around the Mediterranean stratigraphic organic evolution zones. orThe conventional first appear bio- change the main (Wright force 1931 producing :150; 1943, evolutionary 1946, shores all the (north way andaround south) the thanMediterranean the tools stratigraphic zones. The first appear- change (Wright 1931:150; 1943, 1946, shores (north and south) than the tools ance of erect bipedal hominids is by 1948 ; Cavalli-Sforza, Barrai, andE
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms digitated with the remarkably com glacial glacial complex complex ofof atat leastleast two regres-regres render render specific specific marine-continental marine-continental corcor- plete digitated Pleistocene with the continental remarkably strati com- sional phases precedes the Tyrrhenian I relations difficult for decades to come. plete Pleistocene continental strati- sional phases precedes the Tyrrhenian I relations difficult for decades to come. graphy of the Netherlands. Frechen transgression (with several dates of One One mightmight speculatespeculate thatthat Emiliani's and graphy Lippolt of the(1965; Netherlands. also Frechen Frechen and transgression (with several dates of "greater "greater than" than" 200,000 200,000 oror 300,000 four four cold cold maxima maxima between between ca. ca. 330,000330,000 Boom and Lippolt1959), as(1965; I read also them, Frechen provide and years). A second glacial complex of and 170,000 (extrapolated) Pa/Th Boom 1959), as I read them, provide years). A second glacial complex of and 170,000 (extrapolated) Pa/Th a suite of consistent and apparently four four regressional regressional phases phases ("Penultimate ("Penultimate years years ago ago represent represent the the Elster Elster complex, complex, sound a suite KI of Ar consistent dates for and these apparently Rhine Regression") precedes the Tyrrhenian or one might propose any of a dozen sound K/Ar dates for these Rhine Regression") precedes the Tyrrhenian or one might propose any of a dozen terraces: (a) upper terminus of the II, a complex regression generally other possible correlations. The status terraces: (a) upper terminus of the II, a complex regression generally other possible correlations. The status altere Hauptterrasse ("older Main characterized characterized by by SStrombus trombus bubonius and and nomenclaturenomenclature proposed proposed forfor the Terrace") ciltere Hauptterrasseca. 420,000-390,000 ("older Mainyears earlier Pleistocene cold intervals and and other other Senegalese Senegalese mollusksmollusks inin the earlier Pleistocene cold intervals (5 Terrace") dates); (b) ca. upper 420,000-390,000 beds of the jungere years western Mediterranean Basin. Al would, accordingly, be liable to almost (5 dates); (b) upper beds of the jiingere western Mediterranean Basin. Al- would, accordingly, be liable to almost Hauptterrasse ("younger Main Ter though the Th/U dates for the Tyrr arbitrary interpretation. In view of Hauptterrasse ("younger Main Ter- though the Th/U dates for the Tyrr- arbitrary interpretation. In view of II race" ca. 350,000-340,000 years (4 henian henian II areare not all consistent,consistent, they the the inadequacy inadequacy of of thethe bestbest availableavailable dates); race" ca. basal350,000-340,000 beds of years (4 suggest one time unit of radiometric sequences to bridge the (c) altere Mittel suggest one time unit ofca. ca. 165,000-165,000- radiometric sequences to bridge the terrasse dates); (c)("older basal Middlebeds of Terrace")altere Mittel- ca. 120,000 yeats ago, with a number of stratigraphic chaos of the Middle terrasse ("older Middle Terrace") ca. 120,000 years ago, with a number of stratigraphic chaos of the Middle 300,000 years (1 date); (d) basal beds earlier, and possibly significant, dates Pleistocene, I feel quite strongly' that 300,000 years (1 date); (d) basal beds earlier, and possibly significant, dates Pleistocene, I feel quite strongly that of mittlere Mittelterrasse ("middle falling between 230,000 and 190,000 correlations of deep-sea paleotempera of mittlere Mittelterrasse ("middle falling between 230,000 and 190,000 correlations of deep-sea paleotempera- Middle Terrace") ca. 220,000 years (1 years. It is curious that: eolianites did ture curves with continental or littoral Middle Terrace") ca. 220,000 years (1 years. It is curious that- eolianites did ture curves with continental or littoral date); and (e) early downcutting phase not not develop, develop, except except on on a a veryvery localiz localiz- stratigraphies stratigraphies are are prematurepremature forfor the date); and (e) early downcutting phase early-to-middle-Pleistocene time range. following deposition of 'the mittlere ed ed scale, scale, duringduring thethe seemingly minor early-to-middle-Pleistocene time range. Mittelterrasse, following deposition ca. of140,000-150,000 -the mittlere regression between the Tyrrhenian II Two final, brief comments to the Mittelterrasse, ca. 140,000-150,000 regression between the Tyrrhenian II Two final, brief comments to the years (2 dates). This entire sequence and III. The latter stage, with equi late Pleistocene chronology: It is dis years (2 dates). This entire sequence and III. The latter stage, with equi- late Pleistocene chronology: It is dis- predates the jungere Mittelterrasse valent beaches in the Caribbean and turbing that Emiliani's cold peak of ca. predates the jiingere Mittelterrasse valent beaches in the Caribbean and turbing that Emiliani's cold peak of ca. ("younger Middle Terrace"), which di Pacific areas, would date ea. 90,000- 60,000 Pa/Th years ago broadly coin ("younger Middle Terrace"), which di- Pacific areas, would date ca. 90,000- 60,000 Pa/Th years ago broadly coin- rectly underlies the moraines of the 70,000 Th/U years. cides with the complex of interstadial rectly underlies the moraines of the 70,000 Th/U years. cides with the complex of interstadial- Drenthe stadial of the Saale glaciation Comparing the Rhine Valley -and type zones known as Broerup, Amers Drenthe stadial of the Saale glaciation Comparing the Rhine Valley -and type zones known as Broerup, Amers- (De Jong 1956; Paas 1961; Kempf Balearic Island sequences, it appears foort, Rodebaek, as defined by 0 4• (De Jong 1956; Paas 4961; Kempf Balearic Island sequences, it appears foort, Rodebaek, as defined by C14. 1966). Since German and Netherlands that the Tyrrhenian I is not, as once Are there in fact systematic inconsi 1966). Since German and Netherlands that the Tyrrhenian I is not, as once Are there in fact systematic inconsi- workers now generally ascribe the widely assumed, equivalent to the stencies between our radiometric yard workers now generally ascribe the widely assumed, equivalent to the stencies between our radiometric yard- "older" and "middle" Middle Terraces Holstein Interglacial. Instead, dn sticks? The poor fit of the one 0 4- "older" and "middle" Middle Terraces Holstein Interglacial. Instead, dn sticks? The poor fit of the one C14- to stadia of the Elster Glacial, the present evidence, it would seem to be crossdated Pa/Th date in the A 254- to stadia of the Elster Glacial, the present evidence, it would seem to be crossdated Pa/Th date in the A 254- Holstein Interglacial, as defined in contemporary with the Cromer ian, BR-C core (Rosholt et al. 1962) seems Holstein Interglacial, as defined in contemporary with the Cromerian, BR-C core (Rosholt et al. 1962) seems northern Germany and the Nether to suggest this, as does the above northern Germany and the Nether- thus setting the "Penultimate Regres to suggest this, as does the above- lands, appears to have begun a little thus setting the "Penultimate Regres- mentioned time lag between Th/U and lands, appears to have begun a little sion" sion" of of Mallorca Mallorca parallelparallel toto thethe ElsterElster mentioned time lag between Th/U and before 150,000 KI Ar years ago. How Glacial and the Tyrrhenian II to the Pal Pa/Th Th in in thethe late late MiddleMiddle Pelistocene. -ever, before Zagwijn 150,000 (1963) K/Ar gives years substantial ago. How- Glacial and the Tyrrhenian II to the Although there is still no suitable ever, Zagwijn (1963) gives substantial Holstein Holstein Interglacial.Interglacial. TheThe potentialpotential Although there is still no suitable reasons why the upper units of the implications of such a stratigraphic re name name for for thethe mid-mid-WiirmWiirm interstadialinterstadial "younger" reasons why Main the Terrace upper mustunits be of cor the implications of such a stratigraphic re- complex ("Paudorf"? "Arcy"?), Emi "younger" Main Terrace must be cor- vision for mammalian and archaeolog complex ("Paudorf"? "Arcy"?), Emi- related with the Weert Zone of the vision for mammalian and archaeolog- liani's revival of the term Laufen is related with the Weert Zone of the ical correlations between North Africa, liani's revival of the term Laufen is uppermost Sterksel Formation, i.e., ical correlations between North Africa, undesirable. Originally the Laufen uppermost Sterksel Formation, i.e., Spain, and continental Europe are dif undesirable. Originally the Laufen- with an early phase of the Elster Gla Spain, and continental Europe are dif- Schwankung was thought to represent with an early phase of the Elster Gla-ficult to overview at the moment. As Schwankung was thought to represent cial. Thus the Elster complex, as ficult to overview at the moment. As- an Alpine interstadial, but in 1922 cial. Thus the Elster complex, as suming that Th/U and C14 dating are' an Alpine interstadial, but in 1922 defined in a critical area, appears to suming that Th/U and C14 dating are Penck relegated all allied phenomena defined in a critical area, appears to temporally temporally consistent, consistent, the the TyrrhenianTyrrhenian Penck relegated all allied phenomena date from a little before ca. 350,000 to III would appear to be correlated with to the Riss/Wiirm (Eem) Interglacial. date from a little before ca. 350,000 to Jll would appear to be correlated with to the Riss/Wiirm (Eem) Interglacial. a little before 150,000 KI Ar years ago. the Eem. But this immediately raises Despite the possible validity of the a little before 150,000 K/Ar years ago. the Eem. But this immediately raises Despite the possible validity of the It might be remarked in passing that another problem: why the Saale Gla weathering horizon developed on the It might be remarked in passing that another problem: why the Saale Gla- weathering horizon developed on the these particular isotopic dates are no cial, occupying the interval between Laufenschotter Laufenschotter at at Hormating H6rmating as as midmid- less these consistent particular or isotopictheoretically dates arejusti no cial, occupying the interval between Wiirm, use of the name would be a less consistent or theoretically justi- the Tyrrhenian II and III, should have Wiirm, use of the name would be a fied than the rather more scanty the Tyrrhenian II and III, should have source of confusion. fied than the rather more scanty left left virtually virtually no no eolianite eolianite recordrecord inin thethe source of confusion. Pa/Th dates available from the Carib Mediterranean region. Equally disturb Pa/Th dates available from the Carib- Mediterranean region. Equally disturb- bean deep-sea core A254-BR-C (see ing is the assignment of this, the great by H. B. S. COOKE*' Rosholt bean deep-sea et al. 1962; core Emiliani A254-BR-C 1964a). (see ing is the assignment of this, the great- by H. B. S. COOKE* Rosholt et al. 1962; Emiliani 1964a). est est continental continental glaciation glaciation of of Europe,Europe, , On a variety of subtropical and tro with its complex of several major Halifax, Canada. 18 III 67 On a variety of subtropical and tro- with its complex of several major Halifax, Canada. 18 III 67 pical coasts transgressive beach de stadials, to a time span of only 30,000 pical coasts transgressive beach de- stadials, to a time span of only 30,000 The decision in 1948 by the 18th In posits, with related molluscan faunas, years, i.e., ca. 120,000-90,000 Th/U The decision in 1948 by the 18th In- posits, with related molluscan faunas, years, i.e., ca. 120,000-90,000 Th/U ternational Geological Congress to de have been correlated with non-glacial years (D. L. Thurber, personal com- ternational Geological Congress to de- have been correlated with non-glacial years (D. L. Thurber, personal com- fine the base of the Pleistocene as the intervals of the later Pleistocene, while - munication) or ca. 130,000-100,000 fine the base of the Pleistocene as the intervals of the later Pleistocene, while munication) or ca. 130,000-100,000 bottom of the Calabrian also included regressional eolianites are attributed to Pal Th years (see Rosholt et al. 1962; bottom of the Calabrian also included regressional eolianites are attributed to Pa/Th years (see Rosholt et al. 1962; a statement that this boundary should periods of low, glacial-age sea level. Emiliani 1964a). a statement that this boundary should periods of low, glacial-age sea level. Emiliani 1964a). be be placed placed "at "at the the horizon horizon of of the the first first With the recent advance of Th/U If we now attempt to compare these indication of climatic deterioration." dating, With athe second recent chronology advance ofof Th/Usorts If we now attempt to compare these indication of climatic deterioration." dating, a second chronology of sorts two sequences with the deep sea core The subsequent decision by the 1965 has been developed for the high, non two sequences with the deep sea core The subsequent decision by the 1965 has been developed for the high, non- stratigraphy of Emiliani (1964a, 1966; INQUA Congress to place the bound glacial sea-level stages (d. Stearns and stratigraphy of Emiliani (1964a, 1966; INQUA Congress to place the bound- glacial sea-level stages (cf. Stearns and Rosholt et al. 1961, 1962; d. also ary at the first appearance of the fora Thurbet 1965; Thurber et al. 1965; Rosholt et al. 1961, 1962; cf. also ary at the first appearance of the fora- Thurbet 1965; Thurber et al. 1965; Ericson et al. 1964), we seem to reach minifer Hyalinea (Anomalina) baltica Broecker and Thurber 1965; Richards Ericson et al. 1964), we seem to reach minifer Hyalinea (Anomalina) baltica Broecker and Thurber 1965; Richards an an impasse impasse beyond beyond the the cold cold maximummaximum in the type section at Le Castella has and Thurber 1966). One of the more of about 115,000 B.P. If the generaliz in the type section at Le Castella has and Thurber 1966). One of the more of about 115,000 B.P. If the generaliz- the the merit merit of of precision, precision, but but the the appear appear- instructive stratigraphic sequences of ed paleotemperature curve of Emiliani ance of this foraminifer is not the first this instructive kind has stratigraphicbeen described sequences from the of ed paleotemperature curve of Emiliani ance of this foraminifer is not the first this kind has been described from theproves proves to to be be correct correct in in detail, detail, the the "in "in- indication of climatic deterioration. Balearic Islands by Butzer and Cuerda indication of climatic deterioration. Balearic Islands by Butzer and Cuerda terstadials" terstadials" of of the the Middle Middle Pleistocene,Pleistocene, Barbieri Barbieri and and Medioli Medioli (1964), (1964), forfor exam exam- (1962a, (1962a, b) b) and and partly partly dated dated by by Th/U Th/U as they have been called by glacial ple, have shown that the indigen9us on Mallorca as well as on the Spanish as they have been called by glacial ple, have shown that the indigenous on Mallorca as well as on the Spanish geomorphologists, geomorphologists, compare compare in in wave wave- foraminifera foraminifera displayed displayed fluctuationsfluctuations mainland mainland and and Morocco Morocco (Stearns(Stearns andand length but not in amplitude with the suggestive of Pliocene cooling long be Thurber 1965; also unpublished). A length but not in amplitude with the suggestive of Pliocene cooling long be- Thurber 1-965; also unpublished). A mid- mid-WuirmWiirm interstadial. interstadial. This This wouldwould fore fore the the arrival arrival of of Hyalinea Hyalinea balticabaltica
32 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 32 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms and its close associate, the mollusk Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH Arctica and its close(Cyprina) associate, islandica. the mollusk The Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH former Arctica favours (Cyprina) a moderately islandica. deep The to resolve to some extent the apparent The only part of this wellwritten water former muddy favours environment a moderately and the deep- lat conflict to resolve between to some the extent KI Ar the dates apparent for paper The on only which part I ofventure this wellwritten to go into ter water a shallow-water muddy environment sandy andhabitat, the lat-so terrestrial conflict betweendeposits theand K/Arthe time dates scale for details paper onis whichthat inI venturewhich tohe gorelies into lithology ter a shallow-water must be borne sandy in habitat, mind inso from terrestrial oceanic deposits cores. andThe the importanttime scale on details other people'sis that conclusions.in which he Here, relies if interpreting lithology mustthe presence be borne or inthe mindabsence in mammal-bearing from oceanic cores. deposits The of important East Afri he on is other occasionally people's conclusions.confused or Here, even if of interpreting either form; the presenceindeed, localor the factorsabsence ca mammal-bearing seem to be faunistically deposits of VillafranEast Afri- wrong, he is occasionallyhe has only fallenconfused into ora wideeven may of eithercontrol form; the order indeed, of firstlocal appearfactors chian, ca seem yet to the be KIfaunistically AT date of Villafran- 1.75 X pit wrong, already he hasinhabited, only fallen at one into time a wide or may control the order of first appear- chian, yet the K/Ar date of 1.75 X pit already inhabited, at one time or ance at different localities. There is 106 years for Olduvai Bed I seems another, by almost everyone who has evidence ance at thatdifferent Arctica localities. islandica Thereappear is great 106 yearsin relation for Olduvaito the glacial!Bed I seems inter aimed another, at broad by almost interdisciplinary everyone who cover has ed evidence before thatHyalinea Arctica baltica, islandica and appear- this glacial great insequence relation into theEurope glacial/inter- and the age. aimed at broad interdisciplinary cover- suggests ed before that Hyalineaclimatic deteriorationbaltica, and wasthis core glacial data. sequence The mammals in Europe in the and Kaiso the age.He dates Australopithecus robustus quite suggests severe that at climatic a time deteriorationbefore the Plio was Beds core of data. Uganda The mammalsseem to be in at the least Kaiso as first, He Australopithecusdates Australopithecus africanus robustus sec Pleistocene quite severe boundary at a time beforeas defined the Plio- in old Beds as ofthose Uganda of Olduvai seem to Bed be atI (Cookeleast as ond, first, and Australopithecus "Homo erectus africanus habilis" sec- 1965. Pleistocene boundary as defined in and old Coryndon,as those of unpublished;Olduvai Bed Ibut (Cooke see third ond, inand sequence, "Homo buterectus where habilis" is his 1965. third in sequence, but where is his As these two "critical" elements of Bishop and Coryndon, 1965) and unpublished; the "Earlier butKaiso" see evidence? He postulates scattered pop evidence? He postulates scattered pop- the Asmarine these twofauna "critical" normally elements inhabit of assemblage Bishop 1965) parallels and the some'"Earlier of Kaiso" the ulations of Homo erectus in Europe assemblage parallels some of the ulations of Homo erectus in Europe northern the marine latitudes, fauna it normallyis clear that inhabit their "Lower Villafranchian" of sites in the before the appearance Of Homo sa "Lower Villafranchian- of sites in the before the appearance of Homo sa- occurrence northern latitudes,in the Mediterranean it is clear that is their the Maghreb of North Africa. The lower piens, but no such animal has yet been piens, but no such animal has yet been result occurrence of cold in water the Mediterranean spilling in through is the Kaiso Maghreb beds of pass North downwards Africa. Theinto lower re found there. Vertesszolos II, with a found there. Vertessz6lbs II, with a the result Straits of cold of waterGibraltar. spilling Arctica in through is latively Kaiso bedsthin pass passage downwards beds and into then re- cranial capacity reckoned at 1556 cc., latively thin passage beds and then cranial capacity reckoned at 1556 cc., landica the Straits and ofHyalinea Gibraltar. baltica Arctica would is- into the Kisegi Beds. The molluscan is called by Thoma (1966 ) Homo into the Kisegi Beds. The molluscan is called by Thoma (1966) Homo not landica be likely and toHyaltnea arrive atbaltica exactly would the faunas have been studied by Gautier (erectus seu !apiens) palaeohungaricus, faunas have been studied by Gautier (erectus seu sapiens) palaeohbngaricus, same not betime likely and, to arrivefurthermore, at exactly their the (1965, 1966, 1967), who is puzzled by and on size alone it is fully sapiens. (1965, 1966, 1967), who is puzzled by and on size alone it is fully sapiens. spread same timeeastwards and, furthermore, and northwards their the fact that the characteristic mid Emiliani uses the term Homo sapiens the fact that the characteristic mid- Emiliani uses the term Homo sapiens through spread eastwardsthe Mediterranean and northwards would Miocene Kisegi fauna passes up sapiens to designate all races of living Miocene Kisegi fauna passes up sapiens to designate all races of living depend through to somethe Mediterraneanextent on the different would smoothly into that of the lower Kaiso men, although the term has priority as smoothly into that of the lower Kaiso men, although the term has priority as mechanisms depend to andsome rates extent of dispersalon the differentof beds without any sU!Jgestion of a major Linnaeus' trinominal for living Euro beds without any suggestion of a major Linnaeus' trinominal for living Euro- the mechanisms respective andembryonic rates of forms.dispersal De of hiatus, and yet the mammalian evi peans. He further states that the pres hiatus, and yet the mammalian evi- peans. He further states that the pres- spite the theserespective variables, embryonic the spread forms. would De- dence has pointed to the Kaiso as ence of " ... Steinheim, Swans combe, dence has pointed to the Kaiso as ence of ". . . Steinheim, Swanscombe, be spite rapid these enough variables, for thethe firstspread appear would "Villafranchian." There does not seem Ehringdorf, and Fontechevade point to "Villafranchian." There does not seem Ehringdorf, and Fontechevade point to ance be rapidof theseenough forms for theto firstconstitute appear- a to be much placeffor the Pliocene, and Europe as the cradle of modern man." to be much placeffor the Pliocene, and Europe as the cradle of modern man." reference ance of thesepoint formsprobably to constitutemore accu a Gautier "feels that probably the Plio If he had said "the most ancient cradle Gautier "feels that probably the Plio- If he had said "the most ancient cradle rate reference than any point of theprobably other climaticmore accu- in cene has suffered amputation at both of modern man," he might have been dicators. rate than Nevertheless, any of the other colder climatic northern in- its cene boundaries has suffered in sub-Saharan amputation Africa." at both closer of modern to the truth.man," he might have been waters dicators. must Nevertheless, have been coldermoving northern down Coryndon its boundaries and inI sub-Saharanhave been Africa."forced closer to the truth. the waters west mustcoast ofhave Europe been formoving some downtime by Coryndon a study of and the mammalsI have been to reachforced a by a study of the mammals to reach a before the west it was coast possible of Europe for for the some invasion time similar conclusion and to suggest that by MALCOLM F. FARMER*" similar conclusion and to suggest that by MALCOLM F. FARMER* of before the Mediterraneanit was possible forto thetake invasion place, the early Kaiso fauna must range the early Kaiso fauna must range and of itthe is presumablyMediterranean this pre-Calabrianto take place, down into the Pliocene. This provides Whittier, Calif., U.S.A. 2 III 67 down into the Pliocene. This provides Whittier, Calif., U.S.A. 2 III 67 cooling and it thatis presumably is evidenced this in pre-Calabrian the in support for the suggestion by Emiliani cooling that is evidenced in the in- support for the suggestion by Emiliani With the rapid accumulation of digenous microfauna of the Mediter that "the genus Homo dates from well knowledge With the of rapid the geological accumulation history of digenous microfauna of the Mediter- back that into "the the genus ·Pliocene." Homo datesFurthermore, from well knowledge of the geological history of ranean. In short, although the defini back into the Pliocene." Furthermore, coastal regions and continental shelves, tion ranean. of the In short,plio-Pleistocene although theboundary defini- as Africa has been a source of indige coastal regions and continental shelves, tion of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary as Africa has been a source of indige- and of marine deposits in these regions at Le Castella provides a valuable nous development from which mam and and fromof marine the bottom deposits of in ocean these basinsregions at Le Castella provides a valuable mals nous emigrated development to Eurasia,from which time mam-lines and from the bottom of ocean basins time line for the Mediterranean marine mals emigrated to Eurasia, time lines as well as deposits from the formerly sequences, time line forit thedoes Mediterranean . not render marinevery are difficult to determine in Africa as well as deposits from the formerly are difficult to determine in Africa glaciated areas, it is becoming increa much sequences, easier itthe does task not of renderdefining verythis in relation to the European deposits glaciated areas, it is becoming increa- in relation to the European deposits singly clear that revision of concepts boundary, much easier even the intask marine of defining sequences, this and their faunas. It would seem that singly clear that revision of concepts and their faunas. It would seem that concerning the Pleistocene is in order. in boundary, other critical even areas in marine such as sequences, the Ne the correlation Calabrian = Villafran concerning the Pleistocene is in order. in other critical areas such as the Ne- the correlation Calabrian = Villafran- Emiliani's paper is a very welcome con therlands and East Anglia. Presumably chian has been misleading and there tribution, Emiliani's offeringpaper is aa veryreport welcome on pro con- therlands and East Anglia. Presumably still chian exists has a beengreat misleading deal of confUSIon and there in tribution, offering a report on pro- jn these areas the climatic deterioration still exists a great deal of confusion in gress and some guidance for the fu would in these have areas been the manifest climatic long deterioration before defining the boundaries in the ter gress and some guidance for the fu- would have been manifest long before defining the boundaries in the ter- ture. the cold waters moved as far south as restrial deposits and in relating them ture.The concepts of glacial and inter the cold waters moved as far south as to restrial the marine deposits sequence. and in A relating reevaluation them The concepts of glacial and inter- Gibraltar. Furthermore, the terrestrial to the marine sequence. A reevaluation glacial appear to be under revision. Gibraltar. Furthermore, the terrestrial"Villa of the nomenclature for the mammal glacial appear to be under revision. deposits which constitute the of the nomenclature for the mammal- The earth has not been free of ice since franchian" deposits which are not constitute equivalent the to"Villa- this bearing sediments is clearly necessary. The earth has not been free of ice since franchian" are not equivalent to this bearing sediments is clearly necessary. the Pliocene, .although the amounts precisely defined Calabrian, and. the and the areasPliocene, of icealthough accumulation the amounts have precisely defined Calabrian, and. the Villafranchian undoubtedly extends varied. and areas Emiliani's of ice suggestionaccumulation of ahave re back Villafranchian into the Pliocene undoubtedly of this extendsdefini by C. S. COON*" varied. Emiliani's suggestion of a re- back into the Pliocene of this defini- by C. S. COON* semblance between the Pleistocene and tion (see, for example, Azzaroli 1964). the semblance Permian between offers perspectivethe Pleistocene on theand How tion (see,far backfor example,into the Azzaroli Pliocene 1964). the Gloucester, Mass., U.S.A. 7 III 67 the Permian offers perspective on the How far back into the Pliocene the Gloucester, Mass., U.S.A. 7 III 67 Pleistocene. The traditional view of Villafranchian must go is uncertain, Emiliani's account of the history of of that Pleistocene. epoch reflects The traditional a kind of viewethno of but Villafranchian one might surmisemust go thatis uncertain, Elephas Emiliani's account of the history of of- that epoch reflects a kind of ethno- but one might surmise that Elephas ficial attemps to define the Plio-Pleis centrism which regards the present as meridionalis is at least as old as the tocene ficial attempsboundary to defineis detailed, the Plio-Pleis- lucid, a centrismunique period, which aregards time of the climax, present the as base meridionalis of the Calabrian is at least and as oldthat as the tocene boundary is detailed, lucid, a unique period, a time of climax, the base of the Calabrian and that the and useful. His discussion of the role time of the great mo(iern man, rather older deposits with Anancus arver of and marine useful. invertebrate His discussion faana of ihein suchrole than time just of thea point great inmodern 'a sequence. man, rather This nensis older anddeposits Elephas with planifrons Anancus arver-would of marine invertebrate fauna in such than just a point in a sequence. This nensis and Elephas planifrons would dating is instructive. It surprises me has needed revision for a long time. be Pliocene, although still "lower Vil a datinglittle tois instructive.see Fontechevade, It surprises Swans me hasEmiliani needed suggests revision that for during a long the time. lafranchian. be Pliocene, " although still "lower Vii- a little to see Fontechevade, Swans- Emiliani suggests that during the lafranchian." combe, and Steinheim dated at about Pleistocene, and perhaps earlier, pop These observations might seem 95,000 combe, years, and Steinheimmuch younger dated than at aboutgeo Pleistocene, and perhaps earlier, pop- These observations might seem 95,000 years, much younger than geo- ulations became separated and isolat pointless except insofar as they help logist's previous figures. ed ulations and then became in periods separated of "better" and isolat- cli- pointless except insofar as they help logist's previous figures. ed and then in periods of "better" cli- Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968 33 Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968 33
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms mate mate had had anan opportunity to to bebe re-re latter latter trait. trait. I Ihave have recentlyrecently attemptedattempted erectus erectus had had spread spread to to many many partsparts ofof thethe joined joined (hence (hence the the polytypic,stock). polytypic stock). Such Such a amorphological morphological definitiondefinition ofof thethe genusgenus globe. globe. One One smallsmall populationpopulation evolvedevolved populations populations were were never never separated separated longlong Homo Homo (Frisch (Frisch 1965). 1965). independently independently in in isolation isolation and and spreadspread enough enough to to have have becomebecome soso sharplysharply 2) 2) Inferring thethe capacity capacity ofof makingmaking to to replace replace the the original original stock.stock. differentiated differentiated as as to to prevent prevent hybridiza hybridiza- a acomfortable comfortable living living (under(under ordinary Comment: Comment: Species Species formationformation isis byby tion. tion. Culture Culture and and thethe nature nature of of learned learned conditions) conditions) from from the the cranial cranial capacitycapacity no no means means as as simple simple as as that.that. TheThe factorsfactors behavior behavior may may have have contributedcontributed toto thisthis of of Homo Homo erectuserectus would would seemseem toto implyimply involved involved are are intricateintricate andand manymany situation situation in in thatthat behavioralbehavioral pattern an an understandingunderstanding of of thethe connectionconnection (Huxley (Huxley 1942).1942). Some of the most imim- changes changes occured occured instead instead of of anaana- between between brain brain size size andand technological portant portant problem problem complexes complexes should should bebe tomical tomical changes, changes, andand differences inin skill skill which which I Iwish wish very very much much we we had.had. mentioned mentioned here: here: learned learned behavior behavior patternspatterns werewere notnot inin- 3) 3) WhenWhen thethe authorauthor says says "European "European a) a) long-rangelong-range trends,trends, like like thethe dede- surmountable suarmountable as asanatomical anatomical oror phyphy- summers summers during during the the glacial glacial ages ages werewere velopment velopment of of thethe central nervousnervous siological siological differencesdifferences might might have have been.been. even even colder colder than than the the European European winterswinters system system in in man, man, which which requiresrequires concon- The The possibility possibility that that Australopithecus Australopithecus of of today," today," one one wonders wonders whatwhat partpart ofof stancy stancy of of some some factor factor or or factorsfactors andand africanus africanus served served as as a ameal meal forfor A.A. roro- Europe Europe he he refers refers to. to. Does Does thethe statementstatement which which occur occur in in spite spite of of changechange ofof enen- bustus bustus is isone one on on whichwhich studiesstudies ofof pripri- hold hold both both for for the the surroundings surroundings of of Brno Brno vironment vironment (Huxley (Huxley 1942; 1942; Decker Decker 1963; 1963; mate mate behavior behavior may may throwthrow somesome light.light. in in central central Europe Europe andand forfor thosethose ofof thethe see see also also "canalisation," "canalisation," Fraser Fraser 1961). 1961). With With regard regard to to thethe centerscenters ofof dede- Guattari Guattari cave cave on on Italy'S Italy's MediterraneanMediterranean b) b) constantconstant factorsfactors influencing sese- velopment velopment of of the the varietiesvarieties ofof man shore? shore? Can Can it it bebe statedstated ofof the latter lection lection pressure, pressure, of of which which thethe prevprev- during during the the Pleistocene, Pleistocene, there there may. may bebe environment environment that that "surviving "surviving a a singlesingle alence alence of of aggressive aggressive competition competition withinwithin four, four, perhaps perhaps five:five: eastern Africa, glacial glacial night night must must have have been been aa very or or between between human human species species and and "cul"cul- western western Eurasia, Eurasia, northeasternnortheastern centralcentral difficult difficult task"? task"? ture" ture" acting acting as' as a a novelnovel andand constant Eurasia, Eurasia, southeastern southeastern Eurasia, Eurasia, andand perper- 4) 4) Many Many palaeoanthropologists palaeoanthropologists mightmight ~nvironment environment are are examples examples (Huxley(Huxley haps haps westwest Africa. TheThe southernsouthern feel feel unhappy unhappy atat seeingseeing thethe Steinheim, 1942:128-30; 1942:128-30; 'Dobzhansky Dobzhansky 1960;1960; BreiBrel- margins margins of of Eurasia Eurasia and and Africa Africa appear appear Swanscombe, Swanscombe, Ehringsdorf, Ehringsdorf, and and FonFon- tinger tinger 1961; 1961; Robinson 1965b:33).1965b:33). as as primary primary areas areas forfor early primates techevade techevade remains remains lumped lumped togethertogether asas "Culture" "Culture" is is seenseen by DobzhanskyDobzhansky with with Africa, Africa, western western Eurasia,Eurasia, north-north "pra.esapiens" "praesapiens" or or "early "early sapiens"sapiens" types.types. (1960:117) (1960:117) asas aa new factor inin evoluevolu- eastern eastern central central Eurasia, Eurasia, andand south-south The The aboveabove questions areare meantmeant tion, tion, arising arising with with Homo: Homo: eastern Eurasia all playing a part in merely to stress how much prudence is eastern Eurasia all playing a part in merely to stress how much prudence is The T hepressure pressure of ofnatural natural selection selection has hasal al- the the development development of of thethe primate,primate, man.man. called called for for in in using using the the valuable valuable datadata ways been exerted towards the maintenance offered here by Emiliani for a better ways been exerted towards the maintenance Emiliani Emiliani suggests suggests that that physiologicalphysiological offered here by Emiliani for a better and and improvement improvement of of those those genorypesgenotypes whichwhich and and anatomicalanatomical disadvantages,disadvantages, partiparti- understanding understanding of of human human evolution. evolution. confer confer on on their their possessors possessors thethe capacitycapacity toto acquire, to use and to transmit culture. cularly cularly those those which which mademade it difficult acquire, to use and to transmit culture. to to live live inin coldcold conditions,conditions, werewere inin- This new type of evolution is in volved in the extinction of Neander This new type of evolution is in- volved in the extinction of Neander- by by ALEXANDER ALEXANDER GALLUS*" GALLUS* fluenced fluenced by by conscious conscious choice choice oror decideci- thals. thals. Invasion Invasion by by peoplepeople fromfrom outsideoutside sion ("freedom"); functional adapta Melbourne, Australia. 13 III 67 sion ("freedom"); functional adapta- the the Neanderthal Neanderthal areas areas appears appears toto havehave Melbourne, Australia. 13 III 67 bility has much increased through been part of the situation. Both su bility has much increased through been part of the situation. Both su- Biological Biological evolutionaryevolutionary theory seems conscious conscious choice. choice. Similar argumentsarguments periority periority of of cultural cultural achievement achievement andand to have influenced scientific thinking have been put forward by Decker differences in standards of physical at to have influenced scientific thinking have been put forward by Decker differences in standards of physical at- in in other other disciplines disciplines only only in in a a simplifiedsimplified (1963), (1963), Strong Strong (1953), (1953), Spuhler Spuhler (1960),(1960), tractiveness tractiveness may may have have been been involved.involved. form. Emiliani's paper is a case in Debetz (1961), Kortlandt (1962), He The new peoples may also have been form. Emiliani's paper is a case in Debetz (1961), Kortlandt (1962), He- The new peoples may also have been point. point. His His viewsviews onon humanhuman evolutionevolution wes wes (1961), (1961), Weinert Weinert (1938:4-5, (1938:4-5, 29,58-29, 58- more more prolific. prolific. Perhaps Perhaps thethe displacedisplace- can be reduced to a few simple postu 61), Gallus (1953:57-61), Was burn ment of the Australian aborigines by can be reduced to a few simple postu- 61), Gallus (1953:57-61), Wasburn ment of the Australian aborigines by lates: lates: (1965:101), (1965:101), and and Rendel Rendel (1959).(1959). Western Western Europeans Europeans may may be be a a model 1) Homo evolved in a single phy c) polymorphy and clines within for the Neanderthal situation. 1) Homo evolved in a single phy- c) polymorphy and clines within for the Neanderthal situation. logenetic logenetic lineage, lineage, each each "taxon""taxon" re-re Homo Homo sapienssapiens (Huxley(Huxley 1942:208-9,1942 :208-9, presented presented by by a asingle single polytypic polytypic "stock" "stock" 354), 354), whichwhich presupposepresuppose non-interrup-non-interrup which which succeeded succeeded the the one one precedingpreceding itit tion tion of of interbreeding. interbreeding. by by JOHN JOHN E. E.FRISCH*" FRISCH* in in a a"rather "rather orderly" orderly" way. way. d) d) /oetalisationfoetalisation (Huxley (Huxley 19421942:527- :527- Comment: Comment: The The case case hashas beenbeen arguedargued 32). 32). Tokyo,. Tokyo, Japan. Japan. 14 III14 67 III 67 convincingly convincingly for for at at least least twotwo synchrosynchro- 3) 3) Man Man had had spreadspread previousprevious andand bebe- Emiliani's Emiliani's article article isis aa veryvery usefuluseful sumsum- nic, nic, even even sympatricsympatric hominids hominids of of atat came came isolated isolated during during an an Ice Ice Age.Age. mary mary of of thethe manymany contributions for least least species species rank rank in in the the EarlyEarly andand Comment: Comment: It It isis impossibleimpossible atat presentpresent which which he he is is known known to to allall students ofof Middle Middle Pleistocene Pleistocene (Tobias (Tobias 1965, 1965, 1966; 1966; to to be be dogmaticdogmatic aboutabout thethe chronology paleoanthropology. paleoanthropology. It It helpshelps particu-particu Patterson Patterson 1965 1965:42-43; :42-43; Leakey Leakey 1965:1965: of of human human migrations. migrations. In Infact fact this this ques ques- larly larly to to understandunderstand on on whatwhat points 11, 11, 106; 106; Robinson Robinson 1963a:394; 1963a:394; 1965b:1965b: tion tion is isin in urgent urgent need need of of attention attention ane;! and these these students students may may sometimes sometimes disagree disagree 49). 49). An ancestralancestral AustralopithecusAustralopithecus clarification. clarification. with with him. him. Several Several such such pointspoints arisearise inin robustus robustus before before A. A. africanusafricanus reverses 4) 4) AustralopithecusAustralopithecus africanusafricanus "may "may the the second second half half ofof thethe article,article, wherewhere relative relative dating dating (Tobias (Tobias 1966), 1966), andand have" have" evolved evolved byby beginning toto eateat he he attempts attempts to to apply apply hishis datingdating meme- there there seems seems to to be be nono proofproof thatthat the meat meat and and by by discovering discovering the the "imagina "imagina- thod thod to to human human evolution: evolution: "taxon" "taxon" HomoHomo erectuserectus pekinensis isis tive tive use use of of tools" tools" andand huntinghunting strategy.strategy. 1) 1) ItIt isis assumed thatthat manman cancan bebe ancestral ancestral to to Homo Homo sapienssapiens "praesa"praesa- Comment: Comment: This This questionquestion hashas been "defined "defined as as a a primateprimate capablecapable of syssys- piens." piens." TheThe phylogeneticphylogenetic successionsuccession argued argued in in detail detail by by Robinson Robinson (1963)(1963) tematically tematically manufacturing manufacturing tools." tools." To To from from H. H. sapienssapiens neanderthalensis toto and and Hall Hall (1963), thethe latterlatter denyingdenying my my knowledge, knowledge, no no other other living living animal animal H. H. sapienssapiens sapienssaptens isis stillstill veryvery concon- the the critical critical significance significance of of tool-usetool-use forfor form form has has ever ever been been defined defined taxonomitaxonomi- troversial troversial (Brace (Brace 1964b; 1964b; Pradel Pradel 1966).1966). the the transition transition from from ape ape toto human cally cally by by itsits behavior.,behavior. Moreover, it It It seems seems premature premature to to construct construct a a phyphy- form. form. I Iwould would like.herelike,here onlyonly toto putput inin should should not not be be overlookedoverlooked that the logenetic logenetic lineage lineage ofof thisthis sortsort untiluntil difdif- a aplea plea forfor aa deeper .penetration-penetration ofof thethe word word "systematically," "systematically," crucialcrucial forfor thethe ficulties ficulties are are fully fully settled. settled. subject subject than than Emiliani's. Emiliani's. "To "To discover"discover" proposed proposed definition, definition, is isas as likelylikely toto 2) 2) SpeciesSpecies formationformation affectingaffecting means means either either "to "to detect"detect" oror "to refer refer tq to a acontinuous continuous variable variable suchsuch as,as, Homo Homo erectus erectus and and leading leading to to H. H. sasa- invent." invent." To To '''detect'' "'detect" tool tool use use is is out out ofof let let us us say, say, brain brain size, size, butbut isis lessless sussus- piens piens proceeded proceeded throughthrough isolationisolation folfol- the the question, question, for for something something can can be be dede- ceptible ceptible to to exact exact measurement measurement thanthan thethe lowing lowing climatic climatic changes changes afterafter H.H. tected tected only only if itif is itpre-existent; is pre-existent; thus thethus the
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 34 34 CIJRRENT ANTHROP OLOGY
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms meaning of "to dis)::over" is here "to Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH meaning of "to discover" is here "to Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH invent," and the real problem is invent," and the real problem is whether or not cultural innovation de by R. DALE GIVENS*" of fossil men is an interesting one whether or not cultural innovation de- of fossil men is an interesting one pending on a,bstract thinking (i.e., "in by R. DALE GIVENS* despite the disagreements which: are pending on abstract thinking (i.e., "in- San Antonto, Texas, U.S.A. 8 III 67 despite the disagreements which are vention" or "choice" of a certain new San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A. 8 III 67 sure to arise over his terminology. The vention" or "choice" of a certain new type of adaptive behavior) was an im It is gratifying to know that geologists expert sure todiscussion arise over thishis terminology.hypothesis will The type of adaptive behavior) was an im- It is gratifying to know that geologists portant factor in human evolution and palaeontologists are moving closer certainly expert discussionevoke should this produce hypothesis a valu will portant factor in human evolution and palaeontologists are moving closer certainly evoke should produce a valu- (Ascher 1965 :48, Dobzhansky 1965: to an adequate chronolgy of the Plei able review of the issues, and this, (Ascher 1965:48, Dobzhansky 1965: to an adequate chronolgy of the Plei- able review of the issues, and this, 64). stocene and before. It is also gratifying after all, is the way we advance our 64). stocene and before. It is also gratifying after all, is the way we advance our Emiliani's treatment of the relative to find support for the "we are still in knowledge. Emiliani's treatment of the relative to find support for the "we are still in knowledge. and absolute chronology of climatic the Pleistocene" idea; a number of us and absolute chronology of climatic the Pleistocene" idea; a number of us events is lucid, but his comment's on have long felt this to be the case. events is lucid, but his comment's on have long felt this to be the case. human evolution are unsatisfactory in However, a number of questionable in human evolution are unsatisfactory in However, a number of questionable in- by JAMES J. HESTER*" that they are based on a simplified terpretatiQns appear in the latter half by JAMES J. HESTER* that they are based on a simplified terpretations appear in the latter half version of evolutionary theory. It 'is of Emiliani's article. The statement Bethesda, Md., U.S.A. 11 III 67 version of evolutionary theory. It 'is of Emiliani's article. The statement Bethesda, Md., U.S.A. 11 III 67 necessary to take into consideration that it would not be surprising to find necessary to take into consideration that it would not be surprising to findThis paper by Emiliani represents, in the effects of human behavior on the genus Homo dating from well back This paper by Emiliani represents, in the effects of human behavior on the genus Homo dating from well backmy opinion, an outstanding contribu adaptation and selection pressure and into the Pliocene is presumably based my opinion, an outstanding contribu- adaptation and selection pressure and into the Pliocene is presumably based tion to the study of human ecology thus on evolution (De Vore 1965). It on the Olduvai Gorge material which tion to the study of human ecology thus on evolution (De Vore 1965). It on the Olduvai Gorge material which during the Pleistocene. He is definitely is further necessary to take into con Leakey calls Homo habilis. Designating during the Pleistocene. He is definitely is further necessary to take into con- Leakey calls Homo habilis. Designating on the right course in his attempt to sideration all possible biological factors this form as Homo, however, seems on the right course in his attempt to sideration all possible biological factors this form as Homo, however, seems correlate environmental changes with which have been analysed by evolu completely unjustified on present correlate environmental changes with which have been analysed by evolu- completely unjustified on present the evolution of man. The fact that the tionists. Human evolution is surely evidence, since the characteristics re the evolution of man. The fact that the tionists. Human evolution is surely evidence, since the characteristics re- Pleistocene was a period of extreme complex, and one cannot even assume ported to date fall within the range Pleistocene was a period of extreme complex, and one cannot even assume ported to date fall within the range climatic stress undoubtedly served to that the variables involved remained of variations we can expect for Au climatic stress undoubtedly served to that the variables involved remained of variations we can expect for Au- isolate populations and to affect in the same throughout the Pleistocene. stralopithecus and certainly closer to isolate populations and to affect in the same throughout the Pleistocene. stralopithecus and certainly closer to general their evolution in the manner Finally, I question whether "isolation the latter than to any definite Homo general their evolution in the manner Finally, I question whether "isolation the latter than to any definite Homo he outlines. However, when we pro as a result of climatic change" was -erectus or any other. Thus it is very he outlines. However, when we pro- as a result of climatic change" was -erectus or any other. Thus it is very ceed to specific details of this problem really a dominant factor of species unlikely that this &e.nus will ever be ceed to specific details of this problem really a dominant factor of species unlikely that this genus will ever be we lack much critical data. Of special formation in Homo erectus and H. dated back into the ll1Iliocene. we lack much critical data. Of special formation in Homo erectus and H. dated back into the Pliocene. importance to understanding the fate sapiens times, rather than one which Classifying Fontechevade and of importance the Neanderthals, to understanding for example, the fate sapiens times, rather than one which Classifying Fontechevade and of the Neanderthals, for example, had only a modifying or disturbing Swans combe either as a sapiens sub would -be the collection of pollen and had only a modifying or disturbing Swanscombe either as a sapiens sub- would -be the collection of pollen and effect on other, much more important, species or as "praesapiens" is unwar other types of environmental data effect on other, much more important, species or as "praesapiens" is unwar- other types of environmental data factors in the evolution of Man. ranted at present, especially since it from their occupation sites or from factors in the evolution of Man. ranted at present, especially since it from their occupation sites or from implies ancestry to the later H. sapiens temporally correlated continental de sapiens implies to ancestry the exclusion to the oflater other H. sapienstypes. temporally correlated continental de- by M. GIGOUT*" sapiens to the exclusion of other types. posits. Also of importance would be by M. GIGOUT* It seems more reasonable to look at more posits. detailed Also ofstudies importance of the wouldcultural be It seems more reasonable to look at more detailed studies of the cultural Orleans, France. 11 III 67 them and Steinheim, etc., as belonging means by which the Neanderthals Orleans, France. 11 III 67 them and Steinheim, etc., as belonging means by which the Neanderthals to an early and variable group of H. coped with the climatic stresses of the Emiliani will forgive me for empha to an early and variable group of H. coped with the climatic stresses of the Emiliani will forgive me for empha- sapiens that were ancestral in' general Pleistocene. Such studies might support sizing only the points on which I am sapiens that were ancestral in general Pleistocene. Such studies might support sizing only the points on which I am to later types. Emiliani's inferences as to the nature not completely in agreement with him. to later types. Emiliani's inferences as to the nature not completely in agreement with him. Emiliani's suggested sequence of fos of the European continental climate It is difficult for me to follow him Emiliani's suggested sequence of fos- of the European continental climate It is difficult for me to follow him sil types in a phylogenetic lineage based on the deep-sea core data or, on when he identifies some 20 glaciations sil types in a phylogenetic lineage based on the deep-sea core data or, on when he identifies some 20 glaciations would also be strengthened if subspe the other hand, might bring about in the last million years. Of course, would also be strengthened if subspe- the other hand, might bring about in the last million years. Of course, cies were ignored. And again we are some revision of these inferences. glaciations and pluvials are subdivided cies were ignored. And again we are some revision of these inferences. glaciations and pluvials are subdivided presented with two equations-A. I agree with the methods that Emi by interstadials with warmer climates; presented with two equations-A. I agree with the methods that Emi- by interstadials with warmer climates;robustus = vegetarian and A. africa liani has employed in reconstructing but the interlocking of glacial and plu robustus = vegetarian and A. africa- liani has employed in reconstructing but the interlocking of glacial and plu- nus = carnivore (or at least omnivore) continental climate from pelagic fora vial formations and of littorals of nus = carnivore (or at least omnivore) continental climate from pelagic fora- vial formations and of littorals of -for which there is not as yet ade minifera and littoral marine shells. glacio-eustatic origin certainly seems -for which there is not as yet ade- minifera and littoral marine shells. glacio-eustatic origin certainly seems quate evidence. Further, I believe that the climatic to liJUit the major climatic episodes to quate evidence. Further, I believe that the climatic five, to lilnit or six the (Gigout major 1965;climatic Choubert, episodes to shifts during the Pleistocene were re five or six (Gigout 1965; Choubert, shifts during the Pleistocene were re- loly, Gigout, Marcais, Margat, and gular and worldwide and that it Joly, Gigout, Marcais, Margat, and gular and worldwide and that it ,Raynal 1956; Fisk and McFarlan should therefore be feasible to make Raynal 1956; Fisk and McFarlan by ROGER T. GRANGE, JR.*" should therefore be feasible to make 1955; and Bernard, Leblanc, and Ma by ROGER T. GRANGE, JR.* climatic generalizations. The only pro 1955; and Bernard, Leblanc, and Ma- climatic generalizations. The only pro- jor 1962). Even if we count the sub Tampa, Fla., U.S.A. 16 III 67 blem I perceive is that his reconstruc jor 1962). Even if we count the sub- Tampa, Fla., U.S.A. 16 III 67 blem I perceive is that his reconstruc- divisions of glaciations, we arrive at CA review articles frequently offer to tion is of a climate so severe that it divisions of glaciations, we arrive at CA review articles frequently offer to tion is of a climate so severe that it only a dozen stages (Venzo 1964). students a striking illustration of the must have provided an extreme test of only a dozen stages (Venzo 1964). students a striking illustration of the must have provided an extreme test of The equivalence Wiirm = Wisconsin complexities which usually underlie human survival capability. Before we The equivalence Wiirm = Wisconsin complexities which usually underlie human survival capability. Before we cannot be considered as established. the seemingly simple textbook state can accept this reconstruction, we must cannot be considered as established. the seemingly simple textbook state- can accept this reconstruction, we must The Wisconsin is often double, and ment. They can also be stimulating for seek supporting evdience from the hu The Wisconsin is often double, and ment. They can also be stimulating for seek supporting evdience from the hu- some authors attach it to the Riss + the professional scholar. Emiliani's man occupation sites in question. some authors attach it to the Riss + the professional scholar. Emiliani's man occupation sites in question. Wiirm group (Richmond 1965). summary of the problems of pleisto Wiirm group (Richmond 1965). summary of the problems of pleisto- For my part, I will defend the unique cene dating is just such a review. For my part, I will defend the unique- cene dating is just such a review. ness of the Quaternary. It is well The latter part of the article is sure RALPH L. HOLLOWAY, JR.*' ness of the Quaternary. It is well- by known that it is n6t comparable in to produceThe latter considerable part of the confusionarticle is sure in by RALPH L. HOLLOWAY, JR.* known that it is n6t comparable in duration to other eras; but it has its its to use produce of such considerable classifications confusion as Homo in New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1 III 67 duration to other eras; but it has its its use of such classifications as Homo New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1 iii 67 own particular methods of study, dif erectus habilis. This seems particularly I will limit my remarks to the palaeo own particular methods of study, dif- erectuws habilis. This seems particularly I will limit my remarks to the palaeo- ferent from those of the Tertiary, e.g., objectionable in view of the fact that anthropological portions of this paper, ferent from those of the Tertiary, e.g., objectionable in view of the fact that anthropological portions of this paper, morphology, stratigraphy, prehistory, even the term Homo habilis is open. to because here a number of confusions morphology, stratigraphy, prehistory, even the term Homo habilis is open to because here a number of confusions palaeopedology, etc. This is what makes serious question (LeGros Clark 1967: concerning taxonomy have led Emi palaeopedology, etc. This is what makes serious question (LeGros Clark 1967: concerning taxonomy have led Emi- a crossroads of the Quaternary. There 116). liani to speculate unduly under the a crossroads of the Quaternary. There 116). liani to speculate unduly under the are Quaternarists; there are no "Ter The hypothesis Emiliani advances guise .of modern knowledge about spe are Quaternarists; there are no "Ter- The hypothesis Emiliani advances guise.of modern knowledge about spe- tiarists." concerning the morphological sequence ciation and evolution. I think that tiarists." concerning the morphological sequence ciation and evolution. I think that Vol. 9. No.1. February 1968 Vol. 9 . No. 1 . Febrzary 1968 3535
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms environmental theories (e.g., Hunting overspecific in trying to name in a mucli much of of the the speculation speculation and'theand the inter-inter environmental theories (e.g., Hunting- overspecific in trying to name in a systematically correct way, what are pretation pretation of of deep-sea deep-sea corescores forfor PleistoPleisto- ton's) ton's) aboutabout thethe evolutionevolution of the brain, systematically correct way, what are really very small samples of fossil cene cene environments environments followsfollows from hishis unun- behavior, behavior, cold cold weather,weather, andand modernmodern really very small samples of fossil hominids. None of this actually hides critical critical acceptance acceptance ofof certaincertain taxonotaxono- man. man. I I gather from Emiliani's com-com hominids. None of this actually hides mic mic rubrics. rubrics. The The K K40/A40 40j A40 date date ofof 1.751.75 ments ments that that only only in in Europe,Europe, with the Emiliani's Emiliani's substantive suggestion-suggestion 6 which I think is probably right-that X X 10106 yearsyears at at Olduvai Olduvai Gorge,Gorge, BedBed I,I, rigors rigors of of glaciers, glaciers, do do thethe "capable which I think is probably right-that relates relates to to the the Australopithecine Australopithecine group.group. brain brain and and consummateconsummate skills" skills" developdevelop successive successive forms forms of of hominids arose primarily from some fraction of the I I failfail toto seesee thethe logiclogic behind his statestate- which which lead lead toto such "clear-cut"clear-cut earlyearly primarily from some fraction of the types as Steinheim, Swans preceding form, not from its totality. ment ment that that it it will will come come asas nono great sursur- sapiens" sapiens" types as Steinheim, Swans- preceding form, not from its totality. prise prise to to find find the the genus genus Homo Homo "well"well combe, combe, etc. etc. "Europe "Europe asas thethe cradlecradle of back back into into the the Pliocene." Pliocene." EmilianiEmiliani acac- modern modern man" man" seemsseems likelike an unfortu-unfortu cepts without question a number of nate way to characterize the complexi cepts without question a number of nate way to characterize the complexi- KENNETH KENNEDY*' by by KENNETHA. A. R. R. KENNEDY* dubious dubious sequences sequences and and taxonomictaxonomic lala- ties ties of of hominidhominid evolution.evolution. According ~els for the early hominid, fragments. to Emiliani's logic, the rigors of Euro III bels for the early hominid fragments. to Emiliani's logic, the rigors of Euro- Ithaca, Ithaca, N. N.Y., Y., U.S.A. U.S.A. 1414 III 6767 "H "Homo omo habilis," at leastleast thosethose report-report pean pean summerssummers andand drasticdrastic winterswinters In In hishis endeavorendeavor toto relate the climatic ed ed for for Bed Bed I,I, may not be significantlysignificantly should should have have led toto better-adaptedbetter-adapted history history of of the the Pliocene Pliocene and and PleistocenePleistocene different different from from Australopithecus Australopithecus afriafri- groups groups than arthritic,arthritic, sinusitis-suf-sinusitis-suf epochs epochs to to hominid hominid evolution,evolution, EmilianiEmiliani canus, canus, in in spitespite ofof the proclamationsproclamations fering, fering, flu-ridden flu-ridden Neanderthals. Neanderthals. WeWe know so little about of puts puts forward forward two two ideasideas suggested aa based based on on such such low-valence low-valence attributes asas know so little about populations of hominids that it is pointless to claim century century ago ago when when thethe casecase for early cranial cranial capacities,capacities, toothtooth dimensions, oror hominids that it is pointless to claim v;:trious post-cranial fragments. Simi that one group had' a particular sensi man man was was arguedargued fromfrom thethe evidenceevidence of various post-cranial fragments. Simi- that one group had a particular sensi- a few fossils from sites in France, Bel larly, the sequence of A. robuotus, A. tivity to arthritis or any other malady. a few fossils from sites in France, Bel- larly, the sequence of A. robust6s, A. tivity to arthritis or any other malady. gium, and Germany: (1) modern-type africanus, etc., is based on a sort of Neanderthals apparently adapted to a gium, and Germany: (1) modern-type afrzcanus, etc., is based on a sort of Neanderthals apparently adapted to a man (Homo sapiens) evolved in Eu ecological logic and not on empirical wide number of ecological conditions man (Homo sapiens) evolved in Eu- ecological logic and not on empirical wide number of ecological conditions rope out of a more primitive human evidence that allows only a single in (Europe, Middle East, Far East, East rope out of a more primitive human evidence that allows only a single in- (Europe, Middle East, Far East, East stock which had its origins in Africa; terpretation. The South African evid and South Africa) and were replac stock which had its origins in Africa; terpretation. The South African evid- and South Africa) and were replac- (2) Neanderthal Man, an early oc ence clearly reverses the sequence, and ed (?) or evolved into sapiens sapiens (2) Neanderthal Man, an early oc- ence clearly reverses the sequence, and ed (?) or evolved into sapiens sapiens cupant of the, European cradle of Olduvai Gorge can be interpreted in types in many places. cupant of the European cradle of Olduvai Gorge can be interpreted in types in many places. modern man, met extinction with the the same manner if one assumes that I am frankly mystified about the modern man, met extinction with the the same manner if one assumes that I am frankly mystified about the debut of sapient humanity. "pre-Zinj" is actually A. africanus. purpose of this paper. Is it to offer a debut of sapient humanity. "pre-Zinj" is actually A. africanus. purpose of this paper. Is it to offer a With regard to the first idea, I number of speculations about the With regard to the first idea, I I I findfind myselfmyself intriguedintrigued byby thethe sugsug- number of speculations about the dynamics of early hominid evolution, doubt doubt that that thethe EuropeanEuropean fossil record gestion gestion that that the the "pre-Australopithecus"pre-Australopithecus dynamics of early hominid evolution, or to provide evidence regarding the is is sufficiently sufficiently well well understood understood toto supsup- evolutionary evolutionary step step which which led led toto bipedalbipedal or to provide evidence regarding the environments of the early hominids, or port port the the contention contention that that posture posture is islikely likely toto havehave been selec-selec environments of the early hominids, or tive ..." (are not all "steps" by defi to show that deep-sea cores are of While the fossil finds of Australopithecus tive..." (are not all "steps" by defi- to show that deep-sea cores are of While the fossil finds of Australopithecus value in talking about the other two and Homo erectus point to Africa as the nition nition adaptive?); adaptive?); butbut bipedalbipedal posture value in talking about the other two and Homo erectus point to Africa as the questions? As far as I can tell, Emi cradle of the early Homininae, the finds of can hardly in itself have led to improv questions? As far as I can tell, Emi- cradle of the early Homininae, the finds of can hardly in itself have led to improv- such "prae-sapiens" or early sapiens types ed perception or communication, and liani has succeeded only with respect such "prae-sapiens" or early sapiens types ed perception or communication, and liani has succeeded only with respect as Steinheim, Swanscombe, Ehringsdorf, and one wonders where the evidence is that to the first question. The taxonomic as Steinheim, Swanscombe, Ehringsdorf, and one wonders where the evidence is that to the first question. The taxonomic Fontechevade point to Europe as the cradle "in other animals, an increase in the distinctions he uses are particularly Fontechevade point to Europe as the cradle "in other animals, an increase in the distinctions he uses are particularly of modern man. open to criticism, and I find no con of modern man. length length of ofthe the neck neck has hasserved served the same the same open to criticism, and I find no con- purpose." Similarly, the acquisition of vincing arguments to support his spe purpose." Similarly, the acquisition of vincing arguments to support his spe- Granted Granted that that thethe antiquityantiquity ofof EuroEuro- meat-eating by the africanus taxon is culations. meat-eating by the africanus taxon is culations. pean pean fossilfossil hominids hominids isis somewhatsomewhat moremore seen as a reason for africanus' evolving seen as a reason for africanus' evolving certain certain than than the the ages ages of of human human "remains 'remains from robustus groups. Next, cannibal from robustus groups. Next, cannibal- in in other other parts parts of of the the Old Old World, the ism is offered as an important dynamic HOWELLS*' fact remains that the bony traces of ism is offered as an important dynamic by by W. W. W. W. HOWELLS* fact remains that the bony traces of in in the the development development ofof thethe imaginativeimaginative Homo Homo sapienssapiens have beenbeen recoveredrecovered use of tools and strategies for getting a Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 20 III 67 use of tools and strategies for getting a Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 20 III 67 from from Pleistocene Pleistocene depositsdeposits inin Siberia, good hominid meal; but no attempt is good hominid meal; but no attempt is To one outside the field, the first part China, China, Borneo, Borneo, the the Sudan,Sudan, andand South made to weigh the possibilities of ob To one outside the field, the first part made to weigh the possibilities of ob- of this paper is an informative treat Africa. Africa. Does Does this this theory theory assume assume that that all all taining enough protein without prey of this paper is an informative treat- taining enough protein without prey- ment of the dating of marine deposits non-European non-European oror non-Western AsiaticAsiatic ing on other hominids: e.g., scavenging, ment of the dating of marine deposits ing on other hominids: e.g., scavenging, and and their their correlation correlation with with latelate PleistoPleisto- sapiens sapiens formform fossilfossil homhominids in ids areare the cooperative hunting; hunting of imma cooperative hunting; hunting of imma- cene cene events; events; whatwhat seemsseems especiallyespecially in-in vestiges vestiges of of a a PleistocenePleistocene dispersaldispersal outout ture animals, etc. ture animals, etc. teresting teresting is is thethe uniformityuniformity inin am-am of of thethe northwestnorthwest corner corner of of thethe OldOld Were Were Homo Homo erectus groupsgroups "under plitude, plitude, and and toto anan extent in duration, World? World? the the severesevere environmental stressstress of of of the the temperaturetemperature cycles. cycles. EmilianiEmiliani is In In the the days days when when itit was was stillstill acceptaccept- major major glaciations"glaciations" inin Java, NorthNorth duly duly conservative conservative about about absoluteabsolute dates able able to to referrefer to to Neanderthal Neanderthal ManMan asas Africa, Africa, East East Africa, Africa, and and China?China? AndAnd for for the the earlier earlier glacial glacial phases; phases; II wish representative representative of of a a speciesspecies otherother thanthan is is therethere anyany evidenceevidence for Emiliani's he he might might go go inin forfor moremore discussiondiscussion of sapiens, sapiens, the the problemproblem ofof his extinction assertion assertion for for that that EuropeanEuropean summerssummers the the results results of of other other dating dating methods methods and and was was interpretedinterpreted inin terms ofof superior were were colder colder than than present present European European win win- their their mutual mutual reconciliation. reconciliation. power power inin warfarewarfare andand intellect onon the ters? ters? The The evidence evidence from from deep-sea deep-sea cores, cores, I I dodo notnot seesee thethe obviousobvious connection part part ofof the Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon successors.successors. at at least least from from the the Caribbean Caribbean and and Equ~ Equa- of of the the second second partpart ofof thethe paperpaper with Emiliani's Emiliani's suggestionsuggestion thatthat the the Neander Neander- torial torial Africa,Africa, suggests,suggests, accordingaccording toto the the first. first. Here Here EmilianiEmiliani isis decidedly thals' thals' demise demise mightmight be be relatedrelated toto phyphy- 0 Emiliani, Emiliani, an an amplitude amplitude of of 6_7 6-7?C. C. Does Does less less cautious cautious thanthan before,before, occasionallyoccasionally siological siological disadvantages,disadvantages, particularlyparticularly this this tally tally with with the the above above claim?claim? CanCan landing landing in in a aterminological terminological swamp: swamp: wewe osteoarthritic osteoarthritic and and re'Spiratory respiratory maladies, maladies, the the flow flow of of colder colder waterswaters fromfrom meltingmelting have have a a s.ubspeciessubspecies (Homo(Homo sapiens sasa- is is provocative.provocative. ButBut ifif the Neander-Neander:-, ice ice masses masses andand their effectseffects onon foramiforami- pi piens) ens) "speciating""speciating" andand subspecies of thals thals were were cold-adapted cold-adapted in theirtheir periperi- nifera nifera tell tell us us aboutabout thethe rigorsrigors ofof concon- sapiens sapiens being manufacturedmanufactured fromfrom glacial glacial milieu,milieu, aa climaticclimatic situationsituation thatthat ,tinental 'tinental life life in in areas areas wherewhere HomoHomo Homo Homo erectus. erectufs. It seems It likelyseems that likely the thatthey they theappear appear toto have borneborne throughthrough erectus erectus and and subsequentsubsequent finds existed? anthropologists, anthropologists, while while deridingderiding older several several millenia, millenia, itit seemsseems curiouscurious that The The latterlatter part part ofof Emiliani'sEmiliani's paper blunders blunders in in nomenclature nomenclature maymay bebe get-get their their disappearance disappearance is is explicable explicable byby aa suggests suggests to to me me aa reversion tOto Certaincertain ting ting into into newnew difficultiesdifficulties byby beingbeing sudden sudden ineffectiveness ineffectiveness of of such such aa favor-favor-
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 36 36 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms PROBABLE PROBABLE PARALE.LISATION WIT34t! WOLOSTET CURVE 11966)1 | I OLOCENE W R M C W E I C H S E L E E M R I S S II t WART 1 E Y ::::~~L2~~~'~Gwl~r&~':~~~~~~~:R6s6:):fiRST lA-II DRDER C t-.;\\~~"~~'"~~~5~=:P:=;=:;:t=::=~W '~'~M~'"~'~"~"'~"~'=:£=::i~'~';M~116~==~~~'~~~5A2R~,"~'~'=:=:i::c3E~~=~:=-':E t TENTATIVE ABSOLUTE OATlNG Wl.TERt l"SOLAt10 C'U"RCEA YEARSBP ? ? 1035 32 13 152 3 27 % CYCL.ES Or FIRST tA-I) ANO SECONO 3 1-3) ORDER C A 8 3 2 1 C3 C2 t 9 C j3 171 :~i!I------=~~~;====*- 'ESOILS SEt&UE S I OECALI IROWN E- 9 ? I SOL SOIN' CT O R IP \ T ACUMLAE 0 243 ESSERE TUCNSSSAE271 _MM 485 5M 602 7-26 3 f 3 962
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_81. LATRNTV Pos-eto uv ftePau n ro aes. TheN OF X ordinat represent FAUN ATere thicknes SofL Lolo edmn C ees
FIG. 1. Loess-section curve of the Prague and Brno areas. The "x" ordinate represents the observed thickness of soil or sediment in meters; the "y" ordinate represents the types of soil or sediment in the order in which they are supposed to' succeed each other as the climate changes from mainly cold to mainly warm. Each soil recorded is identified by the cycle to which it belongs and by a letter (e.g., ~_"). 0 4
able adaptation. To be sure, cases of section of Emiliani's curve shows close soils of the Stranska skala locality, 6.5 osteoarthritis able adaptation. occur To in be the sure, fossil cases series of resemblance section of Emiliani'sto the Pelukian-Kotzebuan curve shows close kin soils east of of the Cerveny Stranska kopec, skala whichlocality, con 6.5 from osteoarthritis Krapina, Laoccur Ferarssie, in the fossilLa Quina, series division, resemblance where to thethe Pelukian-Kotzebuansame number of tain km a east rich of Biharian Cerveny fauna kopec, (Lozek which andcon- and from La Krapina,Chapelle-aux-Saints; La Ferarssie, butLa Quina,rheu minor division, temperature where the cycles same seem number to beof Fejfar tain a1957), rich Biharian must, because fauna (Lozekof their and matic and Ladiseases Chapelle-aux-Saints; also occurred among but rheu- the registered. minor temperature Each division cycles may seem easily to bebe relations Fejfar 1957),to terraces, must, bebecause younger of theirthan Cro-Magnon matic diseases population also occurred as wellamong as thein considered registered. to Each some division periodic may climaticeasily be cycle relations I and to olderterraces, than be cycle younger D. Soil than later Cro-Magnon Mesolithic population and Neolithic as well comas in variation considered causing to some glacials periodic and intergla climatic development cycle I and oldercomparison than cyclehas D.placed Soil- munities later Mesolithic in Europe, and and Neolithic osteoarthritis com- cials. variation causing glacials and intergla- them development equivalent comparisonto cycle E or hasF (Kukla, placed has munities been identified in Europe, in andsuch osteoarthritis Pleistocene cials.A loess-section curve recently con unpublished). them equivalent A closer to cyclefix is E expectedor F (Kukla, mammals has been asidentified Bos primigenius in such Pleistocene and the structed A loess-section after detailed' curve studiesrecently of con- a to unpublished). be obtained inA closerthe future fix isby expected petro cave mammals bear. asIf Bosthe primigenius Neanderthals and dis the number structed of afterwell-preserved detailed studies loess andof a graphical to be obtained methods. in the future by petro- appeared cave bear. in Ifthe the dramatic Neanderthals fashion dis-so soils number sections of well-preservedresting on river loessterraces and graphicalThe loess-section methods. curve (Fig. 1) often appeared described, in the the dramatic causes may fashion reside so of sol's the sectionsBohemian resting massif on may river be terracesof par shows) The the loess-section observed sequences curve of(Fig. soils 1) in often factors described, which leavethe causes no trace may in reside the ticular of the interest Bohemian in massifthis connection. may be of Sed par- and shows sediments the observed in the sequences best-preserved of soils fossil ir factors record: which the leavecapability no trace of in thethe imentation ticular interest pockets in thisfilled connection. with richly Sed- sections and sediments of Bohemia in the andbest-preserved Moravia. Cro-Magnon fossil record: peoples the capabilityto form socially of the divided imentation strata, pockets including filled palaeontologi with richly Whereas sections sediments of Bohemia of cycles and Moravia.I to E cohesive Cro-Magnon units peopleswith a toslightly form sociallyhigher cally divided evidenced strata, interglacials,including palaeontologi- show the have Whereas been sedimentsstudied only of cyclesat Cerveny I to E margin cohesive of unitsefficiency with anda slightly success higher than same cally sequenceevidenced of interglacials, sedimentation show and the kopec, have beenthe well-developed studied only atcycle Cerveny. D is could margin be ofrealized efficiency in the and social success tradi than pedogenesis same sequence in twoof sedimentation areas 200 kilo and known kopec, from the well-developedsix sites, cycle cycleC from D is tions could of be Neanderthals. realized in the More social effective tradi- meters pedogenesis apart (Kukla, in two Lozek,areas 200and kilo-Za twelve known sites, from and six cycle sites, B fromcycle several.C from methods tions of ofNeanderthals. communication More effectiveand co ruba meters 1961). apart The (Kukla, sequences Lozek, recordedand Za6- twelveThe curve sites, is andtentatively cycle B fromdated several. on an operation methods betweenof communication individuals and of co-a must ruba therefore 1961). The reflect sequences wide-range recorded cli absolute The curvetime scaleis tentatively based on datedthe Croll on an social operation unit may between be of criticalindividuals adaptive of a matic must changestherefore rather reflect than wide-range local sedi cli- Milankovich absolute time theory scale basedof changes on the in Croll- the importance social unit inmay the becompetition of critical foradaptive food mentation matic changes conditions. rather Carbon-14 than local datessedi- earth's Milankovich orbit buttheory using of for changes dating in thethe in importance an area undergoingin the competition climatic forand food from mentation Vestonice conditions. fix chronologically Carbon-14 dates the changes earth's inorbit insolation but using in thefor Northerndating the biotic in an changesarea undergoing during and climatic between and more from recent Vestonice part fix of chronologically the loess curve the Hemisphere changes in ininsolation the winter, in the rather Northern than glacial biotic optima. changes While during the andcase between for ex (Kukla more andrecent KHma part 1961). of the (Sample loess curve Gro the Hemisphere summer, inhalf-year. the winter, This rather point than tinction glacial optima.by physiological While the casedisability for ex- 2105 (Kukla has and recenJI Klf ma y been1961). re-dated (Sample Groby should the summer, be explained half-year. in more This detail. point cannot tinction be byruled physiological out, the morphology disability Vogel 2105 has[personal recently - communication been re-dated byto shouldAn attempt be explained was originally in more detail.made to of cannot the large be ruledsinus out,cavities the ofmorphology Neander KHma] Vogel [personal-at more thancommunication 34,000 years to apply An eitherattempt the was Milankovich originally made(1941) to thal of theMan large and sinus the cavitiesincidence of ofNeander- rheu B.P. Kli'ma] instead at ofmore the than52,000 34,000 years origiyears or apply the eitherBrouwer the and Milankovich van Woerkom (1941) matic thal Mandisease and recorded the incidence in his fossilof rheu- re nally B.P. insteadreported.) of theSequences 52,000 yearsof clearly origi- (1953) or the summer Brouwer half-year and van Woerkominsolation mains matic cannotdisease recordedin themselves in his standfossil re-as different nally reported.) ages show Sequences surprisingly of clearly close curves (1953) tosummer the data, half-year but no insolation logical evidence mains cannot for extinction in themselves by flustand and as correspondence. different ages showThis surprisinglyobservation closehas parallel curves appeared to the data,for the but most no logicalre.cent, other evidence ailments for extinctionpopularly byassociated flu and led correspondence. to the definition This of observation sedimentation has C parallel1Ldated appeared part of for the the mostloess-section recent, with other life ailments in a cold popularly climate. associated cycles led to of the first definition and second of sedimentationorder (Kukla curve. C14-dated The primarilypart of thecold loess-section period be with life in a cold climate. 1961). cycles Sixof firstfirst-order and second cycles, order each (Kukla of tween curve. 30,000 The primarily and 65,000 cold yearsperiod B.P. be- them 1961). representing Six first-order the timespan cycles, eachof one of cannot tween be 30,000 explained and 65,000in terms years of anyB.P. by J. KUKLA*" glacial them representingand one theinterglacial, timespan ofwere one reasonable cannot be explainedresponse intime terms (Broecker of any by J. KUKLA* originally glacial and described one interglacial, (Kukla and Lozek were 1965). reasonable Nevertheless, response it timeis obvious (Broecker that Prague, Czechoslovakia. 17 v 67 1961) originally . Today described much new(Kukla evidence and Lozek is the 1965). cyclical Nevertheless, repetition it isof obvious loess thatand Prague, Czechoslovakia. 17 v 67 Emiliani's newly adjusted 018/016 tem available, 1961). Today demonstrating much new the evidence existence is soils the mustcyclical have repetition been caused of loessby some and perature Emiliani's curve newly is welcome. adjusted The Q18/016 placing tem-of available, eight cycles demonstrating below the theHolocene existence at astronomical soils must havefactor. been Two caused possibilities by some of perature the Kotzebuan curve is peak welcome. at 170,000 The placing years the of principaleight cycles site below of Cerveny the Holocene kopec. at remain: astronomical either factor.it is the Two Southern possibilities He encourages of the Kotzebuan comparisons peak atwith 170,000 events years of Almost the principal completely site developedof Cerveny soils kopec. and misphere remain: thateither determinates it is the Southern world cliHe- continental encourages glaciations.comparisons However with events I am of loess Almost sequences completely C to developedI underlie soils the andin mate-which misphere that can determinates hardly be accepted world cli- still continental skeptical glaciations. of many isotopeHowever dates I am completely loess sequences preserved C to Isoils underlie of cycle the in-B. or mate-which it is not the can summerhardly behalf accepted- of the from still seaskeptical cores forof manythe p'eriod isotope between dates Two completely pedocomplexes preserved belowsoils of PKcycle V, B. year, or it but is notthe thewinter summer one, halfthat ofplays the 70,000 from seaand cores 300,000 for theyears period because between .so cycle Two D, pedocomplexes each corresponding below toPK one V, the year, decisive but therole. winter one, that plays little 70,000 is knownand 300,000 of the years geochemistry because .soof first-order cycle D, eachcycle, corresponding have recently to been one theSo, decisive using Milankovich's role. (1941) table the little ocean is knownfloor. The of theRecent-Pelukian geochemistry discovered.of first-order Drilling cycle, have has recentlyshown beenthat XXV So, (calculated using Milankovich's for every five(1941) milen- table the ocean floor. The Recent-Pelukian discovered. Drilling has shown that XXV (calculated for every five milen- Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968 37 Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968
This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms % I I • i I I Iii iii t i , tit I I I Iii i 1 t iii Iii I I Iii i I I Iii i I Iii 1 I ' I I I I I , I I I I 10 a I1S00 ADI 50 100. 103 YEARS 200 300 400 500 600 L0 0 H800 AD) 50 100X103YEARS 200 300 400 S00 600 5 + (\ /\" /\ 1\ /\ !\ ,,!\ f\ f\ f\ A v-v 1\ /\ 1\ c:-A--t~. A!~AL\j 5LACTIJAL\I A ~JAL\ vV A/ \]V\)l.TV /\ \ // A V'l \Sx V A/Vl/V tA/ -\/J\J\j\/V'vA AJ/ A \/ A vW 15 LONG CYCLE i-b' F'15 [CYCLESA B3 B 2 B ci D3 02 DI E3 E 2 E F3 F2 | F KYEARS403 10.5 32 128 152 199 243 271 370 391 445 485 506 559 602 FIG. 2. General curve of winter half;year insolation for 55° IN latitude, based on Milankovich's (1941) calculations. Parallel with loess- section FIG. 2. cycles General is shown curve (cf.of wlnterFig. 1). half-year insolation for 55? \N latitude, based on Milankovich's (1941) calculations. Parallel with loess- section cycles is shown (cf. Fig. 1).
nia, I constructed the general winter The winter insolation minimum, on the have played an important positive role. half-year nia, I constructed insolation curvethe general for 55° winter north other The winterhand, wasinsolation 13% lower,minimum, the onmaxi the have4) Theplayed observed an important lowering positive of role.sea latitude half-year (Fig. insolation 2) and compared curve for it 550 with north mum other 7% hand, higher. was The13% increaselower, the that maxi- ac level 4) inThe Holland observed between lowering 1730 of andsea the latitude known (Fig. C14 2)and and Th230 compared Pa231 evidence it with companied mum 7% higher. the Eemian The increase transgression that ac- 1820 level was in Hollandaccompanied between by a 1730decrease and (Fig. the known3). A surprisingC14 and Th230 degree Pa23' of corevidencereached companied 23% the at Eemian 12,000 transgression years B.P., in 1820 mean was Januaryaccompanied temperatures by a decrease but reached 23% at 12,000 years B.P., in mean January temperatures but respondence (Fig. 3). A surprisingwas found. degree Main ofWiirm cor- enough to influence world climate sub practically no change in July temper (Wisconsin) respondence period was found. shows Main generally Wiirm stantially. enough to influence world climate sub- atures practically and an no increase change inof Julymean temper- annual low (Wisconsin) winter insolation. period shows The generallyHolocene stantially.3) The albedo during glacial temperature atures and an(Fairbridge increase of 1961). mean annual and low Paudorfwinter insolation.(Plum Point) The Holoceneinterval winters 3) The must albedo have beenduring considerably glacial temperature5) The comparative (Fairbridge studies 1961). of mi began and Paudorfwhen winter (Plum insolation Point) abruptlyinterval higher winters than must during have beenwinters considerably of inter croclimate 5) The ofcomparative glaciated and studies non-glaciat of mi- increased. began when Similar winter rapid insolation increase abruptly ac glacials higher duethan to during the large winters snow-covered of inter- ed croclimate areas at ofsimilar glaciated latitudes and non-glaciat- that have glacials due to the large snow-covered ed areas at similar latitudes that have companies increased. the Similar high searapid stands increase of Tyr ac- areas in front of the glaciers. In sum sometimes been used to support the rhenian companies 1 andthe highTyrrhenian sea stands 1 (Stearnsof Tyr- mers areas the in frontdifference of the would glaciers. have In sum-been relative sometimes importance been used of summerto support insola the and rhenian Thurber -2 and1965). Tyrrhenian An especially 1 (Stearns close much mers theless, differencewith high would albedo have being been tion relative (Koppen importance and Wegener of summer 1924) insola- have general and Thurber correspondence 1965). An especiallyto Emiliani's close restricted much less, only with to glacier-covered high albedo beingareas. a tionserious (Koppen defect: and theWegener areas 1924)compared have curve general exists correspondence up to about 65,000to Emiliani's years The restricted austausch only toKoejfizient, glacier-covered twice areas. as are a serious under thedefect: influence the areasof the compared same in ago. curve More exists than up ato general about 65,000correspond years high The in austausch winter as Koeffizient,in summer, must twice also as solation. are under the influence of the same in- ence ago. ofMore major than oscillations a general correspond-can hardly high in winter as in summer, must also solation. be ence expected of major without oscillations a more can detailed hardly calculation be expected of without the insolation a more detailedcurve. There calculation exist, offor theexample, insolation differences curve. in There the exist,location for ofexample, the Paudorf differences in in the location of the Paudorf in- solation peak (22,000 B.P. according "'ir V,I II) W LOESS CURVE SOLAR-INSOLATION CURVE ERIE LOBE EUROPE PALEOT MPERATURE to solation Milankovich, peak (22,000 ca. 25,000 B.P. accordingaccording ~~ j j 5 w Of' J CZECHOSLOVAKIA LOESS CURVE WIN~~~ SOLAR-INSOLATION 51~ ~ult~ ~:sYcD L~VEL CURVESTRATIGRAP~Y ERIE ~~ LOBE STRATIGRAPI-IY ww EUROPECURVE ~OR PALEOTEMPERATURE SURfACE to Milankovich, ca. 25,000 according -_J - OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA FOR 55'N LATI TU DE ST TGAit " to Brouwer and van Woerkom). It is |C WINTEP IN SFULL.BASICT EVE STRATIGRAF Y STRATIGRAPHY CURVE FOR SURFACE to Brouwer and van Woerkom). It is tl t> II)~ .$LO W'A~ SUMMER Do~f~401 ~:~I~f'l'l~~~C CI"'DATEO ~~ PRINCIPAL WA:E:;'L~~N~~::~B;AN evident, however, that the main cold ) t) "2 +COLD WARM WINTR 7I FULL N.BASIC S LEVE WATERS14 OF CARRIBEAN ~ cr: ~I< L'J >-1x a :~II SUMMER ~I~II DOTEDI~ DOTD ~ CANIC BASIC UNITL14573 C'4D LEVEL 'CANON ATED UNITS C C (GOLDTH'w'AITPRINCIPAL ~L5 c CDATED EMILIANI 181967 115 evident, however, that the main cold- ~ ~u.i i= < i~ - CX14573~ fA ~~ ~ ~ ~'CANON 4 DECREASE UNITS (GOLDTHWAITiNtREASE ET AL 1965 Ct ) ~laDATE EVENTS BASED IN 0 II 0 ANALYSIS climate episodes are synchronous with 00 O OUIQ.. z Z ::::;= o j 5-[3 >~g DECREASE ~ ~ ~ CANOUNITS1800 AL AD ttREASE EIGLACIAL~:g EVENTS BASED IN 0Q8/0Q1DEGREES ANALYSISOF CELSIUS winter climate insolation episodes are decrease synchronous and withvice C) oC) L la..... ::l u 1/...10A -15% ) -10%I 1800 -5% LEVELA D +5%GLACIAL ADVANCE DEGREESo~ ~D 20OF 22 CELSIUS 2-t 26 28 -= 0 _IDID a3 enO ~31:r~:J:. O - 150/O ~..J 1111111111111111111111111 -10O% -5% LEVEL + ~RET~~t;5/o ADVANCE 'W~ Z ?D II 20 I 22 I I24 1 26III 28 versa. winter Turning insolation points decrease seem andto havevice some versa. special Turning importance, points seem perhaps to have as some special importance, perhaps as an impetus to climatic change. The < Q HOLOCENE MALACOFAUNASJ RECENT detailed an impetus mechanism to climatic of the change. response The of _ SQ cC I rw LLER0D 0 > LA5CAUX detailed mechanism of the response of ? I -~~~~~ CREEKI 0~~~o ~BOLLING world climate to insolation changes is I - A ~ z L ERIE... I KLASCAUXIt'l ~BRI PATAUD world climate to insolation changes is I z 4..... 7 S) I Y>\, I g- ) ~~PDRT FARMDAL,;) C BRI'N, PATAUD) PAUOORF W without any doubt very complicated Z without any doubt very complicated 30 A~~AA VI\ --4PAUDORF~g PLUMFARMD PO":!!) r.. .::> D' ARCYu E u Ido and remains unclear (d. Mitchell ; ~ ~ -:- T _~ '" -=s POD HRADEM N and remains unclear (cf. Mitchell r ::::> is tERTOVA PEC 1965). When this problem has been _J z ~~~~~POD-S HRADEM \.::! u g -<:'GAI-IANNA B'CJ: T 1Li .) (ERTOVA',> PECUPTON ))0 clarified 1965). Whenand the this importance problem ofhas winter been \L) --t: This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms For the purpose of loess-curve Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH For the purpose of loess-curve- Emiliani: PLEISToCENE EPOCH however the summer vs. winter dating, dating, however the summer vs. winter dilemma is of secondary importance. tive dating of the loess-section curve meet general agreement and should dilemma is of secondary importance. tive dating of the loess-section curve meet general agreement and should The principal task is to find some pe will remain only a working hypothesis perhaps receive more emphasis if we The principal task is to find some pe- perhaps receive more emphasis if we until will sufficientremain only isotope a working data has hypothesis been are to arrive at a better understanding riodic riodic variation variation in in insolationinsolation whichwhich might correspond to the first-order collected until sufficient to support isotope it. data has been of are the to ongoingarrive at processa better ofunderstanding evolution. might correspond to the first-order collected to support it. of the ongoing process of evolution. cycle of loess sections. TW9 approaches Whether or not average temperatures cycle of loess sections. Two approaches A similar approach would surely be A similar approach would surely be based Whether on criteriaor not averagespecific temperatures to toastal are are available: available: (1) (1) InIn FigureFigure 3 3 aa timetime- useful in deep-sea core research, where span of 117,000 years lies between the useful in deep-sea core research, where areas based are onrelevant criteria also specificfor other toparts Voastal span of 117,000 years lies between the sedimentation rates cannot be sup areas are relevant also for other parts beginning of the Holocene and the sedimentation rates cannot be sup- of a continent seems less clear; for beginning of the Holocene and the ported by isotope dating. Emiliani's of a continent seems less clear; for probable beginning of the Eemian. The ported by isotope dating. Emiliani's example, the protected area of Bohe probable beginning of the Eemian. The Eem· temperature maximum, placed at example, the protected area of Bohe- general insolation characteristics of Eem temperature maximum, placed at mia and Moravia appears, on present general insolation characteristics of about 98,000 years (Rosholt et al. mia and Moravia appears, on present this time span closely correspond to about 98,000 years (Rosholt et al. evidence, to have had relatively high this time span closely correspond to 1961), disagrees with the generally ac evidence, to have had relatively high those of the preceding 115,000-year 1961), disagrees with the generallysummer ac- temperatures during the last those of the preceding 115,000-year cepted dates of 85,000 and 120,000 summer temperatures during the last period, thus revealing the existence of years cepted for dateshigh seaof 85,000stands whichand 120,000 must glaciation and to have therefore sup period, thus revealing the existence of years for high sea stands which must glaciation and to have therefore sup- a cycle of 115-117 millenia. (2) The have been separated by a cold episode ported what was for that time a dense a cycle of 115-117 millenia. (2) The have been separated by a cold episode ported what was for that time a dense only periodic variation in the insola with low sea level. At least a general population. only periodic variation in the insola- with low sea level. At least a general population. tion curve longer than 50,000 years parallel may be drawn between the Regarding the long process of tion curve longer than 50,000 years parallel may be drawn between the Regarding the long process of (the minimum possible C14-dated Holocene and the first part of the achieving erect posture, Kummer (the minimum possible C14-dated Holocene and the first part of the achieving erect posture, Kummer duration of the last glacial) is a cycle Eemian. In the Holocene, the high sea (1956) has shown that Oreopithecus duration of the last glacial) is a cycle Eemian. In the Holocene, the high sea (1956) has shown that Oreopithecus of 115,000-117,000 years. Every third stand is evidently synchronous with probably had a genu valgum. This in of 115,000-117,000 years. Every third probably had a genu valgum. This in- cycle seems to be longer, from 125,000 stand is evidently synchronous with dicates a trend toward bipedal walk cycle seems to be longer, from 125,000Emiliani's sea-water temperature peak; dicates a trend toward bipedal walk- to 127,000 years (cycles D and G). but Emiliani's the Eemian sea-water high temperaturesea stand of peak; ing already in the Miocene, although to 127,000 years (cycles D and G). but the Eemian high sea stand of ing already in the Miocene, although The normal 116,000-year cycle consists 120,000 years would be accompanied, it is impossible to trace direct connec The normal 116,000-year cycle consists 120,000 years would be accompanied, it is impossible to trace direct connec- of five minor periodic repetitions according to Emiliani's curve, by a tions to the bipedal human hominids of five minor periodic repetitions according to Emiliani's curve, by a tions to the bipedal human hominids (probably caused by variations in the very low sea temperature, comparable of Africa. Generally we should be very (probably caused by variations in the very low sea temperature, comparable of Africa. Generally we should be very precession of the equinoxes) 20,000- with to the one recorded during the careful, in our present stage of know precession of the equinoxes) 20,000- with to the one recorded during the careful, in our present stage of know- 23,000 years long. The first three have Wisconsin glaciation. Since this can ledge, not to deduce too much as to the 23,000 years long. The first three have Wisconsin glaciation. Since this can ledge, not to deduce too much as to the much greater amplitude than the last hardly be the case, I have recommend geographical location of any particular much greater amplitude than the last hardly be the case, I have recommend- geographical location of any particular two. The first and the third insolation ed relocating the Eem maximum as process, much less of speciation. Dif two. The first and the third insolation ed relocating the Eem maximum as process, much less of speciation. Dif- peaks, about 40,000 years apart, are shown in Figure 3. The Broecker et al. ferences in the intensity of research peaks, about 40,000 years apart, are shown in Figure 3. The Broecker et al. ferences in the intensity of research contemporaneous with the fictitious (1958) estimate of 150,000 years for and in the opportunities to reach contemporaneous with the fictitious (1958) estimate of 150,000 years for and in the opportunities to reach two-fold glaciations of the Milanko the age of the "X-V" boundary partly fossil-bearing levels may make our two-fold glaciations of the Milanko- fossil-bearing levels may make our vich curve. The last twin of cycle B supports the age this of therecommendation. "X-V" boundary partlyviews very one-sided. vich curve. The last twin of cycle B supports this recommendation. views very one-sided. corresponds corresponds to to the the doubled doubled forestforest soil soil Emiliani's objections to established It is not clear that one can deduce of the lessive sequence in the loess Emiliani's objections to established It is not clear that one can deduce of the lessive sequence in the loess nomenclature are more than logical. Australopithecus africanus from A. sections. This comparison is supported nomenclature are more than logical. Australopithecus africanus from A. sections. This comparison is supported For geologists working on continents, robustus (cf. Heberer 1965). The by the high sea stands of 85,000 and For geologists working on continents,known robustus fossils (cf. of A.Heberer robustus 1965). are gene The by the high sea stands of 85,000 and however, it is practical to continue known fossils of A. robustus are gene- 120,000 years B.P. and by the inter however, it is practical to continue rally more recent, some even belonging 120,000 years B.P. and by the inter- with the established division of Holo rally more recent, some even belonging glacial fa)lna that accompanies both with the established division of Holo-to the early Middle Pleistocene. Mixed glacial fauna that accompanies both cene cene and and Pleistocene, Pleistocene, maybe maybe setting setting off off to the early Middle Pleistocene. Mixed the lower lessive and the older high the Villafranchian (or the Eopleisto diet is well known from ground-living the lower lessive and the older high the Villafranchian (or the Eopleisto- diet is well known from ground-living sea stand. cene of Russian authors) as a separate primates (e.g., baboons) and is prob sea stand. cene of Russian authors) as a separate primates (e.g., baboons) and is prob- I consider the evidence sufficient to period. Subdivisions of the Pleistocene ably very old among hominids. I do I consider the evidence sufficient to period. Subdivisions of the Pleistocene ably very old among hominids. I do reintroduce the insolation curve to should be based on cyclical climatic not have enough space here to discuss reintroduce the insolation curve to should be based on cyclical climatic not have enough space here to discuss Quarternary research. If the loess-sec changes, whereas the delimitation of the the taxonomy of the human hominids Quarternary research. If the loess-sec- changes, whereas the delimitation of the the taxonomy of the human hominids tion glacial cycle has some astrono Villafranchian can only be based on (but see Kurth 1967). In any case, tion glacial cycle has some astrono- Villafranchian can only be based on (but see Kurth 1967). In any case, mical cause, then it can hardly be biostratigraphy (Zubakov and Krasnov their probably slow rate of increase mical cause, then it can hardly be their probably slow rate of increase other than insolation changes, and if 1959). biostratigraphy (Zubakov and Krasnovand the length of their generations sug other than insolation changes, and if 1959). and the length of their generations sug- such is the case the glacial cycle must As for Paleolithic populations resist gest that successful migrations over such is the case the glacial cycle must As for Paleolithic populations fesist- gest that successful migrations over logically be 115,000-127,000 years in ing the harsh glacial winters of Eu large areas with different environ logically be 115,000-127,000 years in ing the harsh glacial winters of Eu- large areas with different environ- duration, at least for the last million rope, we must point out that no evid mental conditions would have required duration, at least for the last million rope, we must point out that no evid- mental conditions would have required years. I have therefore added tentative ence is available of the presence of a very long time. Our fossil finds are years. I have therefore added tentative ence is available of the presence of a very long time. Our fossil finds are absolute dating to the loess-section man in the middle latitudes of Europe scattered and still insufficient for absolute dating to the loess-section scattered and still insufficient -for curve and, for better comprehension, during man ain glacial the middle winter. latitudes It seems muchof Europe tracing lineages even though we can curve and, for better comprehension, during a glacial winter. It seems much tracing lineages even though we can superimposed on it the terms of clas more likely that the Paleolithic hunter describe morphologically specific or superimposed on it the terms of clas- more likely that the Paleolithic hunter sical European stratigraphy according followed his quarry into the North in subspecific describe morphologicallygroupings. I would specific hesitate or sical European stratigraphy according followed his quarry into the North in subspecific groupings. I would hesitate to Woldstedt (1966). There is a general glacial times only in summer and re to deduce from the relatively richer to Woldstedt (1966). There is a general glacial times only in summer and re- to deduce from the relatively richer correspondence, between the curve and treated in winter to southern France European fossil record that the "cen correspondence between the curve and treated in winter to southern France European fossil record that the "cen- the classical sequence as to the position or the Black Sea basin. The incredibly tre" of sapiens speciation was in Eu the classical sequence as to the position or the Black Sea basin. The incredibly tre" of sapiens speciation was in Eu- of the Stranska skala Lower Biharian long migrations of the Great Lakes In rope, despite the fact that conditions of the Stranska skala Lower Biharian long migrations of the Great Lakes In- rope, despite the fact that conditions fauna. The total length of classical dians, recorded for instance by Tanner there favored isolation. The few fauna. The total length of classical dians, recorded for instance by Tanner there favored isolation. The few European glaciation agrees roughly (1940), make this seem probable. human fossils and the similarly scarce European glaciation agrees roughly (1940), make this seem probable. human fossils and the similarly scarce with with the the latestlatest estimatesestimates (Evernden(Evernden cultural remains before the Wiirl)1 and Curtis 1965). The soils of cycles cover cultural such a remainslong time beforespan that the con Wiirimi and Curtis 1965). The soils of cycles cover such a long time span that con- G, H, and I are much more intensive KURTH* G, H, and I are much more intensive by by G. G. KURTH* sideration of direct connections can be than any younger soil (cf. Brun speculative sideration only.of direct Is it connections not enough can that be than any younger soil (cf. Brun- BraunschU'~ig, Germany. 14 III 67 speculative only. Is it not enough that nacker's nacker's [1964] [1964] Riesenboden).Riesenboden). OurOur Braunschwezg, Germany. 14 IIfossils 67 for one time-horizon demon curve shows that care must be taken Discussing Emiliani's methods and re strate fossils one for particular one time-horizon trend of differen demon- curve shows that care must be taken Discussing Emiliani's methods and re- in evaluating sections from the remote sults in dating Pleistocene levels is not tiation? strate Whyone particulardo we need trend more ofspecial differen- in evaluating sections from the remote sults in dating Pleistocene levels is not Pleistocene; complicated sequences of the palaeoanthropologist's business. His and tiation? speculative Why dointerpretations we need more when special Pleistocene; complicated sequences of the palaeoanthropologist's business. His climatic oscillations such as occur in proposal that we use terms like Ter the and facts speculative demonstrate interpretations the validity when of climatic oscillations such as occur in proposal that we use terms like Ter- the more recent part of the Pleistocene, tiary, Quaternary, Holocene, and our the general facts demonstratetheory ? We theare validitystill too of the more recent part of the Pleistocene, tiary, Quaternary, Holocene, and our general theory? We are still too must also be expected there. The tent a- Post-Pleistocene only informally will much in the stage of gathering facts must also be expected there. The tenta- Plost-Pleist:ocene only informally will much in the stage of gathering facts Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968 39 Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968 39 This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms toward a better reconstruction of our were carnivorous and one not, then the' environment, would be a trend toward past; toward it will a better be a reconstructionlong time before of ourwe remains were carnivorous of the vegetarian and one not,then would theby any environment, modifications would of be mind a trend or towardbody can past; correlate it will bethe a datalong timegained before by dif we relatively remains ofmore the numerous vegetarian if wouldit were be which any modificationswould heighten of man's mind ability or body to ferent can correlate methods. the data gained by dif- an relatively important more food numerous resource if ofit werethe invent, which woulduse, heightenand maintain man's abilityculture. to ferent methods. carnivorous an important species. food However, resource the of ana the Neanderthals invent, use, may and havemaintain had brains culture. as tomical carnivorous evidence species. adduced However, to supportthe ana- large Neanderthals as, or larger may than, have that had of brains Homo as by GABRIEL W. LASKER*" the tomical existence evidence of such adduced different to supportadapt sapiens large as,sapiens, or larger but than,I do notthat think of Homo we by GABRIEL W. LASKER* ations the existence in specimens of such assigned different to each adapt- of can sapiens assume sapiens, (with but Emiliani) I do not that think they we Delroit, Mich., U.S.A. 8 III 67 two ations sympatric in specimens species assigned is weak. to each Fur of were can asassume "intelligent." (with Emiliani) They simply that they did Derozit, Mzch., U.S.A. 8 iii 67 Since Emiliani (1956b) is one of those thermore, two sympatric the known species remains is weak. of Fur-the not were have as "intelligent."the cultural ability They simplyof Homo did who Since has Emiliani proposed (1956b) relatively is one of recent those two thermore, kinds are the similar known in remainsfrequency. of the sapiens not have sapiens, the cultural and therefore ability wereof Homo not dates who for has the proposed glaciations relatively of the Pleisto recent two kinds are similar in frequency. as sapiens well adaptedsapiens, andto the therefore human wereway notof cene, dates itfor is thevery glaciations helpful ofto the have Pleisto- his life. as well adapted to the human way of views cene, on it howis very the helpfulPleistocene to havedates hisof by JOHN M. LONGYEAR, III*" life. human views onevolutionary how the Pleistocene events should dates beof by JOHN M. LONGYEAR, III* Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. 10 III 67 revised human on evolutionary the basis ofevents the newshould evi be by M. A. MACCONAILL*" Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. 10 III 67 dence. revised When on the he basis calls of onthe "modernnew evi- Although I intend to confine my re by M. A. MACCONAILL* views dence. on Whenspeciation he callsand evolution"on "modern to marks Although to a Ifew intend points to confinein the last my sec re- Cork, Ireland. 10 III 67 help views relate on speciationthe fossils, and however, evolution" per to tion marks of Emiliani'sto a few points paper, in I thewould last likesec- Emiliani's article is Cork, a veryIreland. valuable 10 III 67 haps help herelate is puttingthe fossils, the however,weaker caseper- to tion note of in Emiliani's passing thatpaper, his I woulddiscussion like contribution, Emiliani's articleparticularly is a very from valuable the forward. haps he There is putting are, differences the weaker as wellcase of to the note Pleistocene in passing as thatrevealed his discussionby deep non-specialist's contribution, angle.particularly Its value from lies theas as forward. similarities There between are differences man and asother well sea of andthe Pleistoceneother sediments as revealed is a welcomeby deep- 'much non-specialist's in its concision angle. and Its clarityvalue liesas inas organisms, as similarities and betweenone should man anddevelop other synthesis sea and otherto a sedimentsnon-specialist is a welcomesuch as the ,much information in its concision it supplies. and clarity An asob in concepts organisms, of human and one evolution should developon the myself. synthesis to a non-specialist such as jective the information definition of it epochssupplies. is Anhighly ob- basis concepts of human of human biology, evolution the fossil on there myself.The assumption of bipedal posture desirable. jective definition Our author of epochsis voicing' is highly the cord, basis andof human archaeological biology, thedating' fossil and re- by Theour assumptionremote ancestors of bipedal was posturesurely feelings desirable. of manyOur author of us iswhen voicing he says the context. cord, and archaeological dating and more by ourimportant remote than ancestors Emiliani was suggests. surely that feelings "some of of many the confusion of us when existing he says in context.For instance, Emiliani's casual re This more step important was not than only Emiliani "likely suggests.to have Pleistocene that "some literature of the confusion appears toexisting result in mark For that instance, cannibalism Emiliani's may have casual play re- been This selective," step was notit was only crucial, "likely and to have the from Pleistocene semantics literature alone." appears to result ed- marka very that important cannibalism role may gives have me play- an consequent been selective," improvement it was crucial, in perception and the fromHis generalsemantics sequence alone." from Austra excuse ed a very to point important out that, role since gives the me pop an and consequent communication improvement was inunquestion perception lopithecus His general onwards sequence is fromreasonable Austra- ulation excuse couldto point not out continually that, since decline the pop- ably and ofcommunication far less importance, was unquestion- from a se enough lopithecus when onwardsit is combined, is reasonable as he without ulation extinction could not ofcontinually the species, decline can lection ably of standpoint, far less importance, than was fromthe freea se- suggests, enough withwhen overlap. it is combined, His suggestion as he nibalism without never extinction can have of thebeen species, a very can- ing lection of the standpoint, forelimbs thanfor manipulation,was the free- that suggests, the Neanderthals with overlap. could His suggestionhave been important nibalism neversource canof havehuman been food a very for carrying, ing of the etc. forelimbs This same for manipulation,observation, even that more the Neanderthalsintelligent than could ourselves have been is the important species as source a whole of humanfor any food appre for of carrying, course, hasetc. alreadyThis same been observation, made by delightful. even more How intelligent angry than it would ourselves have is ciable the species length as of a wholetime. forLet anyus assumeappre- many of course, authors: has LaBarre already (1954),been made Wash by made delightful. those Howolder angry anthropologists it would have that ciable man's length remote of time. ancestors Let usused assume for burn many (1960),authors: HewesLaBarre (1954),(1961), Wash-and whose made canon those was older so anthropologistsoften Facies eius existence that man's only remote half theancestors present used recom for Hockett burn (1960),and Ascher Hewes (1964), (1961), just and to non whose mihi canon placet, was ergo so oftenstultissimus Facies eiusest. mended existence dietary only half intake, the presentbut grew recom- to name Hockett a few. and Ascher (1964), just to (I non just mihi don't placet, like hisergo luok, stultissimus therefore est. nearly mended present-day dietary intake, size at buteach grew age ofto nameEmiliani a few. speaks of Pleistocene Eu the (I justfellow's don't a fool)!like his look, therefore life. nearly Then present-day a pregnant sizefemale at eachwould age eat of rope Emiliani and Asia speaks as ofa "typicalPleistocene evolu Eu- theReverting fellow's toa fool)!the matter of semantics, some life. Then1,600 a caloriespregnant per female day wouldfor 280 eat tionary rope andmill." Asia In astruth, a "typical this region evolu- at some Reverting semantic to rectifying the matter could of semantics, well be days some of 1,600 pregnancy, calories but per theday newborn for 280 that tionary time mill."must Inhave truth, been this occupied region by at performed some semantic on therectifying current could naming well ofbe infant days ofwould pregnancy, yield as butfood the only newborn about small, that timeisolated, must and have inbreeding been occupied groups by the performed real or onpresumptive the current ancestry naming of 3,200 infant calories-140 would yield caloriesas food toonly nurture about of small, humans, isolated, hemmed and inbreedingil! by barriers groups of Homo the real hodiernus. or presumptive Emiliani definesancestry Man of the 3,200 infant calories-140 for each calories calorie to itnurture could ice of andhumans, water, hemmed and only in by occasionally barriers of as Homo "a primate hodiernus. capable Emiliani of systematidefines Man yield the infantas food. for By eachone yearcalorie of itage could the meeting ice and otherwater, bands and andonly interbreeding occasionally cally as "a manufacturing primate capable tools," of systemati-thus mak child yield wouldas food. have By oneconsumed year of anotherage the with meeting them. otherIt was bands under and these interbreeding circum ing cally behaviour manufacturing his criterion tools," of thus human mak- 182,000 child would calories have (even consumed if one madeanother no stances, with them. according It was to under Wright these (1931) circum- and ness. ing Thisbehaviour is commendable, his criterion for of it human- is the allowance 182,000 calories for a nursing(even if mother),one made and no others, stances, that according repaid, toadaptive Wright evolution(1931) and canon ness. Thisof ais commendable,complete anthropologist, for it is the the allowance ratio would for a nursingbe about mother), 70 calories and was others, most thatlikely repaid, to take adaptive place. The evolution ques one canon who of cares a complete for culture anthropologist, as much as per the calorie ratio wouldavailable be aboutto the 70cannibals. calories tion was mostremains, likely however: to take place. just The what, ques- for one crania. who cares His forcriterion culture is respectableas much as By per three calorie years available the toratio the wouldcannibals. be exactly, tion remains, was adaptive however: under just those what, cir insofar for crania. as c (theHis criterioncapability is of respectable systema about By three 84 to years 1, by thesix ratioyears would104 to be1, cumstances? exactly, was Was adaptive it modification under those of cir-the tically insofar manufacturing as c (the capability tools) ofimplies systema- h by about nine 84 years to 1, 111by sixto years1, and 104 so to on. 1, body cumstances? for greater Was it tolerancemodification of ofcold? the (humanness); tically manufacturing but if it istools) to beimplies a true h Furthermore, by nine years some 1 1 1individuals to 1, and somust on. This body has for been greater suggested; tolerance in fact,of cold? the definition, (humanness); then but h mustif it isalso to beimply a true c, survive Furthermore, to adulthood, some individuals and no species must Neanderthal This has been type suggested; itself has in fact,been theex that definition, is, c and then h hmust must be also equivalent. imply c, could survive utilize to adulthood, all its dead and noas speciesfood. plained Neanderthal at least type in part, itself as hasan beenexample ex- Our that author is, c and suggests h must that be Australopiequivalent. Therefore, could utilize whatever all its the deadimportance as food. of of plained adaptation at least to coldin part, (Coon as an1962). example But thecus Our author africanus suggests may that have Australopi- evolved d.nnibalism Therefore, in whatever magic, warfare, the importance and there of ofadaptation are obstacles to tocold this (Coon line of 1962). reason But from thecus A. robustusafricanus by may developing have evolved a taste other cannibalism aspects ofin humanmagic, life,warfare, a warm and ing. there One are is obstaclesthe disappearance to this line of Neanof reason-for from meat A. androbustus by discovering by developing the need a taste blooded other aspects animal of withhuman long life, gestationa warm- derthals ing. One at is about the disappearance the Wiirm maximum, of Nean- for for "the meat imaginative and by discovering usage of tools the needand time, blooded usually animal single with births, long andgestation rela just derthals when atthey about should the Wiirmhave been maximum, most the for employment "the imaginative of sophisticated usage of tools stra and tively time, slow usually growth single could births, not andget morerela- successful. just when Anotherthey should is thehave interpreta been most tegies" the employment to keep the of larderssophisticated filled. stra-But than tively a slowsmall growth fraction could of onenot getper morecent tion, successful. by Emiliani Another and is theothers, interpreta- of cer are tegies" not theto keeplatter the two larders "aids filled.to evolu But of than its fooda small from fraction cannibalism. of one Theper centlow tain tion, Neanderthal by Emiliani peculiarities and others, as of mala cer- tion" are notprecisely the latter those two that "aids distinguish to evolu- ratio of its of food Australopithecus from cannibalism. remains The lowto daptive tain Neanderthal rather than peculiarities adaptive, toas mala-cold. man tion" from precisely all other those animals? that distinguish What is other ratio fossilsof Australopithecus at Makapansgat remains is in ac to daptiveGiven ratherthe course than of adaptive, hominid to evolu cold. the man comp'uter from all but other an animals?imaginative What use is cord other with fossils this interpretation.at Makapansgat is in ac- tion Given and historythe course up toof mid-Pleistocenehominid evolu- of the tools? computer What butis the an theoryimaginative of games use cordIf therewith thiswere interpretation. two sympatric species times, tion andit seems histo}ry to meup tothat mid-Pleistocene the only but of tools?an attempt What isto thedevelop theory even of gamesmore of AustralopithecusIf there were two (or sympatric one Australo species trend times, which it seems could to be me considered that the adap only sophisticated but an attempt strategies? to develop In evenshort, more the pithecine of Australopithecus and one hominine), (or one Australo-and one tive trend from which then could on, nobe matterconsidered what adap- the powers sophisticated connoted strategies? by the In short,aforesaid the pithecine and one hominine), and one tive from then on, no matter what the 40 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 40 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms "aids" are precisely what is intended Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH by "aids" the termare preciselysapiens. Consistency, what is intended then, Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH requires by the eitherterm thatsapiens. we be Consistency, told the con then,we abandon the old system as unwork glaciation, I cannot believe that the ditions requires under either which that we"h be implies told the c" con- or able? we abandon Also, what the can old -be system said of as the unwork- pre circum-Mediterranean glaciation, I cannot believearea would that have the that ditions we changeunder whichAustralopithecus "h implies c"afri or ceding able? Also,more whatthan canbetwo million said of yearsthe pre- of had circum-Mediterranean summers as extremely area cold would as poshave canus that weto changeHomo Australopithecussapiens australis afri-(or the ceding Pleistocene? more than Should two millionwe now years expect of tulated had summers by Emiliani. as extremely Even undercold as conpos- H. canus sapiens to Homowith some sapiens other australis adjective). (or to the find Pleistocene? evidence for Should three we million now expect years ditions tulated of by increased Emiliani. cloudEven undercover, con-the To H. makesapiens hand with csome equivalent other adjective).is to add or to more find ofevidence glacial for cycles? three The million pattern years summer ditions sunof increasedmust have cloud accomplished cover, the a Tosecond make postulateh and c equivalent to the acceptable is to add becomes or more moreof glacial comp'icated cycles? The when pattern we considerable summer sun warming, must have quite accomplished as it does "c a impliessecond postulateh." It does to not the follow acceptable from think becomes of themore possibility complicated of correlated when we in considerable the Arctic today. warming, Under quite summer as it condoes "All "c implies grass ish." green" It does that not "Everythingfollow from pluvial think ofcycles the inpossibility more tropic of correlatedlatitudes. ditions in the Arcticpostulated today. as Underbeing summer as cold con- green "All grassis grass." is green" The questionthat "Everything When, if pluvialI will cyclesalso welcome in more tropican explanation latitudes. as ditions those of postulated the winter ofas manybeing partsas cold of ever, green did is grass."a primate The becomequestion human? When, ifis of theI will statement also welcome that "other an explanation animals" Europe as those today of the no winter insects of would many flyparts and of an ever, affair did of a primatean unwritten become and human? unwit is have of the evolved statement long thatnecks "other in lieu animals" of me no Europe insect-pollinated today no insects plants would survive. fly and nessed an affair history. of an unwrittenHere, as andin unwit-other chanisms have evolved for offense long necks and defense.in lieu of Long me- What no insect-pollinated would such conditions plants meansurvive. in branches nessed history.of science, Here, we have as in a otherrealm necks, chanisms relative for tooffense body size,and defense.have evolv Long terms What of would floral such and conditions faunal succession, mean in of branches abiding uncertainty.of science, weUnlike have thea realm pro ed necks, in giraffes relative andto body gerenuks, size, have but evolv- the and terms of totalof floral biomass? and faunal What succession,would be bLm of abiding of the uncertainty.epochs, it cannot Unlike be the solved pro- length ed in ofgiraffes neck in and each gerenuks, case is a butpart the of the and number of total of biomass?frost-free Whatdays, whatwould the be by blm isotopes. of the Allepochs, we canit cannot do is tobe detersolved a lengthcomplex of feedingneck in mechanismeach case is and a part is oflength the number (if any) of of frost-free the growing days, season? what the mine by isotopes. the epochal All we range can dowithin is to whichdeter- not a complex used for feeding either offensemechanism or defense, and is What length would (if any) the of surviving the growing flora season? pro the mine thing the epochal must have range happened. within which To in not the used common for eithermeaning offense of the or terms. defense, vide What in wouldthe way the of surviving food, not flora only pro- di wards the thing this knowledge must have Emiliani happened. has adTo- (Contests in the common between meaning male giraffes,of the terms. with rectly vide into the man way but of tofood, a faunanot only upon di- vanced wards ourthis stepsknowledge significantly. Emiliani has ad- the (Contests heads being between swung male as batteringgiraffes, ramswith which rectly a tohuman man populationbut to a fauna could upon also vanced our steps significantly. on the the heads ends beingof the swung long necks,as battering are part rams depend? which aI humanhave no population answers atcould present also of on their the socialends of behavior.) the long Thenecks, necks are partof to depend? most of I havethese noquestions, answers butat present in the to most of these questions, but in the by CHARLES A. REED*" some of their carnivores social behavior.) (polar bear, The neckscheetah, of circum-Mediterranean area. I cannot by CHARLES A. REED* weasel) some carnivoresare longer (polar than bear,are thosecheetah, of believe circum-Mediterranean that the environment area duringI cannot a Chicago, Ill., U.S:A. 21 III 67 weasel) are longer than are those of believe that the environment during a Chicago, III, U.S.A 21 III 67 their respective close relatives, but glacial stage was as extremely frigid as I am delighted to have this succinct would their alsorespective seem to close have relatives, evolved asbut a Emiliani's glacial stage phraseology was as extremely must certainlyfrigid as summary I am delighted of Emiliani's to have researchthis succinct and part would of alsoa feeding seem tomechanism. have evolved Such as aa suggest Emiliani's to most phraseology readers. must certainly the summary relevant ofwork Emiliani's of others, research combined and mechanism part of a feedingin a carnivore mechanism. may be Such con a suggestOur knowledge to most readers. of glacial environ with the relevanthis interpretation work of others, of the combinedmeaning sidered mechanisw "offensive"; in a carnivore but basically may be acon- ments Our is knowledgebest derived of fromglacial studies environ- of of with the his fluctuating interpretation paleo-environment of the meaning giraffe sidered lifting "offensive"; its head tobut browse basically and aa the ments last ismaximum best derived of thefrom Wiirm- studiesWis of to of the the historyfluctuating of man. paleo-environment Much of this weasel giraffe using lifting its length its head of neck to browseto aid in and consin, athe last when maximum conditions of the over Wiirm-Wis- mos.t of literature, to the history including of man. some Much of theof thisau catching weasel usinga mouse its arelength utilizing of neck similar to aid Europein consin, wouldwhen conditionsadmittedly over have most been of thor's literature, own papers, including does some not come of the auto au- kinds catching of feeding a mouse adaptations. are utilizing No similar Pri difficult Europe forwould a hominid admittedly at the have cultural been matically thor's own to papers,the attention does not of come those auto- of mate, kinds with of feeding the capabilities adaptations. inherent No Pri- in level difficult of Homo for a erectus.hominid Atat thethis culturaltime a us matically whose training to the attention and experience of those has of the mate, grasping with thehand, capabilities needs an inherent elongated in few level hundred of Homo miles erectus. of tundra At this separated time a been us whose primarily training biological. and experience has neck the graspingas a feeding hand, adaptation; needs an elongated the Pri the few ice-front hundred frommiles theof tundraforest, separatedand the beenGeneral primarily agreement biological. is at last emer mate neck hasas ainstead feeding the adaptation; whole length the Pri- of livable the ice-front habitats from for the H. forest, erectus and thein ging, General from agreementwhat has seemedis at last to emer-be a forelimb. mate has instead the whole length of Europe livable (ifhabitats conditions for H.were erectus similar in welter ging, offrom dispute, what concerning has seemed the to timebe a forelimb.Does Emiliani perhaps overstJ.:'ess the during Europe some (if partconditions of his period were ofsimilar occu and welter changing of dispute, events markingconcerning the thePlio timerelationship Does Emiliani between perhaps glacial overstress climates the pancy during there) some wouldpart of probably his period have of occu- Pleistocene and changing boundary. events Tomarking the date the of Plio- and relationship the evolution between of glacialHomo climateserectus? been pancy reduced there) towould the probablyMediterranean have "more Pleistocene than 3.3boundary. million Toyears the fordate the of We and welcome the evolution all suggestions, of Homo certainly, erectus? coastland been reduced and the to peninsulasthe Mediterranean of Iberia, beginning "more than of 3.3the million Villafranchian" years for thein but We H.welcome erectus all lived suggestions, throughout certainly, much Italy, coastland and andthe theBalkans peninsulas (Wright of Iberia,1961: France beginning can ofnow the be Villafranchian" added the near in of but the H. Eastern erectus Hemisphere lived throughout (from south much Fig. Italy, 6). andWere the conditions Balkans (Wrightin these areas1961: identical France candate now for bethe addedinauguration the near- of ern of theAfrica Eastern to HemisphereJava to northeastern (from south- during Fig. 6). the Were Wiirm conditions maximum in theseas extreme areas mountain identical dateglaciation for the in inaugurationthe Sierra Ne of China ern Africa to central to Java and to northeasternsouthwestern as during Emiliani the hasWiirm postulated maximum them as extremeto have vadas mountain of California glaciation (Curry in the 1966).Sierra Ne- Europe). China to Over central this areaand manysouthwestern environ been as Emiliani in that priorhas postulated glacial period them during to have vadasI wonder of California if geologists (Curry who 1966). special mental Europe). variables Over this existed; area manyglaciation environ- and which been inH. that erectu5 prior was glacial supposedly period during occu ize Iin wonder the marine if geologists Pleistocene who special-always its mental accompanying variables existed; climatic glaciation changes, and pying which these H. erectus same regions? was supposedly I think occu-not. record ize in temperaturethe marine Pleistocene(climatic) oscillaalways however its accompanying dramatic in climaticour eyes, changes,may not pyingHowever, these assame I mentioned regions? Ibefore, think thenot. tions record lasting temperature approximately (climatic) oscilla-50,000 have however been dramaticthe selective in ourfactors eyes, respon may notcircum-Mediterranean However, as I mentioned was not before, the only the years tions each lasting in terms approximately of cycles per second50,000 sible have for been molding the selective what we factors call erectus respon- region circum-Mediterranean in which Homo was erectus not thelived, only (cps). years Emiliani each in reportsterms ofthat cycles the temper secondto sible a population for molding we whatdefine we as call sapiens. erectus nor region was inthe which glacial Homo environment erectus lived, the perature (cps). Emiliani oscillations reports of the that Late the Ceno tem- toWe a populationknow nothing we define of the asdifferences, sapiens. only nor wasregion the in glacial which environment he could have the zoic' perature happened oscillations with ofa thefrequency Late Ceno- of if any, We knowin rates nothing of human of theevolution differences, in evolved. only region Earlier in hominids,which he incould southern have zoic - happened with a frequency of 6.7 x 10-13 cps. My grade-school ari glacial if any, and in ratesnon-glacial of human regions evolution and/or in and evolved. eastern Earlier Africa, hominids, had seemingly in southern not thmetic 6.7 x 10-l' translated cps. My this grade-school into 21.13 ari-cy periods. glacial andIndeed, non-glacial there seems regions little and/or evi needed and eastern the stimulus Africa, hadof seeminglya peri-glacial not cles thmetic per million translated years, this and into in 21.13the next cy- dence periods. at Indeed,present there that seemsHomo little erectus evi- environment needed the stimulusfor their ofparticular a peri-glacial bio column cles per Emilianimillion years, :tgreed: and "Thein the total next lived dence in atextreme present glacial that cold.Homo The erectus con logical environment and cultural for their passage particular through bio- number column cycles Emiliani occurring agreed: ... "Theduring total the ditions lived inat extreme Choukoutien, glacial cold. admittedly The con- the logical australopithecine and cultural grade.passage through past number 1,000,000 cycles occurringyears problably ... during num the cold-temperate ditions at Choukoutien, (but certainly admittedly not with the australopithecine grade. bered past 1,000,00020." Why years not sayproblably so the num- first summers cold-temperate as cold as(but those certainly of European not with bered 20." Why not say so the first time and avoid the- possible errors to winters summers today), as cold may as havethose been of European as diffi by KARL H. SCHWERIN*" my time arithmetic? and avoid the. possible errors to cult winters as any today), survived may byhave Homo been aserectus, diffi- by KARL H. SCHWERIN* my arithmetic? cult as any survived by Homo erectus, Albuquerque, N. Mex., U.S.A. 13 III 67 If each such.(Cycle has occurred ca. since the Hungarian site at Vertesszol Albuquerque, N. Mex., U.S.A. 13 III 67 each If 50,000 each such.cycle years, for hasa million occurred years ca. lik since has the been Hungarian described site as athaving Vertesszol- been Clearly one of Emiliwi's objectives is each 50,000 years, for a million years past, can we somehow correlat~ 20 occupied lbs has beenduring described an interstadial as having period been to Clearly clarify one our of understanding Emiliani's objectives of recent is such past, cycles can wewith somehow the four correlate (or five?) 20 within occupied the duringMindel an (Kretzoi interstadial and Vertesperiod geological to clarify epochsour understanding and to sharpen of recent the textbook such cycles glacial with periGlds, the four even (or allowing five?) 1965). within the Mindel (Kretzoi and Vertes definition geological of epochs boundaries. and to sharpenI will limit the for textbook the addition glacial ofperiods, stadials, even or allowing should 1 Even965). during a period of continental my definition comments of toboundaries. these considerations. I will limit for the addition of stadials, or should Even during a period of continental my comments to these considerations. Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968 41 Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968 41 This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Understandably Understandably he he is isapproaching approaching fail fail to to understand understand his his objection objection to to liani liani may may be be more more "logical" "logical" andand these these questions questions from from the thepoint point of viewof view "Holocene." "Holocene." If If I I understandunderstand himhim cor cor- meaningful meaningful in his in special his specialfield, but field, for but for of ofa ageologist-palaeontologist. geologist-palaeontologist. Bound Bound- rectly, rectly, he hewould would replace replace this this with with a a workers workers in the in various the various fields of fields biolog of biolog- aries aries are are defined defined by by the the appearance appearance of of mere mere subdivision subdivision of of the the Pleistocene,Pleistocene, ical ical and and cultural cultural history history of of mankind mankind certain certain marine marine species species at ata aparticular particular which which he hecalls calls the the "Flandrian"; "Flandrian"; i.e., i.e., he heit itcan can only only produce produce more more confusion. confusion. locality locality in inspace space and and time, time, or or by by geo geo- would would lump lump recent recent geological geological historyhistory Emiliani Emiliani accepts accepts the the old old mythmyth that that logical logical evidence evidence of of pastpast temperature with with the the preceding preceding epochs epochs of of the the Ce Ce- "man" "man" is isless less capable capable for for the the "struggle "struggle variations variations with with which which the theoccurence occurence of ofnozoic. nozoic. I hopeI hope I Ihave have shown shown that that there there of of life" life" than than other other animals. animals. But But what what such such marine marine species species is iscorrelated. correlated. This This are are good, good, indeed indeed compelling,compelling, reasonsreasons enemies enemies specialize specialize in ineating eating men? men? What What approach approach leads leads him him to to state, state, for for classifying classifying the thelast last1 0,000 10,000 (or (orper per-animals animals of ofman's man's size size can can walk walk and and haps haps 15,000) 15,000) years years as as marking marking a a disdis- run run and and climb climb and andswim swim as well as wellas he? as he? It Itwill will not not come come as as a a greatgreat surprisesurprise if if it it tinct tinct geological geological epoch-one epoch-one which, Even Even more more problematic problematic is isthe the "very"very should should appear, appear, when when thethe Plio-Pleistocene however, however, is defined is defined by completely by completely dif importantdif- important role" role" of ofcannibalism cannibalism in inthe the boundary has been dated, that the genus boundary has been dated, that the genus ferent ferent criteria criteria than than those those which which have haveearly stages of human evolution. Every Homo dates from well back into the Plio early stages of human evolution. Every Homo dates from well back into the Plio- preceded preceded it. it. cultural cultural anthropologist anthropologist knows knows thatthat cene. cene. Returning Returning to tothe the question question of of pepe- cannibalism cannibalism is absentis absent in knownin known hunt hunt- riods versus eras, if we are to agree ing and food-gathering populations, If, If, however, however, we we are are to to define define Homo Homo riods versus eras, if we are to agree ing and food-gathering populations, with Simpson (1960:286-87) that with but but nearly nearly typical typical for for primitive primitive food food- as as"a "a primateprimate capablecapable of systemati-systemati with Simpson (1960:286-87) that with culture "a fundamentally new sort of producing producing communities. communities. There There areare cally cally manufacturing manufacturing tools," tools," i.e., i.e., a acul cul- culture "a fundamentally new sort of evolution has also appeared," then it some some hints hints that that cannibalism cannibalism may mayhave have ture-bearing ture-bearing animal, animal, I Ithink think one one could could evolution has also appeared," then it seems seems to tome me appropriate appropriate to to recognizerecognize been been practiced practiced by by early early man man (Chou (Chou- argue argue on on evolutionaryevolutionary and and logicallogical a anew new era, era, the the Culturozoic Culturozoic (or (or Paideo Paideo- koutien koutien Loc. Loc. 1), 1), but but there there is no is knownno known grounds grounds that that the the appearance appearance of of culcul- zoic, zoic, if ifthe the Greek Greek form form is ispreferred). preferred). analogy analogy by by which which we we cancan interpretinterpret ture-bearing ture-bearing hominids hominids should should represent represent them. And where is the unquestionable Huxley Huxley argues argues (1956:6) (1956:6) thatthat thisthis had had them. And where is the unquestionable at at the the very very least least a anew new geological geological pe pe- evidence that killed its its beginning beginning mid-Pliocene. mid-Pliocene. EmilianiEmiliani evidence thatAustralopithecus Australopithecus killed riod, riod, if ifnot not the the start start of ofa newa new era. era. The The and ate members of his own or related seems seems to tobe beof theof thesame same mind. mind. The Theonly only and ate members of his own or related evolutionary evolutionary process process has has certainly certainly not not species? question question is iswhat what date date we we are are to toassign assign species? ceased, ceased, but but it ithas has clearly clearly taken taken a anew new the the mid-Pliocene. mid-Pliocene. Without Without question, question, changes changes in ecologin ecolog- direction direction with with the the development development of of cul cul- ical conditions during the Pleistocene If If we we are are to toadmit admit that that the the develop develop- ical conditions during the Pleistocene ture. ture. should have selective influence on ment ment of of culture culture has has indeed indeed been been soso should have selective influence on Of Of course, course, fromfrom a strictlya strictly geological geological human evolution; but it will be very profoundly profoundly significant significant for forthe thecourse course human evolution; but it will be very point point of of view, view, one one mightmight argueargue thatthat difficult to produce evidence for this of of evolution evolution that that it itrequires requires recogni recogni- difficult to produce evidence for this the the existence existence of of man, man, along along withwith hishis speculative supposition. Perhaps "mo tion tion of of a anew new geological geological era,era, thenthen we we speculative supposition. Perhaps "mo- culture, culture, has has had had little little impact impact on on thethe must must mark mark the the beginning beginning of of that that era era dern dern man," man," i.e., i.e., homo homo sapiens sapiens sapiens, sapiens, Pliocene Pliocene and and PleistocenePleistocene record.record. where where culture culture itself itself has has its its beginning beginning was was better better able able toto withstand coldcold Though Though we we do do findfind culturalcultural remains, (which would. also provide a terminal weather than "the Neanderthals," but they and human skeletal materials (which would also provide a terminal weather than "the Neanderthals," but they and human skeletal materials date date for for the the Pliocene). Pliocene). EvenEven though he he replaced replaced the the latter latter not not only only in incold cold would would seem seem to to the the palaeontologist palaeontologist toto regions but also in temperate and even culture culture had had little little effect effect geologically geologically regions but also in temperate and even be be little little different different from from the the fossilfossil rere- warm ones. during during the the Plio-Pleistocene Plio-Pleistocene (as (as curcur- warm ones. mains mains of of other other species. species. The one factor in the evolution of rently rently defined), defined), we we might might viewview thisthis The one factor in the evolution of Within the past 10,000-15,000 years, man during the Pleistocene which we Within the past 10,000-15,000 years,epoch epoch as as analogous analogous to to the the Palaeocene, Palaeocene, man during the Pleistocene which we however; man has begun to have a must know about above all others is however, man has begun to have a which which served served as asa asort sort of of preliminary preliminary must know about above all others is profound and widespread effect on the time. We are indebted to Emiliani for profound and widespread effect on thedevelopmental developmental stage stage before before the the marked marked time. We are indebted to Emiliani for biological and geological features of his very stimulating work on dating biological and geological features of expansion expansion of of most most mammalianmammalian ordersorders his very stimulating work on dating the earth. Since plants and animals and correlating Pleistocene events, and the earth. Since plants and animals in inthe the Eocene Eocene and and later later epochs epochs of of thethe and correlating Pleistocene events, and were first domesticated some 10,000 we look forward eagerly to hearing were first domesticated some 10,000 Cenozoic. Cenozoic. MyMy principalprincipal differencesdiffer~nces we look forward eagerly to hearing years years ago, ago, man man has has not not only only spread spread hishis with Emiliani, then, concern what fac more more from from him him on on those those subjects. subjects. domestic species at the expense of wild with Emiliani, then, concern what fac- domestic species at the expense of wild tors tors are are to to bebe considered inin deter-deter ones, ones, he he has has clearedcleared forests, plowedplowed mining boundaries and how much sig grasslands, drained lakes and swamps, mining boundaries and how much sig- grasslands, drained lakes and swamps,nificance nificance is isto to be be ascribedascribed toto these by by L. L. V VAN AN V ALEN*VALEN* irrigated irrigated deserts, deserts, and and greatly greatly speeded speeded factors. factors. up up natural natural processesprocesses of of erosionerosion (some(some Chicago, Chicago, Ill., III, U.S.A. U.S.A. 3 3 III iII 67 67 of these effects are discussed in Tho of these effects are discussed in Tho- Emiliani's Emiliani's stratigraphic stratigraphic and and palaeopalaeo- mas mas 1956). 1956). These These biologicalbiological and·and geogeo- by by GUNTER GiiNTER SMOLLA SMOLLA* * temperature discussions are quite wel logical effects are of sufficient magni temperature discussions are quite wel- logical effects are of sufficient magni- come. come. The The agreementagreement between between hishis rere- tude that I would expect them to pro Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany. Germany. 20 III 20 67 III 67 tude that I would expect them to pro- sults sults and and varietiesvarieties ofof Milankovich's duce duce a a markedmarked disturbancedisturbance oror unconuncon- Everyone Everyone will will agree agree that that "some "some of theof theisolation curves (Van Woerkom 1953) formity in the geological record, com isolation curves (Van Woerkom 1953) formity in the geological record, com-confusion confusion existing existing in Pleistocenein Pleistocene liter liter-is israther rather good good and and provides provides presump presump- parable to that which separates earlier parable to that which separates earlier ature ature appears appears to toresult result from from semantics semantics tive tive support support for for both. both. geological stages. The unique thing geological stages. The unique thing alone"; alone"; but-alas- but-alas-II cannotcannot seesee thatthat Most Most of of thethe section onon biologybiology about about this this unconformity unconformity is that, is that, for the for theEmiliani Emiliani gives gives us us anyany helpful suggessugges- would, however, have benefited by first time in the history of evolution, would, however, have benefited by first time in the history of evolution,tions tions for for solving solving this this problem. problem. TermsTerms omission. omission. "Modern "Modern views views onon speciationspeciation it has a cultural base. This disturbance it has a cultural base. This disturbancelike like "pos(glacial" "posfglacial" or or "Holocene" "Holocene" for and and evolution" evolution" do do not require geo-geo may seem insignificant from our per may seem insignificant from our per-the the past past 1 0,0.0010,000 years years are are indeed indeed outout ofof graphic graphic isolation isolation forfor phyleticphyletic evoluevolu- srective, spective, but but I am I amsure sure it would it would not be not scalebe scale comparedcompared withwith the absoluteabsolute tion, tion, and and as as far far as as any any kindkind ofof evoluevolu- i it were viewed by a geologist se.veral if it were viewed by a geologist se.verallength length of of the the "glacial" "glacial" and and thethe wholewhole tion tion at at thethe subspecific levellevel (e.g.,(e.g., million years hence, and in the context million years hence, and in the contextPleistocene. Pleistocene. For For the the archaeologist, archaeologist, how how-Neanderthals) Neanderthals) is concerned, is concerned, geographic geographic of of the the adjacent adjacent geological geological strata. strata. ever, ever, the the scale scale isis quitequite different. TheThe isolation, isolation, as as opposed opposed toto occupancyoccupancy ofof Emiliani Emiliani himself himself goes goes so so far far asas toto past past 1 10,000 0,000 yearsyears areare forfor himhim fullfull ofof different different areas, areas, would would be be evoked evoked only only recognize recognize a a faunalfaunal change,change, notingnoting thatthat events. events. He He has has toto workwork notnot onlyonly withwith in in special special cases. cases. One One species species can can change change many many animal animal species species have have becomebecome exex- geological, geological, but but also-and also-and more and into into another another by by evolution evolution in in the the same same tinct tinct in in the the past past 15,000 15,000 years years as as a a concon- more-with more-with historicalhistorical timetime scales.scales. TheThe continuously continuously occupied occupied area. area. (See (See Simp Simp- sequence sequence of of human human expansion. expansion. Thus Thus II term term "Flandrian" "Flandrian" proposedproposed byby Emi- son son [1961] [1961] for a discussiondiscussion. of thethe 42 42 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGYCURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms principles of phyletic evolution and Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH Van principles Valen [1966] of phyletic for a moreevolution detailed and Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH theory Van Valenof subspecific [1966] for evolution a more possibly detailed sils. The fragmentary evidence from and more recent man? I thought the applicable theory of to subspecific man.) evolution possibly Indonesia sils. The andfragmentary China in evidencefact suggests from sample and more size recentof even man? all NeanderthalsI thought the applicableDetermination to man.) of the place of origin transitional Indonesia andearly China Homo in factin these suggests re was sample still sizetoo ofsmall even forall Neanderthalsage-specific of Homo Determination is a problem of the placein sampling, of origin gions transitional also. It is early also questionableHomo in these (Dar re- statistics was still such too as small this. forThe age-specific suggestion even of Homoin the isunlikely a problem event in sampling,that this lington gions 1957)also. It whether is also questionable the severity (Dar- of of statistics a relation such between as this. the The size suggestion of air transition even in theoccurred unlikely in aevent restricted that thisre glacial lington climate 1957) contributedwhether the importantly severity of sinuses of a relationand the betweenoccurrence the or size severity of air transition occurred in a restricted re- glacial climate contributed importantly sinuses and the occurrence or severity gion. The degree of knowledge of to human or oth~r evolution except for of upper respiratory disease is interest mammalian gion. The faunas degree of of appropriate knowledge ages of direct to human adaptations or other to evolutioncold. except for ing of andupper apparently respiratory original,disease is eveninterest- if must mammalian be weighed faunas in each of appropriate region against ages directAre there adaptations any .data to cold.on the relative perhaps ing and unlikely, apparently and original,could be eventested, if the must presence be weighed or absence in each of region human against fos- frequency Are there of arthritis any data in onNeanderthals the relative in perhapsrecent populations. unlikely, and could be tested the presence or absence of human fos- frequency of arthritis in Neanderthals in recent populations. eda, and Selli 1961). I Thus the bound the present time beyond the range of Reply Reply ary, eda, as and presently Selli 1961). defined, ' Thus appears the bound- to C14: ttie these, present together time beyond with thethe rangepoints of rest ary, on as an presently ecological defined, event ofappears rather to provided C14: these, by CI4together dating, with indicate the pointsa ge by CESARE EMILIANI'* rest on an ecological event of rather provided by C14 dating, indicate a ge- by CESARE EMILIANI* limited significance. Within the next neral agreement, within the limits of few limited years, significance. absolute dating Within of themarine next error neral of agreement, the various within analytical the limits tech of I am gratified to see that my paper has few years, absolute dating of marine error of the various analytical tech- been I am honored gratified by to such see thata large my numberpaper has epicontinental sections and the intensive niques, between oceanic, marine epi been honored by such a large number study epicontinental of thick-oceanic sections sections and the from intensive the continental, niques, between and oceanic,continental marine events epi- of CA* comments. Because different study of thick oceanic sections from the continental, and continental events of CA* comments. Because different open seas may provide new evidence [Butzer, Cooke]. 2 comments often cover the same points, open seas may provide new evidence [Butzer, Cooke]. 2 comments often cover the same points,advising a redefinition of the Plio The notion that there were four gla I will provide a general reply, followed advising a redefinition of the Plio- I will provide a general reply, followedPleistocene boundary. For the time ciations The hasnotion such that great there classic were fascinafour gla- by a few specific remarks. Each state Pleistocene boundary. For the time by a few specific remarks. Each state-being, the term Pleistocene should be tion ciations that ithas will such not great die classiceasily. fascina-How ment or group of statements is followed being, the term Pleistocene should be tion that it will not die easily. How- by ment the name(s)or group in of brackets statements of the is followedau restricted to its formal meaning: any ever, the evidence from both marine by the name(s) in brackets of the au- deviation restricted therefrom to its formal will meaning:only create any and ever, continental the evidence deposits, from bothindicating marine thor(s) who prompted the statement(s). deviation therefrom will only create thor(s) who prompted the statement(s).confusion [Butzer, Schwerin]. that and there continental were considerably deposits, moreindicating than According to the principles followed confusion [Butzer, Schwerin]. that there were considerably more than by stratigraphers According to sincethe principles"strata Smith," followed I am quite sympathetic to the pro four glaciations, is both compelling and by stratigraphers since "strata Smith,"blems I amwhich quite scholars sympathetic dealing towith the con pro- mounting. four glaciations, For instance, is both Kukla,compelling in hisand and later internationally agreed upon, blems which scholars dealing with con- mounting. For instance, Kukla, in his the and stratigraphic later internationally subdivision agreedof the upon, tinental deposits face because of' the comment, mentions eight loesses; Scherf the stratigraphic subdivision of the difficulty tinental (ordeposits impossibility) face because of correof the (1936) comment, found mentions eleven weathering eight loesses; hori Scherf entire geologic column since the Cam difficulty (or impossibility) of corre- (1936) found eleven weathering hori- brian entire is geologicbased upon column marine since deposits.the Cam- lating these deposits with the marine zons in the loess section at Paks, Hun brian is based upon marine deposits. sections. lating theseWhile deposits these problems with the will marine not gary; zons and in theLona loess (1963) section illustrates at Paks, eight Hun- Each term is defined on the basis of a sections. While these problems will not gary; and Lona (1963) illustrates eight type Each section. term isThe defined term "Pleistocene"on the basis ofis a be solved by applying indiscriminately climatic oscillations within the Donau type section. The term "Pleistocene" is (i.e., be solvedwithout by theapplying support indiscriminately of absolute Mindel climatic interval, oscillations all withinhaving thefull Donau- gla no except~on: it is defined on the basis (i.e., without the support of absolute Mindel interval, all having full gla- of no the exceptlion: type section it atis definedLe Castella, on the Ca basisdating) the marine terminology to the cial/interglacial amplitude. I would of the type section at Le Castella, Ca- continental dating) the deposits, marine terminologythey can be quiteto the venture cial/interglacial to say that, amplitude.whenever the I would stra labria, southern Italy, following the continental deposits, they can be quite venture to say that, whenever the stra- unanimous labria, southern decision Italy,of the following7th INQUA the easily solved by establishing an inde tigraphic record is analyzed in suffi unanimous decision of the 7th INQUA pendent easily solvedpalaeontological by establishing nomenclature an inde- cient tigraphic detail, record strong is analyzedclimatic inoscilla suffi- Congress (Richmond and Emiliani pendent palaeontological nomenclature cient detail, strong climatic oscilla- 1967) Congress [Butzer]. (Richmond and Emiliani based upon the fossil evidence of the tions are noticed; and whenever a time 1967) [Butzer]. continents, based upon a road the fossilwhich evidencethe Soviet of stu the scale tions (or are even noticed; a time and estimate) whenever exists, a time It is true that the decision of the 18th continents, a road which the Soviet stu- scale (or even a time estimate) exists, International It is true thatGeological the decision Congress of theto 18thdents have already adopted with their the wave length appears to be in the International Geological Congress to usage dents of have the alreadyterm "Anthropogene." adopted with their I neighborhood the wave length of 50,000 appears years to [Gigout,be in the place the Plio-Pleistocene boundary at usage of the term "Anthropogene." I neighborhood of 50,000 years [Gigout, the place base the of Plio-Pleistocenethe Calabrian stageboundary also atagree with Anati that ~A should coor': Ree]. These analyses, of course, are the base of the Calabrian stage also dinate agree this with meritorious Anati that effort. CA should The concoor- most Ree]. easily These done analyses, on oceanic of course,sediments. are included a statement to the effect that dinate this meritorious effort. The con- most easily done on oceanic sediments. this included boundary a statement be placed to ·"at the the effect hori thattinental terminology would then be re Sea-level changes also appear to follow this boundary be placed "at the hori- lated tinental to the terminology marine one would only then at bethe re- the Sea-level time scale changes provided also appear by the to deepfollow zon of the first indication of climate lated to the marine one only at the the time scale provided by the deep- deterioration" zon of the first in the indication continuous of climatelate points where absolute dates are avail sea cores. Thus, the high stands dated deterioration" in the continuous late able. points Only where a few absolute such pointsdates areexist avail- at at sea125,000 cores. andThus, 85,000 the high years stands ago datedcor Cenozoic marine sections of Italy. Sub able. Only a few such points exist at at 125,000 and 85,000 years ago cor- sequent Cenozoic research marine has sections shown, ofhowever, Italy. Sub- respond to dated high isotopic temper sequent research has shown, however, atures, respond separated to dated by ahigh temperature isotopic mintemper- that the first indication of climatic de I It is curious that, of the many hundred atures, separated by a temperature min- that the first indication of climatic de- 1 It is curious that, of the many hundredium at about 110,000 years [Kukla]. terioration dates from many million molluscan and foraminiferal species which ium at about 110,000 years [Kukla]. terioration dates from many million molluscan and foraminiferal species which The relationship between semi-an years ago, and 'the Pleistocene, thus occur in the North Atlantic, only two dozen The relationship between semi-an- defined years wouldago, and probably the Pleistocene, include most thus species occur entered in the Norththe Mediterranean Atlantic, only at two the dozenbe nual insolation variations at different defined would probably include mostginning species ofentered the Calabrian the Mediterranean and nearly at all the of be- latitudes nual insolation and climatic variations oscillations at different re of the Pliocene. Substantial glaciation ginning of the Calabrian and nearly all of latitudes and climatic oscillations re- in of theAntarctica Pliocene. Substantialproblably glaciationbegan these species are common to both the North quires closer analysis. Koppen and in Antarctica problably began Atlantic these speciesand the areBaltic. common Species to livingboth thein the North quires closer analysis. K6ppen and 5,000,0~0 years ago (Emiliani 1957), Atlantic and the Baltic. Species living in theWegener (1924) assigned predominant 5,000,000 years ago (Emiliani 1957), Baltic must necessarily be adjusted to ab significance Wegener (1924)to the assigned summer predominant insolation and eVIdence for glaciation elsewhere normal Baltic salinity must necessarilyconditions. Ibe wonder adjusted whether to ab- significance to the summer insolation and evidence for glaciation elsewhere normal salinity conditions. I wonder whethervariations at 65°N. Kukla, in his com dates from at least 3,000,000 years the northern guests may not have entered variations at 65?N. Kukla, in his com- dates from at least 3,000,000 years the northern guests may not have entered ment, speaks in favor of the winter in (Curry 1966). Thus, the Pleistocene the Mediterranean through a temporary pas ment, speaks in favor of the winter in- (Curry 1966). Thus, the Pleistocene sage the in Mediterranean southwestern throughFrance, actinga temporary as a sa pas- solation variations at 55°N. I believe cannot be defined in terms of cooling solation variations at 55?N. I believe alone cannot [Cooke]. be defined As a inmatter terms of of fact cooling linity sage ecologic in southwestern filter. The France, maximum acting required as a sa- that these are only first-order approxi alone [Cooke]. As a matter of fact, subsidence linity ecologic would filter.be about The 186 maximum m. along required a mations, that these and thatare onlythe effectfirst-order of insola approxi- isotopic analysis of the Le Castella sec~ subsidence would be about 186 m. along a mations, and that the effect of insola- tion isotopic has shown analysis that of the the Plio-Pleisto Le Castella sec-small area between Toulouse and Carcas tion vanations at different critical la- tion has shown that the Plio-Pleisto- sonne. small The area scanty between marine Toulouse deposits and inCarcas- the tion variations at different critical la- cene boundary, as defined today, is sonne. The scanty marine deposits in the cene boundary, as defined today, is area may have been entirely eroded away not accompanied by any substantial area may have been entirely eroded away not accompanied by any substantial since, thus eliminating any evidence of such 2 I do not accept as definite any C14 date ,temperature decrease (Emili ani, May- a since,marine thus transgression. eliminating any evidence of such greater 2 I do than not aboutaccept 45,QOO as definite years any[Butzer}. C14 date temperature decrease (Emiliani, May- a marine transgression. greater than about 45,QOO years [Butzer]. Vol. 9. No.1. February 1968 43 Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968 This content downloaded from 128.83.56.173 on Tue, 18 Jul 2017 14:02:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms titudes and in different seasons should van der Hammen and Gonzales (1960) ros, etc.). Giraffes developed extra van der Hammen and Gonzales (1960) ros, etc.). Giraffes developed extra- be titudes evaluated. and in For different instance, seasons it may should be to coincide with estimates obtained by long necks (and forelimbs) as a second be evaluated. For instance, it may be to coincide with estimates obtained by long necks (and forelimbs) as a second- argued (Emiliani 1966) that summer them from the fossil floras. ary effect related to tree-grazing. ary effect related to tree-grazing. insolation argued (Emiliani minima 1966)in the that accumulation summer- themWe know,from the from fossil direct floras. palaeontolo Early Hominidae, even though they insolation minima in the accumulation We know, from direct palaeontolo- latitudes coupled with insolation maxi gical and palaeobotanical evidence, may Early have Hominidae, been able toeven swim, though run, climb, they ma latitudes in the coupled evaporation with insolation latitudes maxi- will that gical the and climatic palaeobotanical oscillations evidence, of the etc., may wouldhave beenhave able been to swim,successful run, in climb, etc., would have been successful in tend ma into the produce evaporation strong latitudes glaciations; will Pleistocene that the climatichad a profound oscillations effect of theon these activities, as evasive practices, tend to produce strong glaciations; Pleistocene had a profound effect on these activities, as evasive practices, summer-insolation maxima in the ac both plants and animals, not only on only if alerted in time. It would seem summer-insolation maxima in the ac- both plants and animals, not only on only if alerted in time. It would seem cumulation areas coupled with insola the continents but also in the sea. There that they too would have benefited cumulation areas coupled with insola- the continents but also in the sea. There that they too would have benefited tion minima in the evaporation areas is little doubt that, when floras migrate, from increased perception and that the tion minima in the evaporation areas is little doubt that, when floras migrate, from increased perception and that the will tend to produce warm intergla plant-eaters also migrate, and meat benefit might have resulted in vertical will tend to produce warm intergla- plant-eaters also migrate, and meat- benefit might have resulted in vertical cials; and intermediate conditions may eaters follow. Thus, the Pleistocene was posture [Holloway, Longyear, Smolla, cials; and intermediate conditions may produce milder glacials and intergla a eaterstime follow.of great Thus, and the repeated Pleistocene migra was Reed]. posture [Holloway, Longyear, Smolla, produce milder glacials and intergla- a time of great and repeated migra- Reed]. cials [Kukla]. tions, a phenomenon per se conduc Whether or not the genus Homo cials [Kukla]. The glacial!interglacial amplitude of tive tions, to athe phenomenon splitting of per large se conduc-popula dates Whether from the or Pliocene not the depends genus on Homo two The glacial/interglacial amplitude of tive to the splitting of large popula- dates from the Pliocene depends on two the climatic oscillations remained es tions into smaller groups and to gene things: (a) the definition of Homo; and the climatic oscillations remained es- things: (a) the definition of Homo; and sentially constant at an estimated 60°C tic tions isolation into smaller of some groups of these: and Itto isgene- not (b) the absolute age of the appearance sentially constant at an estimated 60?C tic isolation of some of these: It is not during the past 425,000 years, with the necessary, for isolation, to have inter of (b) H the yalinea absolute baltica age atof Lethe Castella. appearance If during the past 425,000 years, with the necessary, for isolation, to have inter- of Hyalinea baltica at Le Castella. If single execption of deep-sea core stage vening glaciers: an intervening hostile habilis is assigned to Homo, and if the single execption of deep-sea core stage vening glaciers: an intervening hostile habilis is assigned to Homo, and if the 3. This temperature range is essentially ecology may be sufficient [Holloway, appearance of H. baltica at Le Castella 3. This temperature range is essentially ecology may be sufficient [Holloway, appearance of H. baltica at Le Castella the same as today's winter/summer Kukla, Reed, Van Valen]. Conditions is as recent as some micropalaeontolo the same as today's winter/summer Kukla, Reed, Van Valen]. Conditions is as recent as some micropalaeontolo- range for the open North Atlantic, and for rapid evolution were established gical evidence suggests (about 700,000 range for the open North Atlantic, and for rapid evolution were established gical evidence suggests (about 700,000 it is on the basis of this similarity that for the entire biosphere, and not for years, according to Hay and Boudreaux it is on the basis of this similarity that for the entire biosphere, and not for years, according to Hay and Boudreaux I stated that glacial summers were. es man alone [Brace]. I do not believe 1968), then Homo originated in the man alone [Brace]. I do not believe 1968), then Homo originated in the sentially I stated similar that glacial to intergracial summers winters were. es-that, as a rule, an entire species spe Pliocene [ Holloway]. sentially similar to intergracial winters that, as a rule, an entire species spe- Pliocene [Holloway]. I now believe that I did overstate the ciates into a different one. My reason I will conclude with a few assorted I now believe that I did overstate the ciates into a different one. My reason I will conclude with a few assorted case, and that what is true for the open for this belief is that, a hundred years remarks. I should have used subspe case, and that what is true for the open for this belief is that, a hundred years remarks. I should have used subspe- North Atlantic need not be true for in after Darwin, the missing links are still ciated instead of speciated when dis North Atlantic need not be true for in- after Darwin, the missing links are still ciated instead of speciated when dis- land seas (North Sea, Baltic, Mediter largely missing in the geological record cussing the origin of Homo sapiens land seas (North Sea, Baltic, Mediter- largely missing in the geological record cussing the origin of Homo sapiens ranean) or for the continents at middle [Brace ]. sapiens [Howell]. The term Flandrian ranean) or for the continents at middle [Brace]. sapiens [Howell]. The term Flandrian and high latitudes. There, the glacial! It is an almost universally adopted is not my idea, but was proposed by and high latitudes. There, the glacial/ It is an almost universally adopted is not my idea, but was proposed by interglacial range appears to have been view that the most important result of Dubois in 1924 [Schwerin, Smolla]. interglacial range appears to have been view that the most important result of Dubois in 1924 [Schwerin, Smolla]. smaller than today's winter/summer bipedal posture in early Hominidae I do not equate evolution with changes smaller than today's winter/summer bipedal posture in early Hominidae I do not equate evolution with changes range. As an example, the glacial!inter was the freeing of the anterior limbs for in cranial capacity [Anati]. I wish to range. As an example, the glacial/inter- glacial range as measured by isotopic toolmaking. was the freeing My point of thehowever anterior is that limbs amplify forin cranial my capacity statement [Anati]. on cannibalism I wish to glacial range as measured by isotopic analysis of fossil marine shells (food bipedal toolmaking. posture My pointwas howevernot achieved is that to amplify emphasize my thatstatement cannibalism on cannibalism includes analysis of fossil marine shells (food refuse) from the Haua Fteah Cave of through bipedal the posture necessity was of notmaking achieved tools, not to emphasizeonly nutritional that cannibalism cannibalism includes but refuse) from the Haua Fteah Cave of through the necessity of making tools, Cyrenaica appears to have been about but through the more primordial ne also not culturalonly nutritional cannibalism. cannibalism The latter but is Cyrenaica appears to have been about but through the more primordial ne- 8°C (Emiliani et al. 1964: Fig. 5) while cessity of better perception for scout likely. also cultural to have cannibalism. been more The important latter is 8?C (Emiliani et al. 1964: Fig. 5) while cessity of better perception for scout- today's winter/summer range is 11°C. ing. Mammals which have attained a than likely the to former, have beenand I moreshould important have dis today's winter/summer range is 11C. ing. Mammals which have attained a A more appropriate generalization certain body size (making hiding diffi cussed than thethis former,point [Anati, and I Lasker].should have The dis- A more appropriate generalization certain body size (making hiding diffi- would be that, for Europe and the Me cult), which are preyed upon by carni age cussed which this I estimatedpoint [Anati, for SwanscombeLasker]. The would be that, for Europe and the Me- cult), which are preyed upon by carni- age which I estimated for Swanscombe diterranean basin, glacial summers vores, and which have no adequate (Emiliani 1956) is 125,000 years and diterranean basin, glacial summers vores, and which have no adequate were similar to today's late autumns defense mechanism, tend to have their not (Emiliani 95,000 1956)years. isAlso, 125,000 I provided years and no were similar to today's late autumns defense mechanism, tend to have their not 95,000 years. Also, I provided no [Frisch, Hester, Holloway]. In the perception centers as high above the time estimate for Steinheim [Coon]. [Frisch, Hester, Holloway]. In the perception centers as high above the low latitudes, on the other hand, the ground as permitted by their general The time Neanderthals estimate for hadSteinheim apparently [Coon]. a low latitudes, on the other hand, the ground as permitted by their general glacial!interglacial range was much body architecture (gazelles, zebras, very The advancedNeanderthals culture: had theyapparently not only a glacial/interglacial range was much body architecture (gazelles, zebras, very advanced culture: they not only greater than the modern winter/sum etc.). This is not the case for other mam invented religion but exhibited excel greater than the modern winter/sum- etc.). This is not the case for other mam- invented religion but exhibited excel- mer range. My estimate of a 6°C tem mals having similar feeding habits but lent judgment in choosing the right mer range. My estimate of a 6?C tem- mals having similar feeding habits but perature decrease for the Caribbean endowed with powerful offense and place lent judgment(Monte Circeo, in choosing only the50 rightmiles perature decrease for the Caribbean- endowed with powerful offense and equatorial Atlantic area was found by defense mechanisms (bisons, rhinoce- from place Rome) (Monte [Longyear]. Circeo, only 50 miles equatorial Atlantic area was found by defense mechanisms (bisons, rhinoce- from Rome) [Longyear]. del Valdarno inferiore. Palaeontographica und Hominization. Edited by Gottfried References References CitedCited Itallca del Valdarno 57:11-20. inferiore. Palaeontographica[HBSC*] Kurth und Hominization.(Stuttgart: G.Edited Fischer, by Gottfried 1962). BARBIERI, Italica F., and57:11-20. F. MEDIOLI. [HBSC*]1964. Signi American Kurth (Stuttgart:Journal of PhysicalG. Fischer, Anthropol 1962). ALLCHIN, BRIDGET. 1963. The Indian stone BARBIERI,ficato Paleoecologico F., and F. 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