EDITED BY Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Pyramids Excavations

PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis

GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco

WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents

INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES

THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX by Zahi Hawass Page 50 CHAPTER 15 THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I

THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172

10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture, THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Center by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Press Center, CHAPTER 19 M. El-Damaty - Director of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag. 224 The curators and assistants of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajiv Kaul, Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Pag. 236 CHAPTER 21 The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the American University in Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfrom the by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Pag. 260 Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. CHAPTER 22

THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag. 264 CHAPTER 23

THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES 10-11 Scene showing the 'Meidum geese,' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old CHAPTER 24 Kingdom.

THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT by Karol Mys'liwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25

THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM © 2003 White Star S.r.l. by Dieter Arnold Page 326 Via C Sassone, 22/24 13100 Vercelli, Italy CHAPTER 26 www.whitestar.it All rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03

Printed in Italy by Officine Grafiche De Agostini INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomcc, Turin

I I Chapter 23

The Decorative Program of Old Kingdom Pyramid Complexes

by Zahi Hawass

impie slelae bearing a royal name that were walls of the portico were also adorned with

erectesd outside the kings' tombs of the Early Dynastic representations of personified royal estates. Some of the

Period, developed, over the course of the Old pillars of (he portico were decorated with scenes of the

Kingdom, into an elaborate decorative program, saf festival, with the king wearing his srd robe and the

designed to both ensure a successful afterlife for the crown of Upper while holding the Mail, or

king and to maintain the proper order of the cosmos. wearing a kilt and dancing, again holding the (fail.

This development can be traced from scenes of the Other pillars depict the king making ceremonial visits to

royal std festival seen in the Third Dynasty complex important religious sites, standing in front of the gods,

of Djoscr, to reliefs found in the early Fourth Dynasty or being embraced by a lioness-headed goddess. There

complexes of Sncfcru, and fragments of relief from the are six niches within the temple. Above the opening to

temples of Khufu, to the standard decorative program each niche are carved the names ol the king, flanked by

of the pyramid complexes of the Fifth and Sixth emblems and stars representing the night sky.

Dynasties. Fragmentary wall reliefs from the complex of

Decorative scenes appear in the earliest pyramid Khufu have been found at Ciza, and also at Lisht,

complex, that of the Third Dynasty king Djoser where they were taken to be used as fill in a pyramid

Netjerikhet. Niches under both the Step Pyramid ol the Twelfth Dynasty. The reliefs from Giza

itself and the south tomb depict the king, wearing the represent the W festival; fragments from Lisht show

white crown, a kilt, and the bull's tail, holding the flail processions of personified funeTary estates, foreign

and performing a ritual dance These represent captives, representations ol ships, scenes including

ceremonies that were performed at the std festival, animals, and sfif festival scenes, A fragmentary

where the king's right to rule was renewed and he depiction of the sed festival from Khufu's complex,

celebrated the accomplishments ol his reign. which includes a white hippopotamus, was discovered

Important wall reliefs were found in the lower built into the wall of a staircase inside iiah al-Futuh in

temple of the Bent Pyramid complex oi Sneleru, the Cairo. According to Herodotus, the causeway of

first king of Fourth Dynasty, at Dahshur, The Khufu was carved with figures.

entryway into the temple is decorated with sculpted Few or no wall reliefs have been discovered from

friezes on the eastern and western walls The western the complexes of Khufu's successors: at Abu

frieze depicts the royal estates of Upper Egypt, which Rawash, and Khafre and Mcnkaurc at Giza. It seems

are represented as female offering bearers with the to me that the statues found in all of these pyramid

names of specific estates on their heads, The eastern complexes served the same purpose as the wall reliefs

Irieze is similar, but the estates represented are in found in other complexes In general, these statues

Lower Egypt Above these registers are scenes represent the king in the company of various gods

representing the king in front of different gods. The and goddesses.

282 talloni 283

This Fifth Dynasty relief, in the tomb Relief from the south iamb in the

of Nimikb-klnnitn ana Kbiumbotcp tit Step Pyramid cotnplex of Djoser

Sahara, <,ho\r>s a few artisans probably FIT Sa^ifara, showing King Djoser

Working on some funerary equipment, running in the ^ed-festival.

like iklae. Third Dynasty.

Chapter 2'i

Di'co r< i Lit? e • V / > toc) ra m

Substantial quantities of wall relief have been hunting and lishing, and the king giving offerings appears again in the upper temple ol I'epy II, even

found in the pyramid complexes of of the Hfih to the gods. The king is shown here in large scale, though the two kings are separated by a period of

Dynasty and Pepy II of the Sixth Dynasty These holding arrows There arc also scenes that show almost two hundred years.

reliefs give us a good idea of the decorative scheme Asiatics with foreign potteryr animals and hirds; Thus, the scenes did not necessarily record

thai became standard in the late Old Kingdom. the king, accompanied by his courtiers, witnessing historical events from the lifetime of the king, but

In the first portico of the lower temple of the departure of twelve sealaring ships to a land instead served a symbolic and religious purpose

Sahure are a number of scenes. On the north wall, whose name is not written; and scenes of the king designed to ensure the divinity of the king and

the king is shown hunting. On the south wall are and his courtiers watching the return of the ships through him, ensure the proper functioning of the

scenes of the s«f festival, with the king seated, laden with cargo and carrying a group of Asiatics, Egyptian world. The basic program, repeated from

wearing his robe, and holding a flail in his hand,- in who are not prisoners, but are connected with one complex to another, was designed to maintain

front of him are priests. There are also scenes of trade or diplomacy. Additional scenes show the the cosmos and provide for the afterlife of the king

gods and goddesses, and depictions ol the king in gods Horus and Anubis bringing gilts to the king. The wall decoration seen in Old Kingdom

the form of a great sphinx trampling Libyans and The same types of subjects are represented in pyramid complexes can be divided into several

Asiatics. the pyramid complex of Pepy II and in fragmentary categories:

Sahure's causeway repeals some of the scenes reliefs from some of the other late Old Kingdom 1. Scenes of domination from the lower temple, but with different gods and complexes Each component, such as lower temple, These portray the king imposing his Will and goddess Recently discovered blocks depict the causeway, and upper temple has its own repertoire might on disorderly elements of the universe, such celebrations associated with the placing of the of scenes, but the scenes themselves are repeated as wild creatures or foreigners. Scenes that show the pyramidion on top of the pyramid, and include Irom one complex to another. Scenes could even be king hunting or lishing in the marshes, hunting in dancers, wrestlers, and processions of priests and copied exactly from one complex to another. For the desert, or smiling his enemies belong to this officials, as well as a group of emaciated Bedouin example, one scene Irom the complex of Sahure category. Also included here are scenes ol ships from ihe area where stone for the pyramidion was shows the king smiting a captured Libyan chieftain sailing to visit foreign countries. quarried being brought lo court lor judgment. on the head while the chieftain's two sons and wife 2. Scenes of the king's identification with the

On the walls of the upper temple arc watch and beg for forgiveness. Exactly the same gods processions of royal estates, depictions of the king scene, down to (he names of the wife and sons, The lunction of these scenes is to show the king

Owptcr Ti 284 Seidel (eds.) Egypt-. The World ojthe Pbaraobs, THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DINASTY Photo credits: Reisner, G. A. and W. S. Smith, A History oj Giza Cologne, 1998, pp. 46-77. Text by Miroslav Verner 260, 261 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Necropolis, vol. II, 1955. Siliotti, A., Guide to the Pyramids oj Egypt, New York: 262 Miroslav Verner Star Reisner, G. A., Mycermus. The Temples ojthe Third Vercelli, 1997. Born in 1941'; he graduated in and prehis­ Pyramid at Giza, Cambridge, MA, 1931. Smith, W. S., 'The Stela of Prince Wepemnofret," tory at in Prague. He directed the Smith, W. S., A History oj Egyptian Sculpture and Painting Archaeology 16 (1963), pp. 2-13. Czech Institute of Egyptology for twenty five years THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY in the Old Kingdom. Boston and , 1946. —-, The Art and Architecture oj . Rev. and and since 1976 has been Jeading the excavations by Text by Audran Labrousse Smith, W S., The Art and Architecture oj Ancient Egypt, enlarged by William Kelly Simpson, New Haven: Yale Czech archaeologists in Abusir, Egypt. He is profes­ Harmondsworth, 1981. University Press, 1998. sor at Charles University in Prague and also serves as Architect and Doctor of, Literature and Human Wilson, ]., 'The Artist of Egyptian Old Kingdom," Stadelmann, R., "Giza," in D. B. Redford (ed.), guest professor at the universities of Vienna and Sciences, he earned his Ph.D. at the University of JNES6{1947). The Oxjord Encyclopedia oj Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Hamburg and at the American University in Cairo. Sorbonne in 1988 and is researcher at the CNRS. Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 25-30. He carried out excavations in Iran between 1969 and 1973 Photo credits: "Der Strenge Stil der frühen Vierten Dynastie" Bibliography: and at Sedeinga, in the Sudan, from 1976 to 1994. He has 282 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star in R. Borchardt, L., Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-woser-re, worked in Egypt since 1973, where he is the Director of 283, 284-285 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star "Royal Tombs from the Age of the Pyramids," in vol. I, Der Bau. Berlin, 1905. the French Archaeological Mission of Saqqara. R. Schulz and M. --, Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-re, Leipzig, 1907. "Builders of the Pyramids," in J. Sasson (ed.), —, Das Grabdenhnal des Königs Nejer-ir-ke-re, Leipzig 1909. Bibliography: THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH Civilizations oj the Ancient Near East 11, New York, —, Das Grabdenhnal des Königs Sa-hu-re, Leipzig, 1910-13 Berger-El Naggar, C, J. Leclant, B. Mathieu, and I. DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA 1995, pp. 719-734. Edwards, I. E. S., The pyramids oj Egypt, rev. ed., Pierre-Croisiau, Les Textes âe la pyramide de Pépy 1er, i Text by Karl Mysliwiec Stadelmann, R. and H. Sourouzian (eds.), Kunst Harmon dsworth, 1993. Description et analyse, sous la direction de J. Leclant, Le des Alten Reiches (DAI Sonderschrift 28), Mainz Fakhry, A., The Pyramids, Chicago, 1961. Caire: Ifao, 2001. Karol Mysliwiec is the director of the Research am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1995, Jânosi, P., Die Pyramidenanlagen der Königinnen, Wien, 1995. Jéquier, G., La pyramide d'Oudjebten, Le Caire, 1928. Center for Mediterranean Archaeology at the Polish pp. 155-166. Lehner, M., The Complete Pyramids, London-Cairo, 1997. Les pyramides des reines NeitetApouit, Le Caire, 1933. Academy of Sciences and professor of Ancient Strudwick, N., The Administration oj Egypt in the Old Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, Larchitettura delle le monument junéraire de Pepi II, t. I • Le tombeau royal, Egyptian Archaeology at the Warsaw University. He Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders, London piramidi menjite. VII, Rapallo-Torino, 1977. t. II : Le temple, t. III.- Les approches du temple, Le Caire, is also director of Polish-Egyptian excavations at and Boston, 1985. Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom 1936, 1938, 1940. Saqqara. Excavating in Egypt on various sites since Tefnin, R., Art et Magie au Temps des Pyramides. Lenigme Ziegelbau Zum Weltwunder, 2nd ed., Mainz, 1985. Labrousse, A., Larcbitecture des pyramides à textes, 3 vol., Saqqara1969 . K. Mysliwiec also directed the Polish-Egyptian des têtes dites 'de remplacement, ' (Monumenta Verner, M., The Pyramid Complex ojKhentkaus, Prague, 1995. Nord, î et 2, 1996, Saqqara Sud, 2000, Le Caire, Ifao. rescue excavations at Tell Atrib ( Delta) in 1985¬ Aegyptiaca 5), Brussels: Fondation Egyptologique The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History, London Les pyramides des reines, une nouvelle nécropole à Saqqâra, 1995. He is the author of many books and articles on Reine Elisabeth, 1991. 2002. , 1999. Egyptian archaeology, art, and religion. Weeks, K., Mastabas oj Cemetery G eooo. Giza Mastabas Abusir: The Realm oj , Cairo, 2002. Piaentini, P, Lautobiograjia di Uni, principe e governatore dell'Aito 5, Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1994. 'The Mysterious Sun Temples," KMT 14/1 Egitto, Monographia di SEAP I, Series Minor, Pisa, 1990. Bibliography: (2003), pp. 44-57. Altenmüller, H., Die Wanddarstellungen im Grab des Mehu Photo credits: Photo credits: in Saqqara (Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 190, 191 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Photo credits: 264 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star DA1K42), Mainz, 1998. 192, 193 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 236, 237 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 265 Audran Labrousse Donovan L. and K. McCorquodale (eds), Egyptian 194 Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 238-239 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 266, 267 bottom left and right Araldo De Luca/ Art-. Principles and Themes in Wall Scenes (Prism 195 left Peter Der Manuelian 238 bottom, 239 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Archivio White Star Archaeological Series 6), Cairo, 2000. 195 right Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 240 top, 240-241 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 266-267 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Harpur, Y, Decoration in Egyptian Tombs oj the Old 196-197 Hearst Museum of Anthropology, 240 bottom, 242 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 268 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Kingdom, Oxford, 1987. University of California at Berkeley 243, 244-245 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 268-269 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Jänosi, P., "The Tombs of Officials: Houses of 199 bottom Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 244 bottom, 245 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 269 top, 270 top, 270-271 Audran Labrousse Eternity," in Egyptian Art in the Age oj the Pyramids From 200 to 209 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White 245 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 270 bottom National Museum of Warszawa, (exhibition catalogue), New York, 1999, pp. 27-39. Star 246-247 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 271 bottom National Museum of Scotland Kanawati N. and A. Hassan, The Teti Cemetery at Saqqara, 210-211,211 left Ciulio Veggi/Archivio White 247 Miroslav Verner 272 top, 273 top, 273 center Araldo De vol. II. The Tomb oj Ankhmabor (The Australian Centre Star 248 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Luca/Archivio White Star for Egyptology Reports 9), Warminster, 1997. From 211 right to 223 Araldo De Luca/Archivio 249, 250, 251 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio 272-273 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Kanawati N.and M. Abder-Raziq, The Teti Cemetery at White Star White Star 274, 275 top left and top right Giulio Veggi/ Saqqara, vol. VL The Tomb oj Nikauisesi (The 224-225 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 251 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Archivio White Star Australian Centre for Egyptology Report 14), 252, 253, 254 top left, 254 right, 255 Marcello 275 center and bottom RMN Warminster, 2000. Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 276 Audran Labrousse Moussa A. M. and H. Altenmüller, Das Grab des THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS 254 center left, 254 bottom left Giulio Veggi/ 278-279 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Nianchchnum und Chnumhotep (Archäologische OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Archivio White Star 278 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Veröffentlichungen DAIK 21), Mainz, 1977. Text by Michel Valloggia 256 top Miroslav Verner 279 right Audran Labrousse Mysliwiec, K., New Faces oj Sakkara: Recent discoveries in 256-257 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 280 left Brooklyn Museum of Art West Sakkara, Tuchöw, 1999. Michel Valloggia, Professor of Egyptology at the 257 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 280 right Audran Labrousse "Saqqara: una tomba piena di misteri," Le Scienze University of Geneva, Switzerland and field 258 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star (edizione italiana di "Scientific American") 377, Director of the Archaeological Mission at Abu 259 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star (2000), pp. 76-85. Rawash, Egypt, is former "Membre scientifique à THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD titre étranger" of the French Institute of Oriental KINGDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Photo credits: Archaeology in Cairo. He was in charge of the THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS Text by Zahi Hawass 286, 287, 288 left and right Araldo De Luca/ archaeological excavations between 1976 and 1993 Text by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Archivio White Star in the Kharga Oasis (Douch) and the Dakhla Oasis Bibliography: 288-289 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star (Balat). He is also Corresponding Member of the Bibliography: Arnold, D., "Rituale und Pyramiden tern pel," MDAIK 289 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star German Institute in Cairo and Consultant on behalf Borchardt, L., Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-re', 33 (1977). From 290 to 305 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star of UNESCO: Leipzig, 1907. Bleeker, C.J., Egyptian Festivals: Enactments oj Religious 306 top left, right, 307 Araldo De Luca/Archivio Fakhry, A., The Monuments ojSnejru L The Bent Pyramid, Renewal, Leiden, 1967. White Star Bibliography: Cairo, 1959. Bonnet, H. Reallexikon der Ägyptischen 306 bottom left Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Hassan, S., Excavations at Giza IV, Cairo, 1943. Firth, CM., J.E. Quibell, The Step Pyramid I, Le Caire, 1935. Religionsgeschichte. Berlin, 1952. From 308 to 317 top Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Jequier, G., Le Mastabat Faraoun, Le Caire, 1928. Ghoneim, Z., Hours Sekhem-Khet I, Le Caire, 1957. Borchardt, L., Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sahure II, 317 bottom, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322 center and Lehner, M., The Complete Pyramids, Cairo, 1997. Grinsell, L., , Gloucester, 1947. Leipzig, 1913. bottom Karol Myslievic Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, Larchitettura delle Hawass. Z, "Newly Blocks from the Causeway of Brinks, )., Die Entwicklung der Königlichen Grabanlagen des 322 top, 323, 324, 325 Araldo De Luca/Archivio Piramidi Memjite, 7 vols., Rapallo, 1963-77. Sahure," MDAIK 32, (1996). AltenReiches, Hildesheim, 1979. 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i995-20O2 IM Genava, M.s. 43-50, Genève, Jéquier, G., Le Mastabat Faraoun, Le Caire, 1928. Valley Temple, 2 pts., Cairo, 1961. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 1995-2002. —, G. La Pyramide d'Oudjebten, Le Caire, 1928. Goedicke, H., Re-used Blocks jrom the Pyramid oj Text by Dieter Arnold Au cour d'une pyramide. Une mission archéologique en G. Le monument Funéraire de Pepi II, Le Caire, 1940. AmenembetlatLisbt, New York, 1971 Egypte, Gollion, 2001 Lauer, J. P., La Pyramide à degrees I, Le Caire, 1936. Hawass, Z., The Funerary Establishments ojKhuju, Dieter Arnold is Curator at the Metropolitan Museum Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, Larchitettura delle Khajra, and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph. D. of Art, New York, and has for forty years been con­ Photo credits: piramidi menjite IIand VI, Rapallo, 1963-70. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvanaia micro­ ducting excavations in Egypt, at Thebes, El-Lisht, and 226 top, 226-227 RMN —, Notizie suüe piramidi di Zedefra, Zedkara Isesi, Teti, Turin, 1962. film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Dahshur, among other sites. He is the author of 226 bottom Michel Valloggia Pétrie, W. M. F, Meidum, London, 1892. Hornung, E. and E. Staehelin, Studien zum sedfest, numerous books on Egyptian architecture, including 228, 229 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Posener-Krieger, P. and J. L. Cenival, The : Genf-Basel, 1974. Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry (1991), Temples 230, 231 Michel Valloggia Hieratic Papyri in the . 5é Series, London, 1968. Jéquier, G., Le Monument junéraire de Pepi II, vol. L Le oj the last (1999), and The Pyramid Complex oj 232 Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Reisner, G.A. W, S.T. Smith, A History oj the Giza Temple junéraire, Cairo, 1936. Senwosret III at Dahshur (2000). 232-233, 234-235 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio Necropolis, vol. II., Cambridge, 1955. Maragioglio, V and C. A. Rinaldi, LArcbitettura della White Star Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. Piramidi menjite. Vols. 2-8, Turin and Rapello, 1963-1977. Bibliography:

234 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Verner, M., Forgotten Pharaohs, Lost Pyramids, Abusir, Posener-Kriéger, R, Les Archives du temple junéraire de Nejerirkare-AMENEMHAT I Praha, 1994 Kakai: Les Papyrus d'Abousir, vol. I, II, Cairo, 1976. Gautier, J.-E. and G. Jequier, Memoire sur lesjouilles de

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