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U.S. Department FTA-MA-26-7100-05.1 of Transportation Federal Transit Administration A n a l y s i s o f E l e c t r i c D r i v e T e c h n o l o g i e s F o r T r a n s i t A p p l i c a t i o n s : B a t t e r y - E l e c t r i c , H y b r i d - E l e c t r i c , a n d F u e l C e l l s F i n a l R e p o r t A u g u s t 2 0 0 5 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES August 2005 COVERED Final Report – August 2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS A n a l y s i s O f E l e c t r i c D r i v e T e c h n o l o g i e s F o r T r a n s i t A p p l i c a t i o n s : B a t t e r y - E l e c t r i c , H y b r i d - E l e c t r i c , A n d F u e l C e l l s MA-26-7100 6. AUTHOR(S) Lisa Callaghan and Sheila Lynch 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) REPORT NUMBER Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium 112 South St. 4th Floor Boston, MA 02111 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING Federal Transit Administration AGENCY REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, DC 20590 Website URL [www.fta.dot.gov] FTA- MA-26-7100-05.1 11. Supplementary Notes. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Available From: National Technical Information Service/NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Phone 703.605.6000, Fax 703.605.6900, Email [[email protected]] 13. ABSTRACT This report provides an overview of the current status of electric drive technologies for transit applications, covering battery-electric, hybrid-electric and fuel cell buses. Based on input from the transit and electric drive industries, the analysis examines the state of electric drive technology for transit buses, including a list of current deployments; the benefits of major market penetration of electric drive buses to both transit and the broader community; the barriers that remain to achieving this goal; and potential steps the transit industry believes the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) could take to alleviate some of these barriers. The report focuses on hybrid-electric technology as the most commercially-viable technology for full- size transit buses today. There is a review of technical aspects of hybrid systems; emissions and fuel economy results to date; capital and operating costs; reliability, performance and durability issues; and regulatory status. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Hybrid-electric, hybrid, battery-electric, fuel cell, electric drive, transit bus 54 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE CLASSIFICATION ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified OF ABSTRACT Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18298-102 DISCLAIMER NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the United States Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Acknowledgements The work in this document was performed by the Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium (NAVC) under Federal Transit Administration (FTA) project number MA-26-7100. The lead author was Lisa Callaghan; Sheila Lynch was an author and reviewer. Shang Hsiung was the Federal Transit Administration project manager for this effort; Christina Gikakis of FTA also reviewed the analysis. The NAVC would like to thank the electric drive and transit industry representatives who agreed to be interviewed for this report. We would particularly like to thank the following individuals who provided additional information or expertise outside of the interview process: Kevin Chandler, Battelle/U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity; Gary LaBouff, New York City Transit; Bart Mancini, BAE Systems; David Mazaika, ISE Corporation; David Mikoryak, GM Allison; Amy Miller, New Flyer of America, Inc.; Christopher Moog, New Jersey Transit; Michael Simon, ISE Corporation; Lurae Stuart, American Public Transportation Association; Stephen Warren, Connecticut Transit; and Thomas Webb, BAE Systems About the NAVC The Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium (NAVC) is a non-profit association of private and public sector firms that believe that advanced vehicle technologies, like fuel cells and hybrids, will play an important role in reducing the impact of the transportation sector on the environment and energy consumption. The NAVC strives to spur the successful implementation of these technologies through management of research and demonstration projects; development and dissemination of industry reports and other informational materials; and, outreach and advocacy efforts. Originally formed by the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management and the New England Governors’ Conference, the NAVC was incorporated as a non-profit in Massachusetts in 1993. Today, the NAVC Board of Directors is appointed by the eight Northeast governors and the mayor of New York City. The NAVC’s three-part mission is to foster the development of transportation technologies that are clean, efficient, and sustainable; to help reduce the Northeast’s air quality problems by promoting the use of clean-fueled vehicles; and to strengthen the region’s economy through the creation of highly-skilled advanced transportation technology jobs. Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium 112 South Street, 4th Floor Boston, MA 02111 617-482-1770 www.navc.org Acronyms APTA American Public Transportation Association CARB California Air Resources Board CARTA Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO Carbon Monoxide DPF Diesel Particulate Filter EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency FTA Federal Transit Administration FTP Federal Test Procedure G/bhp-hr Grams Per Brake Horsepower Hour GVW Gross Vehicle Weight HC Hydrocarbons ICE Internal Combustion Engine LNG Liquefied Natural Gas Mi Mile MPG Miles Per Gallon MPH Miles Per Hour NiCd Nickel Cadmium NiMH Nickel Metal Hydride NMHC Nonmethane Hydrocarbons NOx Nitrogen Oxides NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory PEM Proton Exchange Membrane PM Particulate Matter R&D Research and Development SAE Society of Automotive Engineers U.S. United States List of Figures and Tables Active Battery-Electric Bus Deployments in the U.S. .................................................................................. 14 Active Deployments or Confirmed Pending Deliveries of Hybrid-Electric Buses in the U.S. and Canada.. 20 Active Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programs Worldwide.......................................................................... 24 New York City Transit Orion VII Emissions Comparison............................................................................ 26 Comparison of Estimated Costs of Diesel, CNG and Hybrid Buses. ........................................................... 30 New York City Transit Battery Type Life/Cost Comparison........................................................................ 31 Sample Comparison of Fuel Costs Using Preliminary Fuel Economy Results from NREL New York City Transit Testing Program ........................................................................................... 32 Early Results for King County Evaluation: Fuel and Maintenance Costs Per Mile...................................... 32 Sample Comparison of Fuel and Maintenance Costs Over 12-Year Bus Life Using NREL King County Preliminary Data ................................................................................................ 33 Hybrid-Electric Transit Bus Characteristics That May Affect Lifecycle Cost Comparisons with Diesel Buses ............................................................................................ 33 Estimated Tax Credits for Hybrid Vehicles Over 26,000 Pounds GVW....................................................... 34 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 What is Our Objective?................................................................................................. 4 How This Analysis Was Developed: Our Approach ..................................................... 5 Overview of Electric Drive Buses Impetus for Transit Agency Interest in Electric Drive Buses ........................................ 7 Status of Electric-Drive
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