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Rivista Italìana di Paleontoloeia e Stratierafia THE HOLOTYPE OF CERVALCES GALLICUS (AZZAROLI, 19sz) FROM SÉNÈZE (HAUTE-LO IRE, FRANC E) \T/ITH NOMENCLATURAL IMPLICATI ONS AND TAXONOMICAL-PHYLOGENETIC ACCOUNTS. MARZIA BREDA Receicetl February I 5, 2001; arcepted Septentber 26,2001 Key Words: Cerr,alces gallicus, Middlc-Upper Villafranchian, aalces (Libralces) gallìcus (Azzaroli,1952) found in the Sénè2e,,4/ces, Cena/ces, Libralces. early tx/enties in Sénèze (Domeyrat, Haute-Loire, Riassunto.In questo lar.oro vengono riesamìruti i resti di Cer France) and reported as elk since 1931 by Roman and u-alces (Lìbralces) gallicus (Azzaroli, 1952) provenienrì dal giacin-rento Dareste de la Chavanne. The holotvoe consists of an del Villafranchiano medìo-superiore di Sénèze (Alta Loin, Fr.rncia) c adult male, with part of the antlers rnd the whole skele- custoditi presso il Museo Paleontologico dell'Unìi.ersità Claude tonr mounted but showing hea\T damage in all its ele- Bernlrd - Lyon 1. Si tratta di uno scheletro monrato, cornpleto di lllents. crenio con palchi e rutri gli elementi postcraniali, descritto corre olotipo da Azzaroli (1952), e dello scheletro degli arti di un seconclo The age of Sénèze deposir is still being debated. indrr ìduo. indic.rro islle r1g.ro ruror( corne cor;pu. Azzaroli et al. (1988) consider two distinct mammal fau- Si attribuisce qui all'olotipo lo scheletro degli arti del sccondo nas, the former from the end of the Middle Villafranchi- individuo, mentre g1ì arti montati, di minori dimensionj, per il loro an (with Eucladoceros senezensis), pessirno stato di conservazione non si prestano ad una dctennirazione the latter from the che vada oltre al rango tassononico di famiglia. Si discurono quindi i Upper Villafranchian (with C. gallicus). Most articul;rted caratteri deterrninanti il gencre Cer'-alces e si concorda con Azzaroli skeletons come from the older unit) a "maar" deposit. nell'attribuirgli anche la specie C. (L.) latfrons, del Pleistocene rnedjo- Lister (1993a) suggesrs that the skeleton of C. gallicus, superiore. Tutre le specie del genere Ceru-alceJ presentano càratterl for its completeness, should belong to this lacustrine della morfologia cranica e facciale che si discost:rno notevolmente da quelli dell'attuale Alces. L'occipitale stretro e alto ed i nasali brevi non succession, dated, by palaeomagnetic studies (Thouveny a contatto con i lunghi premascellari, sono quindi considerati caratteri & Bonifay, 1984), to 2.0-1.6 rnyr BP Lister's suggesrion apomorfì della sola specìe Alces dlces. is accepted here because it better agrees wirh the age of the other remains of C. gallicus from Europe. Abstract. The remains of Cere aÌces (Libralces) gaÌlicus (,Azzaro\, Azzaroli, a revision 1952) from the Middle-Upper Villafranchian of Sénèz_e in of the Cervids from the (Haute-Loire, France), kept in the Paleontolosical Museum of the English Forest Bed (Azzaroli, 1953), was unable ro cor- University Claude Bernard - L).or 1, are here studied again. The relate skulls, jan's and limb bones of several species of remains consist oI an assembled skeleton, wìth skull, antlers and all elks, very different from present-day elk (Azzaroli, postcranial elements, described by Azzaroh (1952) as holotype, and in 1952, pp.133). He therefore described a the limb bones of a second specimen, designated as cotlrpe by the s;rme new genus and author. The cotvpe's limb bones are here attributed to the holotype, a new species, LibraÌces gallicus, based on the specìmen while the smaller assembled limb bones cannor be detennined oyer the from Sénèze, ciearly not well preserved, but substantial- family taxonomìc level, due to the bad state of prcservation. ly complete. Later Azzaroli (1982) downgraded Libral- The characters determining the genus Cen,alces are described ces to subgenus of Cerztalces, genotype the Amer- here and, in accordance with Azzaroli, the species C. (L.1 latifrons North from the Middle-Upper Pleistocene is attributed to it. All the species ican Cervalces (Centalces) scotti (Lydekker, 1898). of the genus Cerualces shon characters of cranial and facìal morphol- lJnfortunately the whoie skeleton of the holotype ogy, which differ from that of presenr-da;' Alces. The narrow, deep from Sénèze is badly deteriorated and has undergone occipital and the short nasals, not arriclrlared nith the long prernrxil- heai,y restoration that has altered its physiognomy. In laris, are in this view considered apomorphic chara*ers ol AÌces alces. particular, numerous missing parts have been recon- structed and the whole covered with a dark brown paint Introduction that makes it impossible to distinguish original porrions rrom reconstructed ones. The Geological Deprrrmenr of the University As the holotype is frlgment:rry, Azzaroli (1952) Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, houses the holotype ol Cer- referred to the samples from the English Forest Bed for Dipartimento di Geolosia, Università dj Padova, Via Giotto 1,35137 Padova, e-rraìl: marziabreda(àhornail.com 4A tr|. Brecla the description of the neurocranium and jar'. These the original limb bones were not used. These bones, remains, kept in the Natural History Museum of Lon- being of smaller size, could belong to a female of the don, are a skull (M6101) .rnd two jaws (M6206 and same species; they lack, however, morphological ele- M6229) from the Veybourn Crag of F,ast Runton. The ments that would support this hypothesis. skull from Sénèze retains, however, the facial portion, The limbs now assembled are excluded here frorn not present in a1l the English remains, that shows some the holotype, as per rule 73.7.5 of the 4th edition of the peculiar morphologies which justify the new genus and "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" lrule the choice of the holotype. 23.1.5 refers exactl)- to holotypes consisting of a set of For the description of postcranial elements, disarticulated body parts found not deriving from .rn Azzaroli (1952) referred to the limb bones of a second ;-J;-.;1,..1 ^-;-.-l\ specimen, kept in the Lyon University Museum comlng, The lirnb bones described by Azzaroli (1952) as probably, from the same area (no documentation of its cotype are here attributed to the holotype. This case has finding exists). never been submitted to the International Commission The aim of this work is to describe the skull of the on Zoological Nomenclature until now (Minelli, pers. holotype in greater detail, with reference to Engiish comm., 2O0O) and there are no rules concerning exactly specimens purely for comparison or additional informa- such a case. Rule 75.8, referring to the status of redis- tion. The limb bones are also analysed here, for compar- covered former name-bearing types that were presumed ison with present-day elk. lo't. may be applied to this c.rse by .rn:rlogy. Follows a de scription, as careful as possible, of the holotype as defined above. The nomenclature of Barone Preliminary considerations and nomenclatural implica- (1980) is used here. tions In studying the assembled skeleton, was impos- it Description sible to distinguish the original portions from those reconstructed in plaster. This problem, already remark- Antlers able for the cranial elements, was even greater for limb A long slender beam departs from the broad bones. Left tibia, left humerus, carpal and tarsal bones frontals, with no sign of bifurcation or tines, and flattens are totaliy reconstructed; right tibia, right humerus, out at its extremities into wide palmations. Both antlers rnetapodials, phalanges, radii and ulnas possess some were cut at the burr and assembled on a rnetallic sup- original bony parts which are unrecognisable from the port. The lack of complementarity between the vertical reconstructed ones. Pfeiffer (pers. comm., 2001) sug- surfaces of the two stumps, due to the loss of a portion gests that some of these bones may belong to Euclado- of beam during cutting, makes it difficult to hypothesise ceTos. the exact original orientation of the antlers. Limb bones, described by Azzaroh (1952) as In the current assemblage the two beams are gen- cotype. rre in far better condition. Some long bones tly twisted, the left clockwise and the right counter- have been repaired, but simply by joining fractured dia- clockwise, and widen in a vertical p;rlmation with poste- physes. Bones are very Ìight with traces of red clay soil; rior concavity. Both antlers retain the lower tine down- some elements of carpus and tarsus are blackened by x.ard and posteriorll. directed; the right antler retains combustion. The amazing completeness of the cotype the base of a second tine. Then the palmations extend Iimbs would suggest that it was found in anatomic con- outwards and upwards but are broken off without other nection. As a matter of fact there are: all the phalanges, tines. It is impossible to hypothesise the original total all the carpal elements except the right pisiform, all the span of the antlers, however each one of them shows an tarsal elements except the left malleolus and sma1l overall length of over one meter. Therefore, including cuneiforms, and all the long bones except femurs. The the width of the sku1l, the total span may be calculated striking complementarity of the bone elements of the about 2 merers rnd 2J5 mm. cotype with the only ones of the assembled skeleton, which are not totally reconstructed (scapulas, pelvis and Skull femurs), together with the same kind of fossilization, The skull is formed by the neurocranial and the wouid suggest that they belong to the same specimen. facial portion united by a plaster bridge, modelled in a Azzaroli (1952, pp. 133) writes: "According to rather arbitrary way. It is impossible to reconstruct the Prof. Viret (the current director of the Geological value of the cranio-facial angle, but it should have been Department of Lyon) the skeleton was disassembled and closer than in the current restoration, with the occipital protected during the war; the current assembling, very more vertically set, as shown in Fig.
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    PALEOINDIAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN THE LOWER GREAT LAKES REGION: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF CARIBOU AS A CRITICAL RESOURCE By Dillon H. Carr A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ANTHROPOLOGY 2012 ABSTRACT PALEOINDIAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN THE LOWER GREAT LAKES REGION: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF CARIBOU AS A CRITICAL RESOURCE By Dillon H. Carr There is a widespread perception that Rangifer tarandus (caribou) constitutes a critical resource for Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene hunter-gatherers inhabiting the lower Great Lakes region. However, this perception has not been formally tested using the regional archaeological record. To this end, this dissertation constitutes a formal test of the caribou hunting hypothesis utilizing archeological data from lower Great Lakes Paleoindian (ca. 11,500- 10,000 BP) sites. To formally test the hypothesis that caribou were the organizational focus of lower Great Lakes Paleoindian subsistence economies a heuristic model for a residentially mobile caribou hunting society is constructed from ethnographic and comparative archaeological data. Archaeological data from lower Great Lakes Paleoindians are compared against expected patterning derived from the residentially mobile caribou hunting model to evaluate the extent to which patterned variability in the Paleoindian archaeological record reflects an intensive caribou hunting society. This formal evaluation of the caribou hunting hypothesis indicates that certain aspects of the Paleoindian archaeological record support the idea that caribou were an important resource. In particular, there is some evidence to suggest that more standardized extractive implements and larger, multi-locus, Lake Algonquian coastal sites support an interpretation of intercept caribou hunting.
  • Faunal Complex of the Early Pleistocene Muhkai 2 Locality

    Faunal Complex of the Early Pleistocene Muhkai 2 Locality

    Faunal complex of the Muhkai 2 locality M.V. Sablin and K.Yu. Iltsevich Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS Vol. 325, No. 1, 2021, pp. 82–90 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.82 УДК 57.072 Faunal complex of the Early Pleistocene Muhkai 2 locality M.V. Sablin* and K.Yu. Iltsevich Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Emb., 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected] Submitted January 1, 2021; revised February 2, 2021; accepted February 4, 2021. ABSTRACT The Early Pleistocene locality Muhkai 2 was discovered in Central Dagestan, northeastern Caucasus, Russia, in 2006. Archaeological investigations of the site have been directed by Corresponding member of RAS H.A. Amirkhanov (Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow). The article presents the results of the study of osteological material from the excavations of 2006–2017. The cultural layers with stone tools and mammal bones are found within stratum of brownish-grey petrified loams with reversed magnetization. We identified 14 large species of mammals, which are indicators for the dating of the faunal assemblage and crucial in identifying the specific char- acteristics of the natural environment at the time of site formation. Stenon horse and Etruscan wolf dominate the spectrum of species at Muhkai 2. All large mammal species from the site are inhabitants of open and semi-open landscapes and animals indicative of closed biotopes are absent. The biotope appears to have been a dry savan- nah-steppe with small areas of forest vegetation. The climate at this time was warm and quite arid.