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Welsh Archers at Agincourt

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Welsh Archers at Agincourt Welsh archers at Agincourt: myth and reality Adam Chapman debates the evidence for a Welsh presence among Henry V’s highly-successful force of archers at Agincourt in 1415. ichael Drayton, in his poem of 1627, The Bataille of Agincourt, described the Welsh presence Min Henry V’s army: ‘who no lesse honour ow’d To their own king, nor yet less valiant were, In one strong re’ment [regiment] had themselves bestowed’.1 Drayton was not privy to the surviving administrative sources for the 1415 campaign. His ‘record’ of the Welsh in Henry V’s army in 1415 was part of a county-by-county praise of the shires of England and Wales. In fact, it was the archery talents of the men from Lancashire not of those from Wales which Drayton celebrated: ‘not as the least I weene, Through three crownes, three Arrows smear’d with blood’. Drayton was writing anachronistically. No fifteenth-century chronicle or sixteenth-century history which includes a narrative of Agincourt mentions Welsh archers at the battle at all. Yet in the popular imagination, Agincourt has been co-opted as a great patriotic achievement, the victory of Welshmen, in knitted Monmouth caps, over the French army. For much of the six centuries between 1415 and the present, however, Agincourt is actually the silent battle in Welsh culture. Among the large extant corpus of Welsh language poetry dating from the fifteenth century – the work of around a hundred the failure of the decade-long national – and gradually petered out about a poets and several thousand poems rebellion, led by the Welsh esquire, a decade later. Glyndŵr remained at large praising the Welsh gentry – there is not descendant of Welsh princes and the and retained his supporters, so that large one mention of the battle of Agincourt. self-proclaimed prince of Wales, Owain parts of Wales were beyond the reach of References to English wars in France Glyndŵr. At the height of Owain’s royal government. In this light it might are common, however, and these poems rebellion, all Wales was involved. Owain be wondered that any Welshmen fought regularly reinforce the expectation that a even enjoyed the support of the king of with Henry V in 1415 at all and this is a gentleman should be proficient in arms France and English rebels against Henry question we shall return to. and participate in war. IV and his son, Henry ‘of Monmouth’ The burdens of military recruitment Prince of Wales.2 The rebellion began on on the lands of Wales in 1415 were Henry V and Wales 16 September 1400 – indeed Glyndŵr far from novel. English kings had The principal reason for this lack of seems to have chosen Prince Henry’s employed Welshmen in their armies for mention of Agincourt was probably birthday to proclaim himself prince centuries, but the factors surrounding 12 The Historian – Autumn 2015 Brecon, where some of the archers recruited in 1415 were mustered this particular campaign were decidedly within it were recruited directly by the Henry V tended towards reconciliation, unusual. The recruitment process played king rather than by contractors – the albeit on tough terms. Men like Henry a significant part in the government’s peers, knights and esquires of Henry’s Don, a member of the gentry from the response to the end of the Glyndŵr realm who raised the bulk of the army. lordship of Cydweli and who had led rebellion in the shires and in the March With these royal estates came the rebels there, were bound over for of Wales. The shires of Carmarthen, significant responsibilities, not least enormous fines on their release from Cardigan, Merioneth, Anglesey and of ensuring that the rebellion, once royal custody intended to ensure their Caernarfon were the property of the extinguished, was not reignited. good behaviour. In Don’s case his release crown, while the March consisted of The task was accomplished through only provided the opportunity to settle 40 or so quasi-independent lordships a combination of judicial action, scores: at the judicial sessions in 1413 forming a crescent from the south-west communal fines and subsidies, and, as he was indicted for terrorising the to the north-east of Wales. While most we shall see, unusual military demands. locality and for going as far as levying of Wales was more or less at peace by In the March of Wales, where the rights fines on those of his neighbours who the time of Henry V’s accession in 1413, of individual lords were generally had not risen in rebellion with him! His order and governance were far from fiercely protected, Henry IV’s direct grandson, Gruffudd, however, fought at fully restored, especially in north Wales. levies of fines on the communities of Agincourt and was an important captain That said, in territorial terms, Henry V’s Marcher lordships were exceptional. in Henry V’s armies in France after 1417. position in the March of Wales was far The justification was simple: the revolt Military service, as we shall see, formed more significant than that of any earlier in Wales was an act of treason against a key step on the road to pardon and for English monarch. As king, he retained the crown and therefore only the crown some, favour. control of the royal shires in North could pardon the offenders for their Wales (Caernarfon, Merioneth and treason. Henry IV levied fines of 180 Recruitment in Wales Anglesey), and of South Wales (Cardigan marks (£108) and £50 on the tenants in 1415 and Carmarthen), which he had held of the Lancaster lordships of Cydweli Wales in 1415, then, was far from as Prince of Wales. With the lands of and Ogmore, and £500 and £300 on a peaceful, settled country. Owain the Duchy of Lancaster inherited from the Marcher lordships of Glamorgan Glyndŵr himself remained a free man his father, Henry dominated southern and Abergavenny immediately before and, though no longer a threat, was Wales: in addition to Brecon, one of his death. The accession of Henry V in protected by those loyal to him. North- the largest Marcher lordships which March 1413 brought new and greater west Wales in particular was still more had come through Henry IV’s marriage demands upon his own lands. By the or less beyond the reach of Henry’s to Mary de Bohun, Henry V held the end of 1414 the new king had raised over government and remained a problem lordships of Monmouth and Three £5,000 in collective fines from Wales and for the rest of the fifteenth century. In Castles, Hay and Huntington on the the March. February 1415, with the king’s plans River Wye, Ogmore west of Cardiff, and The process of personal to launch a new expedition to France Cydweli with Carnwyllion with all their accommodation following the end of taking shape, his council advised that dependent liberties west of Swansea, all the rebellion was more complicated special attention be given to securing of which he incorporated into the royal and more varied. While some rebels Wales. Sixty men-at-arms and 120 demesne. As such, and unusually for the were executed or had their property archers led by the sheriff of Merioneth army recruited in 1415, the Welshmen redistributed, the policy of Henry IV and served for three months from 4 March. The Historian – Autumn 2015 13 Wales in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Half were stationed at the Cistercian to one man-at-arms to every abbey of Cymer near Dolgellau and four archers. In percentage half at Bala. More archers were based at terms an army with 75% another Cistercian abbey, Strata Florida archers became one with (Welsh: Ystrad Fflur), near Aberystwyth. 80%. In 1415, Henry V In June, attempts were made to contact intended to be abroad for at Glyndŵr and to offer him pardon. This least a year; the additional he seems to have declined. More soldiers archers recruited from were deployed around the borders of his personal estates (his Merioneth and remained until the end demesne) were intended to of December. Meanwhile, the lords facilitate conquest since they of the Welsh March were ordered to would be as useful in siege garrison their castles and the king and garrisons as in the field. himself invested in supplies of guns and gunpowder for his Welsh castles. The South Welsh By April 1415, the king’s contingent in preparations for his campaign had 1415 turned to the recruitment of men. While We know about the men the nobility and members of the king’s raised from the royal own household entered into contracts demesne in Wales from a with the king to supply soldiers, the set of muster rolls preserved king, owing to his enormous personal in the National Archives at estates, concentrated in the north-west Kew. They are attached to of England – Lancashire and Cheshire documents acknowledging – and in Wales was able to use these receipt of money from the resources to bolster the size of his army. Crown to the soldiers up In common with the royal and duchy until the point they joined estates in Wales, the English royal shires the army. They record three – Cheshire, and, under the Lancastrian sets of payments apparently kings, Lancashire – provided companies reflecting separate musters of archers for the royal army. In 1385, In 1385, and possibly in Irish campaigns, made at Brecon, Carmarthen and Richard II recruited 70 Welsh foot Richard’s armies were intended to Cydweli.3 The money was paid out to archers to serve in Scotland and again impress.
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