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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die Wikinger in Wales“ Verfasserin Yasmin Hrdina angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra (Mag.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 057 327 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Individuelles Diplomstudium Keltologie Betreuer: Prof. PD Mag. Dr. Raimund KARL Inhalt Einleitung 5 1 Wer waren die Wikinger? 7 1.1 Etymologie 7 1.2 Quellenkunde 9 1.3 Gründe für Wikingerfahrten 11 1.3.1 Ältere Forschung 11 1.3.2 Neuere Forschung 13 1.4 Aktionsradius der Wikinger 16 1.5 Gesellschaft 19 1.6 Sprache 24 1.7 Religion 24 1.7.1 Heidentum 25 1.7.2 Christentum 25 2 Geschichte der Wikinger in Wales 27 2.1 Erste Plünderungen unter Rhodri Mawr (1. Phase) 27 2.1.1 Nordwales 27 2.1.2 Südwales 33 2.2 Hywel Ddas Regierungszeit (2. Phase) 36 2.3 Die Wikinger aus Irland und Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (3. Phase) 43 2.4 Gruffydd ap Cynan (4. Phase) 51 3 Archäologische Funde 69 3.1 Siedlungsbefund 69 3.1.1 Nordwales 70 3.1.2 Südwales 77 3.2 Gräber 79 3.3 Handelsstätten und damit in Verbindung stehende Funde 83 3.3.1 Schifffund 85 3.3.2 Horte 86 3.4 Waffenfunde 88 3.5 Kunst 90 3.5.1 Kreuze 91 3.5.1.1 Nordwales 91 3.5.1.1.1 Kreuz von Maen Achwyfan 92 3.5.1.1.2 Kreuz von Penmon 93 3.5.1.2 Südwales 96 3.5.1.2.1 Kreuz von Carew 96 3.5.1.2.2 Kreuz von Nevern 97 3.5.1.2.3 Kreuz von St. David’s 97 3.5.1.2.4 Kreuz von Penally 98 3.5.2 Hogbacks 98 3.5.3 Anderes 99 3.6 Inschriften 99 4 Sprachliche Hinterlassenschaften der Wikinger in Wales 103 4.1 Ortsnamen 103 4.2 Lehnwörter 111 4.2.1 Lautwandel, denen die Lehnwörter unterzogen wurden 113 4.2.1.1 Akzentuierung 113 4.2.1.2 Bestimmte Lautkombinationen 114 4.2.2 Darstellung der Quantitätsunterschiede am Beispiel der Langvokale 114 4.2.3 Phoneminventare 115 4.2.3.1 Konsonanten 115 4.2.3.2 Vokale 116 4.2.4 Umlaute 117 5 Literatur 119 5.1 Skandinavischer Einfluss auf die walisische Literatur 119 5.1.1 Branwen ferch Llyr (Branwen, Daughter of Llyr) 120 5.1.2 Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed (Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed) 123 5.1.3 Breuddwyd Rhonabwy (The Dream of Rhonabwy) 124 5.1.4 Arymes Prydein Vawr (The Great Prophecy of Britain) 129 5.1.5 I Drahaearn a Meilyr (Elegy on Trahaearn and Meilyr) 131 5.2 Wales in der altnordischen Literatur 131 5.2.1 Jómsvíkinga Saga (The Saga of the Jomsvikings) 131 5.2.2 Orkneyinga Saga (The History of the Earls of Orkneys) 134 5.2.3 Egils Saga Skallagrímssonar (Egil’s saga) 135 5.2.4 Heimskringla (The Chonicle of the Kings of Norway) 140 5.2.4.1 Haralds saga Hárfagra (The Saga of Harald Fairhair) 140 5.2.4.2 Hakónar saga Góða (The Saga of Hakon the Good) 141 5.2.4.2 Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar (The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason) 141 5.2.4.4 Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar (The Saga of Harals Sigurdsson) 141 5.2.5 Njáls Saga (Njal’s saga) 142 Conclusio 145 Abstact in English 147 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 149 Literaturverzeichnis 151 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 165 Lebenslauf 167 Einleitung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über die bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zu geben und im besten Fall auch neue Erkenntnisse zu liefern. Die Arbeit soll den neuesten Stand der Forschung darstellen und zwar nicht nur über einen Teilaspekt der Kontakte zwischen Wikingern und Walisern, also z. B. nur über Archäologie, sondern alle wichtigen Bereiche, d. h. Geschichte, Archäologie, Linguistik und Literatur, behandeln und vergleichen, wie stark der Einfluss der Wikinger in den verschiedenen Bereichen war und ob sich Schlüsse daraus ziehen lassen. Um dies gut darstellen zu können, wird die Arbeit in verschiedene Kapitel unterteilt, die sich je mit einem dieser Schwerpunkte befassen. Diesem Hauptteil der Arbeit geht ein einführendes Kapitel voraus, das einen kurzen Abriss der Wikingerzeit gibt und erklärt, wer die Wikinger waren. Danach folgt das erste Kapitel des Hauptteils, das die Geschichte der Wikinger in Wales schildert. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt hier auf den immer wiederkehrenden Bündnissen zwischen walisischen Königen und Wikingern und deren Bedeutung für die Geschichte und Entstehung der walisischen Königreiche. Das nächste Kapitel befasst sich mit den archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften der Wikinger in Wales und v. a. mit der Frage, ob es eine dauerhafte Siedlung dieser in Wales gab oder nicht, bzw. welche Orte dafür in Frage kommen würden und warum. Das nächste Kapitel behandelt die sprachlichen Kontakte der Wikinger und Waliser. Darin werden altnordische Ortsnamen in Wales, sowie altnordische Lehnwörter im Walisischen besprochen. Das letzte Kapitel des Hauptteils befasst sich mit Literatur und zwar mit der walisischen Literatur, die von der altnordischen beeinflusst wurde, aber auch mit der altnordischen Literatur, die von der walisischen beeinflusst wurde oder deren Handlung in Wales stattfindet. 5 6 1 Wer waren die Wikinger? Den Begriff Wikinger hat jedes Kind schon einmal gehört; zumindest seit es die Zeichentrickserie Wickie und die starken Männer gibt, die regelmäßig von verschiedensten Fernsehsendern wiederholt wird. Dieser kleine Junge und dessen Abenteuer sind wohl das Erste, das den meisten zu den Wikingern einfällt. Weitere Assoziationen wären, dass die Wikinger brutale Wilde waren, die Kirchen überfielen, plünderten und zerstörten, und dass sie erfolgreiche Krieger waren, die Helme mit Hörnern trugen und Schiffe mit Drachenköpfen lenkten. Doch all das sind nur Klischees, die sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte um die Wikinger gebildet haben. Wer die Wikinger wirklich waren und wie sie lebten, wird in diesem Kapitel erläutert. 1.1 Etymologie Der erste Beleg für das Wikingerwort stammt aus den ae. Gedichten Widsið und Exodus aus dem 8. Jahrhundert und zwar ist es darin in der Form wīcing (m) belegt. Seit dem 10. Jahrhundert gibt es Belege für afries. witsing (m), wising (m) und an. víkingr (m). Daraus entwickelte sich später engl., norw., dän. und schwed., viking (m), wiking (m). Ins Deutsche wurde das Wort wiking erst im 19. Jahrhundert aus dem Skandinavischen übernommen. 1 Die Bedeutung des Wortes variiert etwas. Während die Übersetzung des Altenglischen wīcing „Pirat, Seeräuber, Plünderer“ ist, lautet sie im Altnordischen und Altfriesischen „Freibeuter, Räuber, Bösewicht.“ In der Skaldendichtung wird des Öfteren von Wikingern berichtet und zwar in der Bedeutung von „einem weite Strecken zurücklegender Seekrieger“ und dies in durchaus positivem Kontext. Kendrick behauptet, dass die Bezeichnung víkingr auch von den Skandinaviern selbst verwendet wurde und dass es eine große Ehre war, als solcher bezeichnet zu werden. Ferner wird auf mehreren Runensteinen und in Sagas von Männern berichtet, die eine Wikingerfahrt machten, 2 beispielsweise in der Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar : „Bj ǫrn var farmaðr mikill, var stundum í víking, en stundum í kaupferðum […].“ 3 („Bjorn Brynjolfsson was 1 Vgl. Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm: Deutsches Wörterbuch. Vierzehnten Bandes I. Abteilung 2. Teil. Wenig – Wiking. Bearbeitet von der Arbeitsstelle des Deutschen Wörterbuches zu Berlin. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel, 1960. S. 1640. 2 Vgl. Robert Ferguson: The Hammer and the Cross. A New History of the Vikings. London: Allan Lane, 2009. S. 3f. und T[homas] D[owning] Kendrick: A History of the Vikings. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1930. S. 1. und Heinrich Beck/Dieter Geuenich [Hgs. u. a.]: Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde von Johannes Hoops. Zweite, völlig neu bearbeitete und stark erweiterte Auflage. Mit Unterstützung der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen unter fachlicher Beratung von Prof.h Dr. H. Ament/Prof. Dr. Th. Andersson [u. a.] und readaktioneller Leitung von Priv.Doz. Dr. Rosemarie Müller. Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Heinrich Beck/Prof. Dr. Dieter Geuenich [u. a.]. Vierunddreißigster Band. Wielbark-Kultur – Zwölften. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007. S. 56ff. 3 Finnur Jónsson [Hg.]: Egils Saga Skallagrímssonar. Nebst den grösseren Gedichten Egils. Halle a. S.: Max Niemeyer, 1894.Kap. 32, S. 99. 7 a man of outstanding talents and a great seafarer. He divided his time between viking raids and trading voyages.“ 4) Es scheint fast so, als ob erst durch den Vormarsch des Christentums in Skandinavien die negative Konnotation des Wortes entstanden ist. 5 Die Herleitung des Wortes konnte noch nicht vollständig geklärt werden. Es gibt jedoch mehrere Theorien dazu: 6 1) von an. vîg „Kampf;“ die Bedeutung wäre dann „Kämpfer“ 2) von an. vík „Bucht;“ die Bedeutung wäre dann „Buchtenlagerer“ 3) von ae. wíc „Lager“ abgeleitet, das von dem lat. vicus „bewohnter Ort“ stammt; die Bedeutung wäre dann „Leute aus dem Lager“ 4) von Viken (Bucht im Oslofjord); die Bedeutung wäre dann „Bewohner von Vik“ 5) von an. víking (f) „Reise von zuhause“ und an. víkja „entweichen;“ mit der Bedeutung „einer, der von zuhause entweicht, sich in der Fremde aufhält“ Als Wikinger bezeichnet man heute meist die gesamte Bevölkerung Skandinaviens in der Zeit zwischen dem Ende des 8. und der Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts. Ursprünglich war diese Bezeichnung jedoch nur für den Teil der skandinavischen Bevölkerung gedacht, der zu kriegerischen, eroberungstechnischen oder plünderischen Seefahrten aufbrach. Das heißt, es wurden damit fast ausschließlich Männer benannt. 7 Es ist nicht bekannt, ob auch Frauen an den Plünderfahrten der Wikinger teilnahmen. Es ist aber, laut Simek, davon auszugehen, dass dem nicht so war. Denn von Frauen im Zusammenhang mit Wikingerzügen, erfährt man in den Quellen erst etwas, wenn es um die erste Überwinterung der Skandinavier in Frankreich im 9. Jahrhundert geht. 8 Auch Madsen hält es für unwahrscheinlich, dass Frauen an den Wikingerfahrten teilnahmen und zwar deshalb, weil er der Meinung ist, dass es für die Wikinger nicht notwendig war ihre Frauen mitzunehmen, da sie sich im neueroberten Land eine (neue) Frau suchen konnten.
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