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2. Genealogies of Concepts: Liangshan, Nuosu-Yi and the Bimox

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Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk “DEALING AND DWELLING WITH DEMONS, SPIRITS AND OTHER BEINGS ON THE MARKETPLACE”: PURITY, RITUAL AND AUTHORSHIP AMONG NUOSU-YI SCRIPTURAL RITUALISTS IN CONTEMPORARY LIANGSHAN JAN KARLACH PhD The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2021 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Social Sciences “Dealing and Dwelling with Demons, Spirits and Other Beings on the Marketplace”: Purity, Ritual and Authorship Among Nuosu-Yi Scriptural Ritualists in Contemporary Liangshan Jan Karlach A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2019 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written, nor material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Jan Karlach To all my ancestors along with 昕怡 and ꉐꁮ Abstract This dissertation presents an ethnographic account of Nuosu-Yi bimox ritualists practice on the Shimazi Marketplace in Xichang (Latbbu Oprro), a prefecture-level city in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Nipmu), Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China. Almost exclusively concentrating on the text of the bimox scriptures, with the help of various interpretations of Marxist-Leninist theories, the overwhelming majority of previous studies fed into narratives used for top-down state-building purposes related to the solidification of the Yi nationality identity and locating it in the large multi-ethnic body of the PRC. Focusing on speech instead of text, my thesis brings a bottom-up, polyphonic account of how the bimox negotiate their identity in front of various audiences – foreign anthropologists, among themselves, face-to-face with their clients, Chinese (predominantly Nuosu-Yi) academics, and their ancestors and successors – and how they open possibilities for sets of fresh perspectives on their prestigious vocation. By intertwining theories of Butler’s performativity, Aristotle’s rhetorics understood as persuasion, Bakhtin’s dialogism, Deleuze and Guattari’s pragmatics, and Hobart’s conceptualization of ethnography and practice, the goal of this text is to explore the ritualists’ speech tactics of fitting their personalized lineages of thought into a complex environment of increasingly globalized, contemporary Liangshan. The findings show that most of these tactics revolve around Nuosu-Yi conceptualizations of purity, ritual and authorship deployed through persuasion. Furthermore, instead of a unified system, the cytvi clan-oriented bimox inhabit a polyvalent canon consisting of permutations of their positioned and situated systems of knowledge. Acknowledgements To three magnificent persons who sadly passed away during the time I was working on this dissertation. The message of passing of Prof. Oldřich Král, my mentor and the patron of my published ethnography back in 2012, reached me unprepared during my “official fieldwork.” Later that night, I drove a motorbike to the hill above Latbbu Oprro. I burned a symbolic incense in a shrine as a silent farewell to a person whose contribution to me and the Czech sinology is irreplaceable and probably unrepeatable by anyone else. Two other passings utterly shocked me; both were unexpected and premature. I can only speculate about their reasons. However, although both happened in absolutely different worlds, one thing connected them. Both friends perished in a personal battle against a soul-destroying monologue. Dr Martin Slobodník was an excellent scholar. His lectures on ethnic policies in Tibet inspired me to walk paths that I am standing on right now. Apbbop Yofat was a dear friend from a complicated Axhuo Tenzy region of the Cool Mountains. Often sarcastic but cheery, his dream, which he sadly will never fulfil, was to obtain a master’s degree. If I could hand him any academic title of mine (or all of them for that matter), I would not hesitate for a second. My endless respect and the most profound gratitude goes equally to three of you. I promise I will never forget and will keep learning from you even though you are not here anymore. To my Nuosu-Yi language teacher and cultural consultant – Mrs Moplox Yygumox – for doing her best to teach me her mother tongue, and – over years – patiently replying all my annoying questions. To my first supervisor, later turned second, Dr David Kurt Herold, who brought me to Hong Kong, and inspired me through daily laughs and curses; he dragged my earlier fantasy about ethnography and research as an inseparable constituent of life from the mirror realm to my everyday life. To my second supervisor, later turned first, Dr Alexander Gray Cockain, for his endless positive encouragement, even in moments of total despair. To Prof. Mark Hobart and Dr Katherine Swancutt, for their deep and prolonged engagement with my writing. Through the revisions they suggested, this dissertation became much more valuable in all possible regards. To Dr Ondřej Klimeš, Dr Jakub Hrubý, and Dr Jakub Maršálek for supervising me earlier during my undergraduate years in the Czech Republic – who I am and where I am now is to a significant extent also your merit. To my Italian colleagues, Dr Francesca Olivotti, for inspiring me by her approach and encouraging me to re-apply for the Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme, and Giulia Cuini, who proved to be a great friend and companion in the dark dungeons and winding abyss of the doctoral program in a city on edge. To Fanny Cheng and Shirley Hui, for caring for my mental health and sanity in the complexities of the academic administration and bureaucracy. To my wife, Xinyi, who always encouraged me to follow my direction despite it was at times hurting her and practically forcing her to adapt. I need and will repay you all those years you were standing by me, even when I was not around. To my parents, Ludmila and Petr, and grandparents – Ludmila, František, Drahomíra, and Hanuš – who had to deal with a prolonged absence of their only offspring/grandson separately. A special dedication goes to my grandmother Ludmila, who turned ninety this year and keep miraculously recovering from a stroke which suddenly and unexpectedly came into her life at the height of COVID-19 pandemic. You are my inspiration on how to overcome the paralysis of any sort, and that there is always a way forward in any period of life. I can only promise you that I will carry on as good as I can to make you all proud. To Honza Brož from Hanshan Teahouse in the province South of Clouds, for supplying me with kilograms of Liubao tea and sharing a lot of my adventures on the road and in life. Also to Jan Levý for imbuing my life with massive doses of very much needed sarcasm (blbečku!). To all the co-authors (in thesis called “research partners”). Their names can not be present on the cover page due to constraints of PhD thesis format requirements, and within the text to protect their identity. However, this should not diminish their role. I am deeply moved by the fact that you bravely entrusted me to extend your voice further than some would like to see it. Table of Contents 1. Prologue ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aim, Disciplines, Theoretical and Methodological Orientations ..................................... 9 1.2 Organization and Outline of Chapters ............................................................................ 11 1.3 Note on Languages and Romanization ........................................................................... 13 2. Genealogies of Concepts: Liangshan, Nuosu-Yi and the Bimox .................................... 15 2.1 Making of Liangshan ...................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Geography and Demography ................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Nuosu-Yi Demarcation of Liangshan ...................................................................... 20 2.1.3 A Brief History of Intertwined Liangshan-Making Practices .................................. 22 2.2 From “Barbarians” to Nationality: Yi ren and Yizu ........................................................ 27 2.3 Building, Teaching and Sedimenting the
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