Heritage and Environment
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Heritage and Environment Heritage and Environment Heritage and Environment Edited by Agata Wąsowska-Pawlik and Jacek Purchla Kraków 2021 © Copyright by the International Cultural Centre, 2021 Review Dr Tamás Fejérdy, Dr Rafał Szmytka Managing editoR Marzena Daszewska technical and copy‑editorING Aleksandra Kamińska ProofReading Aleksandra Kamińska coveR design Krzysztof Radoszek (Radoszek Arts) layout design Wojtek Kwiecień ‑Janikowski typesetting Wojciech Kubiena (Biuro Szeryfy) ISBn 978 ‑83 ‑66419‑28‑5 International Cultural Centre Rynek Główny 25, 31‑008 Kraków, Poland tel.: +48 12 42 42 811, fax: +48 12 42 17 844 e ‑mail: [email protected] The ICC publications are available at the bookshop located in the ICC Gallery or can be ordered online: www.mck.krakow.pl With the financial support of Table of Contents 9 Jacek Purchla, Agata Wąsowska-Pawlik Preface Part 1: Environmental History and Protection 15 Adrienne Wallman Lieux de Memoire: Genealogy, Memory, and Environment 31 Carola Hein, Tino Mager, Roberto Rocco, Henk van Schaik, and Diederik Six Water Histories and Heritage: Spaces, Institutions, and Cultures 47 Zoe Russell Common‑sense Discourses of Nature: A Gramscian Analysis of Conservation Designations in the Scottish Highlands 67 Maciej Ambrosiewicz The Augustów Canal: The Creation of Man and Nature 85 Agnieszka Laudy Historical Residences and Modern Challenges: Moving Towards Sustainability 101 Salvijus Kulevičius Superseded Reality: The Reconstruction of Manor Parks in Soviet Lithuania 123 Artur Chojnacki Towards Eco‑heritage: Shaping the Relations between Nature and Cultural Heritage in Contemporary Kraków 139 Melinda Harlov -Csortán From Environmentalised Heritage to Heritagised Environment: The Case of the Reedland at Fertő/Neusiedlersee Part 2: Landscape 157 Eva Chovancová Transformations of the Moravian Vineyard Landscape as a Political Consequence 169 Cristina F. Colombo Museographical Perspectives on Modern Fortified Landscapes: World War i Defensive Lines in Italy 189 Tomáš Pavlíček The Notes on the Reflexion of an Industrially Exploited Landscape in the North: Bohemia in the 20th Century Visual Arts – the Power of Image 205 John Ebejer and Despina Dimelli Conservation Issues of Two Fortified Historic Towns and World Heritage Sites: Rhodes and Valletta 227 Kristína Jamrichová Towards an Aesthetics of Interface: A Preliminary Study 251 Łukasz Bugalski The Touristification of Italian Historic City Centres: The Lesson for Central Europe about the Airbnb Eruption Part 3: Heritage and Political Environment 269 Tobias Strahl Protection of Culture in Conflict: Heritage in a Militarised Environment 291 Karin Hallas -Murula New Architecture and Heritage: Estonian State Architecture Policy in the European Context 305 Jerzy Gorzelik Cultural Nationalisms and Heritage Discourses in a Contested Borderland: The Case of the Upper Silesian Wooden Church 323 Stsiapan Stureika Synagogues in Post‑Soviet Belarus and the Region: Overcoming Abandonment through Appropriation 339 Dalia Traškinaitė Issues of Aesthetics in the New Architecture of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Lithuania 355 Barbara Vodopivec Multi‑layered Significance of Heritage: Mapping Castles, Their Functions, and Environment in Post‑World War ii Slovenia Part 4: Education 381 Michał Kępski Landscape and Freeman Tilden’s Philosophy of Heritage Interpretation 391 Marju Kõivupuu Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage: the Example of Estonia 407 Anna Gruszka The Living River: A Practical Interpretation of Heritage Trends 419 Marie -Theres Albert Transboundary European World Heritage: The Chance and Challenge of Building a European Identity through Education 429 Ágnes Balog Two Roads – One Mission: Cultural and Natural Heritage and Education of Children 447 Magdalena Szalbot Heritage and the Environment from the Anthropological Perspective of Cultural Ecology 459 About the Authors Preface Jacek Purchla, Agata Wąsowska‑Pawlik Heritage Forum of Central Europe is a platform of international dialogue on philosophy, management, protection, economics, politics, and social issues of cultural heritage. Organised since 2011 by the International Cultural Centre, it has already become an important meeting ground for the researchers and experts from Central Europe and all over the world. Every two years in the Main Square of medieval Kraków we discuss the complex issues of cultural heritage. The 5th Heritage Forum of Central Europe, organised in September 2019, was dedicated to the links between cultural heritage and environment, as well as their mutual engagement. In recent years, and especially very recently, we have become increasingly aware that the environmental context is of paramount importance to the complete understanding of values and the very meaning of cultural heritage, which remains one of the central elements of everyone’s identity. The pandemic of the 2020– 2021, with its vastly negative impact on the cultural heritage sector, will undoubtedly stimulate many cultural heritage institutions to tackle topics related to the so‑called “green revolution.” We strongly believe that individuals and institutions working in the field of cultural heritage will have to assume responsibility for education and raising social awareness with regard to environmental concerns. One should certainly keep in mind that the UNESCO World Heritage List features 1,121 properties, including 869 cultural sites, 213 natural sites, and 39 mixed sites. This imbalance is very symptomatic, as our identity depends on both cultural and natural heritage. Our surroundings and our cultural landscape (whose major component is, as a matter of fact, nature) have become the legitimate subject of scholarly investigation in Heritage and Environment 9 the field of the humanities and social sciences. Simultaneously, recent climate changes and a growing awareness of individual responsibility for the future of our planet have made us quite conscious of the fact that both environmental and cultural resources are non‑renewable. What is more, research carried out within the framework of environmental history has helped us better understand the processes of urban development as well as changes in cultural landscape. On the part of the heritage sector the first steps have already been taken. Climate Heritage Network (CHN) was launched in 2019, providing a voluntary, mutual support network of governmental arts, culture, and heritage agencies at local, regional, and national levels; site management authorities; NGOs; universities; businesses; and other organisations com‑ mitted to tackling climate change. In March 2021 Europa Nostra, together with ICOMOS and CHN, with the support of the European Investment Bank Institute, have prepared and presented European Cultural Heritage Green Paper. In the foreword Herman Parzinger writes that “responding effectively to climate change is the defining task of our time.” The document challenges the policymakers and cultural heritage operators to treat cultural heritage as an important tool and at the same time field where the goals of the European Green Deal can meet and create synergies. In Poland a group “Muzea dla klimatu” [Museums for the climate] actively uses social media to share information, experience, and exper‑ tise concerning possible changes and directions for the development of cultural heritage institutions in response to the challenges linked with climate crisis. It is our pleasure to present this volume, which is the outcome of the 5th Heritage Forum of Central Europe. While planning this conference three years ago, little did we know how urgent this issue was about to be‑ come. We sincerely hope that this volume may contribute to accelerating research into the links between cultural heritage and the environment. Heritage Forum of Central Europe is the result of over fourteen years of Visegrad cooperation in the field of cultural heritage, moderated by the International Cultural Centre. This cooperation has resulted in, among others, annual international training programmes dedicated to the man‑ agement of UNESCO World Heritage sites, as well as biennial Heritage Forum of Central Europe. We would like to use this opportunity to express gratitude to our Visegrad partners for such a long‑standing cooperation, which, we hope, 10 Jacek Purchla, Agata Wąsowska‑Pawlik has contributed to building and maintaining friendly regional relations between our respective countries. Our partners are: the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, World Heritage Affairs Unit at the Prime Minister’s Office, Hungary, the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic, and the Ministry of Culture of Slovakia. Finally, our very special appreciation should be extended to the Mu‑ nicipality of Kraków for their generous support of the conference and the book itself. Part 1 Environmental History and Protection 13—154 15 Adrienne Wallman Lieux de Memoire: Genealogy, Memory, and Environment 31 Carola Hein, Tino Mager, Roberto Rocco, Henk van Schaik, and Diederik Six Water Histories and Heritage: Spaces, Institutions and Cultures 47 Zoe Russell Common‑sense Discourses of Nature: A Gramscian Analysis of Conservation Designations in the Scottish Highlands 67 Maciej Ambrosiewicz The Augustów Canal: The Creation of Man and Nature 85 Agnieszka Laudy Historical Residences and Modern Challenges: Moving Towards Sustainability 101 Salvijus Kulevičius Superseded Reality: The Reconstruction of Manor Parks in Soviet Lithuania 123 Artur Chojnacki Towards Eco‑heritage: Shaping the Relations between