THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN SPACE AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY The Case of ,

By

Mohamed Adel Dessouki

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering at University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARCHITECTURE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012

THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN SPACE AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY The Case of Alexandria, Egypt

By

Mohamed Adel Dessouki

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARCHITECTURE

Under the Supervision of

Prof. Dr. Aly Hatem Gabr Prof. Dr. Abbas Abdel Halim Yehia Professor of Architecture Professor of architecture Faculty of Engineering College of Engineering & Technology Cairo University Arab academy for Science &Technology

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012

Engineer: Mohamed Adel Dessouki Mohamed Date of Birth : 20/4/1977 Nationality : Egyptian E-mail : [email protected] Phone. : 01111159419 Address : 173 Ahmed Shawky St., Roushdy, Alexandria Registration Date : 6/5/2007 Awarding Date : / / Degree : Doctor of Philosophy Department : Architectural Engineering

Supervisors : Prof. Dr. Aly Hatem Gabr Prof. Dr. Abbas Abdel Halim Yehia

Examiners : Prof. Dr. Aly Hatem Gabr Prof. Dr. Abbas Abdel Halim Yehia Prof. Dr. Sayed Mohamed El-Touny Prof. Dr. Mohamed Khairy Amin

Title of Thesis : The Interrelationship between Urban Space & Collective Memory: The Case of Alexandria, Egypt

Key Words: Collective memory – urban space – social groups – memory- driven interactions with urban space – Actor-Network Theory (ANT) – Affordance - Alexandria

Summary :

This research is based on the notion that social groups interact collectively with urban spaces, moved or encouraged by their collective memory. The main hypothesis of this research is that the characteristics of an urban space play a decisive role in formulating the way groups are attached to it and how they interact with it, driven by their collective memory. The research is concerned with the case of Alexandria, aiming to contribute to the understanding of this Egyptian city. The research relies on the Actor- Network Theory (ANT) to interpret the observed practices. The study develops an analytical model that provides an answer to the question: why do certain urban spaces afford urban collective memory more than others do? To validate this model, a case study is analysed spatially and historically in light of the concluded aspects. Research conclusions and findings are formulated based on the application of this analytical model.

ABSTRACT

This study regards urban spaces as tangible collective products that are replete with intangible meanings, signs and symbols which are generated within certain political/economical contexts. These meanings have to be analysed and interpreted in order to understand the complexity of the city itself.

The study explores questions about collective memory embedded in the built environment. The research is based on the hypothesis that social groups interact collectively with urban spaces, moved or encouraged by their collective memory, which is a shared memory constructed and passed on collectively by nations, societies, or groups within a society, based on their own understanding of their past. The places of collective memory in a certain city are major features that play an important role in the formation of identity. While research in cultural geography and memory studies reveals important notions in the interrelationship between memory and place, still this literature reveals few concrete connections between the spatial configuration of urban space and its role in generating or driving collective actions of memory. The main hypothesis of this research is the notion that the characteristics of an urban space play a decisive role in formulating the way groups are attached to it and how they interact with it, driven by their collective memory. Within the scope of this dissertation, the term "urban collective memory" is used to describe this interrelationship. In examining this urban space/memory nexus, the broad aim is to propose a more complex and satisfying analysis of the meaning of the city to its inhabitants, its rulers, and even to its outsiders. The aim is not to solve the problematics of this nexus, but to make it apparent and to set theoretical ground rules for its understanding.

The research is concerned with the case of modern Alexandria, aiming to contribute to the understanding of this Egyptian city with its rich multi-layered history and its current complicated urban conditions. Modern Alexandria was established on the footprint of the glorious ancient city, the capital of the ancient world. Memory was a vital energy behind the city’s rebirth, and this energy is still urging to this day.

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This study observes and analyses the different ways in which different groups interact with the urban spaces of the city, whenever memory is involved, being the motive or the target. The research draws on a number of examples to support and illustrate the theoretical concepts. The research relies on the Actor-Network Theory (ANT), a material-semiotic approach borrowed from social theory, to understand and interpret the observed practices.

The study develops an analytical model that provides an answer to the question: why do certain urban spaces afford urban collective memory more than others do? To facilitate this task, the relevant qualities of the urban space are reduced into a number of discreet variables and linear cause-effect relationships, adopting the concept of "Affordance", which is a concept that belongs to the discipline of perceptual psychology. To validate this model, a case study is analysed spatially and historically in light of the concluded aspects. Research conclusions and findings are reviewed and formulated based on this analytical model and its application.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude first to my supervisors, Dr. Aly Hatem Gabr and Dr. Abbas Yehia, for their patience and support throughout the research. I have learnt so much from you and hope that I will continue to do so. I am sincerely grateful to the members of my committee, Dr. Sayed El-Touni and Dr. Khairy Amin whose remarks endowed a coherent and final shape to this work.

During this research, I benefited from the information, encouragement and assistance provided by great persons, to whom I give my thanks: Dr. Mostafa Gabr, Dr. Alaa Sarhan, Dr. Rania Abdel Galil, and Dr. Khaled Tarabieh. I am also grateful for Dr. Abdel Fattah El-Mously for his continuous concern and support.

Words cannot do justice to the selfless efforts made by my wife Yasmin Kandil, who has supported me through the ups and downs of the research. This dissertation belongs just as much to her for without her support and understanding I would not have been able to complete it.

My greatest debt is to my in-laws, Sobhy Kandil and Nawal Abdel Wahab for their strong support and trust.

And finally, I express my special debts of gratitude to my mother and my late father.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... xiii

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1. Preamble ...... 1 1.2. Rationale...... 7 1.3. Research Hypothesis ...... 14 1.4. Aim and Objectives ...... 14 1.5. Research Limitations ...... 15 1.6. Methodological Framework ...... 15

2. URBAN SPACE, SOCIETY AND MEMORY ...... 17 2.1. Introduction ...... 17 2.2. Urban Space and Urban Design ...... 17 2.3. Urban Space as Place ...... 19 2.3.1. Place Attachment and "Insideness" ...... 23 2.3.2. Place identity ...... 25 2.4. The Social Dimension of Urban Space ...... 26 2.4.1. Imaginability, Territoriality and Identity ...... 28 2.5. Memory ...... 30 2.6. Collective Memory ...... 33 2.6.1. Information Sources for Collective Memories ...... 35 2.6.2. Characteristics of Collective Memory ...... 38 2.7. The Spatiality of Collective Memory ...... 38 2.8. Concluding Summary ...... 41

3. MEMORY-DRIVEN INTERACTIONS WITH URBAN SPACE ...... 43 3.1. Introduction ...... 43 3.2. Defining Memory-Driven Interactions with Urban Space ...... 43 3.3. Commemorative Structures in the Urban Space ...... 44

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3.3.1. Commemorating Persons ...... 46 3.3.2. Commemorating Events...... 48 3.3.3. The Unintentional Monuments ...... 50 3.3.4. Commemorative Plaques ...... 52 3.3.5. Ephemeral Monuments ...... 55 3.3.6. Commemorative Structures and the Transfer of Meaning ...... 57 3.3.7. Questioning the Role and Effectiveness of Commemorating Structures... 62 3.3.8. Case Study: Commemoration of the Egyptian Israeli wars ...... 64 3.4. Naming and Re-naming of Urban Space...... 68 3.5. Urban Conservation...... 74 3.5.1. Heritage Representations in Urban Space...... 78 3.6. Urban Iconoclasm and Urbicide ...... 85 3.5.2. Urban Iconoclasm ...... 85 3.5.3. Urbicide...... 88 3.7. Place-Specific Commemorative Rituals...... 91 3.8. Collective Nostalgia ...... 96 3.9. Conclusions ...... 99

4. DECODING URBAN COLLECTIVE MEMORY...... 102 4.1. Introduction ...... 102 4.2. The Actor-Network Theory ...... 102 4.3. The Actor-networks of Urban Collective Memory ...... 107 4.3.1 Actor-Networks of Urban Space ...... 108 4.3.2 Actor-Networks of Memory ...... 109 4.4. Actor-networks of Urban collective memory...... 110 4.5. Conclusions ...... 118

5. THE AFFORDANCE OF URBAN COLLECTIVE MEMORY...... 120 5.1. Introduction ...... 120 5.2. The Concept of "Affordance" ...... 120 5.3. Aspects of Urban Memory Affordance ...... 122 5.3.1. Contextual and Locational Aspects of Urban Memory Affordance .... 124 5.3.2. Morphological Aspects of Urban Memory Affordance ...... 128

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5.3.3. Functional Aspects of Urban Memory Affordance ...... 135 5.3.4. Intangible Aspects of Urban Memory Affordance ...... 138 5.3.5. Temporal Aspects of Memory Affordance ...... 142 5.4. UMA Matrix ...... 144 5.5. Conclusions ...... 146

6. THE CASE OF ALEXANDRIA ...... 147 6.1. Introduction ...... 147 6.2. The Evolution of Modern Alexandria ...... 147 6.3. The Case of Midan al-Manshiyya ...... 154 6.4. Midan al-Manshiyya between 1840 and 1882 ...... 156 6.5. Midan al-Manshiyya between 1883 and 1952 ...... 164 6.6. Midan al-Manshiyya between 1952 and 1971 ...... 170 6.7. Midan al-Manshiyya Since 1971...... 177 6.8. The Transformations of Midan al-Manshiyya ...... 183 5.3.1. Contextual and Locational aspects...... 183 5.3.2. Morphological Aspects ...... 184 5.3.3. Functional Aspects ...... 185 5.3.4. Intangible Aspects ...... 187 5.3.5. Temporal Aspects ...... 187 5.3.6. Case Study Findings ...... 189 6.9. Conclusions ...... 190

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 192 7.1. Summary ...... 192 7.2. Key Findings ...... 193 7.2.1. Understanding Urban Collective Memory ...... 193 7.2.2. The Case of Alexandria ...... 197 7.2.3. Research Contribution ...... 200 7.3. Future Research ...... 200

APPENDIX: PLANS OF MIDAN AL-MANSHIYYA ...... 201

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Different kinds of spaces as analysed in human geography...... 20 Table 2: Place Identity ...... 25 Table 3: Memory and history ...... 32 Table 4: The five most common street/square names in present-day Alexandria ...... 69 Table 5: ANT terminology...... 107 Table 6: Reflecting the Actor-Network Theory on the MDIs ...... 113 Table 7: Historical episodes of Midan al-Manshiyya ...... 156 Table 8: MDIs in Midan al-Manshiyya between 1840 and 1882 ...... 162 Table 9: MDIs in Midan al-Manshiyya between 1840 and 1882...... 168 Table 10: MDIs in Midan al-Manshiyya between 1952 and 1971...... 175 Table 11: MDIs in Midan al-Manshiyya since 1971...... 181

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The lost Mosque of 1000 Columns as documented in the Description de L’Égypte (Vol. V, Planche 37)...... 2 Figure 2: Urban Development in Today’s Alexandria: Small houses that formed Alexandria's original urban fabric are torn down and replaced by giant apartment blocks. This case is in Ahmed Shawky Street, in the district of Roushdy, photographed in 2003 and in 2005. 3 Figure 3: The New Bibliotheca Alexandrina...... 5 Figure 4: Alexandria still adopts its ancient Pharos as a symbol, centuries after its destruction...... 6 Figure 5: Herman Thiersch's reconstruction of the Pharos Lighthouse (left) and "Heliopharos" (right), a proposal led by Paul Gonze and Bernard Delville in 1998...... 6 Figure 6: Urban Collective Memory: the interrelationship between social groups and the urban spaces of a certain city, whenever memory is involved ...... 12 Figure 7: The research comes at the intersection of four disciplines: urban design, cultural geography, urban history, and memory studies...... 13 Figure 8: Research Methodological Framework ...... 16 Figure 9: Vertical structures of existential space...... 21 Figure 10: Lynch's Five Key Elements of the Urban Form...... 22 Figure 11: Citizens from different communities in Beirut gather in the restored Nejmeh Square, the city's main public urban space, after years of civil war...... 25 Figure 12: Components of a sense of place...... 26 Figure 13: Types of Memory-Driven Interactions with Urban Space...... 44 Figure 14: An old postcard that depicts the Statue of Ibrahim in Cairo’s Opera Square...... 47 Figure 15: The Statue of Alexander the Great in Alexandria...... 48 Figure 16: Visitors at the Vietnam War Memorial Wall in Washington, D.C., and a young visitor rubbing one of the names engraved on the Wall...... 49 Figure 17: Peter Eisenman's model prepared for the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and the memorial after completion, with Potsdamer Platz in the background. .. 50 Figure 18: Hiroshima’s Peace Memorial Park and the A-Bomb Dome Memorial. Up: Aerial view; Left: View across Ōta River...... 51 Figure 19: The House of Nation...... 52 Figure 20: Blue plaque commemorating Charles Dickens in London and the Norwegian version of the plaques marking an old house in Oslo ...... 53 Figure 21: A plaque that commemorates the incident of deliberating the liberation of France by General Charles de Gaulle in one Cairo’s streets in Zamalek (left), and another plaque that provides historical information about Oreco Building in Alexandria's city centre (right)...... 54 Figure 22: Flowers and placards at the commemorative ceremony for Marwa El-Sherbini in Dresden...... 56 Figure 23: Artists installing one of the 18 temporary knife-shaped sculptures commemorating the death of Marwa el-Sherbini in Dresden's urban spaces...... 56 Figure 24: A graffiti commemorating one of the 25th of January martyrs in one of Cairo's streets...... 57

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Figure 25: The relationship between objects and people in ‘information transfer’ theories of remembrance, such as Donald’s ...... 58 Figure 26: The High Dam Memorial, with Nasser’s words inscribed on one of the monument’s walls...... 59 Figure 27: The mausoleum of Saad Zaghloul...... 60 Figure 28: Crowds of at the entrance of Zaghloul’s monument in different occasions in the 1930’s and 1940’s...... 61 Figure 29: The monument to Khedive Ismail in Alexandria, finished in 1938...... 61 Figure 30: New York Times on the 23rd of July, 1911...... 63 Figure 31: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: President Sadat examines the memorial proposal, with Mubarak, Sadat’s vice-president, Field Marshal el-Gamasy, the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, and Osman Ahmed Osman, the Minister of Housing; and the memorial today, also the burial place of the late Sadat himself...... 65 Figure 32: October War memorials in Alexandria (left), Damietta (down right), and Sinai (up right)...... 66 Figure 33: Overlooking the shores of the Great Bitter Lake, Moaz Lakekan remains the best preserved of the strongpoints of the Bar Lev Line. It is now open to the public and incorporates a museum...... 67 Figure 34: Dayan’s Rock Memorial in Sheikh Zowaid, Northern Sinai...... 67 Figure 35: The Egyptian obelisk at Ad Halom, Israel...... 68 Figure 36: Street sign at Midan al-Ataba al-khadra, formerly Mohammad Ali al-Kabir...... 71 Figure 37: Today’s sign in Tahrir Square...... 72 Figure 38: Protestors writing al-Shohada’ (martyrs) on the floor in al-Tahrir Square...... 72 Figure 39: Street sign of Islambouli Street in Tehran ...... 73 Figure 40: Rue Hassan Fathy, Villefontaine, Lyon, France...... 73 Figure 41: Warsaw's historic centre before and after reconstruction...... 75 Figure 42: Midaq Alley today...... 78 Figure 43: Al-Mu’izz Street map, and three landmarks from three historical periods: the Fatimid Bab al-Futuh, the Mamluk complex of Sultan An-Nasser Mohammad, and the Ottoman Sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda...... 79 Figure 44: Dar al-Kotob, built in 1902, and the development finished in 2007 ...... 81 Figure 45: The main tower of the Fort Qait Bey in 1904, before restoration, and today...... 82 Figure 46: The Siwi House...... 83 Figure 47: The temple of Ras el-Soda: Original context and current site on Abdel Nasser Avenue ...... 84 Figure 48: A scaled replica of an Ancient Egyptian temple at the Pharaonic Village...... 85 Figure 49: The Taller Buddha Statue before, during, and after destruction by the Taliban: Prior to fully destroying the Buddha statues, Taliban had already removed the face of the larger statue and riddled it with bullet holes...... 86 Figure 50: Ferdinand de Lesseps’s statue before, during and after removal...... 87 Figure 51: Thousands of the Tibetan places of memory were purposefully destroyed and vandalized by the Chinese Communist Party as a part of the Proletarian Cultural Revolution...... 88 Figure 52: Mostar’s Stari Most: Plan of the old bridge ...... 89 Figure 53: Mostar’s Stari Most before the Bosnian war, during its destruction on the 9th of November, 1993, and a “Don’t Forget” sign on the view of the missing bridge, c.1999. 90

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Figure 54: The procession of the Egyptian Mahmal in the streets of Cairo...... 93 Figure 55: Jewish pilgrims flock into the Mausoleum of Abu Hassira in Behira...... 94 Figure 56: Nasser (far left) attending the burning of Allenby in the streets of ; and new Allenby effigies before being burnt...... 95 Figure 57: A screen capture of a blog post about historical streets in Alexandria...... 98 Figure 58: Screen captures from www.aaha.ch ...... 99 Figure 59: Memory-driven interactions with urban space ...... 100 Figure 60: Traffic actor-networks...... 106 Figure 61: Proust's madeleines evoke the protagonist's childhood memories as depicted by artist Stéphane Heuet in his graphic novel adaptation. From the ANT point of view, the madeleines "stabilize" the protagonist's memory network...... 110 Figure 62: (Ancient) Egyptian social pyramid...... 111 Figure 63: A reconstruction of Herod's Temple superimposed on a plan of the Dome of the Rock...... 116 Figure 64: Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire on the 21st of August, 1969, and a part of the devastated south-eastern wing...... 117 Figure 65: The site of al-Aqsa mosque is a key component in the networks of collective memory of Muslims and Jews, both in the same time...... 118 Figure 66: A door panel "affords" a person to push...... 121 Figure 67: Aspects of an urban space's UMA...... 124 Figure 68: The National Mall, in Washington D.C., is the unique monumental space enclosed between the Lincoln Memorial (to the left) and the United States Capitol (to the right), with the George Washington Monument in-between...... 126 Figure 69: Alexandria's unique Eastern Harbour Corniche in the 1930's then named Queen Nazli Promenade...... 126 Figure 70: New Delhi's Central Vista during the annual commemorative performance of the Republic day...... 127 Figure 71: Contextual and locational aspects of urban memory affordance and their related MDIs...... 128 Figure 72: Suares Roundabout in the 1930's and today with Mustafa Kamel Pasha's statue. 130 Figure 73: Alexandria's Sherif Street, now Salah Salem...... 131 Figure 74: The National Mall. Washington D.C...... 132 Figure 75: A 1963 view of Tahrir Square, Cairo's largest downtown node, with the former monumental rose granite base for a statue of Khedive Ismail that was never installed. 132 Figure 76: Baghdad's monumental Firdaus Square during the toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue...... 133 Figure 77: Hong Kong's Victoria Park during the annual commemoration vigil of China's 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre...... 134 Figure 78: Morphological aspects of urban memory affordance and their related MDIs. .... 135 Figure 79: Outdoor activities according to Gehl: the relationship between the quality of outdoor spaces and the rate of occurrence of outdoor activities...... 136 Figure 80: Functional aspects of urban memory affordance and their related MDIs...... 137 Figure 81: The Christ the Saviour Cathedral, the tallest Orthodox church in the world, before and during demolition...... 139 Figure 82: The shrine of Abul Dardāʾ in Alexandria...... 140 Figure 83: The shrine of Aboul Dardāʾ during his annual mulid (anniversary)...... 140

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Figure 84: Doves fly by the A-Bomb Dome in Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park, following a speech delivered by the Japanese Prime Minister, marking the anniversary of the world's first atomic bombing...... 142 Figure 85: Intangible aspects of urban memory affordance and their related MDIs...... 142 Figure 86: Fore Street, Cornwall (left) and West Street, Oxfordshire (right) are two examples of historic street surface listed by the English Heritage at Grade II, as they add significantly to the unique character of the historic environment in their areas...... 144 Figure 87: Temporal aspects of urban memory affordance and their related MDIs...... 144 Figure 88: The matrix of urban memory affordance of urban space (UMA matrix)...... 145 Figure 89: UMA interrelationship matrix ...... 146 Figure 90: Alexandria in 1798...... 148 Figure 91: Up: The Esplanade, a parade ground where some French soldiers can be seen training Down: Description de l’Égypte map: The Esplanade was enclosed between the high-density Turkish town (to the left) and the ruins of the ancient city (to the right). 150 Figure 92: Alexandria in 1868...... 151 Figure 93: A comparison between the urban fabric and the architecture of both the Ottoman town and the European quarters in Alexandria...... 152 Figure 94: The Square in its final shape in the 1860's...... 157 Figure 95: the Anglican Church of St. Mark: Entrance and original elevation facing the Square...... 158 Figure 96: Revivalism in the architecture of Midan al-Manshiyya before 1882: the Venetian style Palace of Count Zizinia (left) and the neoclassical Palazzo of Tossizza, the Greek Consul (right)...... 159 Figure 97: Khedive Ismail, Jacquemart, and the statue of Mohammad Ali...... 160 Figure 98: An 1882 map that indicates buildings destroyed by bombs and fires (left), and the devastated Square after in 1882 (up)...... 161 Figure 99: The Stock Exchange (La Bourse) by the turn of the 20th century...... 164 Figure 100: The 1902 Municipality Map showing the new extension proposal and La Place des Jardins Français (French Gardens Square) in its hey days in the 1930's...... 165 Figure 101: The Inauguration of Ismail's Memorial...... 166 Figure 102: The procession of the Mahmal passing through Midan al-Manshiyya...... 167 Figure 103: Because of its morphology and its position, the Stock Exchange building (La Bourse) is reused as the Arab Socialist Union ...... 170 Figure 104: Ismail's Memorial: Ismail's statue covered altogether in the 1960's (up), and the same structure re-used as a Monument to the Unknown Soldier (down)...... 171 Figure 105: Transforming the French Gardens into a bus terminus in 1968...... 172 Figure 106: Nasser waving to thausands filling al-Mansheya Square below on 26 July 1956, before announcing the nationalisation of the Suez Canal ...... 173 Figure 107: Y. Menasce Synagogue before 1956 and today...... 174 Figure 108: The Socialist Union Building set in fire (left) and today's Socialist Union parking lot (right)...... 177 Figure 109: La Bourse replica in the Egyptian Media Production City ...... 178 Figure 110: Khedive Ismail's statue in its new setting in Kom el-Dikka...... 179 Figure 111: New landscape design in Orabi Square...... 179 Figure 112: Violations on the historic buildings (Okelle Monferato) and new architecture in the square...... 180

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Figure 113: Midan al-Manshiyya today: A square or a roundabout? ...... 184 Figure 114: The open-ended French garden's before the construction of Ismail's Memorial...... 185 Figure 115: The vast Mahatet Masr square witnessed no MDIs until the late 1970's ...... 186 Figure 116: Midan Saad Zaghloul, before and after installing Zaghloul's statue in the 1930's...... 188 Figure 117: Hotel Majestique (1909), by H. Gorra Bey, one of the finely-detailed buildings on Orabi Square is left today to decay...... 188 Figure 118: Memory-driven interactions with urban space ...... 196 Figure 119: The three elements of urban collective memory...... 197 Figure 120: Midan al-Manshiyya in the early 1880's...... 201 Figure 121: Midan al-Manshiyya in the 1940's...... 202 Figure 122: Midan al-Manshiyya in the 1960's...... 203 Figure 123: Midan al-Manshiyya in 2000...... 204

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAHA Amicale Alexandrie Hier et Aujourd'hui

ANT Actor-Network theory

MDIs Memory-Driven Interactions

SCA Supreme Council of Antiquities

STS Science and Technologies Studies

UMA Urban Memory Affordance

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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