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5-1988

UA68/2 Intercambio Internacional, Vol. X, No. 2

WKU Latin American Studies

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Recommended Citation WKU Latin American Studies, "UA68/2 Intercambio Internacional, Vol. X, No. 2" (1988). WKU Archives Records. Paper 3662. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/dlsc_ua_records/3662

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PAHA(;UA Y 'S Y E H B A M A T E /\ ND trade that the COIIHI'/O(/U or Merchants Guild of Buenos Ai res placed a (/ i/II,lo(/o COlllllllar at that settlement to adjudicate mercantile C /\ T TLE F HONTIE H S. 177(''')- 1Mil ",,,"",,, 7 Jerrll 11'. CO(J/wy omf M ark F rokf'1I 17805 free. wage labor had replaced the former forced '~'~:~l; ~ '~' :',~d~;': :'~,labo r in this occu pation.8But the peones' lives ~ I ha?'ardOIl~. J al't'uars. ve nomou s 8 nllke ~. di!;C l\se. !~:~~;:~~~~~ of Portuguese Rr!l. ;o: il a~a ins ll he borders of , Plata resu lted in Madrid's creation of tI common place dangers of a yerbero. ,~~~;;.~ 1776. The subsequent Intendant we re ri rawn to the ye rhales by "' local administration were ac· by 1800asmany as 2000yerberos I lilleralizedexternsl frontiers. As in a ll occupations province of Paraguay in . suffered from employers' ac· for recklessly spending " T,,,I,,,,, the II:r owing lM.lrt liquor and games of chance.9 well as to intermediate po rts on . trade expa nded the old Spanish possession in the center of ' cattle land grant.!! on the frontier society from the Conquest medium sized !lnd as many in 18 11.11 was continually beset by 11 ",1 ;'"' 1" ~'h ,""'''' ''~d cattle from neighboring Corrientes and in the 16008 and 1700s assaulted by Portuguese from th e in the 17805 to stock Ihc new ranges. I I north Rnd CIlSt. For the en ti re colonial the only outlet for thc ,-,,,, ";,,, th""b,II",bw,-lH'd bee" es for food. 2 Paraguayans WIIS south by the p" "",' p " d~ "" river systems. «In,;nu"d on ~I" 2 The main export of the province ' leaves from a shrub from whi ch a tea was made. Whether as in the Jesui t miS5ionsof the Riode la Plata. or gathered TABLE O F CONTE NTS on Paral't'uay's frontiers this commodity was in throughout southern South America. In the last ;\1;.te and Cattle F' rontiers. 1776· 1811. Spanish ru le an expanded demand for this tea I Mark F'rakell ...... • eXI)ansion into the yerba-rich north of Paraguay. Health Care. new areas accompanied cattle ranges. i """i" "in Ecuador. of the colonial frontier experiences which molded the Paraguayan l)(!Q pl c. economy. and cultu re for nearly th ree hundred years. Life I ~~~' 'r',~ ' ; ;',~'';" """'" ,'," '" Earli('r the Portuguese pressu re upon the Paraguayan North and J, Eas t in the middle 1700s had been countered by a series of new WK U 3 frontier sctllements. Wi th the la rger demand for yerba from civil Latin Paraguay after the collapsc of production in the former Jesuit LA S PAU Work onReceh'e Grad~at ' ~:"~e ~~\~V~K~U~,~,~,~,...... missions to the south. these new areas of settll.'menlarrorded support Latin Studies Center Programs ...... for the new yerba and cattle frontiers. Licenses to exploit virgin yer/m/PR increased ri ramatically. Within thirty yea rs official yerba exports leapt from about 300 metric ton s through Asu ncion to better than a.384-and we have no reliable figures on that which we kn ow evaded taxation at the pro"ineial capital and was transported American editorial downr iver as contraband." oI lIffl icese r(: (lmb~ in ';o:~~~~f~!~i::;;":'~;~'~~;~f~j::i!*1~~!~:ft,r~'~,:~'~. ,~,~:;~, The new regions of production we re east of Asu ncion in the The opinions and vicinity of Callzapa around th l.' hel!.dwaters of the Tebicuari. and in journal are those policies of Weslern the north of the province along the Juju i. Ypane. Aqu idaban. and officers. Apa ri'·ers. Villa Real dl.' la Concepcion. some 200 kilometers north of Asuncion on the east bank of the Paraguay and at the mouth of the "pane. was founded in 1773 and rapidly became the operational center for their yc rba exploitation of th is vast northe rn a rea.5 Gathering of the leaves of thi s wild plant was finanCed by a credit arrangement s tretching all the wa y !lOuth to a merchant-financier in Buenos Aires. Agents of that merchant. or hobililll(/08. purchased a license to gather yerba. "grub·staked" gangs of peones with food. tobacco. and clothing. and sent them forth into the wild northe rn cou ntry on the eastern side of the Paraguay Hi\'er in search of untapped groves.S By 1804 Conc.:c pcion "'as so important as a shipping port and so many merchants there engal't'ed in the ye rba ENDNOTES oxen rorcart transport. and as much as 60.000 hides a yea r in which IThe best study of political reforms in the Riode la Plata during yerba and other pnxlucts were packed for dow nriver transport. 12 the reign of Charles III is still John Lynch. SpSpain dominated the management oflile Rio (Ie III Plula (London. 1958)./XIIIHim. A brief su rveyor the of the yerba trade wh ile the old elite concentrated upon ranching. benefits accruing to Paraguay from these reforms is Rafael Eladio Inasmuch as the entire economy of Paraguay was booming in th is Ve laquez. EI ParagllllY #" )1 /S/ I (Asuncion. 1966). l)(lllllilll. Detailed era. that society avoided much of the economically moti vated analysis of various Paraguayan economic pursuits sllch as tobacco pen;nsular-cri ollo enmity so common to the rest of Spanish raising. ship building. and the forestry industry may b(' found in A merica.13 Theold elite. hitherto concentrated in nuclear Paraguay Jerry W. Cooney. £ CO)1(I11,,'(1 II ~()('iedad en III h l/e'/tlmlCitl d(>1 around Asuncion. did loS(' social and political control of the capital to l'arOUl/ay, to be published in 1988 by the Centro Paraguayo de the newcomers. but in compensation solidified thei r traditional f;studios Sociologlcos, Asuncion. Pnragua)'. authority on the new frontiers. There estancieros continued toserve 2The frontier nature of Paraguayan development and the front ie r's as militia officers and minorcivil officials. They were "itally needed impact upon the prol·ince's societ}' is best seen in Efraim Ca rdozo. as in less than thirty years the settled (even if only scantily) po rtion EI Porugl/tly colonial: Ifill roicell ell' la Noeionalielael (Buenos Aires. of Paraguay increased by forty percent.l4 When Independence 1959). PlJIIJlim. came later. this hard wo rking cattle elite retained their social. 3Pedro A. Vh'es Azancot. "Ocmografia paraguaya. 1782- 1800. economic and political importance and became the most fervent Bases hi storicas y "rirnera nproximacion pa ra su nnali sis, sobre sllpporters of the nation's first great dictator. Doctor Jose Gaspar datos aportados po r F' elix de A1,ara." Ret·il. 10-] I: and Robertson, I I. p. 150. to protect the new frontier. When war in Europc erupted in 1801 10 Arrellaga. p. 87: Juan Francisco Agui rre. "Diario de Ca pitan between the respective mother countries. the suspicion s of the de Fragata D. J uan Francisco Aguirre." Torno II. scgunda purte. in Portuguese we re confi rmed when Governor Lazaro de Ribera of Rn'i"lu de to Bib/iv/ceo /l.'ociQllol. XIX (BUenos ,\ ires. ]9;18). liP. Paraguay immediately mounted an upriver expedition with the 457.557-560: and Aguirre. "Diario." Torno Ill. xx (19·19). pp. 136 avowed intention of expelling the Lusitanians from the Paraguay and 30 1. River Valley. It failed and in return Portuguese troops and their 11 Ernesto J. A. Maeder, lIill/odo rcollomica de Corrielllell 1'111'1 Indian allies overran an important fort on the headwatersof the Apa wriooa t·irreinal. l77fi·1810(Buenos Aires. 1981). pp. 233·2:17: and River.21 The war ended with no more disilsters to Paraguayan "I nterroRatorio" of Captain AndreS de Orue. Asuncion. August 31. fortunes and in this regio n conditions reverted to that before 1789 in ANA-N E 388. For the benefits to the state gained by hostilities. Nonetheless that war signified an end to the northern granting medium sized estancias see Felix de Azara. "Memoria adl'ance of Paraguay's frontiers lind essentially con firmed thc sobre cI estado rural de Rio de la Plata en 180 1." Batovi. M a~' 9. 180 1 boundar ies that the ne w republic of Pnraguay later possessed. in Felix de Aza ra. Memo"illl<()b,'c cl CHWr/Otil ral de Rio til' lu Plu/(I II After t ndepcnrlence the yerbll export.~ gradunlly declined as the o/rOI< ill/arme,. \ Buenos Aires. 19·13). 1'11. 14-15. ne\O' nation under Dr. Francia retreated into self-imposed isolation. 12Juan Franciseo Agui rre to D. to-I lltrin Jose Altolaguirre. Ita. But the territory effecti,"ely occu pied by yerberos and ranchers October 10. 1794 in Alfuirre. "Oiario." Tomo II I. Rl' dH/1I de 10 between 1776 and 18 11 remained under Asuncion's control. The Bibl iv/ero N(, ciOlwl. XX (Buenos Ai res, 1951). pp. 124-132. powerful cattle elite from the new frontiers supported Dr. Francia 13Jerry W. Cooney, "Criollos and Peninsulares in thc Intendencia in his drive to power while the immigrant merchant elite of of Paraguay: Elite Accommodation in Place of Con flict," paper Concepcion nnd Asuncion increaSingly were ignored. diseriminated Ilresented to the Southeastern Council on l.atin American Studies. against. and shorn of economic and politicsl power. Later with the April. 1987. Merida. Mexico. death of Dr. Frllncia and the reollCning of the republic to the ou tside 14"Tres estapas in Ill. ocupacion del espacio paraguayo:' map in world. another yerba frontier del'eloped in Parnguay in response to Vives Azancot. p. 178; Aguirre, "Diarion." Torno t. llel·iJlI(l dl'lo new markeh. That, however. is a separate tal e nnd is now being IJill/iotecH Nuciolllll. XVII (Buenos Aires, 1946), pp. 286-288. and del'eloped by h i3toriansof the U ppcr Rio de la Plata in the National Velazquez. pp. 69-76. Period.22 2 tion. sc reens on windows to keep out insects and good personal ..,ntinlH:d from poIn 3 hygiene. Ollen problems in developing countr ies seem insur­ has been accomplished not onl y in the United Stales. but also in mountable. but the lesson to be learned from the infant immunization Costa Rica with excellent results. program in Ecuador may be that given the knowledge and the Trained health personnel in Ec: uador c:onstantly ask themselves resou'rces, people will do what they can to protect themselves and why people do not take advantage of the health care that is available. thei r chi ldren from disease and to promote a healthful li fe fo r them. Part of the explanation is financial; services and paying for these services are still closely connected, un like the United States where much of the financ:ial burden of health care is divorced from the care itself. Ce rtainly distances from medical centers play an important role in the heal th of the mo re rural population. Furthermore, there is PROBLE MS OF SMALL BUSINESS still a basic distrust of organized medici ne: people are more IN ECUADOR comfortable wi th thei r neighbors or the local healers. Physicians and nurses do not have the familiarity wi th the people that the Edgar T, Brw:h former have. There are several approaches to the above problems. My project in In January 1987 two Western Kentucky University employees Santo Domi ngo was to teac:h a cou rse in basic health concepts to lay (this writer and Ri c:k Horn who is head of the WKU Small Business womcn who were interested in being or already arc the health Development Center) visited Ecuador under the sponsorship of the experts in their ne ighbo rhoods. The class was large ind icating the PartnerS of the America program. Among other activities. we fact that these women do have real interest in improving the health visited small businesses to learn some of their problems and, if advice they give. possible. offer some advice. The following info rmal remarks result Several physicians have become intrigued by the possibility of from my general observations of some aspects of the small business aflectingoutreach to these lay people 80 they will have some accurate environment in Ecuador; they reveal some significantdifferences in theoretical knowledge in order to give correct health advice. The culture between the two countries, Kentucky-Ecuador Partners organization recently donated three It almost goes without saying that Ric k and I were handicapped in carousel slide projectors to the medical committee in Sanl.O Domingo our ability to make useful suggestions to the owner/ managers of to enable it to do ou treach noton\y to the lay healers but also to the small businesses since we were not familiar with the currentstateof people themselves to teac: h nutrition, hygiene and other basic the economy, did not know local laws. regulations. and customs, the practicell wh ich promote wellness. status of each firm's target market, or the resources available to the Infant mortality or the deaths of children in the firstyearoflife is organization, Acting as a consultant without in-depth knowledge of about 86/ 1000 live bi rths in Ecuador compared with 11/1000 in the the firm and its operating environment is a formidable challenge. United Statea or 200/ 1000 in Afghanistan. (Estado Mund ia! de la However. in spite of these handicaps we were able to make what we \nfancia(1985), UN ICEF), In a herculean eHort to lower the nation's consider worthwile suggestions. To some utent our job was made infant mortality rate. the government of Ecuador mobilized its easier because the small businesses had obvious deficiencies-there resources loencourage fou r practices which have been demonstrated Wag ample Oppo rtunity for improvement. I do no t want to suggest to improve life expectancy for young children. All child ren under that these owners were not successful for I think they were making five were to be immunized against childhood diseases. Volunteers at money. However, ifthese organi zations were picked up and plunked the immunization centers gave the parents oral rehydration packets down in North America or Europe then they would have a difficult to protect their children against the ravages of diarrhea and gastro­ time in the competitive battle unless changes of substance were intesUnal disease. Mothers were encouraged to conti nue breast forthcoming. feeding as breast feeding is a much more healthful way to feed Some of the specific problems I/ we found are discussed below. babies especially in third wor ld countries, and also has a natural 1. As a developing nation Ecuador lacks an adequate number of contraceptive effect. And. fi naliy, the immun ization was printed on educated and trained personnel. An attache at the U.s. embassy growth and development charts so that parents could in the future said there is a cadre of trained personnel at the top-maybe 12,000 recognize milestones in development and determine whether or not college graduates but then little below this core group. There also there was a developmental lag in their child. appears to be a need for technicians of all types from machinery The press gave free publicity, the First Lady made it her special repair to the operation of computers. Ecuador's st.atus can be project, USAID and UNICEF both provided partial fund ing and contrasted to that of India (another developing country) which has hundreds of volunt.eers wo rked the designated three days to try to mo re college graduates than itcan effectively use under the existing immunize as many Ec:uadorean children under five as possible. For circumstances. There is, then. a shortage of managerial talent once. the burden was not entirely on the parents to bring their which cannot be corrected over the short run without spending children to health Cl'nten; not only were various centers set up in large su rna for trai ning and education-su ms the country apparently d iHerent neighborhoods of the cities and small tow ns. but volu n teers does not have. Even if money becomes available it will require years also went out in four wheel drive ve hicles and on horseback to try to for the new managers to gain the experience to truly be managers, reach the rural population. As a result of these efforts. long lines 2, Evidently many small busincssowners have diseovered through began to for m before dawn on the mornings of June 14. 15 and 16, their or others' experience that you really cannot trust non -family 1986 throughout Ecuador at designated im munization ce nters. members, This attitude. justified or no t, considerably decreases the Parents brought their young children and babies for the free pool of potential managers, One owner told me that hi s brother immunizations: indeed. mlny waited in line for three to five hours to agreed to become assistant manager. live on the premises. and 1.0 help insu re lor thei r children a more healthful life than they arrive for work on a given date. He never showed up, An other owner themselves enjoyed. round that a trusted bookkeeper had unknown embezzling skills. It remains to be seen how effective this effort will be on producing Such occu rrences are certainly known in the U.S. but in Ecuador a long term reduction in infant mortality in Ecuador: neverthell'ss, they reinforce the wariness or outsiders in an environment which there are several lessons to be learned here. The first is that parents non·fam ily members will have to be utilized if businesses are to are not indifferent to the health care of their children: however. the grow. At least some management recruiting firms are a\'silable to health care system must be willing to meet them half way. And. help locate managers bUllheir record is spotty so this resou rce, so second ly, it does underseore the fact that health indeed can be useful in the United States, is often viewed with skepticism. affected by an innux of personnel and resou rces. 3. Another complaint applicable to mangers and non·managerial A lasting impression for those of us who visit thini world countries employees is that hirees cannot be relied on to follow directions. is how much our good health in developed cou ntries is dependent Even though you try to clearly explain_that ingredients must be upon factors which we take for granted such as uncont.aminated and measured exactly so that quality will be consistent. you may find unl im ited water supplies, proper processing of food. proper sanita- 4 """Iinl>fAgriculture and li vestock of standard industry financial ratios. My impression is that the are the essential part of rural labor; in the city. these activities are small businesses do not have industry standards to use-yet, for the present but minimited to SO or 100 square meters of fa rm land. In precariously balanced small business such benchmarks would be the country. nutrition and living customs were reduced to feeding helpful. based on potatoes. corn. "chunos", and deficient housing; in the city, nutrition is preserved and the housing situation is similar, with a slight modification in the materials. These are some of the general Conclullio n living characteristics in the city and in the country in accordance The Ecuadorian small business manager is probably as good as with the emigration that each time renects a higher percentage. his North American counterpart but the culture and environment Ten years ago, the exodus from the country to the city was one lead to practices much different from ours. In the U.S. intense inhabitant per month, proportionally ...... hereas today it is 20 market competition forces the manager to sharply hone his skills: in inh abitants per month. Ten years ago the geographic environment Ecuador, competition is not the problem but the cultural infrastruc­ of Cusco 3S II. city ..... as bound to what is the religious ci rcuit with ture is what must be overcome for the firm to survive and grow. ~ntinued Q" p.~ 6 5 """Iinued from ~I 5 as proa-ressi",e. carelessness, desperation and exceS!i ... e consumption of alcoholic be ... erages. certain extension towards Macaval le; now the change embraces the If we look at mothers in these places, we wil l learn that the child is marginal rones on the hills by Sacsayhuaman, the saline facto ries, li mited to living on the mother's back un til he learns how to walk Santutis, Ollanta. Picchu Alto in union with San Sebastian and San well. It is there that the child doese... eryth ing heor she needs to(eats, Jen:m imo. There were.round 100.000 inhabitants ten ye.rs.go.nd sleeps, laughs, cries, defacates. urinates. and plays). The mother now there.re .round 500,000. walks, wo rks, takes the bus and does her housekeeping work with her child on her back, which obstructs the adapti ...e de ... elopmentof Gener al Behavior : the b.by. NevertheleS!, th is personal experience strengthens the child', learning abilities in facing frustration and controlling the In the li ngusitic field. the inhabitant of the popul.r or the environment. . margin.1 districll of CU&co speaks ~Quechua" as his native tongue and Spanish when he rel.tes to the urban population. He has serious Workinc Behavior-: language deficienciu spe.king Spanish. such as not being able to pronounce the "i" since it doesn't e:dst in this language: but he The adult male performs simple urban jobs(manuallaborer. gas subsititutes for it the ~e", in such a way that he pronounces ~mesa" plumber, carpenter. shoemaker. blacksmith, bricklayer, etc.). He (table) instead of ~ misa" (mass). "capella" (no meaning) instead of generally works 12 hours away from home. When he returns, he "capi lla" (chapel), "eglesia" (no mean i ng) instead of ~iglesia " (church). rests and demands that his wife satisfy his necessities. There is His Spanish is poor and presents serious problems with regard to another group of males dedicated to selling or small busineS! ordering sentences, wording, and ... erbal-... ocal fluency, as well as generally in an ambulant way. either in markets or downtown. retardation in reading and writing. Most of the time, he is illiwraw The adult female works at home all day long and part of the or at least has the tendency to be so. since his education, if any, e ... ening. She prepares the food. cleans, serves her children and doesn't go beyond the 2nd or 3rd grade of elementary school. If we husband, and takes care of the education and nursing of her consider that the language. written or spoken. is a determining children. factor of the intellectual and general knowledge de ... elopment, it is easy to ex plain the slowness of the de ... elopment in a big area of this Motor -E nvironmental Behavior : population. particularly in the infant. Likewise as a consequence of this beha ... ior. there are a series of deficiencies in speaking such as Because of hil heritage and customs. the male exploits his motor slowness, stuttering .nd defecti ... e speech. Upon completion ol the strength more than usual in the jobs that he performs. He lifts loads present report, we will h .... e initiated our study with regards to this and w.lks mOre than the norm and typically works with little Or no de... elopment in ch ildren 6 ye.rs and under. rest. As partof his heritage. he uses "coconut milk,"which eliminates fatigue, hunger and muscu lar weakness. Individua l-soci. 1 beh. vlo r : Miscellaneou,: The inh.bitants of the popular and marginal districts of Cusco grow according to the soci.1 habits of thei r nati ...e community (use Let us now e... aluate how people in these zonea live. according toa mixed clothes, in other words, part native and part urban: they also study of women in the popular districts of CU8CO, conducted by the use mixed tools, show peculiarly deficient characteristics in regard Amauta Association of Cusco: to clothing, nutrition, hOUSing and beha... io r lacing the urban How they work. the problems of thei r chi ld ren, and their conjugal en ... iroment). Moatof the time. embarrassment, prejudice, poor self problems have been observed. They li ... e on the "edges" of CU8CO and images. and discrimination by the urban population inhibit their e ... en though Cusco is an archaeological interest. greatly !IOught after beha... io ral interaction (they are regarded as "thie ... es", "indians". by nati\'es and foreigners, the people of these districts don't know "pigpen", "sloths", "n'er-do-wells", "slobs". etc.). this because of their low income. Currently, accordingto the report on linguistics by Lic. Pilares in The population of Cusco is about 500.000. About 50% belong to the the first con ... ention of GRAS IC (A ugust '83), plans to approach this lowe r class. There is no water, electricity. drainage. or mobility in li ... ing situation are being de ... eloped. The inhabitantso! the popular these districts as there is in the city. There are no saniULry or marginal districts of Cusco are used to drin king slcohol (beer. installations, markets. or schools. The mobility problem tones people eggnog). getting together in groups tocarryoutcommunsl acti ... ities. to walk on unpa... ed roads where dust abounds when the sun prevails attending nati ... e e... ents (popular folklore), and social self- i!lOlation. and mud appears when it rains. The houses are small, dark. not well ventilated and built out of sun-dried clay. brick. dikh reed sticks. Ada ptive Behavior: and cur ... ed roof tiles. The adult females wake up at 5:00 a.m .. cook breakfast, get the children ready snd after lake them to school. The inhabitantof this area is ... ery skillful in e ... erything related to Afterwards, they clean up the house. go tothe markets, and prepare practical intelligence, such as painting, arts .nd craCts, gas plumb­ the me.1 using a sto... e that uses kerosene or wood. The children help ing, carpentry, blacksmithing. bricklaying, and other technical by bringing waler, shopping, and taking care of their brotherS and "medium . uthority" jobs. This affirmation is corroborated by the sisterS. The women usually have to take lunch to their husbands. In high percentage of the inhabitant'a children that attend technical the afternoon, they do laundry. spin, sew, and wea ... e if they ha ... e schools such as ESEP, the Normal Schools of Urubamba. Tinta. time. In their small garden patch. they grow cabbage, lettuce, Ceneeapes and SENATl. where higher education of medium .u­ potatoes. They al!lO breed animals (pigs. sheep, or chickens). The thority is granted and where they major in college careens like husbands usually return home drunk and mistreat their wh-es a nd electronics. agriculture. etc. It is also true that many of these children. chi ldren go into careers auch as m.th and physical-c hemistry. given The truth is that there is too much abuse, too m.ny separations. that the intel ligence required does not include language development. and many abandonments of a large number of children per family which is not a critic.1 requirement for these fields. There are (between 5 to 10 children). The acti ... ities most likely to yield some substantial deficiencies, with respect to the de ... elopment of ... isual­ kind of salary consist of washing clothes, working in small grocery manual coordination, including serious retardation. which makes stores, or fixing sim pl e preser ... ables (oat juice, fruit juice. etc.). The them look clumsy and shows their difficulties in learning and meetings, assemblies. community lasks. and district decisions are conceptual logical de ... elopment. Thefewatimulative programs with concentrated in the acti ... ities managed by the adult males. The blocks. cubes, co lors. charcoal pencils, and the general manipulation situation here, to say the least, is difficult. characteristic of childhood years are shown to be deficient in the adaptive beha ... ior of these J)eQple, resulting in passi ... eness, resig­ nation. aggressiveness. depressi... e and melancholy feelings, as well References: MI CIII-; U ': SALISBURY. Nursing. spend a good part of the summer of 1986 in Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador L Rural S/lldie~ uf /he Center "the Houses" teaching a course in nursing for nurses aides at the local hospitaL Cu~co 198.1·84. DR. RICHARD SALISBURY. History Department. com pl eteNicaragua on WKU's public Radio station. WK YU -FM. During the late Spring of 1986 DR. JOSEPH CANGEi\I T, Psy­ chology Department. served as a labor·management consultant for During 1987 Dr. Salisloury had an article1!ntitled "Kentuckians at Fireswne Hispania. S.A. in Bilbao, Bugres. Torre La Vega. and the Battle of Bue na Vi sta" published in the Fi/:Wrl Cl1,b H is/m·ical Madrid. Spain. In November. 1987 he traveled to Bucaramanga, Rc!·iril'. He also presented several papers and lectures as follows: Colombia where heworked with the Colombian Petroleum In stitute. '; The Di plomacy of Hispanismo: Spain. th e United States. and Central America" given at the annual Conference of the Society of DR. DA VT 0 COFFEY. Agric ultu re, traveled to Ecuador during H istor ia nsof American Foreign Relati ons at Annapolis. i\l d,: "Spain the Spring of 1987 and 1988 in order to help ~t r englhen thl:' and the 1926-1927 Nicaraguan Crisis" presented at the Mid ­ Kentucky- Ecuador Partners Committee for work on futureelCchange America History Conference in Springfield. Mo.: and "Political programs. Development in the Americas: A Com parative Approach" pre:o.ented to a grou]lofCo lom bian students attending W KU . Dr. Salisbury also DR. RON ECKARD. English Department. visi ted E<:uador chaired the session on Latin American History at the Southern during the summer of 1986 in order to make a needs as~ssment of Historical Association annual meeting in New Orleans. La. English treachers in secondary sc hoo ls. JOliN SWEENEY. Development Office, traveled to Ecuador DR. CURTIS E NGLEBH IGIIT. Teacher Education. briefly ear ly in 1987 in order to assist the Univcrsity of the Pacific at visited Beli7,e in March , 1986 in order to cement ties for teacher Esmeraldas. Ecuador in fu nd raisi ng and program development. exchange under the Murray -WK U-Bclcast-US IS higher edu<:ation assi stan<:e program in Belize.

OIL EI)l\l UND IIEG EN of the Geography Department wa~ LATIN AMEHIC AN STUDE NTS HECEI VE inv ited to serve as a consultant to the InstilIIto Colombiano del HONORS /\ T WKU Petroleo in February. 1987 in Bucaramanga. Colombia. While there he worked on several nlral development projects in the Lla nos Several Latin American students en rolled at WK U received rcgion of Northeastern Colombia. [n November. 1987 he presen ted a awards and honors. LlHIA G. LOPEZ, n Geology major from paper entitled " /1. Kaltidoscope of Colombia's boundaries and Cara<:a.s. Venezuela received the ,Ju dson Roy Gr iffen Award in Frontiers" at the 73rd annual mt·l'tinjlo{ the Ke ntucky Acad'.'Iny of Apri l. 1986 as the ou tstanding Geology senior for that year. DAN t EL Science. RODR IGUEZ. from Barrquistimenw. Venezuela. was given the Latin American Student S<:holarship award du ring the un iversity DR. HETA D. HICKS. Teacher Ed ucation. spent a :-;emester in awards ceremony in April. 1986. ROSA STE INBRECKER. an Belize. Central America. She laugh half-time in the Belize College of English major {rom Chile. received the Latin American Studen t Arts. Science. and Technology. and worked on curriculum develop­ Scholarship for 1987. Rosa also wo n the International Student ment in the Mi nistry of Edueation Scholarship in 1988, Finally. HOLGI-: R VELASTEGUI, a busi ness DR. CAIlLTON ,JA CKSON, History Department. taUJ,;ht in major from Ecuador. \\'on the Latin American Student award at the Belize durinjl the fall semester of 1987 at the University Co llege of April. 1988 ceremonies. Congratulations arc extended to all these Bel ize. He is one of on ly a few brave souls to have dri ven h is ear alone students for outstanding service and accomplishments while pur­ all the way from Bowling Green to Belmopan. su in g thei r degree~ at WK U.

SYLVIA Kf:nSENBA U i't'1. Mu sic De partment. completed a concert wu r in Argentina. performing in bo th Buenos Aires and L ASPAU STUDENTS WOHK ON Co rdoba. GHADUATE DEGHEES AT WKU

MHS. MAHY ANN l\I CC ELVF:Y, Office of International Pro­ During the Ilast academic j'ear several graduate students from grams and Projects. spent the better part of June, 1986 in Bogota, Latin America worked on Master's Degrees at Western. All par­ Colorn bia exploring educational ex chanj.(e possibi lities with several ticipated in the Latin A merican Scholarship Program of Am erican Colom bian schools. She discussed an in formal exchange agreement Universi ties (LA SPAU). They are already teachers in their home wi th the Co legio Santa Francisca Romana. met wi th officia ls from countries. and are committed to return to thei r teach ing duties upon the Corporacion Internacional para el Desarrollo Educati\·o. and graduating from WK U. In alphabetical order the student..~ are as \'istied two secondary schools: Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, and follows: David Aguilar from Panama (Agriculture). LUl Alv arez Co legio Nueva Granada, from Ecuador (Agriculture). Eduardo Bremner from Panama (Agricul ture). Alfonso Casana from Peru (Geography). Oscar DR. JANET PALi't1 EH. Administrative Office Systems. visited Chamorro fr om Nicaragua (Computer Science). Cesar Gonzalez ~~C \lador and Peru durinJl the su mmer of 1986. She attended an fr om Panama (Agriculture). Ricardo .1imen ez fro m Panama (Agri­ economic development conference in Peru and completed work cu ltu re). Linda Moguel from Belize (Teacher Education). Horaeio begun during previous vi sit.;; on the establishment of a two-year Hodriguez from Gu atemala (Psychology). and Emilia Urbina from technical institute in Ecuador Peru (Education). "" ntin ued on b.., k page 7 «>nlinued lrom pa~ 7

LATIN AMERICAN STUDI ES CENTER PROGRAMS

By reason of the volun~rerrorts and good will of many people. the CenlCr for Latin American Studies managed lo have at least one program each spring for the last three years. In April. 1986 Maria Niles a soprano from Ecuador spent several days on campus thanks to the efforts of the Ken tucky-Ecuador Partners Organization. Mi S!! Niles visited several voice classes in the College of Fine Arts and culminated her stay with a formal public concert at which she sang a selection of operatic and folk music whic h demonstrated her vocal range and versatility. In April. 1987 Dr. Richard Millett, a professor of hislory at Southern Illinois University spent two days on campus talking to hi story <:lasses and presenting a formal lecture dealing with "The United Slates and Central America: the Current Crisis in Historical Perspective." Dr. Millett is a nationally recognized sc holar in Central American history and political affai rs. The program for April. 1987 was once again musical in nature. Galo Nunez a master of classical and folk guitar from Ecuador visited for one week. He partici pated in several language and guitar classes. played at the annual dance of the International Club. and also performed a selection of folk music from various countries in Latin America in formal concert including several pieces of his own composition. F inally. several figures prominent in higher education in 8eliuo, Central America visited the campus at intervals over the year. Mr. Joseph Belisle spent most of the spring se mester of 1987 presenting lectures and familiarizing himsel f with the American system of public education. President Raymond. PresidentofTeacher'SCollege of Belize visited for a few days in the spring of 1987. Following him. Dr. Colville N. Young of Un iversity College and Mrs. Felicita Finneya professor at Teacher's College visited WKU during the fall or 1987.

518&1 U MII I'WK U- Printin.. paid from .~te flOlId" KRS 51.375.

Center for Latin A m e rican Stu dies NON -PROFIT W eslern Ken tuck y Universi ty ORGANIZATION Bowling Green , K entuc k y . 2 10 1 U.S. POSTAGE BULK RATE PER M IT 398 BOWLING GREEN, KY . 421 01 ..,n\;l\ued from _ 7

LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES CENTER PROGRAMS

By reason of the vo luntee r efforts and good will of many people. the Ce nter for Latin American Studies managed to have at least one program each spring for the last three years. In April. 1986 Maria Nilela soprano from Ecuador spent several daya on campus thanks to the efforts of the Ken tucky-Ecuador Partners Organi~tion . M iss Niles visited several voice classes in the Co ll ege of Fine Arts and culm inated her stay with a formal public concert at which she sang a selection of operatic and folk music wh ic h demonstrated her vocal range and versatility. In April, 1987 Dr. Richard Millett, a professor of hi story at Southern Illinois University spent two days on eampus talking to history classel and presenting a formal lecture dealing with "The United States and Ce ntral A merica: the Cu rrent Crisis in Historical Perspective." Dr. Millett is a natio nally recogn ized scholar in Ce ntral American hi story and political aHairs. The program for April, 1987 was once again musical in nature, Galo Nu ne~ a master of classical and folk guitar from Ecuador visited for one week. He participated in several language and guitar classel. played at the annual dance of the International Club. a nd also performed a selection of folk music from var ious countries in Latin America in formal coneert including'leveral pieces of his own composition. F inally, several figures prominent in higher ed ucation in Belize, Ce ntral America visited the campus at intervals over the year. Mr. J oseph Belisle spent most of the spring semeste r of 1987 presenting lectures and fa mi1iari~ing himself with the American system of pu bl Ie education. President Raymond, Presidentof Teacher's Col lege of Be1i~e visited for a few day! in the spring or 1987. Fol1owing him, Dr. Colville N, Young of Universi ty Col1erre and Mrs. Felicita Finney a professor at Teacher's College visited WK U during the fall or 1987 .

..... U y /IPW KU- Pr;nu lll paid from Aale f~...t.. KRS '7.S75.

Center for LaUn American Studies NON -PROFIT W estern Kentucky University ORGANIZATION BowUng Green. Kentucky 42101 U.S. POSTAGE BULK RATE PERMIT 398 BOWUNG GREEN. KY . 421 0 1