European Union
Delegation to Trinidad and Tobago
Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in the framework of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy
Trinidad and Tobago
Framework Contract BENEF – Lot. 12
Letter of Contract Nº 2009/209666- Version 1
Final Report
April 2010
This study is financed and guided by the European Union and is presented by ARS Progetti S.P.A., member and Coordinating Unit of Dialogue Consortium led by SUDGESTAID which has been retained by the European Union as Framework Contractor for Lot 12 “Standard and Norms”. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago or the European Union.
This report was prepared by Mr. Miguel Fernandéz Trillo and Ms Cilla Benjamin
ARS Progetti S.P.A. Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
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Acronyms ACP - African Caribbean and Pacific
ADB - Agricultural Development Bank
AMSP - Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries
BDC - Business Development Company
CALP - Caroni Agricultural Lands Project Team
CAP - Common Agricultural Policy
CARDI - Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute
CARICOM - Caribbean Community
CARIRI - Caribbean Industrial Research Unit
CARONI - Caroni (1975) Limited
CBI - Caribbean Basin Initiative
CFATT - Cane Farmers Association of T&T
CPATT - Cane Producers Association of T&T
COTED - Council for Trade and Economic Development
CSO - Central Statistical Office
EU - European Union
ECA - Employers Consultative Association
EIB - European Investment Bank
EMBD - Estate Management and Business Development Company
EU - European Union
FD - Forestry Division
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
GORTT - Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
HBS - Household Budget Survey
LNG - Liquid Natural Gas
MALMR - Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources
MEEI - Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries iv | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A. Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
MOF - Ministry of Finance
MOTI - Ministry of Trade and Industry
MPU - Ministry of Public Utilities
MPD - Ministry of Planning and Development
MSD - Ministry of Social Development
NAMDEVCO - National Agricultural Marketing Development Company
NAS - National Adaptation Strategy (Sugar)
NEDCO - National Entrepreneurship Development Company
RDL - Rural Development Company Limited
RDTTL - Rum Distillers Ltd
SMCL - Sugar Manufacturing Company of Trinidad and Tobago
SP - Sugar Protocol
T&T - Trinidad and Tobago
TICFA - Trinidad Island wide Cane Farmers Association
TTABA - Trinidad and Tobago Agribusiness Association
TTMA - TT Manufacturers Association
VSEP - Voluntary Separation of Employment Programme
WTO - World Trade Organization
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Table of Contents
Acronyms iv 1. Background ...... 8 1.1 Introduction ...... 8 1.2 The National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) ...... 9 1.3 Justification and Purpose ...... 10 1.4 The case for action – Socioeconomic Implications of NAS ...... 11 1.5 The CSO and the 2009 Household Budget Survey ...... 15 2. Approach and Methodology ...... 18 2.1 General Approach and Methodology ...... 18 2.2 Definition of Sugar Related Areas ...... 23 2.3 Supply Chain Analysis Impact Evaluation ...... 28 2.4 Institutional Assessment and Alternative Sources of Information ...... 29 3. Description of the implementation of the T&T NAS ...... 35 3.1 Overview ...... 35 3.2 Objectives ...... 35 3.3 Scope ...... 36 3.4 Policy Actions ...... 37 3.5 Impacts and Implications ...... 39 3.6 Level of Implementation ...... 41 4. Stakeholder Analysis ...... 45 4.1. Identification of Stakeholders ...... 45 4.2. Roles, Views and Impact ...... 45 4.3. Supply Chain Analysis ...... 51 5. Institutional Assessment ...... 56 5.1 The Institutional Capacity of the Central Statistical Office ...... 56 5.2 The Evaluation Criteria ...... 58 5.3 Institutional Capacity of the Government - Alternative Sources of Information ...... 63 5.4 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TOOLBOX - The Matrix ...... 64 6. The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey ...... 66 6.1 Background ...... 66 6.2 Analysis of the methodology used by CSO for the survey ...... 67 6.3 Quality Program for field Operations……………………………………...……………….69
6.4 Objectives of the HBS………………………………………………………………………..70 vi | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A. Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
6.5 Coverage…………………………………………………………………………..………….71
6.6 Respondents…………………………………………………………………………….……71
6.7 Consumptions Expenditure………………………………………………………………….71
6.8 Sampling Methodology…………………………………………………………...………….75
7. The Socio-Economic Baseline for SRAs ...... 84 7.1 Introduction ...... 84 7.2 The Socioeconomic Baseline ...... 96 7.3 Health ...... 106 7.4 Education ...... 111 7.5 Economic Performance ...... 114 Technical Annex 1 Maps……………………………………………………..….131
Technical Annex 2 List of Communities in the SRA Sample……………………....135
Technical Annex 3 Outline of Workshops………………………………….………..136
Technical Annex 4 List of workshop Attendees……………………………..………138
Technical Annex 5 Consultation Methodology……………...……………………….139
Technical Annex 6 List of Stakeholders………………………...……………………143
Technical Annex 7 Statistical Capacity Criteria Detailed Description…...………..145
Technical Annex 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening…………....150
Administrative Annex 1 Work plan and Methodology ...... 156 Administrative Annex 2 Consultants’ itinerary ...... 159 Administrative Annex 3 List of documentation consulted ...... 161 Administrative Annex 4 Curricula vitae of the consultants ...... 162 Administrative Annex 5 Terms of Reference ...... 164
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1 Background
1.1 Introduction
The National Sugar Adaptation Strategy (NAS) established a comprehensive framework to support several national adjustment policies adopted by the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT). The main references are: a) on-going adjustments in the sector resulting from GORTT’s comprehensive policy and structural reforms to facilitate its progressive withdrawal from sugar which began in 2003 and the promotion of private sector ownership of any future initiatives involving sugar cane; b) the expected impact of the Sugar Protocol (SP) reforms adopted by the European Parliament in 2005; c) the scope for private sector diversification of the industry in the context of Trinidad and Tobago’s (T&T’s) robust energy-driven economic growth trends, and d) the expected role of agriculture in Trinidad and Tobago’s development strategy Vision 2020.
The package of reforms of the sugar sector had the potential to have significantly impacted the socioeconomic conditions of the population traditionally dependent on sugar connected activities. Therefore, the availability of reliable and comprehensive information to analyze the impact and trends on beneficiaries and other stakeholders is crucial for policy decision makers.
The government is interested in designing and implementing policies to mitigate potential adverse impacts of the NAS reform process, as well as strengthening and reinforcing the inherent benefits of the NAS.
In this context, responding to the government’s determination, the European Union (EU) has commissioned a report to analyze the socioeconomic conditions of the areas affected by the NAS through the collection of existing data. The report also seeks to design an information collection mechanism to follow trends, analyze impact, and formulate appropriate policies.
This report responds to this goal by describing both the socioeconomic situation in The Sugar Related Areas and the mechanism used to monitor the trends. It also assesses the data collection system employed by the Central Statistical Office for monitoring the progress in implementation of one of the strategic objectives of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago (T&T NAS).
More specifically, this report responds to the NAS Objective nº 3.2: “Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area-based impacts of the planned transformations in former sugar related areas (SRAs)”.
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1.2 The National Adaptation Strategy (NAS)
Since 2003, the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) has been restructuring the sugar sector. On March 5th 2007, the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy was submitted to the European Union as a response to the decisions by the EU Council of Ministers on November 24th 2005 regarding changes in the support to the sugar industry in the framework of the Regulation 266/2006 on the Accompanying Measures to the changes in the EU trade regime with Sugar Protocol Countries. The T&T NAS is a sector policy document that was developed in the context of a wider national development agenda (Vision 2020) and is based on the Government’s policy to divest from sugar and to end subsidies to the sugar industry in Trinidad and Tobago by the end of 2007.
The general objective of the EU’s assistance in the sugar sector is to mitigate the adverse effects for the sugar growing areas of the EU Council of Ministers decision to phase out the Sugar Protocol starting in 2006, while supporting the GORTT in the realization of the priorities established in Vision 2020, the country’s National Development Plan to become a developed nation by the year 2020.
In this framework, the EU strategy supports two of the Strategic Objectives of the NAS:
1. Promoting economic diversification of sugar dependent areas
i. Exit strategies for sugar farmers and sugarcane workers who choose to leave the industry
ii. Improving the enabling environment for economic diversification
2. Addressing broader impacts related to social, environmental, community and area-based issues
i. Maintaining environmental stability
ii. Providing sustainable social and economic support related to the socioeconomic effects of transitioning out of the industry
Since May 2008, the National Strategic Management Group, acting under the responsibility of the Office of the Prime Minister, has acted as the Project Coordination Unit and assumed responsibility for the successful management and implementation of the NAS. Regular reports are submitted to the EU Delegation on the progress of the implementation of annual financing agreements. A part of its activities is based on the data provided by the Central Statistical Office, which is a
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Division of the Ministry of Planning, Housing, and the Environment. Data for poverty was made available in 2006. This data included coverage of the sugar related areas. Most recently, the Central Statistical Office has conducted a more comprehensive survey focusing on socioeconomic data and budgetary conditions of households in Trinidad and Tobago. The survey was completed by mid-June 2009 and its outcomes provided the basis of this study.
1.3 Justification and Purpose
In 2006, the EU provided support under its Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol countries (AMSP) to Trinidad and Tobago for drafting the National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) for sugar. The NAS was adapted specifically to address the adjustments to the sugar industry of Trinidad and Tobago and premised under the Vision 2020 agenda of the country. Therefore, the NAS is focused on enabling the environment of the future operating framework after the withdrawal of the government.
The general objective of EU Sugar related assistance is to mitigate the adverse effects of the EU Council of Ministers’ decision to exit the Sugar Protocol. The purpose therefore is to provide assistance to sugar related industries, through support to the GORTT within the framework of the priorities established in Vision 2020, the country’s National Development Plan.
In the context of this assistance, the overall objective of a socioeconomic baseline for the sugar related areas is to contribute to the monitoring and evaluation of several socioeconomic impacts of the NAS by the utilization of quality data collection techniques combined with elaboration and dissemination by relevant government agencies in key sectors of the NAS. The overall goal of this is to better shape sectoral policies that would contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of those groups affected by the sugar sector reform process in SRAs.
The main objectives of this report are to:
a) Analyze available statistical information inclusive of the identification of possible knowledge gaps in the existing datasets, the suggestion of methodology to correct those gaps and the development of more comprehensive data collection and treatment techniques and to assess the overall data collection process.
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b) Support the Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the 2008/2009 household budget survey and the assessment of the statistical validity of facts and indicators.
c) Elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs based on the data collected by the CSO and on additional relevant data sources.
d) Outline future scenarios for existing socioeconomic conditions in SRAs including formulating concrete policy recommendations for future actions in this field and recommendations for the improvement of existing data collection and elaboration practice, which would be of use to both the Central Statistical Office and the European Union.
1.4 The case for action – Socioeconomic Implications of NAS
The most significant socioeconomic impacts of the government’s decision to reform the industry are the following:
1. The separation of 9,697 employees at the state-owned sugar enterprise, Caroni (1975) Limited. The company had employed these persons in cane cutting, cultivation, processing, transportation, administration and non-sugar operations, as shown in Figure 2.22 Sugar Supply Chain Stakeholder Diagram.
2. The exodus of cane farmers from the dying industry, which began even prior to 2003.
Caroni (1975) Limited was a state enterprise which played a major role in the economic and political life of the country. The company’s historical and financial evolution covered a fairly large geographical area in the island of Trinidad, mainly, populated by supporters of the current political opposition. This space occupied a large central region, logistically well located between Port-of-Spain and San Fernando, the country’s two main commercial focal points, and close to logistic transport hubs, with excellent rain fed agricultural land and coastal access.
Agricultural produce in the region included citrus, rice, livestock and aquaculture. Several important towns and villages relied on the company for growth, sustenance and economic buoyancy. These included the country’s second capital city of San Fernando and two towns, Couva and Chaguanas, which continue to expand rapidly even in the absence of the company. Indirect economic impact on these commercial and industrial areas in the sudden elimination of the sugar industry had several
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implications, a phenomena alluded to in Sections 2 and 4 where social impact is also addressed.
As will be shown in this report, the impact of the Caroni divestment had several effects on the stakeholders summarized in Table 1.41:
Stakeholders Impact 1. Central The end of substantial government subsidies for the company meant that Caroni is no Government longer a major “drain on the national purse”.
2. Caroni as a The company is no longer an operating entity and therefore its roles as major business entity employer, buyer of industry inputs and services and supplier to commerce and industry have ended.
3. Cane farmers and Cane farmers have not had a market for their produce since 2007 when the Sugar their Manufacturing Company Limited ceased the production of raw sugar. For the medium representative sized and large farmers who depended solely on the industry, the adjustment has unions been difficult.
4. Workers at various Initially, some took advantage of opportunities for re-training and found gainful and levels reasonably well paid employment in high growth sectors of the economy such as oil, gas and construction, which were in a period of growth at the time of the reform. However, these three (3) industries have since declined considerably. Furthermore, other categories of employees had not fared so well throughout the years.
5. Suppliers and Have generally been forced to adjust or re-direct their business elsewhere. contractors of Caroni
6. Residents and The net effects of the industry restructuring have not yet been assessed by the businesses in GORTT. surrounding communities
Table 1.4.1 Key Stakeholder Groups
1.4.1. The Compensation Package
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago decided to present an offer to employees who would be displaced by the reform. In 2003, employees of Caroni (1975) Limited were offered compensation in the form of a comprehensive voluntary separation package (VSEP). This opportunity provided alternatives for a ‘life after sugar’ by assisting employees and their dependents in the transition from employee to owner, lessee, investor or entrepreneur. Five categories of opportunities were recognized:
1. Alternative employment within a different organization 2. Training for a new career 3. Be a new businessperson
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4. Be a self-employed, self sufficient cane farmer 5. Be a self-employed, self sufficient farmer producing alternative crops
Ten thousand workers accepted the VSEP at a cost of $TT653 million to the state. Two acre plots of agricultural land and residential lots were also included in the separation package for employees. In addition, employees were urged to take advantage of free training in their area of choice. According to reports to a ministerial committee in November 1st 2006, 82% of the former employee population of 7,248 took possession of their two acre agricultural and housing plots1. Among that group 66% had assumed responsibility for their respective plots. There was a principled position which accepted 1,142 new applicants beyond the original figure of 7,248. A Caroni Agricultural Lands Project Team (CALP) has developed infrastructural works on the estates where these plots are located.
Thus far 4,218 persons had applied for training and of that amount, 2,307 completed training. However, comprehensive training needs assessment, post training monitoring and evaluation exercises, none of which were planned by any local body.
Finally, monthly staff members received the benefit of the sale of eighty two (82) properties throughout the estate of the former company. These properties were sold through a mortgage facility at low interest rates, once members met reasonable criteria. A limited number of severed Caroni workers have been re-employed by the scaled down industry operators – SMCL, RDL and EMBD. It is estimated that 5,400 jobs were lost in the agricultural sector during 2003 and 2004 as a direct result of restructuring.
1.4.2. Potential Impacts on agriculture
Cane farming drastically decreased in light of the reform of the industry and discontinuation of support for the industry by agencies such as the agricultural development bank. By 2006, the remaining group of active sugarcane producers supplied declining quantities of sugarcane to the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL). These changes are reflected in Figure 1.412 shown below:
1 A much smaller number (400 at the time of writing this NAS), has received their standard agricultural leases from GORTT.
2 Source: Trinidad Island-wide Cane Farmers’ Association
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Figure 1.41 Tonnes of Cane Harvested
Contributing to the declining acreage under production by private sugarcane farmers, prior to the industry closure in 2007, were longstanding problems within the industry, which included problems affecting the entire agricultural sector. Among them were:
The lack of appropriate technology and mechanization Limited and inconsistent quality of extension services Bush fires, praedial larceny, disease, and uncertainty about the future Inadequate infrastructure to harvest and transport cane to the factory Poor service operations of scales at the purchasing points Labour shortages, work stoppages and poor weather conditions The fixed price paid for cane by SMCL from 2004
Given the uncertainty about the industry’s future, the majority of the cane farmers were forced to diversify. Some farmers who have left the industry claim that they are unable to maintain their incomes and are surviving on savings, menial self employment or are actively seeking employment in alternative sectors. Some farmers are prepared to find alternative agricultural commodities and abandon cane farming completely. Those commodities mentioned by farmers are Pigs, Cattle, Poultry, Goat and Vegetables. An exacerbated circumstance arises as the farmers are no longer able to rely on the established unions for support when negotiating for industry stakes. The unions have lost much membership as evidenced by the drastic fall in membership dues.
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In the absence of Caroni's operation in the main agricultural regions of the country, there is evidence that all administrative areas have maintained populations of holders conducting agricultural activity. For the cane farmers, some retraining is necessary in order for them to be potentially capable of re-establishing the standard of living which they enjoyed as sugarcane farmers.
1.4.3. Indirect Impact on End Users
The Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL) currently produces refined sugar from imported raw sugar. This sugar is utilized by domestic and industrial customers. Food and beverage processors who remain customers of SMCL are able to take advantage of fixed price contracts to leverage the cost of importing sugar at world market prices. If SMCL were to cease to exist, there would potentially be downstream effects on employment especially in the Food and Beverage sector
Animal Feed Processors, Poultry Farms and Distilleries are also potential losers in the reform of the industry. For all these reasons, the EU has commissioned this report to analyze the impact of the reforms.
1.5 The CSO and the 2009 Household Budget Survey
The socioeconomic impact of sector closures and reforms have not been systematically studied and documented in the history of Trinidad and Tobago. The reform of the sugar industry sector was no different. Specifically, in 2009, there was not an official definition of the sugar related areas (SRA), a comprehensive listing of stakeholders, nor an institution or government body monitoring and evaluating the impact of the sugar reforms.
While an array of institutions were responsible for facilitating the reform, inclusive of but not limited to, support for agriculture, housing, industrial estates, training and entrepreneurship, there was no common body charged with understanding impact in a bid to influence policy decisions on the reform.
To solve this institutional overlap, the National Strategic Management Group was created in May 2008, acting under the purview of the Office of the Prime Minister as Project Coordination Unit and assuming responsibility for the successful management and implementation of the NAS.
The National Strategic Management Group (NSMG) is a committee which has a multi-stakeholder structure, including representatives from many government institutions. Among the responsibilities of the NSMG, are strategic policymaking
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tasks, which cannot be pursued unless reliable statistical facts are created on a regular basis to understand the implications of policies in SRA.
The Central Statistical Office, which exists under the auspices of the Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment is the key state institution charged with the collection and dissemination of statistical information.
The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey is the primary source of information for this report. This comprehensive national survey, CSO’s most recent, covers some socioeconomic data and budgetary conditions of households in Trinidad and Tobago, which can be used to analyze socioeconomic conditions in the sugar related areas.
It must be noted that while the survey data was expected to be available from the inception of this assignment in August 2009, the data was only ready for analysis for this project in December of 2009.
The fieldwork for the HBS commenced on Sunday May 4th, 2008 and was completed on April 30th, 2009 with an initial sample size of 7,680 households, but due to non- response by households the realized sample size was 7,090. This meant an overall non-response rate of 7.7%. The Household Budget Survey (HBS) sample comprised of twelve (12) monthly representative sub-samples which were further divided into twenty four fortnights or periods of enumeration spread across twelve (12) months to take into account the effects of seasonality on expenditure patterns.
The Central Statistical Office has historically conducted Household Budget Surveys (HBS). These surveys have been conducted in a sparse and infrequent manner with varying time gaps between surveys as well as data collection periods. The last HBS conducted before the sugar reforms, which could provide a general understanding of the socioeconomic situation, was carried out in May of 1998.
The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey (HBS) is the seventh and latest such survey to be conducted by the Central Statistical Office. An important component of this assignment has been to work directly with the CSO to understand the methodology and to collect the statistical information from the HBS 2009 to analyze the sugar related areas.
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Section 2 Approach and Methodology
2.1. General Approach and Methodology
2.2. Definition of Sugar Related Areas
2.3. Methodology for the Impact Evaluation and Supply Chain Analysis
2.4. Assumptions, Uncertainties and Constraints
2.5. Methodology for the Institutional Assessment of CSO and Alternative Sources
Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
2. Approach and Methodology
2.1 General Approach and Methodology
The overall objective of the assignment is to contribute to the improvement in the quality of data collection, elaboration and dissemination by relevant government agencies in key sectors of the NSA in order to better shape sector policies that would contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of those groups affected by the sugar sector reform process in SRAs.
Specific objectives
a) Data collection - To identify possible knowledge gaps in the datasets, to suggest appropriate methodology to fill such gaps and to develop more comprehensive data collection and treatment techniques in order to assess the overall data collection process. b) Technical Assistance to CSO - To support the Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the frame of the budgetary and household surveying exercise carried out during the first half of 2009 and to assess the statistical validity of facts and indicators. c) Socioeconomic Baseline - To elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs through scientific advise based on the data collected by the CSO and on additional relevant data sources. d) Recommendations - To outline future scenarios for existing socioeconomic conditions in SRAs, to formulate concrete policy recommendations for future actions in this field and to put forward recommendations for the improvement of existing data collection and elaboration practice which would be of use for both the Central Statistical Office and the European Union.
Requested Services
The European Union requested two diverse services:
a) Technical Assistance component (Part 1) To provide support to the Central Statistical Office during the elaboration of data collected in the framework of the budgetary and household survey 2009. The technical assistance consisted of evaluating the data collected in the framework of the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey. Direct personal interviews with key CSO personnel were conducted to supplement information on survey methodology. Based on this, Section 6 features a description and analysis of
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the methodology used by the CSO during the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey. Also presented, is an assessment of data treatment in the survey together with the identification of methodological gaps while measures for improvement are presented in Section 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. Furthermore, an institutional analysis of CSO and other institutions with recommendations for the continued collection of socioeconomic indicators in the Sugar Related Areas are included in Section 5.
b) Elaboration of a Socioeconomic Baseline Report (Part 2) The report covers the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and legislative framework, starting with a general description of the NAS's objectives, with emphasis on the institutions responsible for the implementation of the NAS and with regard to the socioeconomic aspects of this process including:
i. Measures taken by GORTT in view of the restructuring of the sugar sector since its decision to divest in 2003.
ii. Description of labour conditions, as the progressive shift of the labour force formerly employed in the sugar sector (both under Caroni Ltd 1975 and private cane production) to other economic sectors and the deriving social and economic trends currently represent a key issue for the assessment of the T&T NAS.
iii. Description of stakeholders’ involvement in Section 4.
The report, following the requested services detailed in the TORs covers the following:
a. The statistical validity of the CSO’s surveying exercise, through a detailed analysis of the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the 2009 budgetary and household survey.
b. Review of the data sources used by the CSO and assessment of their quality, reliability and coverage.
c. Identification of socioeconomic aspects studied by the CSO and consideration and proposal of appropriate additional indicators to extend the CSO survey’s coverage in the future.
d. Based on the policy, the institutional assessment, and the stakeholders feedback, the report presents in some Chapter socioeconomic key and labour
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aspects that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline (key NAS– socioeconomic interactions special consideration and emphasis).
e. Identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.).
f. Draft and appraise the socioeconomic baseline study3, including labor related aspects, for SRAs, with a clear distinction between primary and secondary aspects: Trends for the various components of the socioeconomic analysis should be identified and projections should be made of the current socioeconomic conditions in SRAs in the short and medium term with no further implementation of the NAS.
g. Report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discuss potential constraints (data availability, time series etc.).
h. Assess to what extent information about the informal economy in SRAs have been taken into account and propose tools to evaluate any incidence of this factor.
i. Report on the consistency between the indicators employed in the elaboration of the socioeconomic baseline and the performance indicators envisaged under the EU support to the NAS for the period 2008-2010 and referring to Objective 3.2 (Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area-based impacts of the planned transformations in former sugar related areas) and comment on any divergence and on possible ways to harmonize the results.
j. Assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed.
3 The preparation of the socioeconomic baseline and the analysis of the HBS depend on the timely submission on the datasets by the CSO. Once the data have been cleaned and prepared for analysis, the analysis will start.
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Methodology
The team followed a methodological process combining qualitative and quantitative tools of research and triangulating the scarce available data with primary sources collected through workshops, meetings, interviews, questionnaires, and from quantitative statistics from national surveys and data from alternative institutional sources.
The assignment has encountered several methodological obstacles to respond to a diverse set of challenging requests in the TOR. The diverse nature of the requested task in the TOR has demanded the use of very different tools to collect and analyze the information including:
1. A review of the institutional capacity of a government body 2. A review of collection methodology of alternative sources 3. Methodology used by the Central Statistical Office for conducting the Household Budget Survey 4. A comparative socioeconomic assessment and baseline 5. An Economic and Social Impact Evaluation of government policies 6. A Supply Chain Impact Evaluation Assessment 7. The theoretical and conceptual definition of the areas forming the subject of analysis 8. Retrospective evaluation of baseline 9. Sample of Sugar Related Areas and the practical implications of the evaluation
Each of these requirements demanded a different alternative methodology tool and approach. The team compiled complementary fact finding methodologies epitomized in a toolbox for use throughout the assignment to facilitate the following:
1 Collection of existing documentation and forms 2 Review of different existing databases, questionnaires and sampling techniques 3 Research 4 Site and field visits to Caroni Ltd., the Sugar Related Areas and interviews with main stakeholders and affected population 5 Observation of the work environment and procedures in the CSO 6 Design and use of questionnaires for systematic collection of responses and triangulation of information with major stakeholders for the Supply Chain analysis and the impact evaluation 7 Semi-structured Interviews with main stakeholders
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THE TOOLBOX Methodology Description of Methodological Toolbox 1. Documenting • Documenting work procedures of CSO with various tools: and Analyzing – Best and worst cases policy – Decision tables – Requirement tables – Project pipeline and portfolio 2. Review • Analyzing requirements to resolve problems of: institutional and – Missing, Conflicting, infeasible, overlapping and ambiguous data collection policy • Formalizing requirements requirements – Policy and Legal guidelines, requirements and other definition documents • Interviews 3. Sampling - Related to the Sampling – the process of collecting a representative sample of policy Gathering of documents, statistics, forms, and trade records. Existing • Organizational chart of ministries and institutions with responsibilities collecting data for Documentation socio economic purpose and reports • Documents describing the Institutions, objectives, actors, stakeholders, implications, problems and obstacles • Review of Standard operating procedures for collecting data and analyzing socioeconomic conditions • Software, Manuals and computerized screens and reports • Samples of databases • Flowcharts and other system documentation 4. Observation A fact-finding technique to analyze systems through participation and observation of performance to learn about the system • Determine who, what, where, when, why, and how of the observation • Obtain permission from appropriate supervisors or managers • Take notes during or immediately following the observation • Review observation notes with appropriate individuals 5. Questionnaire A special-purpose document that allows for the collection of information and opinions from main stakeholders Free-format questionnaire – A questionnaire designed to offer the respondent greater latitude in the answer. Fixed-format questionnaire – A questionnaire containing questions that require selecting an answer from predefined available responses.
6. Interview A fact-finding technique whereby the systems analysts collect information from individuals through face-to-face interaction. Will be used to: find facts, verify facts, clarify facts, generate awareness and ownership to get the end-user involved, Identify requirements, solicit ideas and opinions. We will use interviews to collect information from individuals and from stakeholder groups. The respondents will be beneficiaries of the reform program, stakeholder, NGOs, environmental institutions, managers and employees. This method is often the best source of qualitative information (opinions, policies and subjective descriptions of activities and problems). Other fact-finding methods are likely to be more useful for collecting quantitative data (numbers, frequencies and quantities).
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2.2 Definition of Sugar Related Areas
The main purpose of the socioeconomic baseline is to monitor the progress in the implementation of one of the strategic objectives of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy (NAS) for Trinidad and Tobago.
The general objective of the EU’s assistance in the sugar sector is to mitigate the adverse effects in the sugar related areas (Figure 2.21) based on the EU Council of Ministers’ decision to phase out the Sugar Protocol. Specifically, one of the objectives (no. 3.2) reads: “Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area- based impacts of the planned transformations in former sugar related areas (SRAs)”.
This was included based on the recognition that the reform of the sugar sector would potentially impact significantly on the socioeconomic conditions in the SRAs of the country.
With the purpose of understanding how to mitigate potential impacts and addressing some additional preventive and corrective programs and policies in the future, the first task of the assignment was to conceptually define the Sugar Related Areas to follow with a review of available, reliable and comprehensive datasets about socioeconomic conditions of the population living in those areas or altogether affected by the NAS.
A part of this population, responding to the incentives provided by the NAS and by the dismantling of the industry, has been relocated, displaced to other regions in the country or resettled in urban areas. Hence, the population affected by the policies is scattered around the country. Some policies have induced the population to be relocated, but a broad percentage still live in the traditional geographical sugar related areas.
Theoretically, the affected areas had never been formally defined. For the purpose of analyzing the socioeconomic status of the population affected by the NAS policies, this chapter establishes several criteria to define the sample of the study.
For the purpose of this study to ensure a smooth implementation of the NAS in the future, the team, in consultation with major stakeholders, has identified the following key groups of populations in the definition of the Sugar Related Areas (SRA):
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Figure 2.21 Map of the Sugar Related Areas
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SUGAR RELATED AREAS SAMPLE
SRA GROUP nº I. Population living in public lands traditionally used for sugar farming and production, now being diverted
SRA GROUP nº II. The population living in private land used for sugarcane farming,
SRA GROUP nº III. Also included in the sample of analysis is the group of CARONI ex-workers in the sugar sector which have been affected by the reforms. Some of them no longer live in SRA, but have been beneficiaries or affected directly or indirectly by the NAS policies.
SRA GROUP nº IV. The Sugar Supply Chain
SRA GROUP I
This group is based on geographic criteria, being composed of the population currently living in the public Caroni (1975) Limited lands and adjacent areas. To clearly define this group, the study considers all communities which have public land traditionally used for sugar cultivation within their boundaries. These communities are identified by the codes and classification system used in the Household Budget Survey.
Caroni (1975) Limited has classified public land in seventeen (17) sections, which have not been classified according to administrative units. In order to compare the HBS data and CARONI information, all of the communities have been enumerated and catalogued according to the HBS. Following analysis with CSO, additional communities adjacent to CARONI lands were included as people working in the sugar industry were significantly present on these lands.
SRA GROUP II
The second group of the sample follows another geographic criterion. The group is composed of the population currently living in those areas/regions where sugar has been traditionally farmed by private farmers. Adjacent areas to these have also been included. This group was attained through the National Agricultural Census 2004 where the different uses of agricultural land was captured. All the communities where sugar was grown under private lands, as opposed to the previous group where the land was public, were identified and codified according to the HBS classification.
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SRA GROUP III – The CARONI (1975) Ltd Employees
The third group is not defined geographically, but represents the most critically affected part of population impacted by the sugar industry reform. The decision was made to include a group of people, some of whom may also exist in the other groups: the CARONI ex and current employees. This group of individuals may or may not live in the geographic delimitations defined by SRA Groups I and II, but are a key population group affected by the National Adaptation Strategy.
CARONI has provided a list with names, occupations, and addresses and even though they cannot be mapped, they are included in the SRA, to be analyzed in the Socioeconomic Baseline (SEB).
The classification and number of ex-employees included in the analysis consists of the following:
Daily paid workers EMPS (7865) Staff employed EMPS (1133) Tenant farmers (4202) (squatters with contracts and tenant cane farmers)
SRA GROUP IV – The Sugar Supply Chain
The last population group shaping the SRA sample is comprised of employees, farmers, businesses, villagers and end users belonging to the Sugar Supply Chain. Groups of population thus classified include the following:
Sugar cane farming, cane cutting and harvesting workers, Caroni (1975) Ltd employees and workers, transporters, businesses supplying the industry, local manufacturing industries dependent on sugar and its by-products, domestic consumers, residents of sugar related areas and entrepreneurs affected by the reforms along the Sugar Supply Chain. These Sugar Supply Chain Stakeholders are shown in Figure 2.22 while the comprehensive list of the communities included in the Sugar Related Areas sample is presented in Technical Annex 2.
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Figure 2.22 Sugar Supply Chain Stakeholder Diagram
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2.3 Supply Chain Analysis Impact Evaluation
Following the Terms of Reference, a detailed description of the stakeholders involvement and an analysis of their point of view regarding the impact of restructuring policy is presented in Section 4. The objective of this evaluation was to gain a better understanding of the social and economic impact of the sugar sector reform on each different stakeholder group.
More specifically, a standard impact evaluation methodology (Poverty Social Impact Assessment - PSIA) was applied in order to disaggregate the analysis of direct, indirect and induced economic and social impact of the reform. For this purpose, data was presented on commercial, industrial and domestic end-users in order to analyze the impacts, both positive and negative, on different stakeholder groups affected by the reform of the local sugar sector.
The result of this analysis is presented graphically to explain the vulnerability of each stakeholder group in the wake of the reform versus the relative power which they wield.
A secondary objective of this Supply Chain Analysis was to test the assumptions made in the preparation of the NAS such as:
Sample of NAS Assumptions Suitable opportunities for alternative land use exist There are market-led new business opportunities to be pursued Exiting farmers can access credit, training and other SME support services as needed The enabling business environment improves ??
National Sugar Adaptation Strategy February 2007
Broad outcomes include identification of areas of vulnerability, a framework for continued reporting on groups affected by the sector reform, recommendations for maximizing positive impact and minimizing negative ones and general recommendations for future sector reforms.
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This case of the impact of the reform of the sugar sector was conducted via a field research methodology with researcher administered interviews (Technical Annex 4) as the main form of information gathering. The main outcomes are expected to be a better understanding of the way(s) in which the reform affected individual stakeholders and the categories and recommendations for the minimization or future avoidance of any negative impacts.
A questionnaire was utilized in personal interviews with four (4) major purposes:
Collecting of quantitative data not otherwise available Testing basic assumptions about specific groups of stakeholders in NAS Comparing responses about impacts among selected respondents Introducing topics for which more specific informant views are required
Key Stakeholder Informants
Sugar Workers Caroni (1975) Limited
Farmers Trinidad Island Wide Cane Farmers Association
Suppliers Caroni (1975) Ltd
End Users Supermarkets Association
Manufacturers TTMA/Couva Pt. Lisas Chamber/ Candy Manufacturer
Sugar Related Area Couva/Pt. Lisas Chamber of Commerce
Sugar Related Area Caroni (1975) Ltd
Distillery Fernandez Distillers Limited
Poultry Farmers Poultry Association
Feed Processors Poultry Association
Industry Specialist Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago
Industry Specialist Caroni (1975) Limited Distillery and Maintenance Department
2.4 Institutional Assessment and Alternative Sources of Information
The evaluation of the country’s statistical capacity presented in Section 5 takes into account the main characteristics of high quality statistics and the adequate performance of all participants and stakeholders in an integral sustainable statistical system. The evaluation provides a detailed assessment of the system’s strengths and weaknesses.
Since the purpose of the assignment was not to focus on an in-depth administrative and operational audit of the CSO as a government institution, but rather an assessment of the statistical capacities in relation to socioeconomic
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statistic collection procedures, a more limited methodological approach was taken. Primarily, information collected through interviews and publicly available information about statistical activities in Trinidad and Tobago were relied upon to produce a small set of statistical capacity indicators of the main government statistical institutions. The resulting indicators help to identify potential opportunities for the CSO regarding socioeconomic statistic collection procedures.
Although the small set of indicators cannot capture all dimensions of statistical capacity, a major benefit is that compiling them imposes no additional reporting burden on Trinidad and Tobago.
The methodology to analyze the institutional capacity of the CSO to collect, manage and analyze socioeconomic statistics accounts for three dimensions:
1. Statistical Practice 2. Data Collection 3. Indicator Availability
The first dimension, statistical practice, measures CSO’s ability as an institution to follow internationally recommended standards and methods. This aspect is captured by assessing the guidelines and procedures shared by CSO with the team used to compile economic statistics, social data reporting and estimation practices. The CSO is evaluated against a set of criteria including: a) the use of an updated national accounts base year, b) the use of the latest BOP manual, c) the external debt reporting status, d) subscription to IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard, and e) enrolment data reporting to UNESCO.
The second dimension, data collection, reflects whether The CSO conducts data collection activities in line with internationally recommended periodicity, and whether data from CSO administrative systems are available and reliable for statistical estimation purposes.
Specifically, the methodological criteria used are a) the periodicity of population and agricultural censuses, b) the periodicity of poverty and health related surveys, and c) completeness of vital registration system coverage.
The third dimension, indicator availability, looks at the availability and periodicity of key socioeconomic indicators in CSO, of which nine are MDG indicators. This dimension attempts to measure the extent to which data is made accessible to users through transformation of source data into timely statistical outputs. Criteria used include indicators on income, poverty, child and maternal health, HIV/AIDS, primary completion, gender equality, access to water and GDP growth.
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This multi-dimensional approach to measure CSO statistical capacity is based on the notion that producing and disseminating reliable, relevant and timely statistics require a certain level of capacity in all three dimensions. Any imbalance points to weaknesses/gaps in some aspects of the statistical process in CSO.
This type of assessment sheds light on data quality and areas that need improvement in CSO to better respond to the need to monitor both SRA socioeconomic data and national socioeconomic general information. This multidimensional approach captures various aspects of data quality, which is broadly defined as producing statistics that are fit for the purpose of measuring socioeconomic dimensions. In particular, it presents proxy measures for methodology, data access, timeliness, periodicity, and comparability.
For each dimension, the CSO was scored against specific criteria. The scores were aggregated to give a result on a scale of 0-100.
1. Statistical Practice: A score of 100 percent means that a country meets current international standards in all areas assessed. 2. Data Collection: A score of 100 percent means that in Trinidad and Tobago institutions conduct these basic censuses and surveys at regular intervals and supports a complete vital registration system. 3. Availability: A score of 100 percent means that these indicators are available with acceptable frequency on a regular basis.
Box 2: Indicators selected for the IDA Results Measurement System
Proportion of population below $1/day poverty line Under-5 child mortality HIV prevalence rate of women aged 15-24 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education Primary school completion rate Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source Fixed lines and mobile telephone per 1,000 inhabitants Formal cost required for business start up Time required for business start up Public financial management GDP per capita Access of rural population to an all-season road Household electrification rate
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Summary of Methodology for Evaluating the Statistical Capacity of CSO
I. Statistical Practice Assessment Rating Max. Score Weight Max Indicators
1. National accounts base Year =1993 or Within last 10 Otherwise 1 10 annual chain years or annual linking chain linking 2. Balance of payments manual in Balance of The fifth edition Otherwise 1 10 use Payments Manual 3. External debt reporting Status: Actual Otherwise 1 10 or Preliminary 4. Consumer Price Index Base year =1993 Or annual chain Otherwise 1 10 linking 5. Production index Produced and Otherwise 1 10 available from IMF 6. Export/import prices Produced and Otherwise 1 10 available from IMF 7. Government finance accounting Consolidated Otherwise 1 10 concept otherwise central government accounts 8. Enrolment reporting to UNESCO Annual or missed Otherwise 1 10 reporting only once in the last 4 Years 9. Vaccine reporting to WHO Coverage Otherwise 1 10 consistent with WHO estimates 10. IMF’s Special Data Subscribed Otherwise 1 10 Dissemination Standard Maximum total score is 10 (or 100%) 100
II. Data Collection Assessment Indicators Score 1 1/2 0 Max Weight Score 1. Periodicity of population census Less than 10 Otherwise 2 1 20 years 2. Periodicity of agricultural census Less than 10 Otherwise 2 1 20 years 3. Periodicity of poverty related Less than 3 Less than 5 Otherwise 1 20 surveys (IES, LSMS, etc.) years years 4. Periodicity of health related surveys Less than 3 Less than 5 Otherwise 2 1 20 (DHS, MICS, Priority survey, etc) years years 5. Completeness of vital registration complete Otherwise 2 1 20 system Maximum total score is 20 (or 100%) 100
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III. Indicator Availability Assessment indicators 1 2/3 1/2 1/3 0 Max Weight Score 1. Periodicity of income poverty Less than 3 5 years > 5 Not available 1 10 indicator years years 2. Periodicity of child malnutrition Less than 3 Not 1 10 indicator years accessible 3. Periodicity of child mortality National or Not available 1 10 indicator International Estimates available 4. Immunization indicator Annual Not 1 10 accessible 5. HIV/AIDS indicator National or Not available 1 10 International Estimates available 6. Periodicity of maternal health Less than 3 Less than More Not 1 10 indicator years 5 years than 5 accessible years 7. Periodicity of gender equality in Observed for Observed Observe Not available 1 10 education at least 5 out for at least d for 1 of 5 latest 3 out of 5 out of 5 years latest latest years years 8. Primary completion indicator Not available 1 10 9. Access to water indicator Not 1 10 accessible Maximum total score is 100% 90
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Section 3
Description of the Implementation of the T&T NAS
3.1 Overview
3.2 Objectives
3.3 Scope
3.4 Policy Actions
3.5 Impacts and Implications
3.6 Implementation
Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
3. Description of the implementation of the T&T NAS
3.1 Overview
In 2006, the European Union facilitated the preparation of the document known as the NAS or National Sugar Adaptation Strategy. It was funded under the Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries (AMSP)
The NAS was underpinned by the decisions and actions which the Government of Trinidad and Tobago had embarked on since 2003, the year in which the reform of the sugar sector was initiated.
2003 saw the country’s state owned sugar manufacturing company, Caroni (1975) Limited ceasing manufacturing and sugarcane farming. A new entity called the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited was formed which continued to produce raw sugar from cane supplied by private farmers from 2003 until 2007 to fulfill US and European quotas.
In 2007, all production of raw sugar ceased. However the sugar refinery at the Ste. Madeleine facility in South Trinidad continued to operate, importing raw sugar from Caricom countries such as Guyana and Belize, and when necessary, additional Caricom countries to produce refined sugar.
The future of this operation is not clear at this time, even though the local manufacturing and retail sector depend on it for a cheaper supply of refined sugar as an alternative to buying on the open market through agents.
The NAS is based on the premise that any future activity in the sector must be private sector, as opposed to state led and based on sustainable business models.
3.2 Objectives
The strategic objectives are 1) to enhance competitiveness of a private sector- led sugarcane sector on a sustainable basis; 2) promote economic diversification of sugar dependent areas, and 3) address broader impacts generated by the adaptation process related to social, environmental, community and area-based issues. The development of these objectives and the content of this strategy reflect the fact that the industry itself is at a crossroad where its future direction will be determined by the private sector.
The realization of the objectives articulated below are contingent on decisions by a) the private sector to make or not make any further investment(s) in sugar and b) government, in terms of the nature and level of non-commercial support it
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would provide to a privately run industry and in terms of the content of an exit package for those who opt to leave the industry.
The NAS outlines three (3) strategic objectives. The first of these deals with options for continued sugarcane farming, which would include the exploration of alternative uses for sugarcane. The other two strategic objectives deal with diversification into other food crops and the minimization of socioeconomic and environmental impacts respectively. These three (3) objectives are quoted thus:
Strategic Objective 1 To enhance the competitiveness of a private sector led sugarcane sector on a sustainable basis Strategic Objective 2 To promote economic diversification of sugar dependent areas Strategic Objective 3 To address broader impacts generated by the adaptation process related to social, environmental and community issues
3.3 Scope
The NAS was based on decisions already taken by GORTT regarding the sugar industry’s future operating framework since the reform started in 2003, in anticipation of the impending EU sugar reform. Expected results from implementation of the NAS included:
By March 31st, 2007, divestment of rum factory, sugar mill, refinery and sugar/molasses terminal to private investors resulting in 100% ownership of sugar industry assets and investments by the private sector. Sustainable private sector sugarcane production that is linked to or derived from downstream private investment in alternative uses of sugarcane. Smooth transitioning by sugar-dependent small businesses (e.g. farmers, cane delivery operators, tractor operators, service providers etc.,) out of cane production and related activities into other business ventures and income generating activities. Improved macroeconomic, business facilitation, and regulatory frameworks that are closely aligned with Trinidad and Tobago's economic diversification and Vision 2020 thrusts. The establishment of effective mechanisms to reduce and control praedial larceny and illegal (timber) logging. Limited adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts from the planned transformations - such as urbanization and energy related investments - in former and remaining sugar dependent areas.
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3.4 Policy Actions
The Cabinet of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) has overall responsibility for the implementation of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy (NAS). A technical sub-committee coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture Land and Marine Resources (MALMR) was established in 2006 for the oversight and coordination of this NAS.
In addition, several government ministries held direct responsibility for implementing elements of the NAS. They include: The Ministry of Finance, The Ministry of Trade and Industry, The Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, The Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries, The Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment, and The Ministry of Social Development.
Furthermore the Ministry of Trade and Industry hosts an Enabling Environment Committee. Table 3.41 highlights the relative agencies and their roles in implementing the policies outlines in the NAS.
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Main actions to implement the strategy Ministry of Finance’s Investment Division to confirm recommendation of Divestment Unit on the selection of the successful bidder(s) to whom government-owned sugar industry assets will be sold by March 31st, 2007. MOF to enter into and complete negotiations and legally transfer the sugar industry assets to new owners by December 31st, 2007. Potential private sector investors to investigate and evaluate the two different technologies for processing bagasse4. Private investors take responsibility for establishing new operating facilities and cane production requirements including minimum raw material characteristics. GORTT to facilitate natural gas availability to power the plant and provide continued infrastructural support, research and development and pesticide control and other support services as defined by the market. MALMR to develop a package of adjustment measures formulated and provided to farmers (to be developed by Government and farmers). MALMR to provide support to existing farmers from the industry via the establishment of an information network or the use of an existing business development service that would link exiting farmers to relevant investment products and SME support services (e.g. ADB, NAMDEVCO, NEDCO, BDC etc.). MALMR to contribute to improving the regulatory and support frameworks for a competitive business environment as part of GORTT's agenda and commitments in this area by establishing a collaborative analytical relationship with MOTI’s Enabling Environment Committee that would allow MALMR to identify and proffer key constraints to be addressed in improving the SME environment for farmers and the agribusiness sector. MALMR, in collaboration with other key government entities such as the Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment’s (MPUE), to develop and implement a plan to reduce praedial larceny and illegal logging. The MPUE’s Forestry Division, in collaboration with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA), Town and Country Planning and other relevant GORTT entities, to develop a plan to ensure environmental stability, e.g. the protection from erosion, flooding, urban and commercial business encroachment, inadequate drainage and maintenance of soil fertility on 32,000 acres of former cultivated sugar lands by the Forestry Division of Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment. MPUE to increase the institutional capacity of the Forestry Division (FD) to ensure successful implementation of the ensuing forestation programmes emanating from the environmental stability plan in collaboration with landowners and (land) tenants. The FD to launch and manage the “forest cover” programme on formerly cultivated sugar lands with support from the EMA and relevant stakeholders (community groups, farmers, private sector investors who are investing in the sector). The Ministry of Social Development (MSD) to channel funds to sugar based communities through facilities such as the decentralized structures established under the 8th EDF sponsored Poverty Alleviation Programme. MSD to conduct studies for gender analysis and social inventories among communities in former and existing sugar-dependent areas. These studies will build on EU-funded Survey of Living Conditions and an inventory of government, donor and private sector social programmes due by the end of February 2007. GORTT to fund the establishment of community-based organizations in addition to those already established by the EDF-supported poverty alleviation programme and/or GORTT or non-governmental organizations. MSD to identify and/or create linkages to training needs emerging from the studies carried out on gender analysis and social inventories or from other donor assessments.
Table 3.41 Implementation of the NAS
4 If technical assistance is requested and deemed appropriate, GORTT would consider funding this activity as a pre-investment non-commercial research and development cost to support the eventual private sector investment in the industry.
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3.5 Impacts and Implications
Caroni (1975) Ltd. was a state corporation envisaged to represent the Government’s watershed in the economic and political life on a fairly large geographical space within the island of Trinidad. This space occupied a large central island location which had excellent coastal access. Several important towns and villages relied on the company for growth, sustenance and economic buoyancy. These included the country’s second capital city of San Fernando and two towns, Couva and Chaguanas, which continue to expand rapidly, even in the absence of the company’s traditional activities.
The towns where manufacturing operations occurred, benefited from numerous employment and apprenticeship opportunities. The pending absence of the company threatened many social and economic trends.
Approximately 10,000 factory workers, field workers, technical and administrative staff and other miscellaneous categories of workers of the former Caroni (1975) Ltd accepted VSEP at a cost of $TT653 million to the state. Trade Unions and Farmers’ Associations negotiated on the workers’ behalf. The employees obtained lump sum benefits, housing and agricultural plots and training according to their category of employment and the outcome of negotiations.
Potential Agricultural Impacts. In Section 4 we present a more detailed evaluation of the impact according to recent interviews.
By 2006, the remaining group of active sugarcane producers Declining number of sugar supplied declining quantities of sugarcane to the Sugar workers Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL). In 2006, the SMCL purchased 435,000 tonnes of sugarcane from 3,666 farmers. In 2003, 750,000 tonnes were purchased from 6,000 private farmers. Declining surface of agricultural There is also declining acreage under production by private farmers. land cultivating sugar
Table 3.51 Potential Agricultural Impacts
Farmers are still plagued with the longstanding problems within the industry: lack of appropriate technology and mechanization; limited and inconsistent quality of extension services; bush fires, praedial larceny, disease, and uncertainty about the future. Some farmers are prepared to find alternative agricultural commodities and abandon cane farming completely. Those commodities mentioned by farmers are pigs, cattle, poultry, goat and vegetables. All these commodities have much support in the future plans of the MALMR but there are implications for a new influx of producers in the agricultural production scenario of Trinidad and Tobago.
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Some producers have begun to grow other agricultural commodities and to seek support from the National Agricultural Marketing Development Company (NAMDEVCO). Some farmers would like to leave the industry in exchange for ‘a lump sum to exit the industry’. Others presented a popular (among themselves) proposal to the GORTT. This was a proposal to jointly purchase the SMCL in collaboration with a potential foreign investor. These farmers were prepared to support the financing of the newly intended operations with support from the local banking sector.
Impact on Employment. A limited number of severed Caroni workers have been re-employed by the scaled down industry operators – SMCL, RDTTL and EMBD. It is estimated that 5,400 jobs were lost in the agricultural sector during 2003 and 2004 as a direct result of restructuring. If SMCL does not continue to produce refined sugar, there would be downstream effects on employment especially in the Food and Beverage sector which utilizes a combination of sugar imported directly and sugar refined by SMCL which fluctuates less in price.
The formal sector employs over 9,000 persons in soft drink manufacturing, bakeries, food processing and manufacturing and the manufacture of other beverages. Informal enterprises are also widespread and heavily dependent on domestic sugar supplies from SMCL.
SMCL also traditionally supplied about one-third of the molasses requirements of one of Trinidad’s leading rum producers at prices that are about 67% of world market prices. The net effect of the contraction in cane production is that input costs for such buyers are going to increase.
However, the impact on the sugar related industries should be limited since most of them are not solely dependent on sugar: e.g. the transport industry already covers the haulage from the port, persons involved in land preparation can be employed by the construction industry, etc.
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3.6 Level of Implementation
The NAS further outlined results to be expected from implementation of the strategy. A synopsis of this is given in Table 3.61 Expected Results vs. Status by November 2009.
Expected Results Status by November 2009 1 By March 31st, 2007, divestment of rum factory, sugar No private sector entities contracted. The mill, refinery and sugar/molasses terminal to private refinery at St. Madeline is still being run by investors resulting in 100% ownership of sugar industry the Sugar Manufacturing Company with assets and investments by the private sector. imported raw sugar as feedstock. 2 Sustainable private sector sugarcane production that is While some private sector sugarcane linked to/derived from downstream private investment production is ongoing, there are no in alternative uses of sugarcane. alternative uses being explored. 3 Smooth transitioning by sugar dependent small This has occurred to varying degrees. The businesses (e.g. farmers, cane delivery operators, sugar supply chain stakeholders’ analysis tractor operators, service providers etc.,) out of cane included in the report gives an overview of production and related activities into other business this. ventures and income generating activities. 4 Improved macroeconomic, business facilitation, and regulatory frameworks that are closely aligned with Trinidad and Tobago's economic diversification and Vision 2020 thrusts. 5 The establishment of effective mechanisms to reduce A pilot initiative, based at the Brechin and control praedial larceny and illegal (timber) logging. Castle Headquarters of Caroni (1975) Limited was set up by the Ministry of Agriculture. 6 Limited adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts from the planned transformations - such as urbanization and energy related investments - in former and remaining sugar dependent areas. Table 3.61 Expected Results vs. Status by November 2009
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Section 4 Stakeholder Impact Analysis
4.1. Identification of Stakeholders
4.2. Roles, Views and Impact
4.3. Supply Chain Analysis
Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
4. Stakeholder Analysis
4.1. Identification of Stakeholders
Impact Stakeholder Identification Direct Impact Employees of Caroni: Senior Staff, Junior Staff, Daily Paid Employees, Temporary and Seasonal Employees. Sugar Farmers: Caroni and Private
Indirect Impact Contractors: Land Preparation, Field Maintenance, Equipment Maintenance, Transport. Suppliers of goods and services including Parts and Equipment, Agro-Chemicals and Consumables Induced Small business owners in farming communities. Villages (roads, drains, playgrounds, Impact festivals) End Users Sugar: Supermarkets, Households, Processors of Confectionary, Beverages, Condiments and Baked Goods: Molasses: Distilleries, Animal Feed Processors: Bagasse: Poultry Farms, Horticulturists, Grow Box Farmers Table 4.11 Stakeholder Summary
4.2. Roles, Views and Impact
4.2.1. Sugar Workers
Sugar workers were responsible for the conversion of cane into sugar, both raw and refined. This group includes all employees of Caroni (1975) Limited, except the farmers of Caroni Lands who are included in the Cane Farmers grouping. In order to be employed at Caroni (1975) Limited, one had to be registered with a union5. The estimated number of individuals in each category of employment as represented by the relevant unions up to 2002 is shown in Table 4.21 below:
Name Representing Membership
All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers Union Daily Paid 7,500 Sugar Industry Staff Association (SISA) Junior Staff 600 Association of Technical and Supervisory Staff (ATASS) Senior Staff 400 Estate Police Association (EPA) Estate Police 200 Sugar Boilers Association (SBA) Sugar/Pan Boilers 40 Table 4.21 Employees in each category
4.2.2. Cane Farmers
Cane farmers were of two (2) types – Caroni’s farmers and private farmers. Caroni’s farmers farmed on lands owned by Caroni. Private farmers farmed on privately owned lands, sometimes supplemented by land leased from Caroni (1975) Limited. The farming of sugarcane with the support of Caroni (1975) Limited attracted many benefits that are no longer available to farmers who
5 As reported by Mr. Arjoon Singh
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chose to continue farming cane or other crops. Private farmers of cane were recipients of subsidies through Caroni Limited. These subsidies came in the form of technical assistance, a credit facility and subsidized prices for agro- chemicals, lease of tractors and other vehicles, particularly subsequent to 2003 when Caroni was no longer processing cane from their own tenanted farmers.
Farmers earned approximately TT $5,000 per acre of cane farmed based on a yield of 25,000 tonnes of cane per acre. Of this, expenses amounted to roughly $2,300 per acre of cane farmed, leaving a profit of $2,700 per acre of cane.
Fifty percent (50%) of farmers owned tractors, and fifteen percent (15%), animal drawn carts. Two (2) of the largest private farmers owned harvesters, and twenty (20) owned trucks with tasker trailers. Tractor owners who have continued farming, continue to use their tractors for tilling land. The other tractors have been sold to buyers in both Trinidad and Guyana. The animal drawn carts are of little use outside of cane farming and harvesters cannot be used in any other industry because they are so specialized. Regarding equipment therefore, the biggest losers have been owners of harvesters whereas the owners of trucks have done best, by converting their vehicles for use in hauling containers to and from the ports or transporting material and equipment for the construction or energy sectors.
Farmers Volume/yr Medium sized >300 tonnes Large sized >1,000 tonnes Table 4.22 Farmers most affected
Small farmers also worked at other businesses such as taxis or small shops and did not solely depend on cane farming as a source of income. The greatest impact would have been felt by the medium and large sized farmers who depended solely on cane farming as a source of income and provided employment within the sugar related areas.
Subsequent to the reform, about 60% of cane farmers continue to make their living from agriculture, having diversified into other crops. Because of their entrepreneurial skills, these farmers have adjusted to growing other crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes and paw-paw, for which Trinidad and Tobago Agri- Business Association TTABA offers guaranteed prices. Notwithstanding, roughly 15% of farmers have continued cane farming and 25% took advantage of a favourable sellers’ market and sold their property.
Activity Percent
Diversified into other crops 60% Sold land 25% Farming cane 15% Table 4.23 Current Activity of Farmers
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4.2.3. Land Preparation and Field Maintenance Contractors
Cane fields owned by Caroni (1975) Limited were prepared and maintained by staff on the company’s payroll from their Agricultural Services Department. Cane fields owned by private farmers, on the other hand, were prepared and maintained through a cooperative arrangement whereby farmers would maintain each others lands at intervals or by workers who were granted seasonal employment by the farmers.
4.2.4. Machinery Maintenance Providers
Qualified and skilled employees of Caroni (1975) Limited attached to the Transport and Field Engineering Department were responsible for maintaining Caroni’s Fleet of machinery. Small private farmers did not generally own machinery and large private farmers who owned harvesters, tractors and truck trailers utilized the services of local mechanics for their maintenance.
4.2.5. Suppliers
Caroni (1975) Limited dealt with between 1,200 and 1,500 suppliers as shown in Table 4.24 below:
Suppliers Revenue $TT/yr No of Suppliers
Micro-Suppliers <$50,000 50 SMEs $50K-$5Million 1000 Large >$5 Million 450 Table 4.24 Summary of Suppliers
Caroni (1975) Limited identified forty-two (42) suppliers as being mainly dependent on the sugar industry as a major source of income. The list provided indicated that roughly half (½) of these forty two (42) suppliers were located in the sugar related areas including Chaguanas, Claxton Bay, Carapichaima, Couva, Point Lisas, Princes Town, Penal, Barrackpore, Reform, Savonetta, California and Chase Village. They mainly included suppliers of spare parts and equipment, chemicals, and electrical and mechanical sales and services. Yearly purchase of selected items by Caroni (1975) Limited are shown in Table 4.25 below:
Item $TTMill Agro-Chemicals 10 Spares 5 Airborne Spraying Services 3 Office Equipment 2 Table 4.25 Yearly Purchases of Selected Items
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4.2.6. Cane Cutting and Harvesting
Most of the harvesting equipment in use in the country was owned by Caroni (1975) Limited. The largest private cane farmers owned two (2) harvesters, responsible for thirty percent (30%) of cane harvested. The other seventy percent (70%) was done manually by seasonal workers who depended on this source of income to supplement their small business or low wage employment income or income gained through alternative seasonal employment such as the Canadian seasonal worker programme.
4.2.7. Transportation
Transportation providers were required for transporting harvested cane to the factory and for transporting bulk sugar to the shipping terminal, the warehouse for further packaging, and directly to manufacturers respectively.
Caroni Limited owned a fleet of transport equipment which was used to transport cane from the farms directly to the factory. Private farmers utilizing manual extraction contracted tractors to take the cane to weighing depots while those whose harvesting was mechanized contracted truck hauled trailers to take the cane directly to the factory.
Subsequent to the reform, owners of trucks were able to modify their equipment to haul containers to and from the port(s), while owners of tractor trailers that traditionally transported cane to the weighing depots were able to use their tractors in alternative earth moving and soil preparation occupations. Truckers and harvester operators earned around TT$5 million per year6.
4.2.8. Sugar Related Communities
Preliminary research into local businesses such as shops, snackettes and bars suggests that they were impacted by the reform as their earnings depended on Caroni (1975) Limited employees resident in their communities. They would usually extend credit to sugar workers, which would be recorded and paid off when workers were paid. Caroni (1975) Limited maintained roads, bridges, drains, playgrounds and cemeteries within the sugar related areas. Though the task of maintenance has been transferred to other government agencies, a number of interviewees/informants including the poultry farmers, have lamented the fact that secondary roads and other infrastructure such as drains are no longer properly maintained, and blamed problems such as increased flooding on the reform. A list was provided of roads, playgrounds and cemeteries
6 Source: Trinidad Island-wide Cane Farmers Association
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traditionally maintained by Caroni (1975) Limited and this list is summarized in Table 4.26:
Administrative Roads Playgrounds Cemeteries Corporation Borough of Chaguanas 3 11 1 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 5 29 12 Penal/Debe 8 11 7 Princes Town 30 10 8 Tunapuna/Piarco 1 6 1 Total 47 67 29 Table 4.26 Summary of Roads, Playgrounds and Cemeteries traditionally maintained by Caroni (1975) Limited
The case of Couva/Pt. Lisas
The Head Office of Caroni (1975) Limited, is located in Brechin Castle, a key area in the Couva/Pt. Lisas district. The facilities built, owned and maintained by the company were vast and impressive and included a free clinic for employees, sporting facilities such as tennis, a golf course and a swimming pool which was utilized by residents and schools in the district. The annual Crop Over Festival featured week-long festivities, including sports, street parades, cookouts, queen shows and nightly music events and had wide participation from the surrounding communities and other sugar related areas. Since 2003, the event has been low-keyed with no festival at all in 2009.
Caroni was the largest employer in the area with factory employees, field workers, farmers and contractors numbering in the thousands. The internship programme which was run by Caroni (1975) Limited prior to 2003, played a vital role in the community as it absorbed school dropouts, 90% of which were male.
The factory operated in shifts and its employees supported businesses such as restaurants and supermarkets in the Couva area which remained open for long hours to cater for shift employees. Informal businesses such as taxis, both registered and unregistered, sidewalk food vendors, small family owned shops, and fruit and vegetable stalls also benefited.
Subsequent to the reform in 2003, the impact was immediately felt as business activity slowed down in the late afternoon due to the lack of the 400-500 Caroni employees who would normally purchase goods and services on their way to and from work.
The Couva/Pt. Lisas Chamber of Commerce consisted of one hundred and forty (140) members in December 2008, of which forty (40) were categorized as large. In 2003, the Chamber boasted sixty (60) small business owners among its members. In January 2009, there were only ten (10) members who could be categorized as small businesses. The Chamber attributes this decrease in active membership at the lower end directly to the impact of the reform which started in 2003. Furthermore, they estimate that as many as fifty (50) of their original members of all sizes depended heavily on the sugar industry for survival since they sold goods and services directly into the industry, to Caroni (1975) Limited. According to the Trinidad Island-wide Cane Farmers’ Association, the larger businesses within the sugar related areas were already targeting diversified clientele and so the impact of the industry reform was not severely felt. However, they agreed with the Couva/Pt. Lisas Chamber in acknowledging that some small restaurants, bars, and mini-marts were specifically located within sugar related communities to target the earnings of sugar workers and farmers and this category of businesses would have felt the impact much worse.
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4.2.9. End Users
Main local users of plant output prior to 2003 included rum distilleries, domestic consumers who obtained supplies from local supermarkets, softdrink, confectionary, and baked goods processors and large scale farms and animal feed manufacturers. Subsequent to the reform, the distillery and poultry farmers have reported not being able to source suitable alternatives to products supplied by Caroni in terms of cost, quality, availability and logistics. Manufacturers are concerned over the threat of the closure of the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited which refines imported sugar for sale on the local market. The Supermarkets’ Association have reported that they have not been affected by the reform, as they have continued to benefit from guaranteed supplies of imported sugar, refined by the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited.
Manufacturers – Candy Company
Apex Candy* is the fourth (4th) largest user of sugar locally. The factory produces hard and soft sweets including mints, fruit flavored sweets, lollipops, bubblegum, toffees and jellybeans. Sugar constitutes 40% of Apex’s input by cost.
Ease of Procurement
At present, Apex uses a combination of purchasing through brokers on the open market and purchasing refined sugar from the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL). When purchasing through brokers, the lead time is long, 3 to 6 months and the cost varies widely. At present, they heavily depend on leverage gained by purchasing from the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited, with whom they have a fixed price contract.
Apex Candy - Labour and Procurement
Subsequent to 2003, Apex, being in close proximity to Caroni (1975) Limited at Brechin Castle, absorbed some sugar workers despite the fact that the level and type of employee was not a good fit with Apex given that the factory utilizes world-class technology in its confectionary processing factory. Apex Candy, the largest employer in the Couva/Point Lisas area outside of the Pt. Lisas Industrial Estate, also has a policy to employ persons from Couva and surrounding communities between Chaguanas and Claxton Bay. In addition, goods and services were also procured from these communities, unless unavailable, in which case they would be procured from businesses domiciled elsewhere.
*Company name changed
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4.3. Supply Chain Analysis
Stakeholders were analyzed using Mitchell, Agle and Wood’s Power Legitimacy Urgency model. The Power, Legitimacy, Urgency model actually results in eight different stakeholder groups defined by which of the three (3) attributes each individual stakeholder group possesses. The results are summarized in Figure 4.31:
Key Stakeholders - Sugar Supply Chain Total: Power, Legitimacy and Urgency
Sugar Workers Sugar Related Areas – 12 Sugar Workers – Villagers Farmers 10 Private Cane Farmers Sugar Workers’ Unions Small Scale 8 Private Cane Farmers Farmers’ Association 6 Medium and Large Scale 4 2 Supermarkets Suppliers –Large 0
End Users – Domestic Suppliers – Small Consumers
End Users – Feed Businesses in SRAs – Processors Large End Users – Poultry Businesses in SRAs – Farmers End Users – SMEs End Users – Distillery Manufacturers
Figure 4.31 Total Power, Legitimacy and Urgency
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Stakeholder Analysis 12
10
8
6
4
2 Urgency
0 Legitimacy Power
Figure 4.32 Stakeholder Analysis Summary
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The stakeholders scoring highest in power, largely tend to be those representing organized labour, for whom the government has outstanding commitments.
While entities such as the Sugar Related Areas – Villages and small businesses within these villages have been impacted, they possess little power by nature of their lack of organization or small size.
Similarly, feed processors who find themselves without a suitable alternative for molasses, have little power to have anything done locally about it. As such, it is mainly those unions and associations to whom the government is legally bound in providing cash payments and payments of agricultural and residential plots for members that have any real power at present, in the reform.
Regarding the legitimacy attribute, while there were considerable numbers of stakeholder groups affected by the reform, only those directly affected have legal claim to outstanding settlements. These include sugar workers and farmers who still await leases for 2 acre agricultural plots and residential lots. Private cane farmers have scored lower on this attribute because their claims for monetary and non-monetary support, currently outweigh what they are entitled to by law, having operated outside of the formal Caroni (1975) Limited structure as entrepreneurs.
The stakeholders scoring highest in Urgency according to the scale used include the Private Cane Farmers – Medium and Large Scale and the Farmers’ Associations which represent them. This is because this category of farmers was fully dependent on the sugar industry for a living with equipment and property specially suited for that purpose. The private farmers who owned harvesters, for example, are unable to use these harvesters otherwise, as they are only suitable for harvesting cane.
More importantly, unlike the Caroni (1975) Limited farmers, they were not entitled to an enhanced separation package and therefore have found it much harder to diversify out of the industry. The lack of support by finance institutions, including the state owned Agricultural Development Bank which has been mandated to not support any projects involving the continued farming of sugar cane, has lead to frustration by the farmers who tried to raise capital to purchase the Ste. Madeline sugar mill and refinery to continue producing sugar.
The incentive package for cane farmers which was approved by the government in September 2007, based on the representation of four (4) cane farmers’ associations featured a payment of TT$83 million to farmers and the regularization of state lands utilized by cane farmers through the issuance of standard agricultural leases.
The farmers consider the cash payment to be inadequate and not comparable to the ‘golden parachute’ given to Caroni employees, many of whom, they argue,
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found it easy to fit into alternative employment in other organizations anyway. Farmers are also currently unhappy with the speed with which lands are being regularized as they are unable to use these lands as collateral in the meanwhile as the lands are still being surveyed.
There were also other benefits that were lost by private cane farmers such as the leasing of equipment owned by Caroni (1975) limited, subsidized fertilizers and pesticides with credit arrangements attached, agricultural research and extension services and aerial spraying of crops, all facilitated by Caroni (1975) Limited. While these latter services were more difficult to quantify, they also played a significant role in the urgency that cane farmers portray in having their needs better met.
Poultry Farmers, feed processors and manufacturers who depended on a local supply of bagasse, molasses and sugar, respectively are also heavily impacted as their reliable local supply are either now lost or threatened. In the case of the softdrink and candy manufacturers, local supplies of sugar imported and refined by the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited were used to leverage the total cost of sugar in light of fluctuating and increasing prices on the open international market. It was reported that the very existence of some of these enterprises is threatened by increasing sugar prices, since sugar constitutes a considerable portion of the raw material input cost.
In the case of the poultry farmers and feed processors, less suitable substitutes have been found, however these are less reliable in supply and cost 10 and 6 times more respectively, than bagasse and molasses from Caroni (1975) Limited. As such, the poultry association is eager to find better solutions to these issues created with the reform of the sugar sector.
Least affected by the reforms were domestic consumers and supermarkets. The reason for this lies in the fact that the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited continues to import raw sugar to refine for sale on the domestic market, as they have been doing even before the reforms. Where there have been shortfalls in domestic supply, sugar has been imported from nearby Guyana, devoid of the 40% Common External Tariff since Guyana is a member of the Caribbean Community.
It must be noted however, that real threats and risks loom for the supermarkets because, as they have already observed, there is sugar being imported into the country from outside the Caricom region and being sold at less than cost price. Any importation from the open market which is not carefully monitored, therefore, could put the traditional local importers and sellers of sugar out of business as has happened with other products.
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Institutional Assessment
5.1. The Institutional Capacity of the Central Statistical Office
5.2. Evaluation Criteria
5.2.1. Statistical Practice
5.2.2. Data Collection
5.2.3. Availability
5.3. Institutional Capacity of the Government - Alternative Sources of Information
5.4. Matrix
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5. Institutional Assessment
5.1 The Institutional Capacity of the Central Statistical Office One of the main objectives of assignment, following the Terms of Reference is Technical Assistance to the Central Statistical Office in order to ‘support the Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the frame of the budgetary and household surveying exercise carried out during the first half of 2009 and to assess the statistical validity of facts and indicators’. Requested services are itemized in Table 5.11 below:
Item Description A. The Analysis of the statistical validity of the CSO’s surveying exercise, B. The analysis of the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the HBS 2009 budgetary and household survey, and identification of areas for potential methodological improvement (e.g.: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.). C. A review of the data sources used by the CSO and assessment of their quality, reliability and coverage. D. The identification of socioeconomic dimensions studied by the CSO. E. The Proposal of appropriate additional socioeconomic indicators to extend the CSO survey’s coverage in the future, and to be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline. F. A detailed report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discuss potential constraints (data availability, time series etc.). G. Assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed. H. An identification of relevant and/or significant data related gaps in the framework of the data collection exercise and suggestions for appropriate methodology to fill in such missing knowledge. Table 5.11 Requested services to analyze Central Statistical Office capacity for Socioeconomic Data collection, management and analysis following the TOR
This chapter will analyze the ability of CSO to produce and disseminate reliable, relevant, and timely statistics and to analyze and use them for policy making. For this purpose, this chapter relies on the standardized methodological framework developed by the Development Data Group (DECDG) of The World Bank aims to improve measuring and monitoring of statistical capacity of developing countries in close collaboration with the countries and users. The database contains information on various aspects of national statistical systems and includes a country-level statistical capacity indicator based on a set of criteria consistent with international recommendations. This set of standard criteria has been strictly used by the team to assess the CSO’s capacity.
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Criteria to Analyze CSO Capacity 1. Statistical validity of HBS surveying exercise 2. Methodology HBS 2009 3. Survey design techniques 4. Pilot testing 5. Field supervision 6. Survey administration 7. Coding and data entry 8. Data collection 9. Analysis and report system 10. Review of the data sources 11. Quality 12. Reliability 13. Coverage 14. Socioeconomic variables used by CSO 15. Scope of the baseline 16. Data availability 17. Time series 18. Alternatives sources of Information besides HBS 2009 19. Coordination with other institutions
Regarding the performance of the CSO as the national body responsible for statistical information, there were wide variations in opinions expressed by concerned parties from the public and private sectors.
The following evaluation of CSO’s statistical capacity considers all of the characteristics of good statistics and the performance of all participants and stakeholders in the use of socioeconomic statistical data. This evaluation, consulting alternative sources, provides a detailed assessment of the system’s strengths and weaknesses.
As explained in the methodology, the focus of this assignment was not an in- depth analysis of the operational and management procedures of the CSO. Rather, a measured approach was taken in gaining an understanding of the capacity of the CSO to measure and analyze socioeconomic variables.
We will produce a small set of statistical capacity indicators of the CSO to show institutional capacity survey HBS, the validity of the data collected and the methodology used,
The resulting indicators help to identify the weakness of the CSO statistical capacity and suggest where improvements are most needed.
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5.2 The Evaluation Criteria
The framework used for the indicators presented here has three dimensions:
1. Statistical practice 2. Data collection 3. Indicator availability
The first dimension, statistical practice, measures the CSO’s ability to adhere to internationally recommended standards and methods. This aspect is captured by assessing guidelines and procedures used to compile socioeconomic statistics, social data reporting and estimation practices. The CSO of the Ministry of Planning is evaluated against a set of criteria such as: a) use of an updated national accounts base year, b) use of the latest BOP manual, c) subscription to IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard and d) enrolment data reporting to UNESCO. The second dimension, data collection, reflects whether the CSO conducts data collection activities in line with internationally recommended periodicity, and whether data from administrative systems are available and reliable for statistical estimation purposes. Specifically, the criteria used are: a) the periodicity of population and agricultural censuses, b) the periodicity of poverty and health related surveys and c) completeness of vital registration system coverage. The third dimension, indicator availability, looks at the availability and periodicity of key socioeconomic indicators, of which nine are MDG indicators. This dimension attempts to measure the extent to which data are made accessible to users through transformation of source data into timely statistical outputs. Criteria used include indictors on income poverty, child and maternal health, HIV/AIDS, primary completion, gender equality, access to water and GDP growth. This multi-dimensional approach is based on the notion that producing and disseminating reliable, relevant and timely statistics require a certain level of capacity in all dimensions. Any imbalance would point to weaknesses in some aspects of the statistical process.
This type of assessment will shed light on data quality and areas that need improvements in CSO and the country and global levels in general. This multidimensional approach captures various aspects of data quality, which is broadly defined as producing statistics that are fit for their purpose. In particular, it presents proxy measures for methodology, data access, timeliness, periodicity, and comparability.
For each dimension, the CSO is scored against specific criteria, using the information available to the team through several alternative sources, primary
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and secondary, interviews and data from the EU, World Bank, IMF, UN, UNESCO, and WHO.
Annex
Table 5.2. Indicators selected for the Results Measurement System Proportion of population below $1/day poverty line Under-5 child mortality HIV prevalence rate of women aged 15-24 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education Primary school completion rate Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source Fixed lines and mobile telephone per 1,000 inhabitants Formal cost required for business start up Time required for business start up Public financial management GDP per capita Access of rural population to an all-season road Household electrification rate
Box 5. The Scores to Measure Capacity
The scores are aggregated to give a result on a scale of 0-100.
1. A score of 100 percent means that a country meets current international standards in all areas assessed.
2. The data collection. A score of 100 percent means that the CSO conducts these basic censuses and surveys at regular intervals and supports a complete vital registration system.
3. The availability dimension. A score of 100 percent means that these indicators are available with acceptable frequency on a regular basis.
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5.2.1. Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO - Statistical Practice
Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO I. Statistical Practice Assessment Rating Max. Weight Indicators Score 1 0
1. National accounts base Year - 1993 or Within last 10 Otherwise 1 10 annual chain years or annual linking chain linking 2. Balance of payments manual Balance of The fifth edition Otherwise 1 10 Payments Manual 3. External debt reporting Status - Actual Otherwise 0 10 Or preliminary 4. Consumer Price Index Base Year - 1993 Annual chain Otherwise 1 10 linking 5. Production index Produced and Otherwise 0 10 available from IMF 6. Export/import prices Produced and Otherwise 1 10 available from IMF 7. Government finance Consolidated Otherwise 0 10 accounting concept Otherwise central government accounts 8. Enrolment reporting to Annual or missed Otherwise 0 10 UNESCO reporting only once in the last 4 Years 9. Vaccine reporting to WHO Coverage Otherwise 1 10 consistent with WHO estimates 10. IMF’s Special Data Subscribed Otherwise 0 10 Dissemination Standard Maximum total score is 10 (or 100%) 50% 100
5.2.2. Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO - Data collection
II. Data Collection Assessment Indicators Score 1 1/2 0 Max Weight Score 1. Periodicity of population Less than 10 Otherwise 1 20 census years 2. Periodicity of agricultural Less than 10 Less than 5 Otherwise ½ 20 census years years 3. Periodicity of poverty related Less than 3 Less than 5 Otherwise 0 20 surveys (IES, LSMS, etc.) years years 4. Periodicity of health related Less than 3 Less than 5 Otherwise ½ 20 surveys (DHS, MICS, Priority years years survey, etc) 5. Completeness of vital Complete Otherwise 0 20 registration system Maximum total score is 10 (or 100%) 40%
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5.2.3. Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO - Availability
III. Indicator Availability Score Assessment indicators 1 2/3 1/2 1/3 0 Max Weight Score 1. Periodicity of income poverty Less than 5 years > 5 years Not available 1/3 10 indicator 3 years 2. Periodicity of child malnutrition Less than 5 years > 5 years Not accessible 1 10 indicator 3 years 3. Periodicity of child mortality National Not available 1 10 indicator or Internatio nal Estimates available 4. Immunization indicator Annual Not accessible 1 10 5. HIV/AIDS indicator National Not available 1 10 or Internatio nal Estimates available 6. Periodicity of maternal health Less than Less than 5 More Not accessible 2/3 10 indicator 3 years years than 5 years 7. Periodicity of gender equality in Observed Observed Observe Not available 2/3 10 education for at for at least d for 1 least 5 3 out of 5 out of 5 out of 5 latest years latest latest years years 8. Primary completion indicator Observed Observed Observe Not available 1 10 for at for at least d for 1 least 5 3 out of 5 out of 5 out of 5 latest years latest latest years years 9. Access to water indicator Observed Observed Observe Not available 1 10 for at for at least d for 1 least 5 3 out of 5 out of 5 out of 5 latest years latest latest years years Maximum total score is 20 (or 100%) 75%
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Table 5.2. List of MDG Indicators Collected through Household Budgetary Surveys
MDG Indicator Goal 1. Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day 1 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption 4. Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education 2 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds 9. Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education 3 10. Ratio of literate females to males of 15-24 year-olds 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 13. Under-five mortality rate 4 14. Infant mortality rate 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles 16. Maternal mortality ratio 5 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 18. HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women. 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate. 6 20. Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS . . 22. Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures... 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels . . . . 30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural 31. Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation 7 32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (owned or rented) 45. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds, each sex and total. 8 47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population. 48. Personal computers in use and Internet users per 100 population . . Additional IDA RMS indicators: Access of rural population to an all-season road Household electrification rate Key: Indicator can be measured with this survey . Indicator can be measured with this survey, but some changes to methodology may be required . Indicator would not normally be estimated with this survey Note: IDA 14 RMS indicators – or most closely related MDG indicator – are shown in bold. Only indicators that can be measured with household surveys are shown; for some indicators shown, data may also be obtained from administrative sources.
Source: Household Surveys and the Millennium Development Goals, Juan Muñoz and Kinnon Scott, 2004.
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5.3 Institutional Capacity of the Government - Alternative Sources of Information
Institution Mechanism Ministry of Education The EPU surveys 100% of the country’s primary and secondary schools each school year with the use of two Educational Planning questionnaires which collect information on registration, attendance, promotions and punctuality etc. The Unit (EPU) information is available for each primary and secondary school. The information is sufficiently disaggregated so as to be aligned with specific communities. This department is also able to provide maps showing the location of each school. Ministry of Education The DERE compiles examination results from all of the country’s primary and secondary students. The results of Division of Educational national tests as well as external results from regional and international examination bodies are analyzed. For Research and Evaluation primary schools, percentage of students scoring 30% or less on the Secondary Entrance Examination (SEA) is (DERE) tracked. For Secondary schools, percent of students who pass a minimum of 5 O’Level subjects is tracked. Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health’s Research Department compiles reports from information collected at Hospitals, Health Research Department Facilities and Health Centers. The main reports produced are the monthly, quarterly and yearly Community Health Services Report by County. The information is available for the old administrative areas of Port-of-Spain, San Fernando, Arima, Point Fortin, Chaguanas, St. George, Caroni, Nariva/Mayaro, St. Andrew/St. David, Victoria and Tobago. The reporting is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas. Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health’s National Surveillance Unit compiles information on infectious diseases, which it collects National Surveillance based on tests done at health institutions and private health care providers. This information is compiled nationally, Unit (NSU) as in the case of HIV infection, or by the old administrative areas of counties in the case of the other diseases. The reporting is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas. MALMR County The various departments and agencies of the MALMR listed are able to provide information on agricultural matters. Agricultural Extension For example, the County Agricultural Extension offices maintain updated agro-ecological databases by conducting Offices, Research continuous field research and testing such as soil analysis. In general, the information is not aligned with the Department, IMA, country’s current administrative areas but rather, with the old administrative areas of counties. Forestry Division Ministry of Planning, The Central Statistical Office prepares a number of different reports with information collected from other Housing and the government authorities. Key among them for the socioeconomic baseline is The Population and Vital Statistics Environment – Central Report which analyzes information from the Ministry of Legal affairs and the Ministry of Health on numbers and Statistical Office causes of births and deaths and the incidence of various diseases. The information is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas but rather, with the old administrative areas of counties. In addition, at the end of 2009, the last report published was the 2004 report. It was found that lengthy lags between reports are common. Ministry of Planning, At the time of this study, the socioeconomic planning division was in the process of creating profiles for Housing and the communities based on the 2000 housing and population census conducted by the Central Statistical Office. Some Environment – of these community profiles were made available. Socioeconomic Planning Division Ministry of Public The Ministry of Public Utilities has supervisory jurisdiction over the state enterprises providing services but does not Utilities maintain databases on the types and level of services provided to the various communities. On request, however, the Ministry would seek information from the relevant agencies which include: Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA), Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (TSTT), Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (TTEC) and Trinidad and Tobago Postal Services (TTPOST). All of the enterprises divide the country into different areas as they see fit. For example, there are only 4 electricity distribution districts for Trinidad and Tobago. The information is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas. Ministry of Social The Research Department at the Ministry of Social Development was formed between the Ministry and former Development officials of the Office of the Prime Minister. There are capacity issues however, and the limited social research undertaken to date have been sub-contracted to private firms. There are plans by the Ministry to undertake its own social research when issues are resolved. Ministry of Works and Maps of current and planned main roads are available from the Ministry of Works and Transport trough the Director Transport of Highways. This department is responsible for all the country’s major roads and represents this information on maps from the planning phases. Information on major watercourses is also available from the Director of Drainage. Ministry of National Maintains a database of every crime reported at every station. This information is available by police divisions, Security which include Port-of-Spain, Southern, Western, Northern, Central, South Western, Eastern, North Eastern and Crime and Problem Tobago. While addresses are entered into the database, there is no standardized format which makes processing Analysis CAPA difficult. Furthermore, the information is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas.
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5.4 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TOOLBOX - The Matrix
For complete Matrix see Exhibit 1
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE TOOLBOX
CODE MDG Indicator Definition Calculation Data Collection Level Government Collection Mechanism Avail Notes Contact Institution Responsible CD MDG Demography D1 Birth Rate per The average annual number of Live Births per year divided by Counties - Old Ministry of Planning, Registry of births and deaths 2004 In December, 2009, the Head of PVSR 1000 births during a year per 1,000 Population multiplied by 1000 Administrative Areas Housing and the at the Ministry of Legal latest publication Department at persons in the population at Environment - Affairs provides information available was from 2004 the CSO midyear; also known as crude Central Statistical on births and deaths which is while the 2005 report was birth rate. The birth rate is Office (CSO) published by the CSO in the being published and the usually the dominant factor in annual Population and Vital 2006 report was being determining the rate of population Statistics Report (PVSR). edited. This time lag is growth. It depends on both the normal for this report. level of fertility and the age structure of the population.
D2 Death Rate per The average annual number of Deaths in the year divided by Counties - Old Ministry of Planning, Registry of births and deaths 2004 In December, 2009, the Head of PVSR 1000 deaths during a year per 1,000 Population multiplied by 1000 Administrative Areas Housing and the at the Ministry of Legal latest publication Department at population at midyear; also Environment - Affairs provides information available was from 2004 the CSO known as crude death rate. Central Statistical on births and deaths which is while the 2005 report was Office (CSO) published by the CSO in the being published and the annual Population and Vital 2006 report was being Statistics Report (PVSR). edited. This time lag is normal for this report.
D3 4.1 Under-five The under-five mortality rate is The data on children 59 months Counties - Old Ministry of Planning, Registry of births and deaths 2004 In December, 2009, the Head of PVSR mortality rate the probability (expressed as a or less who have died are Administrative Areas Housing and the at the Ministry of Legal latest publication Department at rate per 1,000 live births) of a summed, and the results are Environment - Affairs provides information available was from 2004 the CSO child born in a specified year expressed as a rate per 1,000 Central Statistical on births and deaths which is while the 2005 report was dying before reaching the age of live births. It is calculated by Office (CSO) published by the CSO in the being published and the five if subject to current age- dividing the number of deaths by annual Population and Vital 2006 report was being specific mortality rates. the number of live births and Statistics Report (PVSR). edited. This time lag is multiplying by 1000. normal for this report.
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Section 6
The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey
6.1 Background
6.2 Analysis of the methodology used by CSO for the survey
6.21 Survey Structure and content
6.22 Survey Instruments
6.23 Sampling Methodology
6.24 Reliability of Survey Data
6.3 Analysis of the data sources used by the CSO for the survey
6.4 Analysis of the key socioeconomic aspects in the survey
6.5 Identification of gaps - additional socioeconomic aspects to be studied
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6. The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey
6.1 Background
The correct formulation of every public policy is based on the availability and use of complete and reliable data collected through appropriate methodology. The overall objective of this assignment is to contribute to the improvement in the quality of data collection, elaboration and dissemination by CSO to provide a foundation for policy decision in the SRA.
Specifically, the evaluation has carefully analyzed the methodology used by CSO to collect, disseminate and analyze the information. Throughout the assignment, the team has worked in close collaboration with government officials to support the Central Statistical Office in the review of the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the frame of the budgetary and household surveying exercise carried out during the first half of 2009.
In this chapter, we present a detailed analysis of the most recent and updated collection mechanism, the Household Budget Survey; the foundation and main source of information for the SRA Socioeconomic Baseline.
We discuss the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the CSO’s Household budgetary survey HBS 2009 exercise by:
Analyzing and reporting the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the 2009 budgetary and household survey
Identifying the data sources used by the CSO and assessing their quality, reliability and coverage.
Identifying the socioeconomic aspects studied by the CSO and, if any, considering and proposing appropriate additional indicators to extend the CSO survey’s coverage: a) availability of health facilities, c) education, d) infrastructure and facilities: drinking water, electricity, roads etc.
Identifying areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.).
Recommending a report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discussing potential constraints (data availability, time series etc.).
Assessing to what extent information about the informal economy in SRAs have been taken into account and proposing any tools to evaluate the incidence of this factor.
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Assessing the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and proposing measures to enhance such capacity where needed.
6.2 Analysis of the methodology used by CSO for the survey
The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey (HBS) was officially launched on May 2008 and was completed on April 2009. The initial sample size was 7,680 households. But because of non-response by households, the realized sample size was 7, 090 with an overall non-response rate of 7.7%.
The sample comprised of twelve (12) monthly representative sub-samples which were further divided into twenty four (24) fortnights or periods of enumeration spread across twelve (12) months to take into account the effects of seasonality on expenditure patterns.
A vastly improved HBS as ?? compared with the previous HBS. Adherence to International Reduced as explained in Section ?? Methodology and Best Practices. The timely completion and The report was delayed several months and the dissemination of reports. publication of the results has also been considerably delayed. This assignment was considerably delayed more than 3 months waiting for the outcomes of the Household Budget Survey. Stakeholders’ involvement The CSO has not been keen on allowing any intervention by donors or any other external sources. Facilitation of the use of HBS The coordination channels to participation in early Data. stages of design with other institutions with responsibility on socioeconomic statistics is impossible to synchronize and share results with.
The 2008/09 HBS utilized three (3) questionnaires and a diary for collecting information which use the following conceptual reference:
The previous Technical Report on the 1997/98 HBS The ILO Resolution on the Compilation of Income and Expenditure Statistics (2003). The Template used by the Government (CSO) of the 2004 Agricultural Census.
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6.2.1. Sample Size and Design
The sample size of 7,680 households was determined at a stated level of statistical reliability such that estimates of expenditure would carry a margin of error of 3%. Sample structure was composed of twelve (12) monthly nationally representative sub-samples. The frame used was the 2000 Population and Housing Census. The only other available frame was the Continuous Sample Survey of Population (CSSP) master sample however this has not been revised since the 1990 Population and Housing Census. Income Area – the sample within each region was sub-divided into high, middle and low income areas providing a variable for analysis below the level of the region
6.2.2. New Expenditure Classification
The previous expenditure classification used in the last HBS was replaced by a new classification based on the Classification of Individual Consumption Expenditure by Purpose (COICOP) modified for Household Budget Surveys with six (6) levels of disaggregation and carries a 10 digit code. The Coverage of Expenditure Items:
The 08/09 HBS documents were designed to collect expenditure information on approximately 1,563 consumption expenditure items as compared with 806 as in the previous HBS. The number of food items including alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages covered has been increased from 290 to 705.
6.2.3. Survey Instruments HBS questionnaires were designed for image capture (Scanning) HBS questionnaires capture a far greater level of detail than previously resulting in improved coverage. Includes a Main Food Purchase Form to include reporting of expenditures on food, drink and tobacco.
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6.2.4. Processing Image Capture Processing System Computerized driven editing and coding environment Automatic coding of Diary and Main Food Purchase Forms comprising a linkage of text and code
6.2.5. Data Dissemination Very poor dissemination policy
6.3. Quality Assurance Program for Field Operations
HBS Timeline
June 2006 Draft HBS Proposal Completed by the CSO September 14th 2006 Cabinet Approval granted for the Conduct of the HBS January 2007 Interim HBS Unit was established September 2007 Official HBS Unit Created October 2007 Upgraded Teleform System November 2007 Pilot Test Conducted December 2007 Secured external IT Support to Finalize the HBS Processing System March 2008 Recruitment of HBS Field Staff April 2008 Training of HBS Field Staff May 2nd 2008 Official Launch May 4th 2008 Start of Field Work May 8th 2008 Extension of Life of the HBS Unit to Sept 30th 2009. May 19th 2008 Start of Editing and Coding of Documents June 15th 2008 Start of Scanning and Verification October 31st 2008 Re-Training of HBS Field Staff. November 2008 Final Batch of Questionnaires Printed March 9th 2009 Start Validation of Diaries. May 15th 2009 Completion of Field Work July 31st 2009 End of Processing August 2008 The report was NOT completed on time September 2009 Data was not Published HBS CD September 2009 Data Dissemination is still as per today, Jan 2010 pending
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6.4. Objectives of the HBS
The major Objectives of the 2008/09 Household Budget Survey were as follows:
To collect information for the selection of a current basket of goods and services for the revision of the Index of Retail Prices. To revise the section weights of the Index of Retail Prices. To provide extensive data on household budgets - incomes and expenditures. To provide data on the Distribution of household income and expenditure. To provide data on Area Purchase (area where items are purchased). To provide data on the Type of Outlet where items are purchased. To facilitate the construction of poverty lines, the conduct of poverty analyses to inform policy formulation.
Therefore the coherence and reliability of the HBS 2009 for the purpose of poverty measurement and socioeconomic baseline of the SRA is only limited. Since the main goal was not the coverage of socioeconomic variables in the sugar related areas sample, and the HBS was not designed for the purpose of Socioeconomic Baseline.
Survey Subjects
The core subject matter comprised the following:
1. Demographic, socioeconomic and related information of household members 2. Access to Social Programmes 3. The household budget – income, consumption expenditure and non-consumption expenditure 4. Household receipts and disbursements 5. Area purchased 6. Type of Outlet 7. Housing conditions 8. Availability of durables and facilities 9. Household Debt
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6.5. Coverage
The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey was a nationally representative survey with coverage across all cities, boroughs and regions in Trinidad and Tobago.
Cities and Borough Regional Corporation Tobago Parish City of Port of Spain Diego Martin Parish of St. George City of San Fernando San Juan/Laventille Parish of St. Mary Borough of Arima Tunapuna/Piarco Parish of St. Andrew Borough of Chaguanas Sangre Grande Parish of St. Patrick Borough of Point Fortin Mayaro/Rio Claro Parish of St. David Princes Town Parish of St. Paul Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo Parish of St. John Penal/Debe Siparia
6.6. Respondents
The respondents in this Survey comprised members of private households using the Central Statistical Office’s standard household definition. Individuals found living in boarding houses, hostels and institutions were excluded. Visitors who were staying with the household for a period of six months or more were included while household members who were away from the household for a period of six months or more were generally excluded except where the household incurred significant expenditures for those individuals or where the absence was work related.
6.7. Consumption Expenditure
Consumption expenditure is expenditure on consumer goods and services. These refer to those goods and services acquired for the satisfaction of wants and needs of households and individuals.
Household consumption expenditure is the value of goods and services that were acquired (used or paid for) by the household for the direct satisfaction of the needs and wants of its members including items purchased as gifts for persons outside the household:
1. Through direct monetary purchases in the market.
2. Through the market but without using any money as means of payment (barter, income in kind).
3. From production within the household (own account production)
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6.7.1. Measurement of Consumption Expenditure
Consumption expenditures on all goods and services were measured using the acquisition costs approach with the exception of owner occupied dwelling services, which were measured using the flow of services or consumption costs approach.
Nomenclature
The nomenclature use encompassed the range of household receipts and disbursements divided into the following main divisions:
1. Income from employment 2. Income from self-employment 3. Other income 4. All other household receipts 5. Consumption expenditure 6. Gifts received from other households 7. Own- production of agricultural products 8. Non- Consumption expenditure 9. All other disbursements
The nomenclature used for consumption expenditures was based on the Classification of Individual Consumption Expenditure by Purpose (COICOP) modified for Household Budget Surveys.
The COICOP is composed of twelve main divisions as follows:
01 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 02 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics 03 Clothing and footwear 04 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 05 Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance 06 Health 07 Transport 08 Communication 09 Recreation and culture 10 Education 11 Restaurants and hotels 12 Miscellaneous goods and services
The HBS expenditure classification was specifically developed for the current HBS and comprised approximately 2000 items. It also permitted six levels of disaggregation Division, Group, Class, Sub-class, Item Type and Item.
Data collection
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The fieldwork spanned a period of twelve months primarily to account for seasonality and was conducted via twenty four fortnights with a new group of households being interviewed in each fortnight.
Data was collected via interviewer administered questionnaires and self- administered diaries covering a two week period. Interviewers periodically checked and assisted household members with their recording.
6.7.1.1. Location of Selected Households
Enumerators were not required to list Enumeration Districts prior to enumeration, as this is a very time consuming exercise and would of impact negatively on the quality of interviewing given the demanding HBS workload. The location of selected households was obtained by utilizing existing recent CSSP listings. Where such listings were not readily available, Enumeration Maps or a quick area listing by supervisors were used for the selection of households.
6.7.1.2. Reference Period
The Household Budget Survey utilized retrospective moving reference periods for recording expenditures in the household and individual questionnaires. The length of the recall period was related to the frequency of purchase and the need to minimize recall errors. As far as possible twelve (12) month retrospective moving reference periods were utilized in most sections. A fourteen day diary period was used to collect expenditures on food and non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, as well as certain purchases in restaurants and hotels. The diary fortnight began on a Sunday and ended on the second Saturday. The diary information was supplemented with a Main Food Purchase Form.
6.7.2. Survey Instruments
Four (4) main documents were utilized for collecting information during the 2008/09 Household Budget Survey:
1. The Household Questionnaire (HBS1), 2. Individual Questionnaire (HBS2), 3. Diary (HBS3) and 4. The Main Food Purchases Form (HBS4).
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A Supplementary Form (HBS5) was introduced after the start of the survey to collect information on other social programmes that were not included in the Household Questionnaire (HBS1).
The structure, layout and content of the HBS questionnaires, like other surveys, were determined by: the image scanning technology used for data capture and the detailed level of the nomenclature used for recording consumption expenditures of respondents.
Household Questionnaire – HBS1
The Household Questionnaire was the first and most important document for collecting information in this survey. This questionnaire comprised thirty two (32) pages divided into seventeen (17) sections. It was used to collect demographic, social and economic data of household members as well as information on single parents, disability, chronic illnesses, access to social programmes, housing, facilities and durables owned or available for use, household pets as well as information on a range of household expenses. Information from this questionnaire was also used to identify the spenders in the household.
The expenditures collected in this questionnaire were expenditures related to the acquisition of household type goods and services. These are goods and services that are generally utilized by the household as a whole, as distinct from personal usage. This questionnaire was administered to the head of the household or a senior household member who could provide the necessary information.
Individual Questionnaire – HBS2
The Individual Questionnaire was administered to spenders in the household who were fifteen years and above. This questionnaire collected information on the acquisition of goods and services that are usually used and enjoyed at an individual level such as clothing, clothing and footwear, medical goods and services, transportation, communication, education, accommodation services, recreation and culture, miscellaneous goods and services and personal gifts.
This questionnaire also collected information on non-consumption expenditure, individual debt, income and other receipts. Spenders were required to report all relevant expenditures that they have undertaken on the acquisition of goods and services regardless as to whether these were utilized by themselves or someone else.
Diary – HBS3
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The diary formed a very critical part of this survey. It was specifically designed to collect information on the daily purchases of food, meals, drink and related expenses of the household and its members. It was kept for fourteen (14) days by a designated household member who accepted the responsibility to record the relevant daily expenditures of all spenders in the household on a daily basis. The diary also collected information on the purchasing patterns of the household, which was used to determine if it was necessary to administer a Main Food Purchase Form to the household.
Main Food Purchase Form - HBS4
The Main Food Purchase Form was designed as a supplement to the diary and represents an improvement in the collection of information on food expenditures. It was used to collect information on major purchases of food by the household which have already taken place or would be taking place outside the diary period of reporting and as such would not be recorded in the diary. It was introduced to address the problem of very few items recorded in the diaries of households who purchased their main food items outside the diary period and the consequence under reporting of food expenditures.
HBS Supplementary Form - HBS5
The HBS Supplementary Form was used to collect information on other social programmes accessed by individuals that were not included in the Household Questionnaire (HBS1). This form was included as a special request after the start of the fieldwork.
6.8. Sampling Methodology
6.8.1. The Sample Frame
The 2000 Population and Housing Census listing of households by Enumeration Districts and Regions was used as the main frame for selecting the HBS sample. This was the only complete frame available at the time of conducting the HBS. Another possible frame was the Continuous Sample Survey of Population (CSSP) master sample however this source has not been revised since the 1990 Population and Housing Census and was clearly outdated.
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6.8.2. Income areas
The sample selected in each region was implicitly stratified by income area. The three categories of income areas used were high, middle or low-income areas at the level of enumeration district. This variable was derived using income information from the 2000 Population and Housing Census which was adjusted for non-response and outliers. High income areas were determined as areas were the average income of persons in an Enumeration District (ED) was above the upper quartile of income, middle-income areas were areas within the semi- inter quartile range while low income areas were those areas were the average income of persons in the Ed?? was below the lower quartile of income.
6.8.3. Sample Size
The initial sample size for the 2008/09 Household Budget Survey HBS was 7,680 households. This was determined as the sample size necessary so that the estimates of expenditure derived from the sample would have a margin of error of 3% after accounting for an expected 15% non-response rate. The realized sample was 7, 090.
6.8.4. Sample Design and Selection by Region
The sample design utilized was a stratified two-stage cluster sample of households divided into twelve equal sub samples so that each sub sample was nationally representative by region and income area.
The sample was stratified by region to ensure a geographic representative sample of Trinidad and Tobago. Enumeration districts within regions formed the first stage, sampling unit while households within the selected enumeration district represented the second stage, or ultimate sampling units. The first stage sampling units were selected with probability proportional to size, in all one thousand nine hundred and twenty (1920) Enumeration Districts were selected this was equivalent to 80% of all Enumeration Districts. A compact cluster of four (4) households was then selected in each Enumeration District.
Each sub-sample was subdivided into two periods for ease of enumeration so that the total sample was spread across twenty four periods or fortnights. Three hundred and twenty (320) households were selected during each period. Table 6.231 shows the sample selected for the 2008/09 HBS for regions by number of enumeration districts and number of households. Figures 6.231, 6.232 and 6.233 shows the distribution of enumeration districts selected in the sample by location, income area and sub-sample respectively.
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Area Number of Eds Number of Households Trinidad and Tobago 1920 7680 Trinidad 1838 7352 Port of Spain 80 320 Mayaro 48 192 Sangre Grande 95 380 Princes Town 132 528 Penal Debe 123 492 Siparia 125 500 San Fernando 90 360 Arima 47 188 Chaguanus 101 404 Point Fortin 32 128 Diego Martin 165 660 Laventille San Juan 257 1028 Tunapuna 307 1228 Couva 236 944 Tobago 82 328 St. George 8 32 St. Mary 4 16 St. Andrew 26 104 St. Patrick 22 88 St. David 12 48 St. Paul 6 24 St. John 4 16 Table 6.231 2008/09 HBS Sample Selection by Area
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Figure 6.231 Location of Enumeration Districts Selected in the Sample
Figure 6.232 Distribution of Enumeration Districts by Income Area
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Figure 6.233 Distribution of Enumeration Districts by Sub-Sample
Substitution
Household Budget Surveys normally experience much higher non-response rates than the typical household survey obviously due to the large questionnaires used and the fourteen (14) day period of diary recording. In order to compensate for non-response, substitution of none cooperating households was permitted.
6.8.5 Reliability of Survey Data
Errors in Surveys
Information derived from surveys invariably contain some level of error. While every attempt has been made to minimize the occurrence of such errors, it is impossible to eliminate all error. Errors in surveys are usually classified as either sampling or non-sampling errors.
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Sampling Error
Sampling error is the error that is inherent in the use of sample estimates to draw conclusion about population parameters. Sampling error varies with the sample size, the larger the sample size the smaller the sampling error. It is impractical to expect that the values derived from any one sample will be equal to the ‘true’ population value consequently values derived from the HBS sample will vary to some degree from the “true” population values (those values that would be obtained if it were possible to enumerate all existing households ).
It is possible to quantify the extent of these errors taking into account the complex nature of the sample design.
Non-sampling Errors
Non-sampling errors are errors that arise due to respondent bias, interviewer bias and errors in processing. These errors are difficult to quantify, identify and correct.
The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey involved the collection of information from responses provided by households and their members hence to a very real extent the overall reliability and consistency of the 2008/09 household budget survey data depended largely on the cooperation of respondents and their willingness to provide the necessary information as required. Some households were reluctant to provide details on certain categories of expenditures, household characteristics and income. There were instances of telescoping errors (reporting of expenditures outside the reference periods), under reporting of expenditures, blank diaries and missing spenders. Households at the higher income levels were more inclined to refuse. A few enumerators were errant in the recording of information comprising the inclusion of digits where not required, misinterpretation of questions and neglect of certain questions.
A great deal of care and attention was devoted at the data collection and compilation stage so as to identify and minimize the occurrence of non-sampling errors. In this regard the staff of the HBS unit utilized a rigid quality assurance program intended to identify, correct and prevent the occurrence of such errors as far as possible. The critical elements of the quality assurance programme comprised initial screening of incoming documents, the return of problematic documents to the field, regular field visits, technical support to field staff, regular meetings with field supervisors, re-interviews of households, reinforcement of concepts and retraining of enumerators.
6.8.6. Non Response and the Rate of Substitution
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Households were classified as non-response7 in the following situations:
The household refused and could not be substituted. The household could not be located and could not be substituted. No household questionnaire was completed. The information provided was sparse and highly inconsistent.
The non-response rate by region is shown below.
Rate of Substitution
Substitution of non-responding households was utilized in the HBS. The overall rate of substitution was 30.6 %. This was quite high and reflected issues such as respondent burden, lack of publicity and tokens. An analysis of the rate of substitution by income areas revealed that in low-income areas substitutes accounted for 26.1% while in middle income areas substitutes comprised 27.6% and high-income areas 41.3%. The much higher rate of substitution in the high- income areas reflected the additional difficulties enumerators encountered in securing cooperation in these areas including access to gated communities. Figure 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 illustrates the rate of substitution across income areas.
Figure 6.2 Rate of Substitution in Low Income Areas
7 Non response rate was not published by the CSO by the time of completing this report.
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27.6%
Original Substitute
72.4%
Figure 6.242 Rate of Substitution in Middle Income Areas
41.3% Original Substitute 58.7%
Figure 6.243 Rate of Substitution in High Income Areas
Standard Errors of the HBS Estimates
The standard error is the most common measure of the magnitude of the sampling error. It measures the extent to which a statistic derived from a sample differs from its true population parameter. Standard errors provide data users with information to assess the precision of estimates derived from surveys.
The standard errors for the HBS estimates were conservatively estimated from a transformed design that concentrated on the two-stage cluster sampling component of the HBS sample design utilizing SPSS Complex Sample Module.
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Section 7
The Socioeconomic Baseline for SRAs
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1. Methodology - From HBS survey to baseline 7.1.2. Statistical validity 7.1.3. The Characteristics of SRA 7.1.4. Regional Corporations and Communities 7.1.5. Geography
7.2. The Socioeconomic Baseline
7.2.1. Demography and population 7.2.2. Household Characteristics 7.2.3. Ethnicity 7.2.4. Religion
7.3. Health
7.4. Education
7.5. Economic Performance
7.6. Infrastructure
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7 The Socio-Economic Baseline for SRAs
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1. Methodology - From HBS survey to baseline
This chapter summarized the analysis of the data which has been collected by CSO through the HBS 2009 survey. We have selected the data collected in the survey matching the Sugar Related Areas sample to analyze the different dimensions of socioeconomic status of the population living in the area.
Even though the HBS as explained was not designed to include indicators to collect socioeconomic information, this survey is the most reliable and up to date information available in Trinidad and Tobago to produce a baseline of the sugar related areas.
Following the explanatory methodology of previous chapters, the main purpose of this section is to provide a broad perspective of the socioeconomic characteristics of the poor households in the Sugar Related Areas of Trinidad and Tobago. In the following sections, we provide records for the trends of the socioeconomic dimensions of the population affected by the closure of the sugar sector.
The drive of much of the following analysis will be on the living conditions of the population who were working in the sphere of sugar related economic activities generally and, when possible, in the context of those most affected by the reforms.
Socioeconomic variables conditioning poverty usually include: age pyramid structure, gender, race, religion, marital status, education, industrial sector of employment, region, unemployment and being out of the work force, among others. We have portrayed these indicators in the SRA based on the HBS 2009 data.
Variables such as age and adult equivalent family size are continuous variables and their impact on the condition of poverty is interpreted in terms of what percentage contribution one additional year or one additional equivalent adult household member would add to the odds of being poor, respectively.
7.1.2. Statistical Validity
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Reliability does not imply validity. HBS 2009 is reliable but it was not designed to measure socioeconomic variables, so it is not necessarily a valid instrument for the purpose of this exercise. The sample was not constructed for the SRA and the questionnaire was not originally intended to analyze the socioeconomic dimensions of the SRA. Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.
Table 7.1. Classes of reliability estimates 1. Inter-rater reliability is the variation in measurements when taken by different persons but with the same method or instruments. 2. Inter-method reliability is the variation in measurements of the same target when taken by a different methods or instruments, but with the same person. 3. Test-retest reliability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item and under the same conditions.
Nevertheless, we have collected the relevant information from the HBS 2009 to present significant updated and reliable statistical features to serve as a baseline for the implementation of the NAS in SRAs.
Chapter VII describes the methodology and provides an explanation of the degree of reliability of the HBS 2009 survey data.
Table 7.2 Summary of Reliability-Types of Errors
Errors in Surveys Information derived from surveys invariably contains some level of error. While every attempt has been made to minimize the occurrence of such errors it is impossible to eliminate all error. Errors in surveys are usually classified as either sampling or non- sampling errors.
Sampling Error Inherent in the use of sample estimates to draw conclusion about population parameters. Sampling error varies with the sample size, the larger the sample size the smaller the sampling error. Values derived from the HBS sample vary logically to some degree from the “true” population values; but could be improved.
Non-sampling Errors Errors that arise due to respondent bias, interviewer bias and errors in processing. These errors are difficult to quantify, identify and correct. The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey involved the collection of information from responses provided by households and their members hence to a very real extent the overall reliability and consistency of the 2008/09 household budget survey data depended largely on the cooperation of respondents and their willingness to provide the necessary information as required. Some households were reluctant to provide details on certain categories of expenditures, household characteristics and income. There were instances of telescoping errors (reporting of expenditures outside the reference periods), under reporting of expenditures, blank diaries and missing spenders. Households at the higher income levels were more inclined to refuse. A few enumerators were errant in the
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recording of information comprising the inclusion of digits where not required, misinterpretation of questions and neglect of certain questions.
The team believes that the CSO could have devoted more attention to quality control during data collection and compilation stage in order to identify and minimize the occurrence of non sampling errors.
In fact, the quality assurance program used was not successful, and was one of the main reasons for a 6 months of delay in the deliverance of the final data. The CSO reported to the team serious difficulties during the screening of incoming documents, insufficient technical support and lack of computer software and human resources skills to screen the documents.
Non Response The non-response rate was 7.7%. Households were classified as non-response in the following situations: The household refused and could not be substituted. The household could not be located and could not be substituted. No household questionnaire was completed. The information provided was sparse and highly inconsistent. Rate of Substitution Substitution of non-responding households was utilized in the HBS. The overall rate of substitution was 30.6%. This is extremely high and reflected issues such as respondent burden, lack of publicity and tokens. An analysis of the rate of substitution by income areas revealed that in low-income areas substitutes accounted for 26.1% while in middle-income areas substitutes comprised 27.6% and high-income areas 41.3%.
7.1.3. The Characteristics of the Sugar Related Areas
Chapter VII describes how the HBS 2009 sample was designed and chapter IV describes how the Sugar Related Areas sample was designed. Both are different samples and this has severe technical statistical implications for the study. The HBS2009 was never designed to be a baseline for the sugar related areas. In fact, no Ministry dealing with socioeconomic data on a regular basis such as Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, etc. has ever compiled information for the SRA. What is more challenging for the study is that he methodology used to collect and analyze information is not compatible for cross ministerial purposes.
Most relevant agricultural data, geographic information and other information related to the sugar industry, was historically captured and monitored by Caroni Ltd., following an obsolete set of hand drawn maps with a provision of borders, agricultural plots and land classification which were not geo-referenced by GIS and which did not follow administrative sampling units.
This has been the most challenging obstacle for the study. If this area was properly categorized by the government, under communities, any alternative
86 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A. Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago future collection of data would be useful to monitor policy implementation in the SRA areas.
Trinidad and Tobago is a parliamentary democracy and governance is based on the Westminster model. Trinidad is presently divided into fourteen Administrative Regions while Tobago is divided into seven Parishes. Municipal Corporations were established by Act No. 21 of 1990 and further amended by Act No. 8 of 1992 where Municipal Corporations replaced the County Councils.
Unfortunately not all the Ministries have adopted this common set of administrative organization. This lack of a common unit of analysis has precluded the team from comparing cross sector valuable socioeconomic data collected at the local level by different instruments by alternative ministries.
There is an outstanding and severe absence of ministerial coordination in Trinidad and Tobago and the endeavor to harmonize and avoid overlap and establish common methodology to ensure reliability and of statistical information is considerable. The team found different alternative government sources making use of difference methodologies which unfortunately do not use the same sampling unit or regional administrative division to operate. Therefore the possibility of comparing and analyzing results coming from different ministries, or using data sets collected in the field by different government bodies is unfortunately technically impossible.
The most significant obstacle for statistical analysis for socioeconomic policy is the absence of a ministerial common unit harmonizing, compiling and disseminating data to potential users for policy decision support.
To overcome the lack of a common sampling among socioeconomic ministerial units, the team decided to use the following units of analysis:
Units of Analysis 1. Regional corporations, Communities, 2. Electoral districts
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Box 7.1. Characteristics of PSU
Following the 2009 HBS's primary Since the PSUs affect the quality of all subsequent phases of the HBS process, it is important to ensure that the units sampling unit, we also decided to designated as PSUs are of good quality and adhere to the use the census enumeration following requirements: districts (EDs) as a primary sample unit to analyze socioeconomic (a) Have identifiable boundaries that are stable over time; variables of the household. (b) Cover the target population completely;
The team has spent a great amount (c) Have a measure of size for sampling purposes; of effort to harmonize information to (d) Have data for stratification purposes; compare statistical information coming from different sectors (e) Are large in number. horizontally in the sugar related areas.
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7.1.4. Regional Corporations and Communities
The present structure of Local Government Administration is as follows:
Table 7.3. Local Government Administration and Sugar Areas NATIONAL SUGAR RELATED AREAS City Corporation City Corporation 1. Port of Spain 2. San Fernando
Borough Corporation Borough Corporation 3. Arima 4. Chaguanas 1. Chaguanas 5. Point Fortin Regional Corporations Regional Corporation 6. Diego Martin 7. San Juan/Laventille 2. San Juan / Laventille 8. Tunapuna/Piarco 3. Tunapuna / Piarco 9. Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 4. Couva / Tabaquite / Talparo 10. Mayaro/Rio Claro 5. Mayaro/Rio Claro 11. Sangre Grande 6. Sangre Grande 12. Penal/Debe 7. Penal/Debe 13. Siparia 8. Siparia 14. Tobago 15. St. George 16. St. Mary 17. St. Andrew 18. St. Patrick 19. St. David 20. St. Paul 21. St. John Source: Own source, HBS 2009, Agricultural Survey 2005
The complete list of communities included in the sugar related areas is in Annex II. Chapter IV provides a clear explanation of the criteria followed to define the sample.
In the next table, we present a summary of the communities and regional corporations with more sugar dependant population density and workers traditionally employed in the sugar industry. This is not the total population of the SRA, but a representation in the most populated communities.
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Nº of Aprox. Km2 Total Private Direct Population % of Sugar Region / Community Surface Population SRA Impact Density Farmers Farmers Population Princes Town 101 Sixth Company 4 3170 40 140 793 1,3% Corinth 1 1879 76 266 1.879 4,0% Petit Morne 2 760 83 291 380 10,9% Usine St. Madeline 2 338 42 147 169 12,4% Basse Terre 47 3070 62 217 65 2,0% Broomage 3 1.481 38 133 494 2,6% Fifth Company 3 1292 81 284 431 6,3% Lengua 630 90 5,9% Village/Barrackpore 7 37 130 Lothian 2 1062 72 252 531 6,8% Sisters Village 20 4328 200 700 216 4,6% Indian Walk** 10 5361 56 196 536 1,0% Penal/Debe 109 La Fortune 4 1614 72 252 404 4,5% Penal 23 13381 131 459 582 1,0% Penal Rock Road 43 4.188 300 1.050 97 7,2% Barrackpore 27 7212 137 480 267 1,9% Golconda 2 1068 161 564 534 15,1% St. Croix Village 10 873 54 189 87 6,2% City of San Fernando 1 Tarouba 1 1359 89 312 1.359 6,5% Borough of Chaguanas 13 Jerningham Junction 6 4648 85 298 775 1,8% Endeavour Village 4 1355 80 280 339 5,9% Petersfield 3 164 32 112 55 19,5% Tunapuna/Piarco 7 Warren Village 7 75 31 109 11 41,3% Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 30 Brickfield 8 521 119 417 65 22,8% Carlsen Field 16 149 32 112 9 21,5% Chase Village 3 3859 48 168 1.286 1,2% Esperanza 1 338 36 126 338 10,7% Point Lisas (NHA) 1 2582 52 182 2.582 2,0% St. Andrew's Village 1 2855 106 371 2.855 3,7% Total 261 69612 2352 8232 Source: HBS 2009, Agricultural Census 2005 and own data.
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Table 7.4 Allocation of Caroni (1975) Limited Lands – April 2009
Type of Use Amount (Area) Percent of Total
Agriculture: 2-acre plots 20,319 27 -Mega farms 2,263 3
-Non-cane farming 11,109 15
-Agricultural 4,222 6
Squatters Not Known
Residential 4,053 5
Industrial 4,078 5
Existing Tenants 11,861 16
Unassigned 16,703 24
Total 76,608 100
Source: Caroni (1975) Ltd.
7.1.5. Geography
Trinidad and Tobago is a twin-island nation located at the southern end of the archipelago that forms the Caribbean islands. Trinidad is located at 10 ½ degrees and Tobago is located at 11 degrees north latitude. Both islands lie between 60 and 62 degrees west longitude, with the Caribbean Sea to the north- west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east (the Gulf of Paria lies to the west of Trinidad). The climate is tropical. Trinidad has an area of 4,828 square kilometers (1,864 square miles), while Tobago, which lies north-east of Trinidad, has an area of 300 square kilometers (116 square miles). A thirty-one kilometer wide channel separates the two islands.
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Map 7.2. Geography of Trinidad
It has a land area of approximately 5128 km2 and population density of 24.1 per square kilometer.
Geographically, Trinidad is comprised of two major cities, Port of Spain and San Fernando; three boroughs: Arima, Chaguanas and Point Fortin; and nine Municipalities. The latter constitute larger spatial units than the cities and boroughs, comprising of a mix of urban and rural communities and consist of larger populations than the cities and boroughs.
As portrayed in the map below, the area covers partially the Boroughs of Chaguanas and partially 7 Regional Corporations as shown in table below. Scarce agricultural land is disperse and devoted to sugar in the Mayaro-Rio Claro, Siparia and Sangre Grande Regional Corporations. Most of the fertile agricultural land, where the majority of the sugar related areas rest, is concentrated centrally located on a flat gently undulated land called the Caroni Plan in the central Part of the island and the Naparima Plain in the South.
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Map of the Sugar Related Areas
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The SRA covers an area of 1046 km2 which is around 20% of the total national surface (5128 km2). The geography of the island offers a variety of mountain ranges, valleys, swamps, lagoons and alluvial plains. The northern, central and southern mountain ranges roll into the land where the sugar related areas lie: the well cultivated Caroni, Naparima and Nariva Plains.
Trinidad and Tobago's total land area covers 513,000 hectares, of which less than one-third was arable, of which less than one-fifth is SRA.
Approximately 11,000 hectares, or only 2 percent of total area, were devoted to pasture, the lowest percentage in Latin America or the Caribbean. By contrast, approximately 45 percent of total land was forest or woodland, making timber abundant. Although Trinidad's three corridors of mountains place the greatest restriction on agricultural activity, the plains between the ranges are fertile. Only about 13 percent of the arable land was irrigated, but there were numerous streams and small rivers. Flooding is common during the rainy season.
Table 7.2. Agricultural Land in Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago Km2 %
Total surface 5128 100,0
Agriculture arable land 856 16,7
Forest cover 2307,6 45,0
Pasture surface 102,56 2,0
Sugar Related Areas 1046 20,4%
Source: CSO and own data
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Map 7.3. Drainage and irrigation Map
The total area of all holdings is 84,900 hectares with an average holding size of 4.5 hectares. While 33.9% of all holdings fall into the size group ‘2 < 5’ hectares, 22.2% of holdings are less than 0.5 hectares in size.
Nº of Agricultural Holders in Sugar Related Areas Borough Corporation 1. Chaguanas 501 Regional corporation 2. San Juan / Laventille 649 3. Tunapuna / Piarco 2221 4. Mayaro/Rio Claro 2099 5. Sangre Grande 2460 6. Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 3078 7. Penal/Debe 2227 8. Siparia 1342
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7.2 The Socioeconomic Baseline
7.2.1 Demography and population
The population for Trinidad and Tobago at the beginning of the past decade was 1,282,4478. Trinidad’s population concentrates in the north, north-west and in parts of the south and south-west. The SRA has no major urban centers, but is bordering the two most significant cities concentrate most of the sugar farmers and workers population and are home to most of the SRA workers who commute on a daily basis.
8 Source: Population Census 2000. We have applied a factorial formula to estimate the population of the country and the communities today.
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7.2.2.1 Population Density
Map of Population Density
Source: CSO according to Population Census 2000 and projection formula
Table 7.2.1. Population Density in Sugar Related Areas Region/Community Km2 surface Population Males % Females % Population/km2? Mayaro/Rio Claro 29 2.038 65,0% 35,0% density70 Princes Town 242 86.492 47,9% 52,1% 357 Penal/Debe 166 67.693 48,7% 51,3% 408 Siparia 15 1.614 49,3% 50,7% 108 City of San Fernando 1 1.359 47,6% 52,4% 1359 Borough of Chaguanas 61 60.486 48,5% 51,5% 992 Tunapuna/Piarco 103 18.269 52,7% 47,3% 177 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 430 119.738 50,3% 49,7% 278 Total Sugar Areas 1.046 357.689 49,4% 50,6% 342 Total Trinidad Tobago 5.128 1.282.447 49,1% 50,9% 250 Source: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Planning and Development, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
The Sugar Related Areas population density is high in those communities which are home to major urban towns such as Corinth near Princes Town, Tarouba near City of San Fernando and Chase Village, Point Lisas and St Andrews Village in Couva.
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Table 7.2.2. Population by Age Group, Trinidad and Tobago in 2009
0 - 4 5 to 9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80+ Mayaro/Rio 5% 0% 5% 20% 15% 10% 0% 15% 15% 5% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 100% Claro Princes Town 8% 6% 9% 9% 10% 8% 6% 6% 7% 7% 6% 4% 4% 3% 3% 1% 2% 100% Penal/Debe 6% 6% 6% 7% 9% 11% 7% 6% 7% 8% 7% 5% 5% 3% 3% 2% 3% 100% Siparia 5% 5% 5% 7% 11% 10% 7% 5% 5% 9% 11% 3% 8% 1% 3% 3% 2% 100% City of San 7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 10% 5% 5% 19% 7% 5% 7% 10% 2% 2% 0% 0% 100% Fernando Borough of 7% 7% 7% 8% 8% 10% 6% 8% 7% 6% 7% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 100% Chaguanas Tunapuna/Pi 7% 6% 9% 10% 10% 8% 5% 11% 9% 8% 5% 3% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 100% arco Couva/Tabaq 7% 7% 7% 8% 9% 9% 7% 8% 7% 8% 7% 4% 5% 3% 2% 2% 1% 100% uite/Talparo Source: Central Statistical Office, HBS 2009,
Mayaro/Rio Claro Princes Town Penal/Debe Siparia City of San Fernando Borough of Chaguanas Tunapuna/Piarco Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo
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While, Trinidad and Tobago has seen a global increase in the total population over the period from 1990 to 2009, the structure of the population pyramid is changing dramatically. The under-15 age group is decreasing, while the above 60 years of age group is increasing.
The figures indicate the two trends. First, the data illustrates a steady decrease in the population under the age of 15 from the year 1990 to 2009. Second, the data shows how the population over 60 years old increases over time.
Table 7.2.3 Aging Population Statistics
Year Population Group
< 15 years 60 years and over
1990 406,648 105,957
1995 365,026 109,630
2000 319,937 126,477
2003 320,612 212,011
2006 319,433 224,013
2009 318,228 225,112
With respect to the age distribution of the population, the 2009 Census revealed that about a quarter of the population (25.3 percent) were children under the age of 15 years. Just under one-fifth (19.8 percent) of the population were youth (15-24 years old). Another 30.2 percent of the population was younger persons in the prime of their working lives (25-44 years) as opposed to 17.7 percent of the population who were more mature working age persons 45- 64 years old. Persons of 65 years or older accounted for 7.1 percent of the population.
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Series3;Series1; 1; 406,648 Less than 15 years old Series3;Series1; 2; 365,026 Series3;Series1; 3; Series3;Series1; 4; Series3;Series1;Series3;Series1; 5; 6; 319,937 320,612 319,433318,228
Series4;Series2;Series4;Series2; 5; 6; Series4;Series2; 4; 224,013225,112 212,011
Series4;Series2; 3; Series4;Series2; 1; Series4;Series2; 2; 109,63126,477 105,957
In terms of the age sex structure by age group of the population, males outnumbered females in younger five-year age groups but a reversal in this pattern was evident in the 55-59 age group and among older five-year age groups.
Conclusion: This confirms the conjecture that the population in the Sugar Related Areas is aging. Agriculture programs will need to be focused in younger population.
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7.2.2 Household Characteristics
Gender and family composition
Overcrowding at the household level is one of the most statistically significant variables affecting the determination of a poor household than any other.
The larger household size among the poor is closely related to higher numbers of children, indicating that income-earners in poor families must support more people.
Nationally, approximately one-quarter of households are headed by females with the prevalence of female headship somewhat higher in SRA than at the national level.
Female-headed households have, on average, 3.8 persons in the household which is slightly lower than the national average of 4.2. The incidence of poverty among these households is higher. This can be largely accounted for by the lower labor force 9 participation rates, high Table 7.2.2. Gender Composition of the Household in SRA Region/Community Gender Composition (%) unemployment, and lower Male Female wages among women. Mayaro/Rio Claro 65,0% 35,0% Princes Town 47,9% 52,1% In addition, women in Penal/Debe 48,7% 51,3% female headed Siparia 49,3% 50,7% households have child City of San Fernando 47,6% 52,4% care responsibilities, Borough of Chaguanas 48,5% 51,5% which presents a time Tunapuna/Piarco 52,7% 47,3% constraint that limits their Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 50,3% 49,7% availability for income Total 49,4% 50,6% generating activities. Source: HBS 2009 SRA sample
For the country as a whole, males were the head of 67.5 percent of households. But this percentage is much lower in the SRA. In the richest communities the percentage of households headed by males are higher. The highest percentage of female heads was in the poorest communities in Penal Debe, Chaguanas, Princes town and City of San Fernando. Women headed households are more numerous in the SRA than any other areas in the country.
9 Source: Own data based in HBS 2009
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Table 7.2.3. Women Headed Households10 Region/Community % women headed hh Mayaro/Rio Claro 14,29 Princes Town 15,63 Penal/Debe 13,31 Siparia 16,00 City of San Fernando 27,27 Borough of Chaguanas 17,86 Tunapuna/Piarco 16,28 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 13,28 Total 14,9%
Table 7.2.2 Marital Status of the household
Administrative Corporation: Single Married Not Stated Single Parent
Marital Status % % % No Total
Mayaro/Rio Claro 55,6% 44,4% 0,0% 8 10 Princes Town 51,4% 47,8% 0,8% 320 364 Penal/Debe 44,3% 55,6% 0,1% 359 391 Siparia 48,0% 52,0% 0,0% 55 60 City of San Fernando 45,7% 54,3% 0,0% 16 16 Borough of Chaguanas 53,2% 46,8% 0,0% 397 441 Tunapuna/Piarco 49,8% 50,2% 0,0% 97 105 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 46,7% 53,2% 0,1% 647 712 Total 48,4% 51,4% 0,2% 1.899 2.099 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
The larger household size among the poor in SRA is closely related to higher numbers of children, indicating that income-earners in poor families must support more people. Poor households have approximately 6.1 persons compared with 3,1 persons in non-poor households. The larger proportion of poor households in SRA also have a non-nuclear family structure comprised of single parent families (mostly female-headed), or households with non-family members.
10 Source: Own data based on HBS 2009
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Series1; Family structureSeries1; Not Series1; Living Marital StatusStated; 2009 8; Never common 0% married/nev law; 482; er had a 11% partner; 1.534; 34%
Series1; Series1; Marrie Married Had a d but living with partner but now spouse; now living living 1.831; 41% alone 6% alone; 356; … Source: Own data SRA HBS 2009
7.2.3 Ethnicity While the population in Trinidad and Tobago is ethnically mixed with approximately 40 percent each of African and East Indian descent, followed by those of mixed descent (18 percent); the SRA is home to more than 70% of Indians. The Afro-Trinidadian population live morel likely in urban areas and are employed in the public sector; while Indo-Trinidadians have been located in the sugar producing areas of rural southern and central Trinidad and are largely employed in business and agriculture.
The SRA has a multiethnic, multi-religious population. In the same way, the Sugar Related Areas has a multiethnic composition, but with a much higher concentration of Indian populations, which is concentrated in the communities of Chaguanas, Cuova and Princes Town and Indu religion (44%) .
Table 7.2.3.1. Ethnic Composition of the Sugar Related Area
Region/Community African Indian Caucasian Mixed Total Mayaro/Rio Claro 0% 75% 0% 25% 100 Princes Town 21% 60% 0% 19% 100 Penal/Debe 10% 80% 0% 10% 100 Siparia 29% 63% 0% 8% 100 City of San Fernando 0% 100% 0% 0% 100 Borough of Chaguanas 25% 62% 0% 13% 100 Tunapuna/Piarco 10% 82% 0% 8% 100 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 17% 71% 0% 12% 100 Source: Own data based on HBS 2009
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Table 7.2.3.2. Ethnic Background in SRA
Series13 Series13Series13Series13 Series13African Indian Caucasian Based upon the 2009 HBS survey 8; Other; 8; Not 8; 8; 8; Mixed; Mixed1; 0% OtherStated; 1;NotCaucasia StatedAfrican; the ethnic composition of the SRA 699; 13% 0% n; 4; 0%968; 17% population of Trinidad and Tobago has its roots in historical antecedents that have been critical in shaping numerous facets of the region and its cultural dynamics which in turn, impact upon variations Series13 in the standard of living experienced 8; Indian; by persons belonging to the different 3.854; 70% ethnic groups.
Source: Own based in HBS 2008 SRA sample
7.2.4 Religion
Primarily because of historical Series1;Table .2.4. ReligiousSeries1 BeliefsSeries1; in antecedents and the ethnic mix of AdventistPresbyte SRA; Not Anglican; rian;; 113; 207; 2% Series1 Stated; 151; 3% the population, Trinidad and ; None; Series1;4% Series1; 20; 0% 53; 1% Series1; Tobago has emerged as a multi- Roman Other; Baptist; religious society. Although Roman Catholic; 263; 5% 287; 5% Catholicism has persisted as the 520; 9% most popular religion, it has been losing ground to other Christian Hindu denominations primarily the Series1; 44% Pentecostals/Evangelicals. Pentecos tal; Roman Catholicism accounted for 1.059; Series1; 26 percent of the population at the 19% Muslim; time of the 2000 Census while 437; 8% Pentecostalism accounted for 6.8 percent. Other notable Christian groups that accounted for substantial numbers in the population include Anglicans (7.8 percent) and Baptists (7.2 percent). Hindus and Muslims continue to account for 22.6 percent and 5.8 percent respectively of the population. In the Sugar Related Areas the percentage of Hindu denomination is much higher than the rest of the country, reaching a 44 %.
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7.3 Health
The Ministry of Health of Trinidad and Tobago has several jurisdictions covering the whole country. Some of the jurisdictions have responsibility over the SRA as follows.
Table 7.3. Health Facilities in Sugar Related Areas and Trinidad
The North West Regional Health Authority (NWRHA) is responsible for the most populated area of Trinidad and Tobago, but does not cover the SRA. Nevertheless an important amount of the population working in SRA resides in the NW and is covered by the NWRHA jurisdiction. The NWRHA has seventeen (17) health centres, one (1) outreach centre and three (3) hospitals. These hospitals are Port of Spain General Hospital (teaching hospital); St. Anns Hospital (Psychiatric hospital) and St. James Medical Complex (a specialty service for cancer treatment.
The second regional Authority is the Southwest Regional Health Authority (SWRHA) covering more than one third of the land surface of Trinidad, extending from Couva in the North to Icacos in the South West, Moruga in the South East and Tabaquite in the North West. The
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population in this region is approximately five hundred thousand (500,000) and some important areas belong to our sample, the SRA, as shown in the map.
The South West Regional health Authority has thirty three (33) health centers, two (2) hospitals. These hospitals are San Fernando General Hospital (teaching hospital); Point Fortin Hospital (county hospital); two (2) District Health Facilities (Couva District Health Facility and Princess Town District Health Facility) and two extended care units (Couva Extended Care Unit and Point Fortin Extended Care unit). These Extended Care Units house psychogeriatric patients
The North Central Regional Health Authority (NCRHA) is responsible for the management and operation of the following Health Facilities:
Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex Mount Hope Women’s Hospital Caura Thoracic Hospital Arima Health Facility Chaguanas Health Facility Tacarigua Extended Care Facility Twelve (12) Health Centres and one (1) Outreach Centre Two of the hospitals, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex and Mount Hope Women’s Hospital, are tertiary or teaching health institutions
The Eastern Regional Health Authority (ERHA) provides health care for the catchment population of approximately 120,000 from Matelot in the North to Guayaguayare, Rio Claro & Brothers Road in the South to Valencia in the East. This range covers approximately one-third of the land mass of Trinidad.
The Eastern Regional Health Authority has fifteen (15) health centres, one (1) hospital, the Sangre Grande District Hospitals. At present this hospital is being upgraded to accommodate more specialized services and bigger surgeries. There one (1) District Health Facility (Mayaro District Health Facility).
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Table 7.2.2. Health Facilities in the Sugar Related Areas Regional Health Hospitals District Health Health Centers NCRHA 3 2 11 AuthoritiesNWRHA 3 Facilities0 17 SWRHA 2 2 33 ERHA 1 1 15 TRHA 1 0 16 Source: Ministry of Health
The SRA, following a general trend in Trinidad and Tobago, record high levels of education and health care access, but within these critical sectors the region is grappling with quality issues.
Life expectancy at birth has increased. Much of the gain in life expectancy at birth was, however, we find it in the under-15 age group, with less than a one year gain at age 65.
A major reason for the improvement in overall life expectancy over the last 30 years has been the drop in infant mortality
Treatment for common diseases is readily available from a network of 101 health centers, 7 hospitals, and approximately 400 private general practitioners. At the point of access, government centers are free, including diagnostic and pharmaceutical supplies.
The SRA follow the same patterns as the national statistics related to socioeconomic conditions and access to child health services.
There is low prevalence of satisfactory breast-feeding practices for infants under 1 year old, and areas of malnutrition and poor coverage of routine screening for children between 2 and 5 years old are suspected to be on the rise.
Morbidity reports from SRA clinics show no significant change in recent years. First visits to clinics by infants in the first and second years of life amount to about 80% of the target population, but at 2 years of age, coverage is less than 50%. The mean number of visits by infants under 1 year is 4.2, sufficient to produce adequate immunization; 20% of infants are visited at home. On average, each child attends a clinic 1.7 times between the ages of 1 and 4 years.
Among adults aged 25 to 44 years old, approximately 31.2% of male deaths were due to external causes. Circulatory diseases caused 14.2% of deaths from defined causes.
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Although the elderly (age 65 and older) currently represent only 6% of the population, the proportion is growing. The principal causes of death in this age group are circulatory diseases, and diabetes.
Nutritional Diseases and Diseases of Metabolism. Based on the data collected It appears that severe malnutrition is uncommon in Trinidad and Tobago, but that selected SRA areas have high rates of moderate stunting and wasting.
The food available to the population is sufficient to meet its basic needs with an excess of energy (30%), protein (60%), and fat (50%). Information is insufficient regarding current consumption patterns.
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Chronic diseases in Sugar Related Areas by Regional Corporations
Nº of
Health
center
s in
SRA Regional
Other
Heart_
icalMental Cancer
Region Hypert.
Asthma
Disease Disease
Arthritis
HIVAIDS
Epilepsy Diabetes
Corporations Disorders
Lung_Disease
Clin
KidneyDisease
NS Chronic NS Illness
Sickle Sickle Anemia Cell OtherNeurological
Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 0% 0% 50% 25 25 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Princes Town 6 18% 18% 19% 19% 6%% 1% 0% 1% 0% 2% 2% 1% 0% 9% 4% Penal/Debe 5 16% 12% 23% 26% 11 1% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 4% 3% Siparia 1 9% 9% 28% 35% 5%% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 11% 0% City of San Fernando 0 0% 7% 36% 36% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 14% 0% Borough of 2 16% 11% 26% 26% 11 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 8% 1% Chaguanas % % Tunapuna/Piarco 1 13% 12% 27% 26 4% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% 4% 0% 2% 5% 1% Couva/Tabaquite/Tal 9 16% 17% 25% 24% 8% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 3% 1% paro % Total 24 Source: Own data based in HBS 2009 SRA sample
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7.4 Education
As education has a strong correlation with earnings and intergenerational mobility, this explains lower income levels among the poor. The SRA is regionally well provided with basic education facilities.
Table 7.4. Education Facilities in the SRA
Source: Own source based in Ministry of Education
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Table 7.4.1. Primary and Secondary Schools
Region/Community Nº of primary schools Nº secondary schools Total Mayaro/Rio Claro 1 0 1 Ecclesville 1 0 1 Princes Town 34 8 42 Penal/Debe 29 9 38 Siparia 2 0 2 City of San Fernando 0 0 0 Borough of Chaguanas 15 9 24 Tunapuna/Piarco 7 2 9 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 44 3 47 Total 132 31 163 Source: HBS 2009
Educational attainment in the SRA, on the whole is very close to national levels. Some families may find it more cost-effective for their children to work (at either informal or formal sector activities) rather than attend school.
Table 7.4.2. Education Levels Attained in SRA Education None Pre- Primary Second Univer Other Not school sity Appl . Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 0% 0 0% 9 45% 9 45% 0 0% 1 5% 1 5% Princes Town 24 3% 51 5% 358 37% 410 43% 25 3% 41 4% 48 5% Penal/Debe 50 4% 32 3% 409 37% 489 44% 41 4% 41 4% 52 5% Siparia 0 0% 4 3% 57 39% 66 45% 12 8% 3 2% 4 3% City of San 1 2% 1 2% 12 29% 24 57% 1 2% 0 0% 3 7% Fernando Borough of 21 2% 27 3% 380 37% 445 43% 53 5% 65 6% 42 4% Chaguanas Tunapuna/Piarco 11 4% 15 5% 90 33% 120 44% 13 5% 8 3% 14 5% Couva/Tabaquite/Tal 46 2% 47 2% 699 36% 850 44% 116 6% 97 5% 82 4% paro Source: CSO
Following the same patterns as national level education, the educational attainment differed enormously by income in the SRA. Higher levels of education payoff are correlated with income in most regional corporations.
The education sector in the SRA may be reformed to cope with the skills required for the fast-paced and increasingly technologically-based economy and the skills required for increasing its competitiveness in the agricultural sector.
Some communities in the SRA, such as Tunapuna/Piarco, Prince town and Penal/Debe show a lower performance, but similar to other rural areas statistics and in any case not attributable to sugar industry reform. In the same way, the urban areas in the SRA, such as San Fernando show higher levels of education achievement. .
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Table 7.4.3. Education level Attainment in SRA Highest level of educationaland Income Average Income None attainment 3.628,26 Pre-school 4.858,60 Primary 4.004,02 Secondary 4.661,46 University 10.053,37 Other 6.931,62 Not Stated 2.916,50 Total 5.050,55 Source: Own from HBS SRA sample 2009
Graph 7.1. Average income by Education Level
None Pre-school Primary Secondary University Other Not Stated Total
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7.5 Economic Performance
The small differences between SRA and national, between urban and rural areas in Trinidad and Tobago can be attributed to (i) the fact that income differentials are not that great: rural areas in Trinidad and Tobago are not highly agricultural and thus follow a similar employment pattern to urban areas, and (ii) due to the classification system used within administrative areas by the Central Statistical Office.
On the whole, the incidence of poverty is slightly higher in urban areas though the poor are roughly distributed evenly between the urban and rural sector.
Table 7.5.1. Average Income by Regional Corporation in SRA
Regional Corporation Average Income in TT $
Mayaro/Rio Claro 5.605,54 Princes Town 5.067,48 Penal/Debe 5.093,40 Siparia 5.780,14 City of San Fernando 4.231,13 Borough of Chaguanas 4.570,96 Tunapuna/Piarco 4.973,12 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 5.193,29 Source: Own Source based in HBS 2009 in SRA sample
Lower female participation rates in SRA can be attributed to household responsibilities, low levels of education, difficulties in finding employment in an economy that is not expanding, and socio-cultural factors. Many Indo-Trinidadian women, particularly in rural areas, have maintained traditional roles and do not work outside the home.
Table 7.5.2. Average income by gender in SRA Gender Average Income in TT $
Male 5.666,47 Female 3.994,34
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Graph 7.5.1 Average Income by Reg. Corporation in SRA
Despite significant movement between urban and rural areas in the SRA over the past years due to the Sugar Reforms, the urban/rural ratio in the country has not changed substantially.
In SRA areas the poor are, on the whole, slightly less likely to be unemployed than individuals in urban areas. Labor force participation rates for women are, however, substantially lower, somewhat accounting for the average lower welfare levels in rural areas, such as Penal Debe and Cuova.
The largest proportion of the rural population is employed in low skill occupations, such as transport, crafts, Table 7.7. Average Income by Ethnic Group in SRA plant machine operators, farming agriculture and Ethnic Group Average Income in TT $ elementary occupations. Access to higher level African 5.227,35 social services, such as Indian 4.928,40 secondary education and Mixed 5.519,07 tertiary health facilities, are Not Stated 5.000,00 slightly lower in rural areas.
Total 5.050,55
Source: Own data from HBS 2009 in SRA sample
The highest incidence of poverty is found in St. Andrew/St. David county and in the where 35 percent of the population is poor.
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Graph 7.5.2 Average Income by Ethnic Group in SRA
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7.5.1. Characteristics of the labor force
The overall labor force participation rate in Trinidad and Tobago is now just above 60 percent, similar to the average for SRA. Though the aggregate rate has been relatively constant, it represents a decline for men and an increase for women.
Table 7.5.1.1 Characteristics of Labor Force in Sugar Related Areas Clasificación Total Mayaro Princes Penal Siparia City of Borough Tunapuna Couva Rio Claro Town Debe San of Tabaquite Ferna Chagua Piarco Talparo ndo nas Total Nº Households 1.611 7 277 328 47 12 307 73 560 Population 4.409 18 745 911 125 33 820 212 1.545
Male 2.151 11 352 440 61 16 396 111 764
Female 2.258 7 393 471 64 17 424 101 781
Average Household 3,4 2,9 3,5 3,4 3,1 3,5 3,4 3,7 3,5 size Economically Active 2.462 13 402 464 75 16 476 115 901 Population Male 1.595 11 245 318 46 11 296 86 582 Female 867 2 157 146 29 5 180 29 319
Labor Force 55,8% 72,2% 54,0% 50,9% 60,0% 48,5% 58,0% 54,2% 58,3% Participation (LFP) LFP Male 74,2% 100,0% 69,6% 72,3% 75,4% 68,8% 74,7% 77,5% 76,2% LFP Female 38,4% 28,6% 39,9% 31,0% 45,3% 29,4% 42,5% 28,7% 40,8%
Temporarily 1.947 5 343 447 50 17 344 97 644 Unemployed Employed 2.342 13 369 431 72 16 462 112 867 Unemployed 120 0 33 33 3 0 14 3 34 Open Unemployment 4,9% 0,0% 8,2% 7,1% 4,0% 0,0% 2,9% 2,6% 3,8% Rate Source: Own data based in HBS 2009 in SRA sample
7.5.2 Employment and Labour
While labor force participation rates are only slightly lower for the poor than the non- poor, unemployment rates differ substantially. Among the poor that rate is as high as 36 percent, but the figure is similar to national statistics and does not necessarily relate to a negative impact of sugar reforms exclusively. Based on the information of our sample, the SRA show very similar unemployment figures. Where Prince Town
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(8,2%) and Penal Debe (7,1%) show more dramatic figures always underneath the two digit figures.
Within the household, the poor have more than twice the number of unemployed members compared to non-poor households.
Of those in poor households who are employed, approximately 54% half work in the private formal sector, 14% in central government, 4 % with a public state enterprise 30 percent work in the informal sector, and the remainder in the public sector (see Table 7.9). The employed poor tend to work as craftsmen, or in low paying elementary occupations. When exploring the relationship between the human capital base of households, the employment status of their members, and household demographic composition, poor households are found to have more persons in the highest unemployment age group (19 to 24), more of their 25 to 54 old males not working, more women in this age group out of the labor force, and somewhat lower educational attainment among adults.
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Table 7.5.2.1. Economic Activity in SRA in % of population, Year 2009 Region/Community Main Economic Activity % of workers in SRA in 2009 Work or Unable At Retired Disabled Tempor House Other Not Total had a to find school ary keepin Stated job work Illness g
Mayaro/Rio Claro 72% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 22% 0% 0% 100 Princes Town 50% 4% 10% 10% 3% 1% 21% 2% 1% 100% Penal/Debe 47% 4% 7% 8% 3% 0% 28% 2% 0% 100% Siparia 58% 2% 6% 7% 2% 0% 22% 2% 0% 100% City of San Fernando 48% 0% 9% 12% 3% 0% 27% 0% 0% 100% Borough of 56% 2% 7% 10% 4% 0% 20% 1% 0% 100% Tunapuna/PiarcoChaguanas 53% 1% 9% 5% 1% 0% 25% 5% 0% 100% Couva/Tabaquite/Tal 56% 2% 7% 6% 1% 0% 23% 3% 0% 100% Source:paro Own data based on HBS 2009 in SRA sample %
Table 7.5.2.2 Type of job by Community in SRA in 2009 Type of Worker (%) Statut. State Centra URP CEPEP On job Private Learne Own Empl Total Mayaro/Rio Claro boards0,0% enter0,0% 7,7%l 0,0% 0,0% trainin0,0% 38,5%firm 0,0%r accou53,8% 0,0%oyer 100,0% Princes Town 4,6%/ prise3,8% govert13,3% 3,3% 2,4% 0,5%g 54,5% 0,8% 16,5%nt 0,3% 100,0% bodies worker Penal/Debe 2,8% 6,3% 11,8% 2,1% 0,7% 0,7% 53,6% 0,0% 20,4% 1,6% 100,0% Siparia 1,4% 11,1 23,6% 2,8% 0,0% 0,0% 43,1% 1,4% 15,3% 1,4% 100,0% City of San 6,3% 12,5% 6,3% 0,0% 6,3% 0,0% 50,0% 0,0% 18,8% 0,0% 100,0% BoroughFernando of 1,5% 2,4%% 18,2% 0,9% 0,4% 0,4% 51,7% 0,4% 16,9% 7,1% 100,0% Tunapuna/PiarcoChaguanas 2,7% 1,8% 15,2% 2,7% 0,9% 0,9% 52,7% 0,0% 21,4% 1,8% 100,0% Couva/Tabaquite/ 2,3% 3,9% 12,2% 2,0% 0,5% 0,6% 57,7% 0,7% 19,3% 0,9% 100,0% TotalTalparo 3% 4% 14% 2% 1% 1% 54% 1% 19% 2% 100% Source: Own data based on HBS 2009 in SRA sample
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Table 7.5.2.3. Labor Force Participation by Regional Corporation and by Age group in teh Sugar Related Areas
Classification Populantion on working age Population economically active Rate of Participation Total % Male % Female % Total % Male % Female % Total Male Female Total Region 4.409 100,0 2.151 48,8% 2.258 51,2 2.462 100,0% 1.595 64,8 867 35,2 55,8% 74,2% 38,4% Mayaro/Rio Claro 18 100,0 11 61,1% 7 38,9 13 100,0% 11 84,6 2 15,4 72,2% 100,0% 28,6% Princes Town 745 100,0% 352 47,2% 393 52,8% 402 100,0% 245 60,9% 157 39,1% 54,0% 69,6% 39,9% Penal/Debe 911 100,0% 440 48,3% 471 51,7% 464 100,0% 318 68,5% 146 31,5% 50,9% 72,3% 31,0% Siparia 125 100,0% 61 48,8% 64 51,2% 75 100,0% 46 61,3% 29 38,7% 60,0% 75,4% 45,3% City of San 33 100,0% 16 48,5% 17 51,5% 16 100,0% 11 68,8% 5 31,3% 48,5% 68,8% 29,4% Borough of 820 100,0% 396 48,3% 424 51,7% 476 100,0% 296 62,2% 180 37,8% 58,0% 74,7% 42,5% FernandoTunapuna/Piarco 212 100,0% 111 52,4% 101 47,6% 115 100,0% 86 74,8% 29 25,2% 54,2% 77,5% 28,7% ChaguanasCouva/Tabaquite/Tal 1.545 100,0% 764 49,4% 781 50,6% 901 100,0% 582 64,6% 319 35,4% 58,3% 76,2% 40,8% % % % % Educaparo tion Level 4.409 100,0% 2.151 48,8% 2.258 51,2% 2.462 100,0% 1.595 64,8% 867 35,2% 55,8% 74,2% 38,4% None 94 100,0 35 37,2% 59 62,8 17 100,0% 13 76,5 4 23,5 18,1% 37,1% 6,8% Pre-school 28 100,0% 9 32,1% 19 67,9% 7 100,0% 5 71,4% 2 28,6% 25,0% 55,6% 10,5% Primary 1.499 100,0% 725 48,4% 774 51,6% 641 100,0% 471 73,5% 170 26,5% 42,8% 65,0% 22,0% Secondary 2.262 100,0% 1118 49,4% 1144 50,6% 1.426 100,0% 911 63,9% 515 36,1% 63,0% 81,5% 45,0% University 261 100,0% 131 50,2% 130 49,8% 185 100,0% 100 54,1% 85 45,9% 70,9% 76,3% 65,4% Other 255 100,0% 127 49,8% 128 50,2% 182 100,0% 93 51,1% 89 48,9% 71,4% 73,2% 69,5% Not Applicable 3 100,0% 3 100,0 0 0,0%% - - - %- - %- 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Not Stated 7 100,0% 3 42,9% 4 57,1% 4 100,0% 2 50,0% 2 50,0% 57,1% 66,7% 50,0% % % Age Group 4.409 100,0% 2.151 48,8% 2.258 51,2% 2.462 100,0% 1.595 64,8% 867 35,2% 55,8% 74,2% 38,4% 15 to 19 y/o 448 100,0 221 49,3% 227 50,7 134 100,0% 90 67,2 44 32,8 29,9% 40,7% 19,4% 20 a 24 501 100,0% 257 51,3% 244 48,7% 359 100,0% 225 62,7% 134 37,3% 71,7% 87,5% 54,9% 25 a 29 509 100,0% 240 47,2% 269 52,8% 405 100,0% 228 56,3% 177 43,7% 79,6% 95,0% 65,8% 30 a 34 359 100,0% 198 55,2% 161 44,8% 278 100,0% 192 69,1% 86 30,9% 77,4% 97,0% 53,4% 35 a 39 411 100,0% 199 48,4% 212 51,6% 296 100,0% 192 64,9% 104 35,1% 72,0% 96,5% 49,1% 40 a 44 396 100,0% 196 49,5% 200 50,5% 285 100,0% 187 65,6% 98 34,4% 72,0% 95,4% 49,0% 45 a 49 417 100,0% 203 48,7% 214 51,3% 280 100,0% 187 66,8% 93 33,2% 67,1% 92,1% 43,5% 50 a 54 376 100,0% 179 47,6% 197 52,4% 235 100,0% 161 68,5% 74 31,5% 62,5% 89,9% 37,6% 55 a 59 235 100,0% 120 51,1% 115 48,9% 117 100,0% 83 70,9% 34 29,1% 49,8% 69,2% 29,6% 60 a 64 262 100,0% 122 46,6% 140 53,4% 58 100,0% 37 63,8% 21 36,2% 22,1% 30,3% 15,0% 65 y/o and older 495 100,0% 216 43,6% 279 56,4% 15 100,0% 13 86,7% 2 13,3% 3,0% 6,0% 0,7% Source: Own data based on HBS 2009 in SRA% sample % % % % % % %
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Table 7.5.2.4. Type of Employment In Sugar Related Areas Permanent Temporary Contract Seasonal Occasional Not Stated Total Mayaro/Rio Claro 4 0 1 0 /Odd1 jobs 0 6 Princes Town 177 88 31 7 2 2 307 Penal/Debe 200 104 21 1 9 1 336 Siparia 29 25 6 0 0 0 60 City of San Fernando 7 5 0 0 1 0 13 Borough of Chaguanas 251 90 4 2 3 1 351 Tunapuna/Piarco 53 20 8 0 5 0 86 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 441 191 42 3 14 1 692 Total 1.162 523 113 13 35 5 1.851 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
Chart 7.5.1 Quality of Employment in SRA Series1; Occasional/Odd Series1; jobs; 35; 2% Seasonal; 13; 1% Series1; Series1; Not Contract; 113; Stated; 5; 0% 6%
Series1; Temporary; 523; Series1; 28% Permanent; 1.162; 63%
Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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7.5.3. Social Programs
Efforts are being made to address poverty through various social programs such as: provision of free education, assistance with school books, a school-feeding program, recent increases in Old Age Pension (for indigent persons over 65 years of age), the Chronic Disease Assistance Program (CDAP) providing free medication for specified conditions, skills training programs, such as Youth Training and Employment Partnership Program (YTEPP), and Multi-Sector Skills Training Program (MuST).
In addition, there are employment programs such as the Unemployment Relief Program (URP) and the Community Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program (CEPEP). There has been some collaboration with other agencies for the development and implementation of health-related public policies (e.g. Ministry of Education – School Health Program and Ministry of Local Government.
Table 7.5.3. Social Programs and Disabilities in Sugar Related Areas
Region/Community Disabilities Nº persons Persons Public Smart Cart Gate School receiving receiving old Assistance meals social age pension programs Yes No Total Nº % Nº % Nº % Nº % Nº % Nº % Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 20 20 5 25% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 10% Princes Town 98 856 958 333 35% 82 9% 21 2% 17 2% 11 1% 102 11% Penal/Debe 67 1047 1.114 339 30% 97 9% 30 3% 22 2% 22 2% 69 6% Siparia 6 142 148 44 30% 12 8% 2 1% 3 2% 4 3% 8 5% City of San Fernando 2 40 42 12 29% 1 2% 2 5% 0 0% 0 0% 3 7% Borough of Chaguanas 68 966 1.034 270 26% 66 6% 17 2% 13 1% 20 2% 35 3% Tunapuna/Piarco 18 255 273 65 24% 10 4% 3 1% 2 1% 4 1% 9 3% Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 70 1868 1.938 595 31% 114 6% 37 2% 52 3% 52 3% 121 6% Total 329 5.194 5.527 1.663 30% 382 7% 112 2% 109 2% 113 2% 349 6% Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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7.5.4 Infrastructure
One of the most important aspects of promoting economic diversification in the SRA will be to improve essential infrastructure services in ports, electricity, transport and water. Despite heavy investments in the oil boom years and during Caroni management, infrastructure services have deteriorated significantly due to lack of maintenance, poor management and absence of new investment in recent years.
Most public utilities in SRA have suffered from overstaffing, financially unsustainable tariffs, low investment allocations and the virtual absence of management accountability.
In addition, many infrastructure services, such as roads, drainage and flood control, health and education, face the additional issue of weak implementation capacity within the public sector. The low levels of public investment in the past, coupled with large increases in recurrent expenditures will require not only improved project management but more importantly enhanced investments, scrutiny and planning, and a reorientation in the way ministries and implementation agencies conduct business.
The available information on access to housing, dwelling, water and sewage indicates that SRA show a very similar level of public service coverage.
Poor households have a higher occupational density, are less likely to have toilet facilities connected to the sewage system, more likely to draw water from public standpipes, and obtain water on a less frequent basis. But, this is so in the same incidence levels in non SRA.
7.5.5 Type of Dwelling and tenancy
The data indicates that in 2009 approximately 55 % of households lived in separate detached dwellings. Interestingly, the percentage of the richest households living in separate accommodation was less than in the poor sections. This explains the fact that the percentage living in private apartments increases with income and expenditure levels, and so likewise are those in private town houses.
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Table 7.5.5. Type of Dwelling by Regional Corporation in the SRA Community Type of Dwelling Separate Separate Apartment Other Total house house - Two Single level storey/level Mayaro/Rio Claro 14% 86% 0% 0% 7 Princes Town 44% 51% 3% 3% 277 Penal/Debe 51% 35% 9% 5% 328 Siparia 66% 19% 15% 0% 47 City of San Fernando 83% 17% 0% 0% 12 Borough of Chaguanas 58% 27% 14% 1% 307 Tunapuna/Piarco 78% 16% 5% 0% 73 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 58% 23% 7% 11% 560 Total 55% 31% 8% 6% 1.611 Source: Own data based on HBS 2009
Type of Dwelling
Series1; Series1; Apartment; Other; 90; 130; 8% 6%
Series1; Separate house - Two Series1; storey/level Separate ; 499; 31% house - Single level; 892; 55%
Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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Table 7.5.3. Type of Tenancy in SRA Tenancy Owner Rented/leased Rented/leased Rent free Squatted Other Total Mayaro/Rio Claro occupied6 unfurnished0 furnished0 1 0 0 7 Princes Town 209 12 1 43 11 1 277 Penal/Debe 243 21 2 58 1 3 328 Siparia 39 4 0 4 0 0 47 City of San Fernando 7 0 0 2 3 0 12 Borough of Chaguanas 222 43 0 42 0 0 307 Tunapuna/Piarco 54 6 0 12 0 1 73 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 438 31 5 81 3 2 560 Total 1.218 117 8 243 18 7 1.611 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
Tenancy Series1; Series1; Rented/leasedSquatted; 18; Series1; Other; 1% 7; 0% furnished; 8; Series1; Rent 1% free; 243; 15% Series1; Rented/leased unfurnished; 117; 7%
Series1; Owner occupied; 1.218; 76%
Table 7.5.4. Dweling and Occupancy in Sugar Related Areas Community Total Nº Rooms Nº Rooms rented % Rooms % Rooms Rooms in occupied /Subletted occupied rented Dwelling
Mayaro/Rio Claro 41 38 0 92,7% 0,0% Princes Town 1.095 1.027 1 93,8% 0,1% Penal/Debe 1.472 1.385 4 94,1% 0,3% Siparia 193 193 0 100,0% 0,0% City of San Fernando 48 48 0 100,0% 0,0% Borough of Chaguanas 1.296 1.275 19 98,4% 1,5% Tunapuna/Piarco 297 283 0 95,3% 0,0% Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 2.427 2.303 32 94,9% 1,3% Total 6.869 6.552 56 95,4% 0,8% Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report 124 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
7.5.6 Water Supply
Table 7.15 shows that 63 % of households in the sugar related areas had water piped to dwelling from a public source and another 4.4 % had water piped to dwelling from a private source.
These, not surprisingly, are very similar figures compared to the national level. The likelihood of piped water to dwelling increased among wealthy households. Following normal patterns 31.5 % of those of the poorest households had water piped to dwelling compared to 90.5 percent of those in the richest households.
In the SRA 23 % had water piped into the yard in which this dwelling was located. As much as 4 % of the households sampled depend on public standpipes, with 11.5 % of the poorest household relying on this source.
Table 7.15. Type of Water Supply in the Sugar Related Areas Water Supply Public piped Public Private Private Public Truck Other Not Tot into dwelling piped into piped into catchment stand pipe borne Stated yard dwelling not piped Mayaro/Rio Claro 14% 43% 43% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7 Princes Town 64% 14% 2% 4% 6% 3% 5% 0% 277 Penal/Debe 67% 17% 0% 1% 5% 6% 2% 0% 328 Siparia 79% 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 0% 47 City of San Fernando 92% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 12 Borough of Chaguanas 48% 50% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 0% 307 Tunapuna/Piarco 86% 8% 1% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 73 Couva/Tabaquite/Talpa 64% 5% 2% 20% 1% 3% 4% 1% 560 Totalro 63% 52% 4% 23% 8% 8% 9% 1% 1.611 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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Type of Water Supply in SRA Series1; Private piped Series1; Not into Series1; Stated; 4; 1% dwelling; 25; Other; 51; 8% 17% Series1; Truck borne; 47; 16% Series1; Private Series1; catchment Public stand not piped; pipe; 46; 129; 43% 15% Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
Table 7.16. Type of Toilet Facilities in the SRA Facility Toilet Facility WC Septic Pit/latrine Other None Total Mayaro/Rio Claro linked0 to tank 6 1 0 0 7 Princes Town sewer3 209 65 0 0 277 Penal/Debe 11 269 48 0 0 328 Siparia 3 33 9 0 2 47 City of San Fernando 5 5 2 0 0 12 Borough of Chaguanas 21 260 25 0 1 307 Tunapuna/Piarco 0 62 11 0 0 73 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 57 439 60 3 1 560 Total 100 1.283 221 3 4 1.611 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
Table 7.17. Type of Lighting facilities in SRA Lighting facilities Electricity Lamps Other None Total Mayaro/Rio Claro 7 0 0 0 7 CommunityPrinces Town 263 11 1 2 277 Penal/Debe 317 11 0 0 328 Siparia 47 0 0 0 47 City of San Fernando 12 0 0 0 12 Borough of Chaguanas 302 0 2 3 307 Tunapuna/Piarco 71 1 1 0 73 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 546 5 5 4 560 Total 1.565 28 9 9 1.611 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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Type of Lighting source in SRA Series1; Series1; Lamps; 28; Series1; None; 9; 2% Other; 9; 1% 0%
Series1; Electricity; 1.565; 97%
Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
Table 7.18. Type of Communication by Regional Corporation in the SRA Community Phone Internet dialup Mobile Mobile fixed line Yes No Not Phone Phone/household Stated
Mayaro/Rio Claro 2 0 7 0 7 1 Princes Town 109 16 260 1 900 3 Penal/Debe 171 17 310 1 771 2 Siparia 22 2 45 0 125 3 City of San Fernando 8 0 12 0 32 3 Borough of Chaguanas 181 14 292 1 836 3 Tunapuna/Piarco 41 6 67 0 201 3 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 297 50 510 0 1.62 3 Total 831 105 1.503 3 4.508 3 Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report 0
Graph 7.18. Type of Communication in SRA Series1; Internet dialup Yes; 105; 1% Series1; Mobile Phone fixed Phone/housed line; 831; Series1; hold 0% 12% Internet dialup No; 1.503; 22%
Series1; Mobile Phone; 4.500; 65%
Series1; Internet dialup Not Stated; 3; 0% Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report
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Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago
LIST OF ANNEXES
Technical Annex 1 Maps
Technical Annex 2 List of Sugar Related Communities
Technical Annex 3 Outline of Workshops
Technical Annex 4 Stakeholder consultation methodology
Technical Annex 5 List of stakeholders consulted/engaged
Technical Annex 6 Statistical Capacity Indicators Description
Technical Annex 7 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening
Administrative Annex 1 Study methodology/work plan
Administrative Annex 2 Consultants’ itinerary
Administrative Annex 3 List of documentation consulted
Administrative Annex 4 Curricula vitae of the consultants
Administrative Annex 5 Terms of Reference
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Technical Annex 1. Maps
Map of Main Roads in Sugar Related Areas
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Map of Schools in SRA
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Map of Man Settlements in SRA
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Map of Health Facilities in the SRA
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Technical Annex 2. List of Communities in the SRA Sample
Borough of Chaguanas Mayaro/Rio Claro Chaguanas Proper Homeland Gardens Ecclesville Charlieville Jerningham Junction Cunupia Lange Park Penal/Debe Edinburgh Gardens Longdenville Barrackpore Monkey Town Endeavour Village Munroe Settlement Borde Narve Palmiste Enterprise Petersfield Debe Proper Penal Esmeralda St. Thomas Diamond Penal Rock Road Felicity St. Charles Village Esperance Village Philipine Friendship Picton City of San Fernando Golconda San Francique Tarouba Hermitage Village St. Croix Village La Fortune St. Johns Village Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo La Romain Wellington Balmain Freeport Lengua Village Baster Hall Gran Couva Brasso Caparo Village Guaracara Princes Town Brasso Manuel Junction Hermitage Village Barrackpore Kumar Village Brasso Tamana Indian Trail Basse Terre Lengua Village Brasso Venado Las Lomas (Nos. 1 & 2) Ben Lomond Lothian Brechin Castle Longdenville Borde Narve Malgretoute Brickfield/Navet Macaulay Broomage New Grant Brothers Road Madras Settlement Brothers Settlement Palmyra Bucarro Mamoral No.2 Cedar Hill Palmyra Village/Mt. Pleasant Butler Village Mc Bean Cleghorn/Mt. Pleasant Petit Morne Calcutta Settlement No. 2 Mount Pleasant Corinth Piparo California Nancoo Village Coryal Village Princes Town Proper Caparo Orange Valley Dyers Village Reform Village Carapichaima Ouplay Village Eccles Village Sisters Village Carsen Field Palmiste Fifth Company Sixth Company Cedar Hill Pepper Village Friendship St. Charles Village Chandenagore Phoenix Park George Village St. Croix Village Chase Village Piparo Golconda St. Julien Chickland Point Lisas Harmony Hall St. Clements Chin Chin Preysal Hindustan St. Mary's Village Claxton Bay Ravine Sable Iere Village St. Madeline Coalmine Spring Village Indian Walk Usine St. Madeline Couva Central St. Andrews Village Jordan Village Cunupia St. Mary's Village Diamond Tabaquite Siparia Dow Village Todd´s Road La Fortune/Pluck Eccles Village Todd's Station Edinburgh Village Tortuga Tunapuna/Piarco Esperanza Warren Village Bejucal Pasea Extension Felicity Hall Waterloo Cunupia St. Helena Village Flanagin Town Welcome Frederick Settlement Warren Village Kelly Village 134 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
List of Sugar Related Communities
Technical Annex 3. Workshop Outline
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Technical Annex 4. List of Workshop Attendees
Name Organization Position Phone +(868) Cellular +(868) E-mail 1 Mr. Robert Latiff Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician Agriculture 623 7276 Ext [email protected] 4201
2 Mr. Roger Jugmohan Central Statistical Office Statistician II 624 5727 760 0193 3 Mr. Sterling Chadee Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician 625 1164 4 Ms Sheryl Ann Haynes Town and Country Planning Acting Director [email protected] 5 Mr. Ian Lewis Town and Country Planning Draughtsman II in GIS [email protected] Department 6 Ms Kema Gardiner Environmental Policy Analyst [email protected] 7 Ms June Williams Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment Director, Socioeconomic 625 0367 [email protected] Planning 8 Dr. Ellis Burris Deputy Permanent Secretary 9 Mr. Narine Charran Ministry of Public Utilities Snr Economist 623 4853 Ext 497 1577 606 10 Mr. Nemchand Ramdial Ministry of Public Utilities Economic Policy Analyst 623 8466 473 6118 [email protected] 11 Ms Mauricia Pegus Ministry of Public Utilities Senior Research Analyst 729 6325 [email protected] 12 Ms Hema Sharma Ministry of Legal Affairs Project Analyst II 623 7741 [email protected] 13 Ms Sandy Salamath Caroni (1975) Ltd System Analyst 781 1474 [email protected] 14 Ms Lynette Morris Caroni (1975) Ltd Team Leader IS 755 4388 [email protected] 15 Ms Yvonne Davidson Ministry of Agriculture Planning Officer III 622 1221 [email protected] 16 Mr. Rajesh Lal Ministry of Agriculture GIS Technician [email protected] 17 Ms Lisa Madray-Valadere Ministry of Education Educational Planning Division 623 4015 [email protected] 18 Ms Aarti Bedassie Ministry of Labour, Small and Micro Enterprise Planning Officer II 623 4045 [email protected] Development 19 Ms Michele Gonzales Ministry of Labour, Small and Micro Enterprise Planning Officer I 623 4045 [email protected] Development 20 Mr. Wayne Koylass Ministry of Works and Transport Snr Economist (Ag) 623 4382 [email protected]
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Technical Annex 5. Consultation Methodology
Analyzing the Impact: Direct: Sugar Worker Unions
For each category of worker:
1. How many members did the union represent? Give numbers in the various categories as well as salary ranges. 2. Was there a gap in employment earnings after the reform? What percentage of workers experienced this gap and how long was the average gap? 3. Who was impacted most by the reform? Give an indication of age, education, job type etc. 4. How sustainable are the new positions/businesses of your former members? 5. How easy was it to access the services they needed for their transition? Include training, finance, job placement etc. What were the main obstacles for the transition? Profile affected employee groups. 6. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Analyzing the Impact: Direct: Farmers’ Associations
1. What was your peak membership between 2000 and 2007? Give year and number of members. 2. What percentage of members were farmers of private lands as opposed to farmers of Caroni’s lands? 3. Were your farmers predominantly from a concentrated area? List the three (3) main communities where your farmers originated. 4. Names and contact information for your three (3) largest farmers. 5. How much did your membership collectively earn per year from cane farming? Give an indication of revenue and profit. 6. How many tractors, trucks, and harvesters, respectively did your members own? 7. What happened to the equipment after 2007? 8. Did your members continue to farm cane between 2003 and 2007? What else happened between 2003 and 2007? 9. Since 2007, what have your (former) members been doing? % still farming cane, % farming other crops, % in other occupation (give details), % combination (give details). 10. What services have your former members accessed in order to do business and what has been the ease in accessing these services? Include access to finance, training, agricultural extension services, agricultural marketing and any other business development services. 11. Give some details on the categories of former members who were most affected by the reforms. Include description of number, size of farms, community, education etc. 12. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Analyzing the Impact: Indirect/Induced: Stakeholders
Contractors: Land Preparation, Field Maintenance, Equipment Maintenance, Transport, Aerial Spraying Suppliers of goods and services including Parts and Equipment, Agro-Chemicals, Consumables Service providers and other businesses used by private farmers Neighborhood businesses not operating in the sugar sector
Questions for Farmers’ Associations on Indirect and Induced Impact:
1. What do you estimate your members spent on a yearly basis for the following: Land Preparation Field Maintenance Equipment Maintenance Transport Services Parts and Equipment Suppliers Agro-Chemical Suppliers Other key Service Providers
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2. Were there contractors/service providers who had private cane farmers as a major source of income? 3. Of the contractors/service providers referred to above, how many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT year)? 4. For these categories of suppliers, how easy was it for them to transfer to other industries? Give examples. 5. Please give your views on the impact of the reform on contractors to the industry and on neighborhood businesses and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Questions for Caroni (1975) Limited on Suppliers of Parts and Equipment:
1. How many suppliers did Caroni (1975) Ltd. deal with? How many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT year)? 2. Were there suppliers who had Caroni as a major source of income? List some of these businesses together with the community in which they are located. 3. In the following categories, what was the average value of yearly purchases? Vehicles, spares, office equipment, agro- chemicals, airborne spraying services? 4. For these categories of suppliers, how easy was it for them to transfer to other industries? Give details. 5. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Analyzing the Impact: Indirect/Induced; Stakeholders - business owners in farming communities
Questions for Chamber of Commerce in SRA:
1. Number of members in 2003 and in 2009. 2. Number which are small businesses. 3. Give a description of the informal sector in the district. How many families depend on this sector and the top three (3) businesses in this sector? 4. Have businesses within the area absorbed former sugar workers? Explain, giving an indication of numbers and categories of workers involved. 5. Have former sugar workers and farmers opted to start businesses within the area? Give indications of numbers. 6. How many of your members depended on the sugar industry as a primary source of income? How many directly though sales to the industry and indirectly through sales to sugar workers? 7. In your opinion, how has the reform of Caroni (1975) Limited affected commerce in the area? Directly in terms of sales to the sugar sector (give an estimate of difference in revenue) and indirectly in terms of sales to the sugar workers (give an estimate of difference in revenue). 8. How has the reform of Caroni (1975) Limited affected social life in the area? 9. Were there members who relied on a bulk supply of sugar from the local industry up to 2002? How many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT year)? 10. How have the changes impacted them? 11. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Analyzing the Impact: Induced: Stakeholders
Villages (roads, drains, playgrounds, festivals)
Questions for Caroni:
1. Please list, in detail by community, the infrastructure, built and maintained by Caroni (1975) Ltd. from which communities benefited. These may include, while not being limited to, the following: Roads (by type) Bridges Drains Playgrounds What has happened to these projects between 2003 and present? 2. On a yearly basis, what are the typical village activities that Caroni Limited sponsored? Give details on recurrent activities. Give examples of other activities. 139 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
3. How much money did Caroni (1975) Limited spend per year on these activities? Which activity was the largest? Give details. 4. Did the company patronize the services of community vendors for these activities? Give details on the nature of these relationships inclusive of expenditure. 5. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Analyzing the Impact: End Users: Stakeholders
Sugar: Supermarkets, Households, Processors of Confectionary, Beverages, Condiments and Baked Goods Molasses: Distilleries, Animal Feed Processors Bagasse: Poultry Farms, Horticulturists, Grow Box Farmers
Questions for sugar user(s):
1. Number of members affected by closure of the industry. 2. How many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT year)?
3. Basic company information In which community is the factory located? Major products Number of employees
4. Provide the following data according to the periods 2002, 2003-2006, 2007+
Volume % of input that is sugar Cost % of input that is sugar Have differences in the availability of supply, delivery or quality of sugar impacted the business over the years? In what way(s) specifically? Is the factory a traditional employer of persons from whose family members were employed in the sugar industry? Percent of employees? Has the factory employed former workers from the sugar industry? Give an indication of the numbers.
5. Have the changes in the sugar industry specifically impacted any of the following? If yes, elaborate: Cost of production Employment Benefits to employees such as year-end bonuses, social activities, training and scholarships, healthcare, pensions etc. Planned growth or new product development Sponsorship of community activities Support to neighborhood schools Other
Questions for Distillery:
1. What products from Caroni (1975) Ltd did you use? Yearly volume? Yearly expenditure? 2. What percent of your raw material input by value came from Caroni 1975 Limited? 3. Were suitable alternatives or alternative sources of these inputs found on a timely basis? Give details on new source(s), relative cost, ease, quality of raw material and finished product. 4. How has the reform of the company impacted your operations?
Questions for Supermarkets’ Association:
1. What is the volume and value of sugar that was sold on the domestic market in 2003, 2008?
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2. Since the reform of the local sugar industry, what has been the impact on the procurement and supply of alternative sources of sugar for the domestic market? a. Availability b. Logistical ease c. Prices 3. Do you also sell to smaller food processors? Give an indication of number, volume and value. What has been the effect of the reform on this category of businesses who are unable to import directly? 4. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
Questions for Animal Feed Processors:
1. What products from Caroni (1975) Ltd. did you and/or our contractors use? Yearly volume? Yearly expenditure? 2. What percent of your raw material input came from Caroni 1975 Limited? 3. How has the reform of the company affected your feed production operations? Consider cost, ease, quality of raw material and finished product. 4. Were suitable alternatives or alternative sources of molasses and bagasse as and where used found? Give details. 5. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.
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Technical Annex 6. List of stakeholders
# Name Organization Position Phone Cell E-mail 1 Mr. John Ribeiro ASTT Sugar Representative 665 8532 789 5097 2 Mr. Deosaran Jagroo Caroni CEO 636 4912 681 4845 [email protected] 3 Ms Lynette Morris Caroni Team Leader ISD 679 7080 755 4388 [email protected] 4 Mr. Russell Boland Caroni Team Leader Lands 636 4912 681 4845 [email protected] 5 Mr. Arjoon Singh Caroni Team Leader Property 636 4973 [email protected] Security and Maintenance 6 Mr. Ansel Castillio Caroni Chief Financial Officer 636 4973 7 Ms Sandy Salamath Caroni System Analyst 781 1474 [email protected] 9 Mr. Sooklal Ramasray Caroni Sugar Representative 679 3512 687 8910 [email protected] 10 Mr. Robert Latiff Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician 623 7276 [email protected] Agriculture 11 Mr. Roger Jugmohan Central Statistical Office Statistician II 624 5727 760 0193 12 Mr. Sterling Chadee Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician 625 1164 14 Mrs Nalini Central Statistical Office Bahadoorsingh 16 Mr. James Clement Central Statistical Office Director, Statistics 623 4322 18 Mr. Keith Gray EMBD Chief Executive Officer 662 9994 [email protected] (Ag) 19 Ms Salisha Bellamy EMBD Divisional Manager 662 4109 [email protected] 20 Ms Kema Gardiner Environmental Policy [email protected] Analyst 21 Mr. Ioan Lloyd Fernandez Distillers Limited 22 Mr. Matthew Lee Ministry of Agriculture Director of Agricultural 622 5953 [email protected] Planning 23 Ms Yvonne Davidson Ministry of Agriculture Senior Planning Officer 622 1221 [email protected] 24 Mr. Tyrone D. Leong Ministry of Agriculture Director of Surveys 623 4611 [email protected] 26 Mr. Rajesh Lal Ministry of Agriculture GIS Technician [email protected] 27 Ms Lenor Baptiste Ministry of Education (EPU) Director, Education 625 0806 Simmons Planning 28 Ms Lisa Valadere Ministry of Education (EPU) 623 4015 [email protected] 30 Ms Yvonne Lewis Ministry of Education Dir Education Research 627 6838 18 Abercromby Street (DERE) and Evaluation
31 Mr. Wesley George Ministry of Health Parliamentary Secretary 627 0010 34 Ms Varuna Smith Ministry of Health Research Department [email protected] 35 Mr. Lawrence Jaisingh Ministry of Health Corner 3rd Floor [email protected] 36 Mr. Sheldon Salino MLSMED Cooperative 623 5888 290 1083 [email protected] Development Specialist 37 Ms Aarti Bedassie MLSMED Planning Officer II 623 4045 [email protected] 38 Ms Michele Gonzales MLSMED Planning Officer I 623 4045 [email protected] 39 Ms Hema Sharma Ministry of Legal Affairs Project Analyst II 623 7741 [email protected] 40 Ms Marlene Johnson MPHE EDF Unit Head 627 9700 [email protected] 17 Dr. Ellis Burris Ministry of Public Utilities 43 Mr. Narine Charran Ministry of Public Utilities Snr Economist 623 4853 497 1577 44 Mr. Nemchand Ministry of Public Utilities Economic Policy Analyst 623 8466 473 6118 [email protected] Ramdial 45 Ms Mauricia Pegus Ministry of Public Utilities Senior Research Analyst 729 6325 [email protected] 46 Mr. Roger Ganesh Ministry of Works and Dir Highways 625 1981 Transport 47 Mr. Wayne Koylass Ministry of Works and Snr Economist (Ag) 623 4382 [email protected] Transport 48 Ms Aura Watson MPHE PMO Vision 2020 Implementation 622 2020 [email protected] Coordinator 49 Ms Joanne Deoraj MPHE PMO Vision 2020 M&E Specialist 622 2020 [email protected] 50 Ms Denisha Smith MPHE PMO Vision 2020 622 2020
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51 Ms June Williams MPHE SPD Director of Socio and 627 9700 Economic Planning
52 Mr. Lincoln Penal/Debe Chamber Ragbirsingh 53 Mr. Robin Phillips Poultry Association 54 Mr. Chandra Bobart SMCL Chief Executive Officer 698 0620 740 7868 [email protected] 55 Mr. Nigel Gopaul Supermarkets Association 56 Mr. Jainarine Bansee UTT Former Caroni Engineer 636 4125 770 4006 [email protected] 57 Ms Sheryl Ann Haynes Town and Country Planning Acting Director [email protected] 58 Mr. Ian Lewis Town and Country Planning Draughtsman II in GIS [email protected] Department 60 Mr. Farouk Shah TTABA Production and 645 9204 326 2464 Procurement Manager
61 Mr. Ramgopaul Roop TTABA Agricultural Consultant 642 1872 62 Mr. Marc Sandy TTMA Membership Officer 1 - 675 8862 [email protected] Research Economist
63 Mr. Raffique Shah TICFA 64 Mr. Ashmeer TTMA/Couva Pt. Lisas Mohammed Chamber 65 Mr. Sylvan Roberts UNECLAC Statistician 623 5595 [email protected]
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Technical Annex 7. Statistical Capacity Criteria Detailed Description
1. Statistical Practice
National accounts base year
National accounts base year is the year used as the base period for constant price calculations in the country's national accounts. It is recommended that the base year of constant price estimates be changed periodically to reflect changes in economic structure and relative prices. Score is 1 if annual chain linking is adopted or the base year is within the last 10 years; otherwise, 0.
Balance of payments manual in use
The Balance of Payments Manual serves as an international standard for the compilation of balance of payments statistics. The manual has evolved to meet changing economic and financial environment and analytic requirements. The first edition was published in 1948 and successive editions in 1950, 1961, 1977 and 1993. Score is 1 for countries adopting the latest edition (BPM5); otherwise, 0.
External debt reporting status
The principal sources of external debt statistics are reports submitted to the World Bank through its Debtor Reporting System by reporting countries. Data quality and coverage vary among countries and from year to year. The reporting status shows, for the latest series, whether data were used as reported (actual), data were preliminary and included an element of staff estimation (preliminary), or data are staff estimates (estimate). Score is 1 for actual and preliminary; otherwise, 0.
Consumer price index base year
Consumer Price Index serves as indicators of inflation and reflects changes in the cost of acquiring a fixed basket of goods and services by the average consumer. Weights are usually derived from consumer expenditure surveys and the CPI base year refers to the year the weights were derived. It is recommended that the base year be changed periodically to reflect changes in expenditure structure. Score is 1 if the base year is within the last 10 years; otherwise, 0.
Industrial production index
Industrial production index measures changes in industrial production and is widely used for the observation and analysis of the current economic activity. Monthly survey on industrial production of index allows identifying the turning points in economic development at an early stage. Score is 1 if the index is available monthly; otherwise, 0.
Import and export prices
Import and export price indexes measure changes in the price of goods and services in international trade. They are used to deflate the value of imports and exports. Import price index is also used as an indicator of future domestic inflation. Score is 1 if the index is available monthly; otherwise, 0.
Government finance accounting concept
Government finance accounting concept describes the accounting basis for reporting central government financial data. For many countries government finance data have been consolidated into one set of accounts capturing all the central government's fiscal activities. Budgetary central government accounts do not necessarily include all central government units, the picture they provide of central government activities is usually incomplete. Score is 1 for consolidated accounts; otherwise, 0.
Enrollment reporting to UNESCO 144 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
UNESCO Institute of Statistics compiles data on education based on official responses to surveys and from reports provided by education authorities in each country. As the recommended periodicity of these data is annual, annual reporting form countries is considered a good practice. Score is 1 if the country reported at least 3 times in the last 4 years; otherwise, 0.
Vaccine coverage reported to WHO/UNICEF
WHO and UNICEF collect and review data available on national immunization coverage. Then estimates on the level of immunization coverage are made by using officially reported data, survey results, scientific literature, and by taking account of potential biases and consultation with local experts. The gap between the international estimates and the government official estimates therefore suggests that the estimation method adopted by the country differs from the internationally recommended practice. Score is 1 if the government official estimate on measles vaccine coverage is consistent with the WHO/UNICEF estimate; otherwise, 0.
IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard
The Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) was established by the IMF for member countries that have or that might seek access to international capital markets, to guide them in providing their economic and financial data to the public. Although subscription is voluntary, the subscribing member needs to be committed to observing the standard and provide information about its data and data dissemination practices (metadata). The metadata are posted on the IMF's Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board. The SDDS is expected to enhance the availability of timely and comprehensive data and improve the functioning of financial markets. The score is 1 for subscribing countries; otherwise, 0.
2. Data Collection
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Periodicity of population census
Population censuses collect data on the size, distribution and composition of population and information on a broad range of social and economic characteristics of the population. It also provides sampling frames for household and other surveys. It is recommended that population censuses be conducted at least every 10 years. Score is 1 if the country had a census at least once in the last 10 years; otherwise, 0.
Periodicity of agricultural census
Agricultural censuses collect information on agricultural activities, such as agricultural land use, employment and production, and provide basic structural data and sampling frames for agricultural surveys. It is recommended that agricultural censuses be conducted at least every 10 years. Score is 1 if the country had a census at least once in the last 10 years; otherwise, 0.
Periodicity of health survey
Health surveys collect information on various aspects of health of populations, such as health expenditure, access, utilization, and outcomes. They typically include Demographic and Health Surveys, Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Integrated Surveys, Living Standard Measuring Surveys, Priority Surveys and other health related surveys. It is recommended that health surveys be conducted at least every 3 to 5 years. Scores are 1, 1/2, and 0 if a survey is conducted at a frequency of 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and over 5 years, respectively.
Periodicity of poverty survey
Poverty surveys collect data on household income, consumption and expenditure, including income in kind. They typically include income, expenditure, and consumption surveys, household budget surveys, Integrated Surveys, Living Standard Measuring Surveys, and other poverty related surveys. It is recommended that poverty surveys be conducted at least every 3 to 5 years. Scores are 1, 1/2, and 0 if a survey is conducted at a frequency of 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and over 5 years, respectively.
Completeness of vital registration system
Vital registration systems record the occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population and serve as a main source of vital statistics. Countries with complete vital statistics registries may have more accurate and timely demographic indicators. Score is 1 if the country is judged to have complete registries of vital (birth and death) statistics by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division; otherwise, 0.
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3. Indicator Availability
Income poverty (proportion of population below US$ a day)
Proportion of population below US$1 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international prices. The one dollar a day poverty line is compared to consumption or income per person and includes consumption from own production and income in kind. This poverty line has fixed purchasing power across countries. This indicator measures progress toward the reduction of extreme poverty and relates to the first MDG goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and more than 5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
Child malnutrition (prevalence of underweight children under five)
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age, also known as prevalence of child malnutrition (weight for age), is the percentage of children under-five whose weight for age is less than minus two standard deviations from the median for the international reference population ages 0 to 59 months. The data are based on the World Health Organization’s new child growth standards released in 2006. Child malnutrition is linked to poverty, low levels of education, and poor access to health services. Sufficient and good-quality nutrition is therefore critical for development, health, and survival of current and succeeding generations. This indicator monitors nutritional status and health in populations and relates to the first MDG aiming at reducing poverty and hunger. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and more than 5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
Child mortality (under-five mortality rate)
Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. The indicator measures child survival. Survival of a child is closely linked to the provision of primary health- care services; but poverty, malnutrition, a decline in breast-feeding, maternal education, use of improved water, and inadequacy sanitation and health facilities are all associated with high child mortality. The indicator relates to the fourth MDG calling for reducing child mortality. Score is 1 if national or international estimate is available for reference years; otherwise, 0.
Child immunization (proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles)
The proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles is the proportion of children aged one who received one dose of measles vaccine. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. Immunization is an essential component for reducing under-five mortality, and it serves as a proxy to measure the coverage and the quality of the child health care system. This indicator is also related to the fourth MDG aiming at reducing child mortality. Score is 1 if the periodicity of the indicator is annual; otherwise, 0.
HIV/AIDS (prevalence of HIV, total [% of population ages 15-49])
HIV prevalence at any given age is the difference between the cumulative numbers of people who have become affected with HIV up to this age and the number who died, expressed as a percentage of the total number alive at this age. The basis of measuring infection is the incidence of HIV among people aged 15-49. HIV/AIDS is one of the world’s most important killers and has its greatest impact on poor countries and poor people. This indicator relates to MDG number six to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. Score is 1 if a national or international estimate is available in the last 3 years; otherwise, 0.
Maternal health (births attended by skilled health staff)
Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for the newborns. High maternal mortality rates in many countries are the result of inadequate reproductive health care for women and 147 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
inadequately spaced births. The indicator monitors the ability of the health system to provide good antenatal and postnatal care for women and relates to the fifth MDG aiming at improving maternal health, with a target of reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and more than 5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
Gender equality in education (gross enrollment rate of girls to boys in primary and secondary education)
The indicator is defined as the ratio of the gross enrollment rate of girls to boys in primary and secondary education levels in both public and private schools. Women have an enormous impact on the well-being of their families and societies, but their potential is sometimes not realized because of discriminatory social norms, incentives, and legal institutions. Although their status has improved in recent decades, gender inequalities persist. Education is one of the most important aspects of human development, and eliminating gender disparity at all levels of education would help to increase the status and capabilities of women. This indicator provides a measure of equality of educational opportunity and relates to the third MDG that seeks to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the indicator is observed for 5, 4-3, and 2-1 out of the 5 latest years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
Primary completion (primary completion rate)
Primary completion rate (PCR) is the number of students successfully completing the last year of (or graduating from) primary school in a given year, divided by the number of children of official graduation age in the population. Because of difficulties with developing data based on this definition, data analysis is generally based on the PCR proxy indicator which is the number of children reaching the last year of primary school (as defined by a country) net of repeaters. The indicator, which monitors education system coverage and student progression, is intended to measure human capital formation and school system quality and efficiency and relates to the second MDG to achieve universal primary education. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the indicator is observed for 5, 4-3, and 2-1 out of the 5 latest years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
Access to water (access to an improved water source)
Access to an improved water source is currently defined as the percentage of the population that can obtain at least 20 liters per person per day from an “improved” source that is within one kilometer of the user’s dwelling. Improved water sources include household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection, but do not include water provided through vendors, tanker trucks, unprotected wells, unprotected springs, and bottled water. Unsafe water and lack of basic sanitation is the direct cause of many water-related diseases in developing countries. This indicator monitors access to improved water sources based on the assumption that improved sources are likely to provide safer water and relates to the seventh MDG to ensure environmental sustainability. Scores are 1 and 1/2 if primary estimates are observed for at least 2 and 1 out of the 6 latest years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
GDP growth (GDP per capita growth)
GDP per capita is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, divided by mid-year population. Growth is calculated from constant price GDP data in local currency. Sustained economic growth increases average incomes and is strongly linked to poverty reduction. GDP per capita provides a basic measure of the value of output per person, which is an indirect indicator of per capita income. Growth in GDP and GDP per capita are considered broad measures of economic growth. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is annual, 1.5 years or less, and more than 1.5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0.
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Technical Annex 8. Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening
1. General Conclusions
The primary conclusion is that the Government of Trinidad and Tobago is not aware of the relevance for policymaking of a national socioeconomic statistical system. After a detailed analysis of the resources and mechanism available, we understand that there is not enough emphasis on production of reliable statistics:
1. Economic performance and social well being needs to be monitored to make necessary adjustments
2. Indicators of agriculture production and employment are all crucial to measure the impact of policy reforms.
3. Birth and death rates and both emigration and immigration trends are all key indicators of future population trends in SRA and therefore essential for planning and policy making. For example, in Trinidad and Tobago, there is no official reliable mechanism to collect information and measure national immigration, neither external nor internal. The potential migration of peasants from the rural to the urban areas due to the sugar reforms has not been properly calculated.
4. The populations’ well-being needs to be measured in terms of living standards, health, housing, education, etc.
5. The scarce methodologies used to compile data are far from being suitable to analyze SRA because they do not have a common single methodology and unit of analysis to enable cross sectoral studies
6. Good statistics give early warning of any changes to the natural environment in the agricultural asset of the country, future economic scenarios and prices.
7. Good statistics are prerequisites of membership to the global “information society”. They are fundamental to enable citizens to monitor government spending on public social policies and ensure efficiency and impact of the policies among the poor: good governance and transparency. Good statistics are a cornerstone of democracy.
If the government of Trinidad and Tobago is really committed to a national results-based agenda and focused on evidence-based policy and decision-making; they should facilitate and promote an increased demand for good statistical information. Indeed, it is now internationally agreed that good statistical information is a necessary infrastructure and part of the enabling environment for national development. It constitutes an essential element in improving the ability of government to formulate appropriate policies, manage the economic and social development process, and monitor improvements in the living standards of the people.
In addition, stakeholders and organizations outside government (civil society organizations, research institutions, development partners, etc) need and use statistical information for their own planning and decision-making.
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Statistical information is, therefore, an essential ingredient in the management of the SRA in a modern society and its institutions.
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Recommendations
1. Make more efficient use of statistical resources: by creating coordination mechanisms with other government data users (ministry of social Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, etc) by agreeing on common legal and institutional frameworks, by developing common financing strategies and human resource policies, and by
sharing information technology, and communication infrastructures. 2. Improve the productivity of data management: by streamlining management processes, i.e. by creating a data warehouse. 3. Increase the availability of quality data and enable access of data users: by developing a common data dictionary and standards of data quality, and agreeing comprehensive data production and dissemination policies. 4. Raise the public profile for statistics: by developing a coherent NSS-wide advocacy strategy. Statistics today, according to the relevance given to the team by the Government is unfortunately not in the priority agenda: The Government does not see statistics as a priority to achieving the millennium development goal challenges
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Recommendations for institutional Strengthening of CSO to improve Socioeconomic Monitoring
1. Stronger national ownership, with higher level political support and championing to coordinate and harmonize socioeconomic statistical monitoring, evaluation and dissemination. Following the government institutional support, interest and commitment to the successful delivery of this report, the team concludes the lack of ownership and limited relevance of the assignment for the government, and a serious misunderstanding or missplanning with the urgent need to provide policy decision makers with reliable data.
2. Demand focused statistics and integration into national development policy processes, taking account of Trinidad and Tobago National Development Strategy 2020. Develop a statistical System which is inclusive and consultative with other socioeconomic data users and collectors.
3. Assessment of all statistical sectors and socioeconomic data user needs and provide a wider vision and strategic plan for national statistics.
4. Set out a comprehensive statistical development programme for all the ministries on socioeconomic issues, which has a set of priorities and a timetable to build capacity to deliver results while responding to user needs.
5. Incorporating plans for implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of all ministries with social responsibilities.
6. Address institutional and organizational constraints and processes which in the current CSO structure are serious and urgent in many levels, including resources, for the sustainable development of statistical systems and outputs.
7. Design a Statistical Coordination Plan to serve as a coherent framework both for international support for statistical development and statistics programs across the Government with other ministerial institutions.
The recommendations can be summarized in the following crosscutting strategic steps towards defining a common harmonized strategy to build a common socioeconomic statistics system within CSO.
1. Development of common institutional procedures for coordination, collaboration and cooperation to ensure vibrant and durable partnerships and collaboration within and across sectors and among users to improve sector statistics. Coordination will embrace all sectors and their respective users and producers. Sectors may seek CSO support to enable them to penetrate the management of their institutions and strengthen inter-institutional linkages. Some of the tools that might be used include coordinating committees, meetings and seminars, newsletters, a common website and email discussion groups, such as the recommendations following the workshop celebrated with major government stakeholders by the team. (See Annex IV).
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2. Creation of a legal and policy framework that takes into account the requirements of all stakeholders in the system: that sets out functions, rights and obligations of the sectors and the CSO within the NSS.
3. Identify clear areas for improvement in each ministry in terms of indicators and collection procedures. Use the Tool box as a common instrument to guide the learning process.
4. The aim is consistency of existing laws and mandates and the development of data exchange policies between sectors and with the general public.
5. Development of a National Statistics Strategy founded on a wide financing strategy prepared once the other strategies have been drawn up and the plan is complete. Some activities will be financed solely from sectoral sources but others, for example the establishment of a system-wide data warehouse or the development of training courses for common cadres of staff across the system, may be funded centrally.
6. Development of a comprehensive human resource strategy that ensures uniform training, recruitment and promotion procedures for all staff working not only in the CSO, but also in the other government institutions such as Ministry of Social Affairs, Health etc..in the National Statistics System:
7. Undergo Institutional Assessment to provide insights into gaps in human resource capacity and skills in each government institution responsible for socioeconomic policies and data collection and management and for the system as a whole; as well as priorities for career development to sustain statistical production. An human resource strategy may be developed to provide specialized training, common recruitment and career structures for all personnel working across the national system.
8. Rationalized use of physical infrastructure and ICT across the government. It may be possible to share space and buildings. Specialized facilities such as computer laboratories and libraries may be made more widely accessible across the system. An intranet may be set up to facilitate better communication among institutions.
9. Development of a coherent management information system across socioeconomic sectors (improve productivity of data management) to facilitate streamlining of data flow, data sharing and user access across the sectors. This can be undertaken by ensuring that information and communication technologies are compatible and by promoting standard software and hardware, sharing specialized programs and equipment and by developing the intranet, wherever possible.
10. Establishment of a common data warehouse to increase the availability of quality data creating a data warehouse to store all the data collected by the sector. Ultimately, it should be possible to create a common data warehouse across the National Statistical System by linking the sectoral data warehouses, or simply by building one data warehouse for the NSS in the CSO.
11. Development of a common metadata dictionary: with a common set of clearly defined agreed data and indicators, together with information about the way in which the data are collected, with a common set of definitions and specifications about 153 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
where they are located, such as the Tool box presented in this report in Chapter VII and Annex III. This will ensure that all sectors use standardized definitions for the same data and indicators, making it possible to relate and analyze data and indicators across several sources and sectors. A compendium of definitions and statistical concepts can also be generated and implemented across all socioeconomic sectors.
12. Agreement about common standards for data quality about relevance, accuracy, timeliness, accessibility, comparability and coherence. A useful strategy would be for the NSS to adopt a common agreement about the standards of data quality to be achieved throughout all the socioeconomic sectors.
13. Creation of a harmonized data production schedule: with corresponding data release calendars for censuses and surveys for each socioeconomic sector integrated into a National Statistical Program. The calendars may be organized so that there is as little overlap as possible between major data production activities such as the HBS and the population Census in order to be able to target resources to support different socioeconomic sector and CSO activities or priority areas in the NSS.
14. Development of a comprehensive dissemination policy for the production of statistical reports synchronizing annual reports for different sectors to inform PRS or MDG monitoring. It can also be useful for a single ministry, such as Ministry of Housing to report information from the HBS or another sector in its annual report; or for example, a national health statistical report may contain statistical information from the ministries of health, education, agriculture, the CSO etc. For this to happen there need to be standard formats, timeline s, methods of analysis, and publication dates. Reports can be made available to key users and partners on a national common website. The CSO has NO dissemination policy and has no understanding of other institutions statistical publications, so no capability of harmonizing or coordinating publications exists.
15. Build a coherent advocacy strategy across the NSS. Given the limited statistical awareness and lack of appreciation of statistics by policy makers and decision makers at different levels and across society in Trinidad and Tobago, a common approach to statistical advocacy is important. Effort is needed to promote uniformity in the use of data to support an argument, the awareness of the variety of interpretations of figures, and a conscientious understanding of widely used concepts such as means and percentages. The media needs to be empowered as well to report and use key statistics to support their reports and this should be encouraged across the National socioeconomic Statistic System.
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Administrative Annex 1 Work plan and Methodology
Specific objectives Requested Services Required Outputs Work Program Actions
1. Overview of the restructuring of the 1. List institutions responsible for sugar sector and its institutional implementing NAS and analyze type of and legislative framework involvement and implementation actions a. Review objectives, institutional and legislative framework, implementing 2. List and review account all measures taken institutions NAS by GoRTT in view of the restructuring of b. Review of Actions taken by GoRTT the sugar sector since 2003 and provide (restructuring of SS) since 2003. general comments about the overall Labour conditions of the SRA process economic social trends. c. Review degree of implementation of 3. Analysis sources to measure labour the strategy. conditions of former employers (both under Caroni Ltd 1975 and private cane production) 2. Description and analysis of the methodology used by CSO for 2009 BHS:
a) Support the CSO in the 1. Institutional Assessment of CSO for Analysis the statistical validity of elaboration of the facts and indicators of the BHS socioeconomic analysis: Procedures CSO socioeconomic data Analyse and report the collected in HBS during methodology used 2009 BHS, a. Institutional assessment of methodology: the first half of 2009 and Identify the data sources used by the CSO and other gov survey design techniques, b) Assess the statistical agencies to carry out pilot testing,
Technical Assistance to Assistance to Technical HBS and assess their quality,
1. validity of facts and reliability and coverage, analysis of the field supervision, indicators socioeconomic issues for the survey, implementation of the NAS administration,
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a. identify areas for potential and propose measures to coding and data entry, methodological improvement (ex: enhance such capacity data collection, analysis and report system survey design techniques, pilot testing, where needed; field supervision, survey, 2. Review and analysis the basic data administration, coding and data entry, sources and statistics available in CSO data collection, analysis and report b. illustration of the benefits DATA BASE beyond the HBS to potentially system, etc.) deriving from the application be used in the Socioeconomic baseline b. analyse the BHS and, by extension, of an enhanced methodology 3. Scope of Baseline define the scope of the baseline study to the approach used by the 4. Analyze potential data collection CSO in carrying out the techniques ofr informal economy c. Assess information collection baseline survey 5. Compare Socioeconomic Baseline and EU techniques about the informal Support NAS economy in SRAs and propose tools to 6. Design Monitoring and evaluation evaluate the incidence of this factor, if c. Design methodology for Mechanism any; monitoring of socioeconomic d. Report on the consistency between the conditions in SRAs. indicators in socioeconomic baseline and the Performance Indicators under d. Also outline techniques for the EU support NAS the repetition of the surveying exercise on a e. Evaluation of CSO capacity to assess regular basis; and collect socioeconomic data. Assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments to analyze socioeconomic issues
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c) Elaborate a 1.Description of stakeholders’ socioeconomic baseline involvement study for SRAs through a. Identify key stakeholders - reliable and 1. Identify key stakeholders and their status scientific advise based value added on implementation and 2. Propose Socioeconomic Baseline contents: on: collection of SOCIOONOMIC data to basic Indicators and information cross-check of the socioeconomic 3. Identify Key beneficiaries NSA and a. data collected baseline for SRAs. stakeholders
by the CSO b. Analyze stakeholder views / causes & and impact of reforms / proposed solutions 4. Analyze stakeholder views Interview survey a. a baseline study on current to problem in implementation of the questionnaire CARONI regarding level of socioeconomic conditions in NSA to baseline. satisfaction SRAs based on the data c. Analyze relevant actors stakeholders. provided by the CSO, d. Formulation of the socioeconomic 5. Analyze possibility of survey among Caroni including labour related baseline conditions in SRAs. Draft and ex employees aspects appraise a socioeconomic baseline
study, including labour related aspects, 6. Formulation of the socioeconomic baseline
Socioeconomic Baseline Socioeconomic for SRAs, conditions in SRAs (including labour
2. b. a global appraisal of the aspects). b. additional e. Based on socioeconomic areas outcome of the relevant data covered by HBS, consider and socioeconomic baseline 7. Draft and appraise a socioeconomic sources in propose additional indicators: baseline study, including labour related Government aspects, for SRAs, f. Ddefine and validate key socioeconomic and labour aspects that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline a. Outline potential a. Recommendations for 1. Present scenario of potential scenarios for EU support socioeconomic trends in the SRAs in the
socioeconomic a. Present scenario of potential implementation short and medium term if no further conditions in SRAs; socioeconomic trends in the SRAs in (including performance implementation of the NAS is assumed. the short and medium term if no further indicators, use of implementation of the NAS is technical assistance and b. Formulate concrete assumed. other aid delivery policy methods) and for NAS recommendations b. Analyze the prospect to extend or enhancement by the GORTT
Recommendations for future actions refine the scope of the baseline, and - c. Formulate
3. discuss potential constraints (data recommendations availability, time series etc.); for the improvement of existing data collection.
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Administrative Annex 2 Consultants’ itinerary
Month August September October November December Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ACTIVITY / Task I. Overview of the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and legislative framework Review objectives, institutional and legislative framework, implementing institutions NAS I.1 Output - List institutions responsible for implementing NAS and analyze implementation actions Review of Actions taken by GoRTT since 2003. Labour conditions I.2 of the SRA economic social trends. I.3 Review degree of implementation of the strategy Analysis sources to measure labour conditions of former I.4 employers II. Description and analysis of the methodology used by CSO for 2009 BHS Assess the usefulness of data collected through HBS survey for II.1 socioeconomic baseline needs and scope in SRA Analyse and report the methodology used 2009 BHS Identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: II.2 survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey, administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.) Analysis the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the BHS II.3 Identify the data sources used by HBS and assess their quality, reliability and coverage, II.4 analysis extend or refine the scope of the baseline II.5 Assess data collection mechanism of other institutions
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Month August September October November December Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ACTIVITY / Task Assess information collection techniques about the informal II.6 economy in SRAs and propose tools to evaluate the incidence of this factor, if any; Report on the consistency between the indicators in II.7 socioeconomic baseline and the Performance Indicators under the EU support NAS II.8 Institutional Assessment of CSO for socioeconomic Assessment. Socioeconomic Baseline Identify key stakeholders - implementation and collection of data III.1 socioeconomic baseline SRAs. Analyze stakeholder views / causes & impact of reforms / III.2 proposed solutions to problem in implementation of the NSA Analyze relevant actors (potential) stakeholders: key groups, III.3 institutions, NGOs, groups potentially affected by NAS. Formulation of the socioeconomic baseline conditions in SRAs. III.4 Draft and appraise a socioeconomic baseline study Identify socioeconomic areas covered by HBS, consider and III.5 propose additional indicators: grant of credit facilities, availability of health facilities, provision of education, infrastructures Identify define and validate key socioeconomic and labour aspects III.6 that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline Recommendations outline potential scenarios for socioeconomic conditions in SRAs; formulate concrete policy recommendations for future actions to
alleviate conditions? Formulate recommendations for the improvement of existing data collection for both the Central Statistical Office and the European Commission.
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Administrative Annex 3 List of documentation consulted
Caroni (1975) Limited Diagnostic Review. Report, Port-of-Spain: Price Waterhouse. 1992.
Central Statistical Office. 2000 Population and Housing Census. Reports, Port-of-Spain: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Development, 2002 - 2006.
Central Statistical Office. Population and Vital Statistics Reports 2003-2006. Report, Port-of-Spain: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Development.
Central Statistical Office. Questionnaires used in the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey.
Central Statistical Office. Population and Vital Statistics Reports 2003-2006. Report, Port-of-Spain: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Development.
Development of Production Farms on Caroni (1975) Limited 2 acre sites. Presentation. TTABA, January 9, 2009.
European Commission. Sector Approaches in Agriculture and Rural Development. Tools and Methos Series: Reference Document No. 5. October 2008.
GORTT. Vision 2020 Operational Plan 2007-2010: 2008-2009 Progress Report. Report, Port-of-Spain: Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment: Programme Management Office, 2009.
Kairi Consultants. Poverty Audit and Inventory for Trinidad and Tobago. Report. Poverty Reduction Programme, Ministry of Social Development 2006.
Minutes of Meetings of the Ministerial Team Committee responsible for the Restructuring of Caroni (1975) Ltd. Port-of-Spain: Office of the Prime Minister, 2004 - 2009.
National Adaptation Strategy (Sugar) for Trinidad and Tobago. Draft Final Report. Agrisystems Consortium. February 2007.
NIRAS Consulting Engineers and Planners. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Implementation of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago. European Commission 2009.
Ramdeen, Ria. Prime Minister’s award for Innovation and Invention. Report, Brechin Castle: Caroni (1975) Limited, 2000.
Report of the Inter-Agency Land Use Planning Team. Report. Port-of-Spain: Divestment Secretariat: Ministry of Finance, April 30, 2004.
The World Bank. A User’s Guide to Poverty and Social Impact Analysis. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2003.
Trinidad and Tobago – European Community Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme 2008-2013.
Miscellaneous
The Commercial Farm Programme Paper
Trinidad and Tobago Public Sector Reform Initiation Programme. Terms of Reference – Strengthening of the Central Statistical Office.
Maps Caroni Estates. Caroni (1975) Limited.
Procedure for Regularization of Former Caroni Agricultural Tenancies.
CD Results of 2008/09 Household Budget Survey (HBS)
Central Statistical Office. Methodology for the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey. (Electronic Copy)
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Administrative Annex 4 Curricula vitae of the consultants
1. Family name: FERNANDEZ TRILLO-FIGUEROA 2. First names: MIGUEL ANGEL 3. Date of birth: 19 January 1968 4. Nationality: SPAIN 5. Education:
Institution Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained: [ Date from - Date to ] Institute for Agricultural Economics. Göttingen University, Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics Germany. From 2001 to 2008 Graduate School of Public Policy. George Washington University, Master of Arts in Public Policy USA from 1995 to 1997 Complutense Univ. Madrid, Spain From 1985 to 1993. Bachelor of Arts - Economics AIDCO European Union Brussels. AIDCO. Help Desk PCM, SWAP y AP design and Management Nov 2003 of Sectoral Budget Support CE Programs
6. Language skills: Indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5 (1-excellent; 5-basic)
Language Reading Speaking Writing English 1 1 1 Spanish 1 1 1 Italian 1 3 3 German 1 2 3
7. Membership of professional bodies: Pan American Health Organization Bulletin, Editor; member of International Society for Ecologic Economics ISEE.
8. Other skills: Statistics and Data Analysis (SPSS, SAS), poverty assessment programs (POVCAL, PovcalNet, PovSTAT, Poverty Toolkit), Computer skills (MS Office applications, MS Project). Excellent presentation and oral skills, fair sense of judgment, fine organizational skills and ability to handle multiple tasks effectively.
9. Key Capabilities and Skills An Agricultural Economist with 18 years of professional experience designing, implementing and evaluating policy reforms and poverty reduction program in the rural and agricultural sectors in developing countries for major donors: EC, IADB, WB, CIDA, UNDP, SIDA, USAID and DFID. Extensive Project Management Knowledge of EC EDF procedures, General and Sector Budget Support Programs and aid packages, financing modalities (Integration Package for accession IPA, PAPS, Sector Wide Approach) through recent EC experience leading evaluation teams assessing and designing Rural Development and Agricultural Reform Programs. Extensive expertise as EC Team Leader in the area of sugar and agriculture development programs in Latin America and the Caribbean and direct hands on experience with the design/conception of agriculture implementing business financing /micro and small business lending programmes and trade export support-oriented technical assistance (Sugar related areas and banana diversification) programmes in St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt, Guatemala, Guyana, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, etc.
10. Country experience Experience Date from - Date to Saint Lucia, Trinidad y Tobago 2009 and 2010 Guyana 2007, 2008, 2009 Dominican Republic, Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panamá, Nicaragua, Guatemala, 1998 to d 2008 Lebanon, Palestine, Morocco, Egypt 2006 , 2007 Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Uganda, Eritrea, Somalia 1996 to 2009 Macedonia, Slovakia, , Romania, Albania, Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Malta and Cyprus From 1993 to 2008 Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador 2002 to 2008
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CURRICULUM VITAE – CILLA BENJAMIN
1. Family name: Benjamin 2. First names: Cilla Thadeen 3. Date of birth: 24 September, 1971 4. Nationality: Citizen of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 5. Civil status: Single 6. Education: Institution Date Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained: University of the West Indies 2008- Present Expected in 2011 Doctorate in Business Administration University of Trinidad and 2006-2007 MSc Industrial Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Management Tobago Class Rank 1st Place University of the West Indies 1994-2001 MSc Production Engineering and Management University of the West Indies 1990-1993 BSc Industrial Engineering
7. Language skills: Indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 - excellent; 5 - basic) Language Reading Speaking Writing English 1 1 1 8. Membership of professional bodies: Member Institute of Industrial Engineers, Norcross Georgia 9. Other skills: Computing MS Office including MS Project, Visio, SPSS, ERP, CMMS, SImulation 10. Present position: Management Consultant/Lecturer 11. Years within the firm: 3 years 12. Key qualifications: Managing Technical Assistance Projects: OJT CDE Brussels, Belgium International Best Practice for Business Development: BDS Springfield Institute UK 13. Experience : 1993-2010 Project Management, Public and Private Sector Technical Assistance, Academics, Operations Management Project Execution Office for EU Private Sector Development Programme (CBSL). Managed Competitiveness Building component of EU funded programme. Developed projects and performed cost/benefit analysis for projects undertaken in hospitality, food processing, manufacturing, industrial and construction sectors. Designed and executed monitoring and evaluation systems and conducted post project impact assessment. Provided local support for EU and ACP consultants and project managers/auditors. Delivered technical assistance and training to companies and institutions in the areas of business process reengineering, operational improvement, business planning, and lean management. Lectured and supervised university projects in this area (2006-2010). Public sector projects in Trinidad and Tobago (2006-2010) Sports and Youth Facilities Review - Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago. Surveyed all Sporting and Youth Facilities managed by Central Government and provided report detailing areas for attention with respect to organizational and physical infrastructure. (with associates). Ferry Service Study - Port Authority of Trinidad and Tobago – Ministry of Works and Transport. Conducted a stakeholder study of the implementation of the Inter-Island Fast Ferry Service (with associate). Ministry of Health – currently supervisor of UTT projects at the South Western and North Central Regional Health Authorities respectively. UTT supervisor/examiner for T&T cocoa industry projects. Managed business development projects in inner city Kingston, Jamaica (2002-2003) 10 years experience in operational efficiency, planning, information systems and quality management in the productive sector (1993- 2002) 14. Publications Benjamin, Cilla, and Denise-Margaret Thompson. "The Impact of Science, Technology and Innovation on the Global Competitiveness of Trinidad and Tobago’s Food Processors." Science and Technology: Vehicles for Sustainable Economic Development in the Caribbean. St. Georges: The Caribbean Academy for Sciences, 2008. 323-328.
Benjamin, Cilla. "Can Lean Production Create Competitive Advantage in SMEs? A Framework for a Local Case Study." Science and Technology: Vehicles for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean. St. Georges: The Caribbean Academy of Sciences, 2008. 317-322.
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Administrative Annex 5 Terms of Reference
EUROPEAID/119860/C/SV/MULTI
LOT N° 12: Standards
REQUEST N° 2009/209666
Specific terms of reference
for a report on the socioeconomic baseline
in sugar related areas in the framework of
the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad & Tobago
BACKGROUND
The European Commission requires an assessment report on the quality of the data collection system employed by the Central Statistical Office for monitoring - through statistical indicators - the progress in implementation of one of the strategic objectives of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago (T&T NAS). More specifically, the reference objective is Objective n. 3.2: Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area-based impacts of the planned transformations in former sugar related areas (SRAs).
The reform of the sugar sector is proving to have significant impact on socio-economic conditions in specific areas of the country. Therefore, the availability of reliable and comprehensive datasets is essential for both stakeholders and decision makers in order to design and implement policies aiming at mitigating potential adverse impacts of the reform process as well as at strengthening possible positive effects of the NSA. In this context, the report will formulate a socio-economic baseline conditions study in the areas affected by the NAS, will help improving the existing data collection and treatment system by the relevant government agencies in this field and will formulate appropriate recommendations to achieve this result. Based on the outputs of the study, the government would be able to adopt additional tools to better monitor the evolution of livelihood conditions in the SRAs as they undergo social and economic change as a result of divestment of the sugar sector.
Context
Since 2003, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) started to restructure its sugar sector. On 5 March 2007 its National Sugar Adaptation Strategy was submitted to the European Commission as a response to the decisions by the EU Council of Ministers of 24 November 2005 on the changes in the support to the sugar industry and in the framework of the Regulation 266/2006 on the Accompanying Measures to the changes in the EU trade regime with Sugar Protocol Countries. The T&T NAS is a sector policy document which is incorporated into a wider national development agenda (Vision 2020) and is based on the Government’s policy to divest from sugar and to end subsidies to the sugar industry in Trinidad and Tobago by the end of 2007.
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The general objective of the EU’s assistance in the sugar sector is to mitigate the adverse effects for the sugar growing areas of the EU Council of Ministers decision to phase out the Sugar Protocol starting in 2006, while supporting the GORTT in the realization of the priorities established in Vision 2020, the country’s National Development Plan to become a developed nation by the year 2020.
In this framework, the EU strategy supports two of the NAS Strategic Objectives:
Promoting economic diversification of sugar dependent areas Exit strategies for sugar farmers and sugar-cane workers who choose to leave the industry Improving the enabling environment for economic diversification Addressing broader impacts related to social, environmental, community and area-based issues Maintaining environmental stability Providing sustainable social and economic support related to the socio-economic effects of transitioning out of the industry
Since May 2008 the National Strategic Management Group, which is acting under the responsibility of the Prime Minister, acts as Project Coordination Unit and assumes responsibility for the successful management and implementation of the NAS. It also submits regular reports to the EU Delegation on the progress of the implementation of annual Financing agreements. A part of its activities is based on the data provided by the Central Statistical Office, which is a Division of the Ministry of Planning and Development. Data for poverty were made available in 2006 and also cover sugar related areas. More recently, the Central Statistical Office has started a more comprehensive survey focusing on socioeconomic data and budgetary conditions of households in Trinidad and Tobago. The survey is expected to be completed by mid June 2009 and its outcomes will be the focus of the experts’ work.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT
2.1 Global objective
The overall objective of the assignment is to contribute to the improvement in the quality of data collection, elaboration and dissemination by relevant government agencies in key sectors of the NSA in order to better shape sectoral policies that would contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of those groups affected by the sugar sector reform process in SRAs.
2.2 Specific objective(s)
Specific objectives will be: to identify possible knowledge gaps in the existing datasets; to suggest appropriate methodology to fill such gaps and to develop more comprehensive data collection and treatment techniques; to assess the overall data collection process; to support the Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the frame of the budgetary and household surveying exercise carried out during the first half of 2009 and to assess the statistical validity of facts and indicators; to elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs through scientific advise based on the data collected by the CSO and on additional relevant data sources; to outline future scenarios for existing socioeconomic conditions in SRAs; to formulate concrete policy recommendations for future actions in this field; to put forward recommendations for the improvement of existing data collection and elaboration practice which would be of use for both the Central Statistical Office and the European Commission.
2.3 Requested services, including suggested methodology
The European Commission requests an integrated service which is composed of two parts: 1.) a monitoring and support mission to the Central Statistical Office during the elaboration of data collected in the framework of the budgetary and 164 | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.
household survey 2009; 2.) a report that fully meets the objectives above and that thoroughly addresses the issues outlined below.
Part 1. Report on the socioeconomic and labour baseline conditions in SRAs
Overview of the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and legislative framework
A general description must be made of the NAS's objectives, institutional and legislative framework, including the institutions responsible for the implementation of the NAS, with regard to the socioeconomic aspects of such process. The description must also take into account all measures taken by GoRTT in view of the restructuring of the sugar sector since its decision to divest in 2003. Labour conditions should be considered as well, as the progressive shift of the labour force formerly employed in the sugar sector (both under Caroni Ltd 1975 and private cane production) to other economic sectors and the deriving social and economic trends currently represent a key issue for the assessment of the T&T NAS. The specific policy decisions and areas that should be influenced by the output of the requested report must be identified and ways to maximise the impact of the recommendations suggested. This overview has to take into account the recent state of play of the implementation of the strategy.
Description of stakeholders’ involvement
The involvement of stakeholders in the NAS process is a key success factor. The experts should identify key stakeholders which could provide reliable and value added data that could be used for the elaboration and the cross-check of the socioeconomic baseline for SRAs in Trinidad and Tobago. Also, different stakeholders could have different views of the causes of specific situations and could identify different solutions to the problems arising from the implementation of the NSA. Such positions should be taken into account when compiling and reviewing the baseline. Relevant actors should also be eligible for consultation when a draft version of the baseline is made available. Potential stakeholders could be: key groups and institutions, environmental agencies, NGOs, representatives of the public, groups potentially affected by the likely socioeconomic impacts of implementing the NAS. An indicative list of key stakeholders is attached as Annex I.
Description and analysis of the methodology used by the CSO during the 2009 budgetary and household survey and formulation of the socioeconomic baseline conditions in SRAs (including labour aspects).
The correct formulation of every public policy is based on the availability and use of complete and reliable data collected through appropriate methodology. In order to ensure the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the CSO’s surveying exercise, the experts will:
analyze and report the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the 2009 budgetary and household survey; identify the data sources used by the CSO and assess their quality, reliability and coverage; identify what aspects have been studied by the CSO and, if any, consider and propose appropriate additional indicators to extend the CSO survey’s coverage. Additional aspects to be appraised could include (but not necessarily be limited to): grant of credit facilities, availability of health facilities, provision of education, infrastructures and facilities as drinking water, electricity, roads etc. On the basis of the policy, institutional and legislative framework analysis, as well as the participation of stakeholders, the experts should identify the key socioeconomic and labour aspects that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline (that is, the key NAS– socioeconomic interactions that need to be given special consideration and emphasis); identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.);
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report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discuss potential constraints (data availability, time series etc.); assess to what extent information about the informal economy in SRAs have been taken into account and propose tools to evaluate the incidence of this factor, if any; report on the consistency between the indicators employed in the elaboration of the socioeconomic baseline and the Performance Indicators envisaged under the EU support to the NAS for the period 2008-2010 and referring to Objective 3.2 (Limited adverse socio-economic, community and area-based impacts of the planned transformations in former sugar related areas) and comment on any divergence and on possible ways to harmonize the results; assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed; on the basis of the analysis above, draft and appraise a socioeconomic baseline study, including labour related aspects, for SRAs, with a clear distinction between primary and secondary aspects. Trends for the various components of the socioeconomic analysis should be identified and projections should be made of the current socioeconomic conditions in SRAs in the short and medium term if no further implementation of the NAS is assumed.
Conclusions and recommendations
The last chapter of the report will summarize the key methodological issues identified during the elaboration of the baseline study and will include indications about future scenarios as well as concrete recommendations. Recommendations should also be made on how to optimize the data collection and treatment system as well as on how to make the best use of such information when formulating socioeconomic policy measures. The recommendations for NAS enhancement should be addressed to the European Commission for incorporation in its policy dialogue with the GORTT. They should also identify areas where technical assistance or other aid modalities (e.g. projects) would be required to address specific weaknesses in the application of statistical surveys in NAS areas relating to socioeconomic aspects. Recommendations should also include proposals for the fine tuning of the performance indicators for the EU support programme to the NAS. The report is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the socioeconomic impact of the implementation of the NAS in SRAs and to enable the GORTT and the European Commission to make use of comprehensive and reliable datasets when formulating and assessing sectoral policy measures.
Part 2. Monitoring and support
The experts will support the CSO and monitor the analysis of data collected in the framework of the 2009 budgetary and household survey in view of the production of a socioeconomic baseline for SRAs. This task will be carried out at both the European Commission’s Delegation and CSO offices and it will aim, amongst others, to collect direct information on the way data are treated in order to identify methodological gaps and suggest measures for improvement. Consequently, this second task will be performed alongside the drafting of the final report.
2.4 Required outputs
The assignment should be concluded with a report to be submitted to the Delegation of the European Commission in Trinidad and Tobago for approval according to the indications provided at point 2.3 and following the guidelines in Annex II. The report will deliver the following outputs:
a thorough and complete analysis of the data, the sources, the socioeconomic aspects, and the methodology used by the CSO for the 2009 budgetary and household survey; an in-depth analysis of the scope of the survey and of the areas where methodological improvements are possible; an identification of relevant and/or significant data related gaps in the framework of the data collection exercise and suggestions for appropriate methodology to fill in such missing knowledge; an assessment of the statistical validity of facts and indicators produced by the CSO’s surveying exercise and a global appraisal of the outcome of the socioeconomic baseline;
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a baseline study on current socioeconomic conditions in SRAs based on the data provided by the CSO, including labour related aspects, and appropriately checked by the experts; an assessment of the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed; an illustration of the benefits deriving from the application of an enhanced methodology to the approach used by the CSO in carrying out the baseline survey; provision of an appropriate, feasible and cost-effective methodology for a regular and timely monitoring of socioeconomic conditions in SRAs. Owing to the limited resources available, such methodology should also outline techniques for the repetition of the surveying exercise on an annual basis; concrete recommendations for EU support implementation (including performance indicators, use of technical assistance and other aid delivery methods) and for NAS enhancement by the GORTT.
The purpose of the required output is to allow the EU Delegation in Trinidad and Tobago to obtain comprehensive and reliable facts on the socioeconomic and labour situation in SRAs. Also, the study should provide sound scientific basis for permitting the relevant government agencies to better plan their actions in sugar sector reform related areas. On the basis of this draft proposal and the time schedule outlined in the Terms of Reference, the company must provide a detailed work plan.
EXPERTS PROFILE The contractor shall specify the qualifications and experience of the specialists who will carry out the assignment. Moreover, the experts must be sensitive to socioeconomic impacts of the implementation of the NAS in the country in general and SRAs in particular and take into account that some of the stakeholders are already affected by changes.
3.1 Number of requested experts per category and number of man-days per expert Two experts (Category II and III) are required for carrying out the assignment. The indicative number of man-days per expert is reported in the table below.
Indicative Schedule (work days) Expert I Expert II Preparation of the assignment (in consultant's head office) 5 5 Technical assistance to CSO 15 30 Report (including field phase and final workshop) 52 20 Finalizing of the report (in consultant's head office) 2 1 Total days 74 56
3.2 Profile required (education, experience, references and category as appropriate)
Economist/Statistic Expert – Category II Qualifications Minimum an MSc in social statistics and/or economics or an equivalent field A recognised certificate for Proficiency in English (written and spoken) for non-native speakers
General Experience At least 10 years practical experience in social statistics and transitional economics issues, with particular focus on socioeconomic, institutional and development aspects or other related issues.
Specific Experience Experience with Global Information System (ex: ArcView) Knowledge of SPSS and/or Stata systems Knowledge of and experience with demographic profiles and management of household level survey data
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Familiarity with developing country statistical measures
Additional advantages Familiarity with EU guidance on programming, country strategies, policy mix and integration of social issues into development and/or economic sectoral transition areas; An understanding of the EU environment and development policies; Previous working experience in the region; An understanding of the agricultural issues.
Socioeconomic Expert – Category III Qualifications Minimum an MSc in social science, social statistics or an equivalent field A recognised certificate for Proficiency in English (written and spoken) for non-native speakers
General Experience At least 5 years practical experience in social and economic development issues, including experience in analyzing the impact of sectoral economic restructuring on local social systems
Specific Experience Experience with Global Information System (ex: ArcView) Knowledge of SPSS and/or Stata systems Knowledge of and experience with demographic profiles and management of household level survey data Familiarity with developing country statistical measures
Additional advantages Familiarity with EU guidance on programming, country strategies, policy mix and integration of environmental issues into other policy areas; An understanding of the EU environment and development policies; Previous working experience in the region; An understanding of the EU Sugar Market Regime and of its socioeconomic impact on affected ACP countries.
3.3 Working language The working language shall be English.
LOCATION AND DURATION 4.1 Starting period The assignment shall commence on 10 August 2009.
4.2 Foreseen finishing period or duration The assignment is expected to end on 9 December 2009.
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4.3 Planning The planning of the assignment is as follows: Date* Planned Assignment Remarks 10 August 2009 Commencement of the assignment Consultants' headquarters 14 August 2009 Submission of the work plan, including The EU Delegation and the representatives of stakeholders’ consultation the GoRTT will provide their feedback on the plan prior to the commencement of the study
On the field mission 17 August 2009 Introduction meeting With the EU Delegation and the representatives of the GoRTT and agencies Commencement of Draft report 18 August 2009 Regular meetings at the Central Individual mission. Possible support by EU Statistical Office to analyse work Delegation staff procedures and data collection Parallel meetings and workshops with other stakeholders 17 November 2009 Submission of Draft Report A meeting will be held with the EU Delegation Presentation of the draft report at a and the representatives of the GoRTT and stakeholder workshop relevant agencies wherein the consultant will present his/her findings/recommendations beforehand for validation. The workshop will be organised by the consultants in collaboration with the CSO and the NSMG 4 December 2009 Submission of comments on the draft Comments submitted will include the Report by the EU Delegation comments made by the representatives of the GoRTT and other key stakeholders 7 December 2009 Integration of comments into the Draft Report 9 December 2009 Submission of Final Report Presentation at a final meeting / press conference End of assignment * Dates are indicative
4.4 Location of assignment
The assignment shall be carried out in Trinidad and Tobago.
REPORTING
5.1 Content Instructions on the content of the report are contained in points 2.3 and 2.4. Changes to the proposed structure and study areas could only be made after consultation with and approval by the EU Delegation in Trinidad and Tobago.
5.2 Language The final report shall be drafted in English.
5.3 Submission/comments timing
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The detailed stakeholder engagement plan to be presented 2 weeks after kick-off shall be submitted to the European Commission for comments. Any comment should be treated confidentially. The table reported in point 4.3 above provides a detailed timing of both report and comments submission.
5.4 Number of report(s) copies The draft and final reports shall be submitted to the European Commission in 5 hard copies and one CD-Rom.
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION 6.1 Other authorized items to foresee under ‘Reimbursable’
a return plane ticket place of residence – Port of Spain – place of residence for both experts. The lead expert will also be reimbursed a return ticket for a mission to Trinidad for the presentation of the results of the study in the framework of a workshop or press conference inter city travel outside Port of Spain (please note that expenses for car hire and fuel, or other transport, are only eligible for mission days outside Port of Spain) expenses required for organizing the workshop
All the above items are expenses reimbursable on submission of relevant supporting documents. The consultancy must provide all other support, communication, intra-city transport and backstopping for the experts. Please note that intra-city transports are covered by the per diem allowance.
Annex I - List of key Stakeholders
Ministries: Finance Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources (MALMR) Public utilities Trade and Industry Planning Housing and Environment Social Development
Government bodies / Parastatal organizations and programmes: Central Statistical Office (CSO) Divestment Secretariat Environmental Commission of Trinidad & Tobago Environmental Management Authority (EMA) Farmers Training Centre Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) Sugar Cane Feeds Centre University of the West Indies (Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences).
Private Sector All Trinidad Island-wide Cane farmers and general Work Trade Union Cane Farmers’ Co-operative Cane Producers Association of Trinidad and Tobago NAMDEVCO Trinidad Island-wide Cane farmers Association of T&T T&T Agribusiness Association South Trinidad Chamber of Industry and Commerce Port of Spain Chamber of Industry and Commerce
Annex II – Standard format for reports
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Final Report Maximum length of the report (without appendices): 100 pages. The following text appears on the inside front cover of the report: This report is financed by the European Commission and is presented by the [name of consultant] for the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the European Commission. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago or the European Commission.
1. Executive summary 2. Scope 3. Background 3.1 Sector Programme justification and purpose 3.2 The CSO 2009 budgetary and household survey 3.3 The case for action 4. Approach and methodology 4.1 General approach 4.2 Statistical mapping units and techniques 4.3 Assumptions, uncertainties and constraints 5. Description of the implementation of the T&T NAS 6. Overview of the policy, institutional and legislative framework with a focus on the socioeconomic aspects 7. Description of key stakeholders and of their role and contribution 8. Methodological approach of the budgetary and household survey 2009 8.1 Analysis of the methodology used by the CSO for the survey 8.2 Analysis of the data sources used by the CSO for the survey 8.3 Analysis of the key socioeconomic aspects addressed in the survey 8.4 Identification of additional socioeconomic aspects to be studied 8.5 Description and assessment of the scope of the socioeconomic survey 8.6 Description of the areas for potential methodological improvements 8.7 Analysis of alternatives 8.8 Consistency between indicators: socioeconomic baseline vs. NAS Performance Indicators 2008-2010 9. A socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs in Trinidad and Tobago 9.1. From the survey to the socioeconomic baseline: methodology and data 9.2 Statistical validity of facts and indicators reported in the baseline9.3 Results of the socioeconomic baseline exercise (including labour aspetcs) 9.4 Global evaluation of the baseline 10. Report on the technical assistance activity Assessment of institutional capacities Conclusions and recommendations General conclusions Methodology for a regular and timely monitoring of socioeconomic conditions in SRAs Recommendations for EU support of the NAS Recommendations for NAS enhancement by the GORTT Technical appendices Maps and other illustrative information not incorporated into the main report Other technical information and data, as required Stakeholder consultation methodology List of stakeholders consulted/engaged Records of stakeholders’ consultation Administrative appendices Study methodology/work plan (2–4 pages) Consultants’ itinerary (1–2 pages) List of documentation consulted (1–2 pages) Curricula vitae of the consultants (1 page per person)
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