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THE TREASURES of the PYRAMIDS Contents EDITED BY ZAHI HAWASS Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Giza Pyramids Excavations PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX by Zahi Hawass Page 50 CHAPTER 15 THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172 10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture, THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Center by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Cairo Press Center, CHAPTER 19 M. El-Damaty - Director of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag. 224 The curators and assistants of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajiv Kaul, Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Miroslav Verner Pag. 236 CHAPTER 21 The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the American University in Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfrom the by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Pag. 260 Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. CHAPTER 22 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag. 264 CHAPTER 23 THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES 10-11 Scene showing the 'Meidum geese,' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old CHAPTER 24 Kingdom. THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA by Karol Mys'liwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM © 2003 White Star S.r.l. by Dieter Arnold Page 326 Via C Sassone, 22/24 13100 Vercelli, Italy CHAPTER 26 www.whitestar.it All rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03 Printed in Italy by Officine Grafiche De Agostini INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomcc, Turin I I Chapter 23 The Decorative Program of Old Kingdom Pyramid Complexes by Zahi Hawass impie slelae bearing a royal name that were walls of the portico were also adorned with erectesd outside the kings' tombs of the Early Dynastic representations of personified royal estates. Some of the Period, developed, over the course of the Old pillars of (he portico were decorated with scenes of the Kingdom, into an elaborate decorative program, saf festival, with the king wearing his srd robe and the designed to both ensure a successful afterlife for the crown of Upper Egypt while holding the Mail, or king and to maintain the proper order of the cosmos. wearing a kilt and dancing, again holding the (fail. This development can be traced from scenes of the Other pillars depict the king making ceremonial visits to royal std festival seen in the Third Dynasty complex important religious sites, standing in front of the gods, of Djoscr, to reliefs found in the early Fourth Dynasty or being embraced by a lioness-headed goddess. There complexes of Sncfcru, and fragments of relief from the are six niches within the temple. Above the opening to temples of Khufu, to the standard decorative program each niche are carved the names ol the king, flanked by of the pyramid complexes of the Fifth and Sixth emblems and stars representing the night sky. Dynasties. Fragmentary wall reliefs from the complex of Decorative scenes appear in the earliest pyramid Khufu have been found at Ciza, and also at Lisht, complex, that of the Third Dynasty king Djoser where they were taken to be used as fill in a pyramid Netjerikhet. Niches under both the Step Pyramid ol the Twelfth Dynasty. The reliefs from Giza itself and the south tomb depict the king, wearing the represent the W festival; fragments from Lisht show white crown, a kilt, and the bull's tail, holding the flail processions of personified funeTary estates, foreign and performing a ritual dance These represent captives, representations ol ships, scenes including ceremonies that were performed at the std festival, animals, and sfif festival scenes, A fragmentary where the king's right to rule was renewed and he depiction of the sed festival from Khufu's complex, celebrated the accomplishments ol his reign. which includes a white hippopotamus, was discovered Important wall reliefs were found in the lower built into the wall of a staircase inside iiah al-Futuh in temple of the Bent Pyramid complex oi Sneleru, the Cairo. According to Herodotus, the causeway of first king of Fourth Dynasty, at Dahshur, The Khufu was carved with figures. entryway into the temple is decorated with sculpted Few or no wall reliefs have been discovered from friezes on the eastern and western walls The western the complexes of Khufu's successors: Djedefre at Abu frieze depicts the royal estates of Upper Egypt, which Rawash, and Khafre and Mcnkaurc at Giza. It seems are represented as female offering bearers with the to me that the statues found in all of these pyramid names of specific estates on their heads, The eastern complexes served the same purpose as the wall reliefs Irieze is similar, but the estates represented are in found in other complexes In general, these statues Lower Egypt Above these registers are scenes represent the king in the company of various gods representing the king in front of different gods. The and goddesses. 282 talloni 283 This Fifth Dynasty relief, in the tomb Relief from the south iamb in the of Nimikb-klnnitn ana Kbiumbotcp tit Step Pyramid cotnplex of Djoser Sahara, <,ho\r>s a few artisans probably FIT Sa^ifara, showing King Djoser Working on some funerary equipment, running in the ^ed-festival. like iklae. Third Dynasty. Chapter 2'i Di'co r< i Lit? e • V / > toc) ra m Substantial quantities of wall relief have been hunting and lishing, and the king giving offerings appears again in the upper temple ol I'epy II, even found in the pyramid complexes of Sahure of the Hfih to the gods. The king is shown here in large scale, though the two kings are separated by a period of Dynasty and Pepy II of the Sixth Dynasty These holding arrows There arc also scenes that show almost two hundred years. reliefs give us a good idea of the decorative scheme Asiatics with foreign potteryr animals and hirds; Thus, the scenes did not necessarily record thai became standard in the late Old Kingdom. the king, accompanied by his courtiers, witnessing historical events from the lifetime of the king, but In the first portico of the lower temple of the departure of twelve sealaring ships to a land instead served a symbolic and religious purpose Sahure are a number of scenes. On the north wall, whose name is not written; and scenes of the king designed to ensure the divinity of the king and the king is shown hunting. On the south wall are and his courtiers watching the return of the ships through him, ensure the proper functioning of the scenes of the s«f festival, with the king seated, laden with cargo and carrying a group of Asiatics, Egyptian world. The basic program, repeated from wearing his robe, and holding a flail in his hand,- in who are not prisoners, but are connected with one complex to another, was designed to maintain front of him are priests. There are also scenes of trade or diplomacy. Additional scenes show the the cosmos and provide for the afterlife of the king gods and goddesses, and depictions ol the king in gods Horus and Anubis bringing gilts to the king. The wall decoration seen in Old Kingdom the form of a great sphinx trampling Libyans and The same types of subjects are represented in pyramid complexes can be divided into several Asiatics.
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