GETTING up to SPEED: a Conservationist's Guide to Wildlife

Home , Bridge to nowhere, Roadkill, Up to Speed, Wildlife crossing

DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE Defenders of Wildlife is a national, nonprofit membership organization dedicated to the protection of all native animals and plants in their natural communities. Defenders launched the Habitat and Highways Campaign in 2000 to reduce the impacts of GETTING UP TO SPEED: surface transportation on our nation’s wildlife and natural resources. Author: Patricia A. White A Conservationist’s Guide Director, Habitat and Highways Campaign Research: Jesse Feinberg To Wildlife and Highways Technical Review: Alex Levy Editing: Krista Schlyer Design: 202design

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Defenders of Wildlife is grateful to the Surdna Foundation for their generous support of our Habitat and Highways Campaign and this publication. We also thank the following individuals for their assistance with this project: Ann Adler Kerri Gray Yates Opperman Steve Albert Chris Haney Terry Pelster Paul J. Baicich Jennifer Leigh Hopwood Jim Pissot Bill Branch Sandy Jacobson Robert Puentes Arnold Burnham Noah Kahn John Rowen Josh Burnim Julia Kintsch Bill Ruediger Carolyn Campbell Keith Knapp Inga Sedlovsky Barbara Charry Dianne Kresich Shari Shaftlein Gabriella Chavarria Michael Leahy Chris Slesar Patricia Cramer Alex Levy Richard Solomon Kim Davitt Laura Loomis Allison Srinivas Monique DiGiorgio Bonnie Harper Lore Graham Stroh Bridget Donaldson Laurie MacDonald Stephen Tonjes Bob Dreher Noah Matson Rodney Vaughn Gary Evink Kevin McCarty Marie Venner Emily Ferry Jim McElfish Paul Wagner Elizabeth Fleming Gary McVoy Jen Watkins Richard Forman Louisa Moore Mark Watson Kathy Fuller Jim Motavalli Jessica Wilkinson Chester Fung Carroll Muffett Kathleen Wolf Sean Furniss Siobhan Nordhaugen Paul Garrett Leni Oman

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Printed on 100% post-consumer-waste, process-chlorine-free recycled paper manufactured with Recycled Supporting responsible wind power, creating the following environmental benefits: 34 trees not cut down; 14,354 use of forest resources gallons of water/waste flow saved; 1,588 pounds of solid waste not generated; 3,127 pounds of Cert. no. SCS-COC-1530 www.fsc.org ©1996 Forest Stewardship Council greenhouse gases prevented; 23,936,000 Btus of energy not consumed; 1,625 pounds of air Printed by GraphTec emissions not generated. Printed with linseed-oil-based inks. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword by Richard T.T. Forman, Harvard University . . . . . iii GETTING UP TO SPEED: Introduction ...... v How to Use the GUTS Guide ...... viii

A Conservationist’s Guide LAW, POLICY AND GOVERNANCE ...... 1 To Wildlife and Highways Legislation and Regulation ...... 2 Transportation Funding ...... 18 Transportation Research ...... 34 Public Roads and Public Lands ...... 47

ANATOMY OF A ROAD ...... 63 Transportation Planning ...... 64 Environmental Review ...... 88 Design and Construction ...... 115 Maintenance and Operations ...... 126

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 135 Impacts of Roads ...... 136 Wildlife ...... 138 Roadside Vegetation ...... 168 Aquatic Resources ...... 183

ADVOCACY ...... 197

APPENDICES ...... 231 A. Who’s who: Agencies and Organizations ...... 232 B. What’s what: How Roads are Classified ...... 239 C. Federally Funded Transportation Programs ...... 247 D. Acronyms ...... 250 E. Websites ...... 252 F. Listservs and Newsletters ...... 265 G. Books ...... 272 H. Academic journals ...... 275 I. Conferences ...... 276 J. Trainings ...... 282 J. Awards ...... 283 K. Transportation metaphors ...... 285

i ii GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife FOREWORD How can we get there from here? Think big, and take that first step The nation’s transportation infrastructure, a remarkable engineer- through the pages of this book. Defenders of Wildlife’s Patricia ing achievement, was mainly built before the first Earth Day in White has demystified the world of transportation for you, provid- 1970 and before the rise of modern ecology. Since then, we have ing new discoveries at every turn. Knowing how to navigate and entered an era of new scientific information and new societal gain leverage in this big labyrinth makes us all more effective. objectives. Transportation, science and the public have evolved Conservationists and transportation experts alike will find a gold- accordingly. Today, enhancing the natural environment has mine of elucidations and opportunities for new partnerships. increasingly joined safety and efficiency as the central goal of transportation for society. Getting Up To Speed carries you on a journey across time and Fortunately, along with this important and challenging develop- space, throughout our nation’s transportation network and the ment, the science of road ecology has emerged, focusing on maze of social, cultural and governmental influences on our natu- plants, animals and water linked to roads and vehicles. Interested ral resources and wildlife. Indeed, if you absorb but a tenth of this parties—transportation departments, natural resource agencies, information, you are a dangerous opponent to the status quo. nonprofit organizations, academics and the informed public—are Start by improving a place, and watch that improvement cascade rapidly discovering new common interests and opportunities for a across the road network and the land. new era of achievement. Project by project, spots along our infrastructure slowly improve and environmental objectives are Read on and see your journey come alive. Your discoveries and increasingly included in transportation plans. actions can make nature, transportation all of us winners. Yet, the big picture offers the greatest environmental gains and cost benefits. Three big-picture objectives provide a vision for all Richard T. T. Forman parties: Harvard University

Improve the natural environment close to the entire road network. Integrate roads with a sustainable emerald network across the landscape. Integrate roads with near-natural water conditions across the landscape.

The first is a flexible trajectory with different solutions in different places. The second meshes road networks with the land’s large valuable natural areas connected by major wildlife corridors for the future. The third integrates road networks with the land’s natural groundwater/surface-water flows, aquatic ecosystems and fish. Indeed, diverse interested parties with a common vision are an unbeatable recipe for a powerful, cost-effective environmental accomplishment for transportation and society.

iii iv GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife INTRODUCTION tion projects, but are ill prepared to respond in an informed man- Entering the 21st century, we face the final frontier of conserva- ner. For the uninitiated, the world of transportation can be tion—both literally and figuratively. It’s no longer enough to save confusing and intimidating. As a result, advocates may feel power- species or spaces. As precious acres slip away under expanding less and ultimately surrender, or expend their limited resources in infrastructure and associated development, advocates must look to futile battles. Without a clear understanding of how highways hap- a more comprehensive approach to conservation and can no longer pen, the conservation community cannot make effective changes. afford to overlook unconventional partnerships. In the next century, our remaining habitat cores and corridors will be absolutely GUTS seeks to crack the code on transportation and make the critical to wildlife as they attempt to respond to climate change. process more transparent from beginning to end—everything you always wanted to know about road building, but were afraid to Over the last decade, Defenders of Wildlife has recognized the ask. Transportation and resource professionals provided valuable urgency of addressing the impacts of highways on our nation’s input, as did academics and veteran advocates. By demystifying wildlife. Habitat loss is a significant threat to America’s biodiver- the world of transportation, we hope to provide conservationists sity, and one of the greatest consumers of habitat is poorly with the necessary foundation for becoming better informed, planned, sprawling development. Better transportation planning more effective stakeholders in transportation debates. can shape future growth, thereby determining the quantity and quality of the habitat left for wildlife. As the issue of wildlife and GUTS is divided into five sections: transportation has garnered more attention, several excellent resources have surfaced, including the seminal Road Ecology: Law, Policy and Governance describes the legislative and regula- Science and Solutions by Richard T.T. Forman et al. The burgeon- tory framework associated with our transportation infrastructure, ing science of road ecology has spawned action in agencies, including the highway bill, funding, research and management of academia, legislature and the conservation community. roads on public lands.

Defenders launched the Habitat and Highways Campaign in Anatomy of a Road illustrates the life cycle of a road project, 2000; a concerted effort with dedicated staff working to reduce from the planning process to environmental review, through con- the effects of surface transportation on our nation’s wildlife and struction and long-term maintenance. natural resources. The campaign has two simple objectives: reduce the impacts of highways on wildlife and prevent future Natural Environment provides greater detail about transporta- habitat loss to unwise and unnecessary road building. tion policies and practices specifically related to wildlife, roadside In 2003, Defenders of Wildlife, in partnership with vegetation and aquatic resources. the Surface Transportation Policy Partnership released Second Nature: Improving Transportation Without Advocacy outlines helpful hints for conservation advocates and Putting Nature Second. Second Nature outlines six win- showcases some of the best examples of successful organizations ning approaches to reducing the impacts of roads and and campaigns. highways on wildlife and habitat, including integrating conservation planning into transportation The Appendix provides conservationists with abundant addi- planning, early interagency coordination, restoring tional information and tools to help work more effectively on this habitat connectivity with wildlife crossings and using issue locally and nationally. native species in roadside vegetation management. GUTS is not an anti-road call to arms. While we fully respect our Defenders is now proud to present GETTING UP TO SPEED: A colleagues who oppose all highways, it has not been the focus of the Conservationists’ Guide to Wildlife and Highways. While Second Habitat and Highways Campaign and is not the message you’ll find Nature was written specifically for transportation professionals, in GUTS.Weare unapologetically opposed to an ever-expanding net- Getting up to Speed (GUTS) is intended for conservation advocates. work of highways that fragments and destroys precious, remaining Conservationists are often faced with conflicts involving transporta- wildlife habitat that is essential to biodiversity conservation. Despite v vi GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife the heroic efforts of the road-building sector, it is impossible to HOW TO USE THE GUTS GUIDE develop an ecologically benign highway. We enthusiastically support Getting Up To Speed (GUTS) was written with you, the conserva- any and all efforts to enhance existing human habitat because it tion advocate in mind—from the novice to the seasoned veteran. reduces the pressure to build more of it in wildlife habitat. There is a lot of information, and it may seem overwhelming, but GUTS is organized to put vital information in context to make it GUTS is not about logging roads or roadless areas. There are many easier to understand. If you are the type who likes to read a book different types of roads, from one-lane, dirt roads to two-lane rural from cover to cover, GUTS will not disappoint. By starting with streets to major interstate highways. While the impacts to wildlife the large, overarching subjects and progressing through the process may be similar, the development, ownership and management of to the specifics, GUTS tells a story. If you are the type who likes to various types of roads are very different. GUTS is focused specifi- just read the parts you need when you need them, GUTS is cally on public roads and highways, built and maintained by county, designed to help you quickly find what you’re looking for. state and federal agencies and used by the general driving public. Look for the special GUTS symbols that direct you to additional GUTS is not a best practices manual for transportation agencies, information on subjects of particular interest to conservation it is a guide to all practices—the good, the bad, and the ugly— advocates: for conservation advocates. We do include several examples of better practices that conservation advocates should be aware of SAFETEA-LU directs you to conservation-related information and encourage their transportation agencies to adopt. regarding the 2005 highway bill, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users. GUTS is not comprehensive. There is no shortage of information on the subject of transportation and certainly too much to corral points the way to suggestions for effective advocacy opportunities into one book. Add wildlife to the equation, and you’ve got enough related to each subject. information to fill a library. Each chapter could easily be expanded into a full book of its own. In most cases, finding the information CAUTION alerts you to potential pitfalls. was less of a challenge than condensing several hundred pages of information into a few paragraphs. Transportation policy and prac- GUTS also contains many special features to help you navigate tice is continually evolving, as is our understanding of wildlife and the guide and the world of transportation: transportation conflicts. And because transportation policy and practice varies wildly from state to state, you will still need to do Thumb tabs are found on the page edges so you can flip to indi- your homework on how things are done in your home territory. vidual sections and chapters. This book will not eliminate the need for other resources. In fact, we predict it will encourage you to seek out even more. Hall of Fame sections inspire you with some of the best and brightest examples of policy, practice and advocacy for wildlife in Finally, GUTS is not complete without you. There has never been a transportation. better time for conservationists to take our rightful place in this debate. There is much left to learn, but we now have enough infor- You Make the Call boxes present the hottest topics of debate, fol- mation, technology, policy and people to turn the corner on this lowed by representative viewpoints from two opposing perspectives. issue. Even Congress has now recognized the wisdom and the urgency of addressing this crisis. Provisions in the last highway bill Guest Columns showcase insight on various topics from experts gave conservationists the power to tackle wildlife and transportation in the fields of transportation, wildlife and advocacy. conflicts at both the local and landscape level. There is also a growing cadre of good people in transportation and resource agencies making Quotes from veteran advocates, transportation and resource pro- progress, but they can’t do it alone. Necessary change won’t happen fessionals are scattered throughout the chapters and give voice to without the conservation community, and it won’t happen unless we the topics. get organized, get involved early in the process and get up to speed. vii viii GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife Resources are found at the end of each chapter, giving you a handy guide to other valuable sources on the chapter topic. Law, Policy The Appendix is chock full of additional resources such as a Who’s Who on transportation professionals and groups, a what’s and Governance what on road types, acronyms, websites, listservs and other gold- mines of information you may want to refer to as you are reading the chapters. IN THIS SECTION Law, Policy and Governance Legislation and Regulation walks you through the history of GUTS is all about learning new lingo. Transportation is a very transportation law and policy in the United States. Starting with jargon-heavy field and you will be learning a lot of new terminol- the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, through the Interstate Era ogy. You will also find that transportation professionals rely and our present day TEA bills you can follow the progress from heavily on the use of acronyms. In fact, many acronyms are used early roads to the juggernaut we know as our highway system. You will also get an overview of all transportation related laws so frequently they are considered words themselves and replace and a quick primer on the Code of Federal Regulations, where the words they represent. Here is a short list of the most fre- these and all our laws are safely kept. quently used acronyms: Transportation Funding answers the big questions: Where does the FHWA Federal Highway Administration money come from? Where does the money go? You’ll learn about USFWS or FWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service gas tax and how the Highway Trust Fund pays for our highways. SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Transportation Research describes the many and varied institu- Users tions of transportation research, including who does it, where you MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization can find results and how conservationists can contribute. AASHTO American Association of State Highway Public Roads and Public Lands introduces you to the agencies and Transportation Officials and policies that control public roads and alternative transporta- TRB Transportation Research Board tion choices in our public lands. FLHP Federal Lands Highway Program LRTP Long-range transportation plan STIP Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan NEPA National Environmental Policy Act EIS Environmental Impact Statement

GUTS is also available online at http://www.gettinguptospeed.org

ix GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Highways | Defenders of Wildlife Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 3 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION ogram from being realized until decades ogram from being realized Interstate System Interstate passed the Federal-Aid Congress leadership, Eisenhower’s Under $175 million to begin building of 1956, providing Act Highway $25 billion was years later, Two our national highway network. for the next decade of highway building, to be built authorized access. and controlled with uniform interstate design standards was to be a grand plan for system of System The Interstate alliance among state through a cooperative highways, developed 2005).[MAP] and federal transportation officials (Weingroff, drawn up without routes were many proposed Unfortunately, for impacts to local communities because construction of regard a national issue, trumping the highway system was considered urban neighborhoods and rural areas local concerns. Low-income for new highway corridors. In often targeted as prime areas were out in cities from broke revolts” a series of “freeway response, activists the 1960s. Resident throughout Francisco Boston to San and community leaders stood up successfully stopped or of the routes. As a potent reminder modified many proposed of of people to affect political change, short stretches power unfinished highways and abruptly-terminating alignments can 1977). still be found in many U.S. cities (Burwell, The Great Depression and World War II would conspire to keep II would conspire War World and Depression The Great the nascent highway pr later. Near the end of the war, Congress accelerated the highway Congress the end of war, Near later. of Act Highway passing the Federal-Aid by building process a national system 1944, which designated 40,000 miles to create When Dwight D. 2006). of interstate highways (Weingroff, took office in 1953, he brought a vision of an inte- Eisenhower the vital grated national highway system that would “protect of everyinterest citizen.” Defenders of Wildlife (Forman, 2003). If you’re still on 2003). If you’re (Forman, Highways | organization or your community, consider this—between 1950 community, organization or your than twice as fast more increased and 1990, urban land area pace, the amount of land devel- population, and at our current will equal the total amount developed oped in the next 25 years much of this 2001). How founding (FHWA, since the country’s of other forces much was a result of policy and how was a result the subject of heated debate. remains This chapter offers a quick overview of transportation law and pol- that have shaped them. with some insight into the forces icy, Conservationists to become intimately familiar with would do well a lack of laws, but suffer from quickly find that we don’t You’ll both. for the challenge? a lack of participation. likely from Ready more LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION leaves a lot to the imagination.” Lennon said, “Reality John do we see an accurate look at our landscape today, When we and the policies intended to implement of our values reflection and unmitigated convenience that we value obvious them? It’s also value to see that we and harder getting harder access, but it’s wildlife, open space, clean water and air, natural resources, healthy kids and a sense of community. always in play but and socio-economic factors are Demographic public policies on transportation an important and land use have our a single century, patterns. In in shaping development role largely unseen to the from of roads and highways went network largest human artifact on earth HISTORY them know Though difficult for us to imagine, highways as we the laws and policy new phenomenon, and so are a relatively are most of our roads to the 20th century, them. Prior that govern 1904, the In local governments. built and maintained by were that only 7 per- first national survey conditions revealed of road those were surfaced. Even were roads cent of the country’s macadam, suitable for horse surfaced or low-quality with gravel The heavier automobiles. and carriage, but unsuitable for faster, planned and sporadically built pieces of a federal government to which was later abandoned and turned over Road” “National for long dis- on railroads and large, Americans relied counties. By only as necessary and used roads tance travel for local trips built on an as-needed basis to were 2004). Roads (Gutfreund, accommodate industrialization until a burgeoning automobile industry conditions would discourage that poor road recognized auto thereafter, and consequently auto sales. Soon auto travel, publicly financed, long- makers began clamoring for high quality, 1997). Kay, distance highways (Holtz the fence about whether this is an important your issue for you, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 2 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 5 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION For more informa- more For 1998 The Minimum Guarantee would ensure that would ensure Guarantee The Minimum Half of all federal funding is flexible for highways, transit or other uses. Decisions about how to use funds are made through inclusive and honest planning at the state and metropolitan levels. Significant funding is reserved for maintenance of existing highway, bridge and transit systems. A small but important sum is set aside to support alternatives the highway system and reduce its negative effects on society. User’s Guide, STPP, TEA-21 HALLMARKS OF ISTEA/TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Act Equity (1998) Transportation its groundbreak- the time ISTEA was up for reauthorization, By and effective. Passed largely established, proven were ing reforms for the 21st Century Act Equity Transportation in 1998, the (TEA-21) was in every successor to ISTEA—con- sense a direct to tinuing flexibility in the use of funds, emphasis on measures planning process the environment, and focus on a strong improve pro- as the foundation of good transportation decisions. New and Community System Transportation grams such as the aimed at seatbelt pilot and safety incentives (TCSP) Preservation of national interest. use and drunk driving targeted special areas attempted to correct Congress strengths, on ISTEA’s Building TEA-21, trans- to Prior weaknesses as well. some of its perceived portation with all other had to compete for appropriations monies could be spent Fund Trust national priorities and Highway that TEA-21 instituted a “guarantee” as necessary. in other areas making transportation for other uses. funds available prevents some states over seen as favoring Also, funding formulas that were equity and settle the debate changed to increase others were states. and “donee” so-called “donor” between tion, see Funding. lected in that state. This was a significant change considering lected in that state. $218 billion in funding for highways and TEA-21 authorized funding levels. ISTEA’s over increase transit—a 43 percent stream- as “environmental TEA-21 also spawned what is known claimed that lobby road-building years, the powerful lining.” For and was was too burdensome process review the environmental members of delaying important highway building. Some the to “streamline” measures by proposing responded Congress limiting input from resource by process review environmental analysis and limiting judicial agencies, mandating concurrent TEA-21 ultimately did After months of heated debate, review. each state received at least 90.5 percent of gas tax revenues col- of gas tax revenues at least 90.5 percent each state received Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ere bulldozed to build highways; more bulldozed ere During the first decade of interstate construc- During Did You Know? You Did tion, 335,000 homes w homes than have been built by the National Public Housing Public the National been built by homes than have 1999). (Benfield, Program trans- demonstrated the need for collaborative revolts The freeway portation the way for public planning with local input and paved The Federal-Aid process. in the road-building involvement for urban of 1962 instituted a federal requirement Act Highway areas federal funding, urbanized receive To transportation planning. to plan all required were (with populations of 50,000 or more) with state and local govern- transportation cooperatively projects to the FHWA) (predecessor Roads of Public The Bureau ments. as know now of agencies we the creation required soon thereafter to carry Organizations (MPOs) Planning out the Metropolitan the next 30 years, transportation Over policy and planning process. unchanged within a country relatively that was practice remained that needed an infrastructure States The United rapidly changing. travel would embrace local concerns, expand the focus beyond demand and incorporate a wide range of social, economic until the end of 20th it wasn’t concerns. But environmental century that a new era of transportation legislation began. Intermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (1991) Equity Act Surface Intermodal Transportation (D-NY), the Moynihan Patrick Senator Championed by (ISTEA) set forth Equity Act Transportation Surface Intermodal a when it passed in 1991, representing reforms groundbreaking ISTEA set out to transform major shift in transportation policy. into “...a National our 1950s era highway building program that is economically efficient, System Transportation Intermodal the foundation for Nation sound, provides environmentally people and to compete in the global economy and will move goods in an energy efficient manner.” an intermodal approach to highway and transit ISTEA promoted planning require- funding with flexible funding, collaborative of the to municipalities. One of power ments and devolution of the was the creation most significant innovations funds (TE) Enhancements program that provided Transportation to enhance the travel experience, for community-based projects bike paths, develop walkable down- scenic vistas, create protect Also for the first time, and protect the environment. towns impact on air quality transportation’s addressed ISTEA directly Improvement Air Quality the Congestion Mitigation through funding, authorizing available increased ISTEA greatly (CMAQ). 1992 to 1997. $155 billion in spending for fiscal years Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 4 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 7 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION requiring either immediate requiring the funds that have been the funds that have representing the legal authority representing obligations appropriate budget authority, budget authority, expires in 2009, but discussions on Capitol Hill expires measures (ISTEA, TEA-21 and SAFETEA-LU) are TEA-21 and SAFETEA-LU) (ISTEA, measures Rumor Has It... “LU” in SAFETEA-LU House The has a hidden, romantic meaning. Former (R-AK) and Infrastructure Committee Chair Don Young Transportation pledged to name the highway bill after his wife, Lu, claiming gesture was than flowers.” “cheaper e and begin to address the conflicts between wildlife and the conflicts between e and begin to address for federal agencies to make in February. In the budget, the president recommends spending lev- recommends the budget, president In in February. els in the form of These obli- expenditures. or future gations (for example, entering into a contract to build new highway) pay- in outlays, which are result all Not Treasury. the ments from for new budget authority provided is expended that year. a fiscal year instance, in the case of con- For struction the outlays may projects, as various years several occur over completed. are stages of the project Environment and Public Works Committee. Once the authoriza- Committee. Once Works and Public Environment Committees and Senate the House is signed into law, tion measure must on Appropriations authorized. The president initiates the appropriations process by process initiates the appropriations The president authorized. the first Monday submitting his annual budget, usually on or before APPROPRIATIONS measures. utilizes authorization and appropriation Congress Authorization committees such as the under the jurisdiction of legislative Committee and Senate and Infrastructure Transportation House On the plus side, SAFETEA-LU included provisions that recog- included provisions the plus side, SAFETEA-LU On niz transportation. Long-range transportation planning will now include consideration of conservation and Congress interests study on the causes and impacts commissioned a comprehensive collisions. of wildlife-vehicle SAFETEA-LU tuned for the sequel—TEA 4! begun. Stay already have For more information, more For Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ocess that some had hoped for, but codified the increasingly ocess that some had hoped for, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy Equity Act: Transportation Efficient Flexible, Accountable, for Users was signed into law in 2005, authorizing (SAFETEA-LU) 2009. $286.5 billion to fund highways and transit through TEA-21’s retaining continued most ISTEA reforms, SAFETEA-LU the donor/donee debate once again, and revisiting budget firewall an With return. the minimum guarantee to a 92 percent increasing safety funding was emphasis on transportation safety and security, security and added for border were doubled and new programs contained SAFETEA-LU safety planning. A bit schizophrenic, funding shortfallsboth a new and commission to examine future projects. for pork the highest dollar amount earmarked everything streamlin- Virtually of environmental that proponents TEA-21 was included in SAFETEA-LU. ing did not get from specifically process review an environmental customized Congress to 180 days, for transportation that limits judicial review projects imposes strict deadlines on participating agencies and institutes a clause that discourages them from bringing forth any tale” “tattle under review. issue that would delay the project not include the dramatic weakening of the environmental review not include the dramatic weakening pr Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Flexible Accountable, Safe, (2005) A Legacy for Users Act: Equity Transportation TEA-21 between the time States had changed in the United Much the period TEA-21 reflected While was signed and when it expired. its successor in which it was created, peace and prosperity of relative was also every bit a product of its time. After change in adminis- 11, of the terrorist attacks on September tration, the devastation 2001, and the abrupt a budget surplus to deficit, more shift from Could this before. would be expected of the highway bill than ever legislation make a shaken country energy feel safe again, address These of a lagging economy? uncertainty and shoulder the burden lofty expectations, new priorities and multiple, sometimes compet- to its name. After in the bill, right down reflected were ing interests and 12 extensions, the Safe, two election cycles years, three common practice of establishing agreements between agencies common practice of establishing agreements established timelines. with collaboratively Review. see Environmental program, making funds available Enhancements Transportation vehicle-caused wildlife mortality while maintaining to “reduce Roads the Refuge TEA-21 created Second, habitat connectivity.” program, authorizing the use of highway dollars for maintenance Wildlife of public roads within the National and improvement System. Refuge And notably for conservationists, TEA-21 contained two mile- And notably for conservationists, an additional activity was added to the stones for wildlife. First, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 6 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 9 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION epair, clean air and other priorities epair, REGULATION in civics a bill becomes law” learning “how all remember We taught us what happens to the law after that. class, but they never they often writes the bills that will become law, While Congress Thus lack the time or technical expertise to define the specifics. for implementing this law (FHWA, the federal agency responsible a rulemaking to clarify it through in this case) may also have to fill out the details. process in order our fed- Register, This new language is published in the Federal official daily newsletter of new rules, notices eral government’s this point the public is invited to submit At orders. and executive The than 180 days). more comments within a set deadline (rarely to to consider and publicly respond agency is generally required the language is Then, finally, all comments and to make changes. Regulations. into the Code of Federal entered up for the Federal Sign is up to. government out what your Find daily e-mail updates. Register (CFR) is the official compila- Regulations The Code of Federal issued by federal departments and tion of federal regulations and Records Archives the National by agencies. Published the CFR is divided into 50 titles, each represent- Administration, of the Volumes subject to federal regulation. area ing a broad issued on a quarterly basis, and each volume is updated code are or modified, por- time legislation is created Every once each year. to its inserted title, according into the most appropriate tions are Conservationists should be familiar with the titles subject matter. to transportation and wildlife: most relevant 23: Highways Title to federal aid for high- 23 pertains to all federal laws related Title as it role Administration’s Highway defines the Federal ways. It and uniform interacts with the states, designates design standards routes, and man- for pedestrian and bicycle safety codes, provides among many procedures, dates particular related environmentally impact and related 771, “Environmental other issues. Section of impacts to wetlands 777, “Mitigation and Section procedures,” to the environmen- particularly relevant and natural habitat,” are tal considerations that go into highway design and construction. of Environment 40: Protection Title and for environmental protection 40 contains regulations Title of the EPA. including the regulations pollution control, icated to core highway program activities, such as maintenance of icated to core the interstates, bridge r 2005). nearly the same amount (STPP, declined by Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Can pork be used for good and not evil? The be used for good and not evil? Can pork Conservancy successfully lobbied for Nature for through SAFETEA-LU demonstration projects their conservation will One project programs. of longleaf pine and wiregrass 4,000 acres restore eastern indigo that is home to rare in Georgia forest agencies Transportation snake and gopher tortoise. pork money for wildlife crossings can also request rather than new highways. Pork projects now consume more than 12 cents of consume more projects now Pork every new federal highway dollar to the states, up about 6 cents per dollar under significantly from of federal dollars ded- the share TEA-21. As a result, What’s wrong with “Pork?” What’s any bill, legislators may designate a specified amount of Within money to a particular in their home states or districts, also project or demon- projects Special projects. to as “pork” referred lovingly phase, often added during the conference are stration projects in their differences meet to reconcile and Senate when the House must- pork is usually inserted bills. Because into larger, respective members of pass bills which fund the federal government, to oppose them on principle. And through reluctant are Congress to support a members agree the age-old practice of “logrolling,” pork with the expectation that bill containing a another member’s the favor on another bill. he or she will return a favorite they are always high dollar, the highway bills are Because place for lawmakers to “bring home the bacon,” and seats on trans- among the most highly sought after portation committees are did not disappoint, incor- SAFETEA-LU assignments in Congress. projects worth 6,373 pork a staggering porating an unprecedented 2005). Chairman Don for Common Sense, $24 billion (Taxpayers infamous $315 (R-AK) was publicly ridiculed for his now Young (popu- that would connect Ketchikan to Nowhere” million “Bridge of the (population: 50). As a result Island lation: 8,000) to Gravina the obliga- to release agreed Young media attention, Rep. negative Alaska to spend the money on other projects. tion, allowing to trans- the amount of money appropriated reduce projects Pork where over discretion they can exercise portation agencies where likely spent years have spent. Planners the funds are and how have to be that will all now programs plans and work preparing for unexpected require- to make room changed and reprioritized boss gets to but your This is like getting a big paycheck, ments. take decision-making con- projects to spend it. Pork how tell you and force them to use local and state governments away from trol or not at all. these funds for a specified project, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 8 Indigo Snake Indigo GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 11 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION 1965 1966 1966 | | | 1965 | 1969 | 1968 1968 | | Although NEPA requires agencies to take a hard look at the agencies to take a hard requires NEPA Although tment or agency must include consultation with the U.S. wildlife, and other values. Called for classifying rivers as wild, sce- wildlife, and other values. Created a national system of trails for recreation and preservation a national system of trails for recreation Created Required federal agencies to attempt to resolve “adverse effects” of effects” “adverse federal agencies to attempt resolve Required the on historic sites listed on, or eligible for, their projects Provided special protections for significant public parks, recre- for significant public parks, special protections Provided and historic sites. refuges or wildlife and waterfowl ation areas, Required that any modification of a body of water by a federal that any modification of a body water by Required depar Established a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System for the System and Scenic Rivers Wild Established a National fish and with important scenic, recreational, of rivers protection for inclusion in Also designated specific rivers nic or recreational. which by the methods and standards the system and prescribed may be added. additional rivers Act Policy Environmental National humans and a national policy to encourage harmony between Set efforts to better understand and and to promote the environment important to the ecological systems and natural resources protect a detailed environmental agencies to prepare nation. Required impact statement for any major federal action significantly affect- Also established the Council on ing the environment. policies and pro- government Quality to review Environmental grams for conformity with NEPA. NOTE: of outdoor areas. The system now consists of national recreation The system now of outdoor areas. trails, national scenic historic trails and connecting or side trails. Act and Scenic Rivers Wild National Register of Historic Places. of Historic Register National Act System National Trails National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106 Section Act, Preservation Historic National Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (as amended) Act Coordination Wildlife and Fish Created admission and user fees at certain recreational areas and areas admission and user fees at certain recreational Created state and federal acquisition of also established a fund to subsidize and conservation purposes. lands and waters for recreational 4(f) Section Act, Department of Transportation Fish and Wildlife Service and with the head of state wildlife Wildlife and Fish that land, provided construction will occur.Also agency where federal construction by agen- may be acquired water and interests cies for wildlife conservation Also established and development. property of a federal agency under jurisdiction or control that real for wildlife that agency can be utilized by and no longer required administration over conservation the state agency exercising by upon that property. wildlife resources Act Conservation Fund Water Land and Defenders of Wildlife 1956 1899 | | Highways | 1964 | ds and the new provision permitting all state ds and the new provision Placed federal improvements of rivers, harbors and other water- of rivers, federal improvements Placed ways under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Army, ways under the jurisdiction of Department of the Army and under of the Secretary under the direction SAFETEA-LU shows up in Title 40 with the low-emission vehi- 40 with the low-emission Title up in shows SAFETEA-LU cle standar Title 49: Transportation Title 49 describes the organization of Department of Title which include, and explains its duties powers, Transportation well-balanced “leadership in formulating and executing generally, national and international transportation policies and objectives, 49 also stipulates as policy that “The agency will Title programs.” to carrystrive out the full intent and purpose of National and statutes, orders of 1969 and related Act Policy Environmental any action which could adversely steps to avoid and take positive this title you In affect the quality of human environment.” can also find the language that mandates submission of with new applications, if the Statements Impact Environmental significant impacts on the environment. project will have TRANSPORTATION-RELATED OF SUMMARY LAWS certain to abide by laws in required agencies are Transportation carryingWhile it is not their stated mandate, out their mission. to protect and restore required agencies they are as government the environment. Act and Harbors Rivers The System. Preservation Wilderness Established the National every to review area roadless was directed of the Interior Secretary and every island within the or more roadless of 5,000 acres and national park systems for possible national wildlife refuge also included some national inclusion in the wilderness system.It of Agriculture the Secretary lands in the system and directed forest been have than 100 million acres others. More to recommend so far. System Preservation Wilderness included in the National interstate system. Eisenhower signed this bill into law, allocating signed this bill into law, interstate system. Eisenhower for the construction 10 years of 40,000 miles $25 billion over interstate highway. Act Wilderness transportation can be categori- agencies to determine if a project environmental review. from cally excluded supervision of the Chief of Engineers. It also required that all also required supervision It of the Chief Engineers. for wildlife conservation. include due regard improvements Federal Aid Highway Act Aid Highway Federal More commonly known as the National Interstate and Defense Interstate as the National commonly known More marked the official beginning of modern Act, Highways Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 10 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 13 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION 1991 | 1986 | 1995 1982 | 1990 | 1978 | | e. Includes provisions for listing species, creating recovery plans recovery for listing species, creating provisions e. Includes As mandated under ISTEA, designated 160,000 miles of roadway as vital to national needs. Promotes wetlands conservation wetlands for the public benefit and helps Promotes migratory treaties fulfill international obligations in various bird Protects undeveloped coastal barriers and related areas by pro- by areas coastal barriers and related undeveloped Protects that might federal funding of projects or indirect hibiting direct Sets stricter requirements on air quality, and can often effect on air quality, stricter requirements Sets transportation planning. (ISTEA) Act Efficiency Surface Intermodal Transportation and conventions. Also authorizes the purchase of wetlands with the purchase Also authorizes and conventions. the monies. Also requires Conservation Fund Water Land and Priority Wetlands to establish a National of the Interior Secretary in Conservation obligates the states to include wetlands Plan; Plans; and transfers Recreation Outdoor their Comprehensive import funds from duties on arms and ammunition to the Conservation Fund. Migratory Bird Amendments Clean Air Act Funded federal highways with $155 billion for fiscal years 1992- federal highways with $155 billion for fiscal years Funded and flexibility, local responsibility increased promoted 1997. It some environmental addressed and for the first time directly issues within transportation. Act System Highway National support development in these areas. Limited exceptions, such as Limited exceptions, support in these areas. development allowed. are funding for fish and wildlife research, Act Resources Wetlands Emergency are listed as threatened or endangered in the United States or else- States in the United or endangered listed as threatened are wher The act outlines pro- and designating critical habitat for listed species. when taking actions that may for federal agencies to follow cedures and exemptions. listed species, and contains exceptions jeopardize is also the enabling legislation for Act Species The Endangered Wild of Species in Endangered Trade on International Convention and civil as CITES. Criminal commonly known and Flora, Fauna for violations of the act and convention. provided penalties are Act Transportation Surface funds for highway safety programs, motor carrier Authorized materials transportation safety the hazardous safety programs, and other purposes. Represents program, boating safety programs integrated transit, highways and safety the first time Congress into one piece of legislation. Act Resources Coastal Barrier 1972 | 1972 | Defenders of Wildlife 1973 | Highways | 1970 1970 | 1970 onmentally sound alternative. | | 1972 | Authorized the Secretary of Commerce, with significant public of Commerce, the Secretary Authorized Promoted the preservation of wetlands by authorizing the the preservation of wetlands by Promoted agreements to enter into land-restriction of Agriculture Secretary for annual federal payments. and operators in return with owners Required the Department of Transportation to submit guidelines Transportation the Department of Required economic, social and environ- for avoiding adverse to Congress Required the EPA to develop and enforce air quality standards, to develop and enforce the EPA Required transporta- on controlling pollution from leading to regulations input, to designate and manage national marine sanctuaries based for supervision the Secretary by Provided on specific standards. or federal action that is likely to destroy any permitted private over of periodic evaluation a sanctuary and required or injure resource, implementation of management plans and goals for each sanctu- activities, penalties and enforcement. Also specified prohibited ary. Act Species Endangered for species of fish, wildlife and plants that broad protection Provides Clean Water Act (Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as Act, Control Pollution Water (Federal Act Water Clean amended) and maintain- statute aimed at restoring a comprehensive Created ing the chemical, physical and biological integrity of nation’s originally in Enacted waters, including highway stormwater runoff. and times until it was reorganized 1948, it was amended numerous continues to be amended almost every year. expanded in 1972. It Act Management Coastal Zone Established an extensive federal grant program within the federal grant program Established an extensive to encourage coastal states develop Department of Commerce and ensure management programs, and implement coastal zone consistent with approved are that activities affect coastal zones Also established a national estuarine reserve system. state programs. Act and Sanctuaries Research Protection Marine environmental consequences of their actions, it does not force them to consequences of their actions, it does not force environmental take the most envir on any federal-aid to any proposed project mental effects relating would be system. Also stipulated that final decisions on projects taking into consideration public interest, made in the best overall the need for fast, safe and efficient transportation, public services, effects. and the costs of eliminating or minimizing such adverse Act Bank Water Clean Air Act tion sources. 23 - Standards Provisions - General Highways Federal-aid U.S.C. 109(h) Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 12 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 15 . LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION : Public Roads, Public STPP Transfer . Washington, DC: . Washington, . Berkley: University of University . Berkley: Once There Were Greenfields Were There Once http://www.tfhrc.gov/pub- . Washington, DC: Surface Washington, . . University Oxford Oxford: The End of the Road: A Citizen’s The End TEA-21 User’s Guide: Making the Making Guide: TEA-21 User’s Road Ecology:Road Science and Solutions . Washington, DC: Natural Resources DC: Natural Washington, . Twentieth-Century Sprawl: Highways and the Highways Sprawl: Twentieth-Century http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw96e.htm http://www.transact.org/transfer/trans05/10_27.asp Asphalt Nation: Over Took the Automobile How , 27 October 2005, Volume XI, Issue 7. XI, Issue Volume 2005, , 27 October Most of the New Transportation Bill Transportation of the New Most http://www.taxpayer.net/Transportation/safetealu/states.htm Thompson, E and R Kienitz. Taxpayers for Common Sense: Database of Earmarks in Database of Earmarks for Common Sense: Taxpayers California Press, 1997. California Press, Positives “SAFETEA-LU’s Project. Policy Transportation Surface in the Aftermath of Katrina.” Swamped Get Newsletter Holtz Kay, J. Kay, Holtz it Back Take Can We and How America Burwell, D, and M.A. Wilner. Wilner. Burwell, D, and M.A. 2005. Bill, Transportation to the Agreement Conference from: Retrieved Guide to Transportation Problem Solving Problem Transportation to Guide National Wildlife Federation and Environmental Action and Environmental Federation Wildlife National Interstate System, 2005. System, Interstate from: Retrieved REFERENCES M Raimi, and D Chen. F, Benfield, Environment, America’s is Undermining Sprawl Urban How and Social Fabric Economy 1999. Project, Policy Transportation Council and Surface Defense March/April 2006. Retrieved from: from: 2006. Retrieved March/April rds/06mar/07.htm the of 1956: Creating Act Highway R. Federal-Aid Weingroff, Gutfreund, O D. Gutfreund, Landscape of the American Shaping Press, 2004. Press, Foundation Inc, 1977 Inc, Foundation et al. D Sperling, T, Forman, Transportation Policy Project, 1998. Project, Policy Transportation Interest.” R. “Essential to the National Weingroff, Retrieved from: from: Retrieved Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2003. Press, DC.: Island Washington, 1979 1998 1999 | | | 1977 1977 | | 2002 | 2005 | Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ear period 1998 to 2003. As successor the Intermodal Declared to help avoid the long- and short-term impacts adverse Declared associated with the occupancy and modification of floodplains support of floodplain development or indirect direct and to avoid wherever there is a practicable alternative. there wherever 11990 Order Executive Wetlands of Protection the long- and short-term to help avoid adverse impacts Declared and to associated with the destruction or modification of wetlands support of new or indirect construction in wetlands. direct avoid 12148 Order Executive Management Emergency Federal Appropriated $286.4 billion for surface transportation 2005 from Appropriated 2009. through Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Act (TEA-21) Equity Transportation $217 billion for highways, safety and transit the Authorized six-y Established the Federal Emergency Management Agency Management Emergency Established the Federal federal agencies tasked with emer- (FEMA), combining several the executive across and civil defense spread gency preparedness departments into a unified entity. 13112 (64 FR 6183) Order Executive Species Invasive SUMMARY OF TRANSPORTATION-RELATED OF SUMMARY EXECUTIVE ORDERS 11988 Order Executive Management Floodplain Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), contin- Act Efficiency Transportation Surface ued the transformation of our 1950s-era highway building program into a flexible transportation program. Along with trans- America executes in how ISTEA, heralded a revolution portation policy—shifting primary from the federal responsibility emphasis and placing more to state and local levels government Changed priorities on building communities rather than roads.. and spending planning, environmental protection to improved transportation choice. flexibility for greater Equity Act: Efficient Flexible, Accountable, Transportation Safe, (SAFETEA-LU) A Legacy for Users Declared to prevent the introduction of invasive species, to proof invasive the introduction to prevent Declared the economic, ecological and to minimize vide for their control species cause. and human health impacts that invasive Infrastructure and Transportation Stewardship Environmental 13274 Order Executive Reviews Project Called for the streamlining and timely completion of permits Called for the streamlining Transportation’s of to expedite the Secretary reviews environmental among other provisions. designated priority projects, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 14 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 17 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION . v/fr/index.html evelopment, and Related Agencies and Related evelopment, Agencies and Related evelopment, ill ederal Register ederal Register APPROPRIATIONS and Urban Housing Transportation, on Subcommittee Seate D http://appropriations.senate.gov/transportation.cfm and Urban Housing Transportation, on Subcommittee House D http://appropriations.house.gov/ to Congress Guide The Ultimate Thomas: http://thomas.loc.gov/ Transportation to the Agreement in Conference of Earmarks Database B for Common Sense Taxpayers http://www.taxpayer.net/Transportation/safetealu/states.htm REGULATION Regulations Code of Federal http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html F http://www.gpoaccess.go Transportation Legislation Affecting of Environmental Summary http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/env_sum.htm ransit Projects ransit tation Policy Defenders of Wildlife of Defenders Defenders of Wildlife , Surface Transpor , Surface Highways | onmental Streamlining? eamlining Page .ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/03Jun/RS20841.pdf LEGISLATION AND REGULATION LEGISLATION RESOURCES History Highway http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/history.htm ISTEA ISTEA Page USDOT’s http://www.dot.gov/ost/govtaffairs/istea/ Partnership Policy Transportation Surface by Workbook ISTEA Planners http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=3 TEA-21 Partnership Policy Transportation Surface by Guide TEA-21 User’s http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=74 TEA-21 to Guide FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tea21/index.htm Enhancements Clearinghouse Transportation National http://www.enhancements.org/ SAFETEA-LU Transportation to A Guide to the Mainstream: the Margins From Community Your Opportunities in Partnership http://www.transact.org/PDFs/margins2006/STPP_guidebook_margins.pdf Page SAFETEA-LU FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/index.htm STREAMLINING ENVIRONMENTAL What is Envir http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/strmlng/index.asp T and of Highway Reviews Environmental Streamlining Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress Service, Research Congressional http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/04dec/RL32032.pdf http://www AASHTO’s Center for Environmental Excellence Streamlining Page Streamlining Excellence Center for Environmental AASHTO’s http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/proj_delivery_stream/ http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/new/streamlining.html Str FHWA’s Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 16 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 19 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION cents per thousand cubic feet ucks over 33,000 pounds gross ucks over cents per gallon Account Account 12 percent of retailer’s sales price for trac- of retailer’s 12 percent Annual tax: Trucks 55,000 pounds and over Trucks Annual tax: load capacity thereof as exceeds 3,500 pounds as exceeds load capacity thereof tors and tr GVW pay $100 plus $22 for each 1,000 pounds in of 55,000 (maximum: $550) excess vehicle weight (GVW) and trailers over 26,000 (GVW) weight and trailers over vehicle ass Transit Account ass Transit 9.45 cents for each 10 pounds of the maximum rated General rateGeneral gasLiquefied petroleum Liquefied natural gas 18.3 natural gas)M85 (from natural gasCompressed 24.3 9.25 16.17 18. 48.54 22.444 2.13 7.72 38.83 15.44 1.86 1.43 9.71 2.86 Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund Trust Tank Underground Storage gallon of the tax on gasohol. user fees through highway system, trucking pays greater truck sales and a considerably higher tax on sales, truck tire diesel fuel. *** Truck-Related Taxes (All Proceeds go to Highway Account) Taxes *** Truck-Related .10 cents – Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund Trust Tank Storage .10 cents – Leaking Underground 2.86 cents – M Truck and trailer sales Truck Use Vehicle Heavy * 0.1 cent per gallon of fuel sales goes to the Leaking Fuel TypeGasoline*Diesel (10% ethanol)Gasohol** fuels: Special 18.4 Rate Tax Highway 15.44 18.4 Transit 2.86 24.4 15.44 2.86 21.44 2.86 15.44 cents – Highway Account Account 15.44 cents – Highway ———————— Total 18.4 cents — types and rates of gas taxes the various chart shows The following and the portion of each tax that goes to the highway and transit accounts. ** 2.5 cents per receives Treasury of the U.S. Fund The General *** damage on our believed to inflict more trucks Because are Revenue The Internal collected at the pump. tax is NOT Gas and trucks at the first on gas, tires Service collects federal taxes point of distribution, so most the money actually comes from Tire Tax Tax Tire Highway Defenders of Wildlife Highways | (HTF, hereafter “the Fund”) established in 1956. Fund”) “the hereafter (HTF, linked to funding for highways. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of Act Highway The Federal-Aid linked to funding for highways. as a mechanism for financing the 1956 established the Fund imposed a At the time, Congress System. Highway Interstate fuel sales that was set to modest 3 cents per gallon tax on retail in 1969 when our highway system was estimated to be expire then, the gas tax has risen to 18.4 cents per gal- completed. Since 34 states, federal lon, and highway building continues. In the primary of financing for highways source funding represents (Katz, 2005). than 90 a user-supported program. More is considered The Fund so the taxes of the money comes from driving-related percent amount of money entering the system is tied to use roads and businesses that use highways pay People motor vehicles. by and other costs related on fuel, tires taxes through into the Fund in turn, is used to build and maintain That money, to driving. our highway system. motor fuel from Service collects revenues Revenue The Internal deter- 1982, Congress on highway users. In and other taxes taxes should be used to the fuel taxes from mined that some revenues of 1982. Act Revenue fund transit needs and passed the Highway has been split into two primary parts: then, the Fund the Since The gas tax is Account. Transit and the Mass Account Highway distributed to the accounts as follows: TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION much how That’s do with $286 billion? YOU What would authorized for spending in the last highway bill. And Congress The cost of road building it may not be enough. some believe yet, is continually rising, sometimes dramatically outpacing other sec- and tors of construction Building and land development. spending on land, and transit facilities requires maintaining roads our roads capital equipment and materials. Historically, labor, with user fees the government been funded by and highways have beginning to question how such as the gasoline tax. Experts are will last. and drive” much longer this system of “drill enormous sums in our transportation invest systems—signifi- We and land than we spend on natural resource cantly more conservationists with the funda- This chapter provides management. does it go? and where does the money come from Where mentals: COME FROM? THE MONEY WHERE DOES the of federal funding comes from share The lion’s Fund Trust Prior to that time, highways were paid for out of the General to that time, highways were Prior not existed, they were Although gas taxes Treasury. of the Fund Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 18 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 21 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION wrote a commentarywrote on National Lampoon National THE FALL OF HIGHWAY TRUST FUND? SAFETEA-LU guaranteed $286 billion for highway and transit from 2004 to 2009, but can she keep her promise? According to a 2005 report by the Fund will actually only receive the Highway Trust National Chamber Foundation, about $231 billion, resulting in bankruptcy by 2008. Because gas taxes are not indexed to inflation and have not been raised since 1993, gas tax dollars just that any time don’t go as far they used to. Don’t look to Congress change mere suggestion of raising this or any taxsoon. The is political kryptonite. So how will we fill the Fund in future? turning their eyes toward some of our nation’s most prominent some of our nation’s toward turning their eyes Guest Column: Guest CASHING IN ON THE BP BELTWAY Institution Brookings Fellow, Puentes, Robert in the 1970s, Back corporate influence in America entitled: “We’re Changing the corporate influence in America entitled: “We’re roadways. We need to slow down. down. need to slow We roadways. Daniels leased his Mitch Governor Indiana Earlier this year, consortium to a private for $4 billion toll road for 75 years state’s around the state. In projects that he then spent on other roadway the $1.8 billion from Daley reprogrammed Richard 2004, Mayor back into city coffers to lease of the Chicago Skyway his 99-year cash looks be spent largely in unspecified ways. All that up-front is lost since all the toll stream but the long-term revenue sweet, worse, policy- operators. Far to the private directly flow receipts makers lose the ability to connect transportation to other taking steps to are Governments trends. emerging metropolitan traffic how manage the demand for car trips due to concern over These important policy objec- congestion effects climate change. of private interests in conflict with the commercial are tives traffic not less. They want more companies running toll roads. bullet solving all transportation is not a silver off toll roads Selling letting politicians and policymakers off the hook. We’re problems. up our sleeves, define, design and embrace a should all roll We vision for transportation unified, competitive policy and not new, the easy money. be seduced by Name of the Country to Exxon.” Today, commercial interests are interests commercial Today, of the Country to Exxon.” Name Defenders of Wildlife Highways | The portion of the gasoline and special fuel tax e gas, tires and trucks are made. Federal Highway made. Federal and trucks are e gas, tires The Rise of the Highway Trust Fund The Rise of the Highway Trust 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ers and chain saws is transferred to the Sport Fish Restoration and Restoration Fish to the Sport ers and chain saws is transferred Fund. Trust Resources formerly the Aquatic Fund, Trust Boating Water that amount, $1 million goes annually to the Land and Of funds to federal agencies and which provides Conservation Fund, allocations include to the 50 states and six territories. Federal of Land and Bureau wildlife refuge forest, national park, allocated fee and easement acquisitions. Money area Management to the states may be used for statewide planning and for acquiring and facilities, such as areas outdoor recreation and developing always aren’t Though these measures boat ramps and deer blinds. to conservation, related using transportationdirectly dollars for conservation more agency dollars leaves instead of resource efforts. a small number of companies found in states wher receipts used by motorboats and small engines such as lawnmow- used by receipts Administration (FHWA) then makes estimates based on state fuel (FHWA) Administration to each state. much should be credited use to determine how than that of our federal different This funding system is vastly The Department of the Interior lands and natural resources. Treasury, of the funding support Fund from the General receives White and the Congress from annual appropriations and requires much money they will receive. to determine how House on the political and economic climate, funding may Depending making long-range planning and con- year to year, fluctuate from sistent conservation difficult. efforts increasingly Know? You Did Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 0

5,000,000 50,000,000 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000

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Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 23 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION Administration ProgramsAdministration Account , emergency relief, motor carrier safety, research, motor carrier safety, , emergency relief, Federal Highway Administration Administration Highway Federal Administration Transit Federal Administration Carrier Safety Motor Federal Administration Safety Transportation Highway National Rail Administration Federal Statistics Transportation of Bureau FUNDING CATEGORIES I Title IITitle Aid Highways Federal IIITitle Safety Highway Transit Federal IVTitle V Title Carrier Safety Motor Account Highway VIITitle Research Transportation MiscellaneousDeductions Account Highway any of the wants their little piece of the pie. Before Everyone Transit Mass Account Highway D.C., 1.5 percent is deducted automati- Washington, leaves Fund Account Highway branches within the Department of cally for administration. Six the Fund: administrative money from receive Transportation General Fund high a record 2007 budget delivered Bush’s W. George President It for the federal highway and transit programs. funding level $3.4 included $39.1 billion for the federal highway program—a $8.97 billion for the federal transit pro- billion increase—and of $474 million. gram—an increase and Allocations Apportionments of the money is distrib- made, the rest the deductions are Once uted to the states based on a system of apportionments and allo- based on formulas whereas are allocations. Apportionments funded on a competitive basis. cations are Besides the obvious, the Fund supports initiatives such as high- the Fund the obvious, Besides way safety of alco- transportation statistics, use of safety belts and prevention begun to has also recently The Fund driving. hol-impaired emer- into “smart” support automated toll collection, research access systems, transportationgency vehicle analysis and various transportation funding is warning systems. Federal vehicle such as construction and recon- to capital expenditures, restricted maintenance on noninterstate roads, struction Regular of roads. must be funded including pothole patching and snowplowing, other sources. through Defenders of Wildlife Highways | For a full discussion of the legislative process a full discussion of the legislative For State gas tax State Bonds notes Vehicle Anticipated Revenue Grant Tolls Local taxes tax excise vehicle Motor fees registration Vehicle License fees car taxes Rental Vehicle weight fee on passenger cars weight Vehicle in the light truck weight fee Increase $908 million $436 million Annual motor home fee of $75 $130 million 9.5 cent gas tax increase phased 9.5 cent gas tax increase four yearsin over $5.5 billion 3 3 OTHER SOURCES OF FUNDING SOURCES OTHER and decide that selling all our highways and bridges to Pepsi we If to continue funding their have is a bad idea, we’ll Microsoft supplement money from governments State upkeep on our own. other sources, several from with revenue Fund Trust the Highway including: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 all 50 Today, was the first state to enact a gas tax in 1919. Oregon a state gas tax, but they varystates have widely in collection average, states collect 23 cents per gal- methods and amounts. On lon, but the highest state tax is 30 cents per gallon in Rhode 10 states, the In is 7.5 cents in Georgia. while the lowest Island of funding for highways. gas tax makes up the largest source heavily to pay for their transportation pro- also borrow States Vehicle Anticipated Revenue issuing bonds or Grant grams by fed- in anticipation of future is borrowed notes. Money (GARV) general fund. and backed by the state’s eral appropriations, What does it pay for? state gas tax? much is your How gas to increase voted Legislature State Washington The 2005 plan designed to address and other fees to fund a 16-year taxes than most critical transportation needs. More some of the state’s a tax package intended to make to be funded by are 270 projects and ease traffic congestion in the system. and bridges safer, roads The package includes: 3 3 GO? THE MONEY WHERE DOES enacts authorizing leg- begins when Congress The financing cycle TEA-21 and such as Bill,” Highway to as “the islation, referred SAFETEA-LU. that makes the money possible, see Legislation and Regulation. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 22 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 25 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION Bridge Bridge and Corridor Planning and Border Development (Corridors and Infrastructure Borders) Boats Ferry Research Bridge Innovative and Construction Research Bridge Innovative Program and Deployment Covered Historic National Program Bridge Program Deployment ITS Maintenance Interstate Discretionary Lands Highways Public Scenic Byways and Transportation Community and System Program Preservation Infrastructure Transportation Act and Innovation Finance Program Pilot Pricing Value Surface Transportation Surface Program Program • State • and Rural Metro Small • suballocated Metropolitan • Safety • Enhancements System Highway National Maintenance Interstate Bridge Guarantee Minimum and Congestion Mitigation Improvement Air Quality Projects Priority High pork) (Earmarks, Other Planning Metropolitan Trails Recreational to School Routes Safe Highways Appalachian APPORTIONMENTS ALLOCATIONS Guarantee The Minimum of the total program, but Each state is guaranteed a certain share The minimum guar- return. no one is guaranteed a 100 percent of its at least 90.5 percent that each state receives antee ensures example, For of the Fund. Account contributions to the Highway of all the money in Highway if Kansas contributes 2 percent of that only guaranteed to get 90.5 percent for 2007, it’s Account the first part from of the guarantee does the share money back. If is increased to a state, the share return 90.5 percent not provide of all other states are The shares that percentage. until it reaches still add to 100 percent. Each so that the total shares reduced at least $1 million per year. state receives For Note: Some Note: Defenders of Wildlife funds to state transportation agencies Highways | apportion or awarded through competition. FHWA solicits through competition. FHWA or awarded allocated, ransportation— programs fall under both categories because they are eligible for programs fall under both categories because they are either source. funding from Formula programs—such as Interstate Maintenance and Surface Maintenance as Interstate programs—such Formula T based on formulas set forth in legislation. For example, interstate based on formulas set forth in legislation. For for candidates and selects projects for funding based on the appli- for candidates and selects projects eligibility and selection has its own Each program cations received. monies are distributed among the states based on a formula that monies are volume of interstate highway miles, vehicle each state’s weighs on its interstates and annual contributions to the miles traveled state has if your So, vehicles. attributable to commercial Fund will you 1,000 miles of interstate carrying a million cars per day, money than a state that has 100 miles of interstate car- get more and Air Quality Congestion Mitigation rying 1,000 cars per day. distributed based on a formula that measures funds are (CMAQ) (places in the number of people living in non-attainment areas such as Atlanta, violation of federal air quality standards, (places that and Los Angeles) or in maintenance areas Houston come recently in the past, but have violated air quality standards into compliance). and Lands Highways programs—such as Public Discretionary meant and are under the purviewScenic Byways—fall of FHWA to be a list of all the major programs, see the Appendix. see the Appendix. a list of all the major programs, criteria established by law, by regulation or administratively. by regulation law, criteria established by most discretionary earmark pro- members of Congress However, These funds are Capitol Hill. it ever leaves gram funding before among and will be withdrawn reallocated it or lose it” “use timeframe. the other states if they go unused within a given could you come in. Although all these programs where Here’s immediate conser- more have some programs stand to be greener, Enhancements program Transportation The potential. vation funding for all kinds of amenities—including wildlife provides The a competitive grant program. habitat connectivity—through roads funding for refuge program provides Lands Highway Public details on highways. More fish passage on forest and restoring to come in other chapters—so these and other opportunities are hang in there! funded. are various programs how chart shows The following Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 24 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 27 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION of overall federal funding (Seaman, 2003). federal funding (Seaman, of overall recipients State Constitutions Ban Use of Gas Tax for Non-highway State Constitutions Ban Use of Gas Tax Investments shares some gas tax Fund which revenue Unlike the federal Highway Trust to use all gas taxwith mass transit, many states choose money on highways In more than 30 states, exclusively. the state constitution specifically prohibits the use of state gas tax revenue for anything other than highway construction and maintenance. instance,For the 18th amendment to constitution of state of declares: Washington Article 2 Section 40: FUNDS. HIGHWAY All fees collected by the State of as license fees for motor vehicles and all excise taxes collected Washington on the sale, distribution or use of motor vehicle by the State of Washington fuel and all other state revenue intended to be used for highway purposes, shall be paid into the state treasury and placed in a special fund to be used exclusively for highway purposes. eater share into the Fund than they received. Of the 23 donor Of than they received. into the Fund eater share Setasides they can state transportation your agency has the money, Once highway Federal exactly. spend it any way they see fit, right? Not off the top on state plan- states to spend 2 percent law requires one-fourth of which must go to research, ning and research, of the Surface One-tenth and technology transfer. development is immediately reserved for safety and Program Transportation Transportation is reserved for the another 10 percent program. Enhancements Funding Flexible for our work approach to funding would never A one-size-fits-all TEA bills is the permis- states. A hallmark of the different vastly one dollars from sion for state transportation agencies to “flex” needs and priorities. Because based on their own pot to another, In 2003, 23 of the 50 states were so-called donor states, paying a 2003, 23 of the 50 states were In gr inception in 1956 been donors since the program’s states, 17 have transportation is just one small part of the 2004). However, (Utt, of the $2 trillion that is federal budget—just 2 percent overall states—including 11 of the 14 “donor” Most spent every year. on the gas tax— return for a greater states that lobbied Congress net are state receive? much federal highway money does your How Are you a donor or donee state? you Are Battle brewing over who over brewing Battle New York state had a $1.23 to York New every has dollar rate of return, billions in its mass invested transit system, and its drivers thus use less gas, says Rep. (D-NY). Nadler Jerrold slice of York’s New Reducing be the same as the pie “would being punished for ener- completely per- gy efficient. It’s suggests Nadler verse.” consider the bigger Congress just the gas tax, Beyond picture. The Associated Press, 2004.) The Associated Press, New York contributes far more York New than to the federal government While New it gets in return. $193 million received York in federal highway funds more than it contributed to the sent $26 the state overall Fund, Washington to billion more back in D.C. than it received everybodyfederal funding. “If gets back what they put in,” the point of says, “what’s Nadler the federal government?” (From: of highway money, gets fair share Defenders of Wildlife Highways | “Texas money should be spent “Texas mobility to create Texas on says only fair,” jobs—it’s Texas House former Republican DeLay of Tom Leader Majority whose state receives Texas, about 90 cents in highway funds for every $1 its motorists “Texas paid in gasoline taxes. and other donor states have been sending highway money for decades Washington to on without seeing a fair return with Texas, that investment.” 302,000 miles of public roads, in paid $288.5 million more than it got federal gas taxes back for highway construction 1956 and in 2003. Between re- State 2003, the Lone Star $5.6 billion less than it ceived paid into the highway fund—a time “It’s loss of 13.5 percent. for donor states to start keeping of what they contribute— more time for fundamental fair- it’s ness and equity to carry the DeLay concludes. day,” release) 2004 press (From YOU MAKE THE CALL: DONOR vs. DONEE it will get the same amount out state pays into the Fund, your If is distrib- in the Fund Money necessarily. right? Not of the Fund, to complicated mathematical uted to the states according As a result, formulas that attempt to match need with revenue. than they put in and some states get far less. some states get more are than they get in return into the Fund that pay more States the money from more states and that receive called “donor” states. Proponents called “donee” than they contribute are Fund on fed- of the system say that some highway needs such as roads national in and interstates are trade routes eral lands, borders, have a higher West, states, especially in the rural scope. Some small popula- proportion have of interstates and federal lands yet decry Opponents tions and smaller gas tax revenues. that large, motorists in slow-grow- to subsidize forced states are fast-growing ing or rural states. DONOR DONEE Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 26 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 29 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION Conservation advocate State or local government funds or local government State contributions Private for donated property Credit Other federal agencies (if specifically authorized in law) federal agencies (if specifically authorized Other provides (if the project Program Lands Highway Federal lands). access to or within federal Indian way investments? If so, find out why the ban was first imposed. If way investments? conditions in your state changed since then to justify chang- Have ing the restriction? prioritization of our funding dollars in transportation. There is an There prioritization of our funding dollars in transportation. but there transit, need to maintain existing roads and increase increasing is still a push for new roads and old solutions.” Interstate maintenance receives 90 percent federal funding, while 90 percent maintenance receives Interstate a receive Relief projects and Emergency Lands Highway Federal federal funding. full 100 percent sources: the following matching funds can come from The required 3 3 3 3 3 state use to pay the nonfederal does your What funding sources match for transportation projects? state constitution ban the use of gas tax for non-high- your –Does Federal Share Federal federal 80 percent receive highway projects a match? Most Got to come up with the remaining funding and the state is required transit projects, on the other hand, only receive New 20 percent. for the federal funding, leaving the state responsible 50 percent sets up a perverseThis discrepancy other half of the funding. on additional highways for states to continue rely incentive rather than transit to meet transportation needs because they cost the state less out of pocket. the state, it is tough to see a true looking at projects occurring around “In . Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Steps three through six can happen in as little one day through three Steps , roughly 75 cents of every federal highway dollar can be Work is done by a contractor. is done by Work Contractor sends a bill to the state transportation agency. sent to FHWA. for the bills are Vouchers certifies the claim. FHWA Treasury. submitted to the Certified schedules are Federal share is transferred to state transportation agency is transferred share Federal bank account. not need to be completed before the federal government reim- the federal government not need to be completed before the time on the type of project, burses the state. Depending can vary a from obligation and reimbursement elapsing between few years. days to several of Events – Sequence Reimbursement one state might prioritize public transportation more than public transportationone state might prioritize more another Obligation and Reimbursement Obligation pro- up-front” is not a “cash Program Aid Highway The Federal called an makes a promise The federal government gram. to pay state transportation agencies for the federal “obligation” eligible cost. Certain are spending levels of a project’s share actually see but state transportation agencies don’t “authorized,” transporta- spent it. State any of that money until after they have federal funds simply notified that they have tion agencies are The work is started. approved, are for their use. Projects available makes payments to the state transportation federal government does The project on projects. incurred agency for costs as they are NOTE: used for transit investments such as bus, rail or streetcar systems. such as bus, rail or streetcar used for transit investments for fix-it-first or pedestrian and dollars can be flexed Highway only a handful of states Unfortunately, safety initiatives. bicycle to the Surface According taken advantage of the flexibility. have of flexible funds 87 percent Partnership, Policy Transportation to state transportationgiven agencies in the 1990s went to high- of that flexible spending (82 Most way and bridge projects. California, York, happened in just five states (New percent) the trans- in theory, But, Virginia). and Oregon Pennsylvania, transit operators state and local governments, portation bill allows planning organizations (MPOs) to build a mul- and metropolitan timodal transportation system to meet their unique needs. of flexible funding? If not, remind state take advantage your Does flexible and transportationyour agencies that highway dollars are efficient, multi-modal suggest they might be better spent on more highways. solutions rather than more Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 28 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 31 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION . 2003. . Surface Changing Direction: Dividing the Pie: Placing Dividing the Pie: . Washington, DC: Brookings Washington, . , 3 July 2004. , 3 July Taking the High Road: A Metropolitan Road: the High Taking The Associated Press The Federal Highway Program Shifts Money from South to from Money Shifts Program Highway The Federal , 2004. Retrieved from , 2004. Retrieved Retrieved from: Retrieved REFERENCES of highway who gets fair share over brewing J. “Battle Abrams, money.” Transportation Policy Partnership, 2000. Retrieved from: 2000. Retrieved Partnership, Policy Transportation http://www.transact.org/PDFs/changing_direction.pdf M. and A. L. C. de Cerreño. Seaman, in Perspective Donee Debate Donor- Transportation the http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/transportation/files/dividingpie.pdf#searc h=’donor%20states%20and%20highway’ U.S. DOT Participation in Louisiana Long Term Community Term in Louisiana Long Participation U.S. DOT from: Retrieved Programs. Funding Recovery http://louisiana.volpe.dot.gov/docs/usdotfunding.doc R. Utt, North McCann, B, R. Kienitz, and B. DeLille. B, R. Kienitz, and B. DeLille. McCann, Federal Transportation Spending in the 1990s Spending Transportation Federal FHWA Apportionments and Allocations. Retrieved from: and Allocations. Retrieved Apportionments FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/discretionary/index.htm from: Retrieved Funding. Flexible FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/flexfunda1.htm Katz, B., and R. Puentes. Agenda for Transportation Reform Transportation for Agenda http://www.heritage.org/Research/SmartGrowth/em938.cfm Institution Press, 2005. Press, Institution DeLay, Tom. Press release, 2004. release, Press Tom. DeLay, , the exter- Lives Per Gallon Per Lives ups the ante with congestion Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Divorce Your Car Your Divorce Guest Column: Guest OF HIGHWAYS THE HIDDEN COSTS and Magazine E/The Environmental Editor, Motavalli, Jim By Transportation Moving Toward Gridlock: author of Breaking That Works The a car for year? and drive much does it cost to own How cost Association of America (AAA) puts the average Automobile at and more) insurance, registration (including fuel, depreciation, sedan driving 15,000 $7,967 in 2006, based on a medium-sized That adds up to 15 20 52.2 cents. mile costs average miles. Per States. of the average family budget in United percent enough, right? Straightforward the fact Despite costs”? what about the so-called “external But that the interstate highway system is completely built out, governments spend $200 million every day constructing, fixing and management and parking Traffic roads in this country. improving and $20 on those roads costs $48 billion annually, enforcement maintenance. billion is spent on routine book Tamminen’s Terry to According is $24.3 billion per motor vehicles nal cost of air pollution from tistics averaging external costs as 79 cents to $1.20 per vehicle tistics averaging And so the total mile, or $9,927 to $15,053 per car year. car—with the planet in average AAA’s annual cost of owning sedan! one expensive That’s mind—jumps as high $23,020. costs of $168 billion annually in the United States. She cites sta- She States. costs of $168 billion annually in the United year. Federal tax breaks for the oil industry tax breaks cost as much $113 Federal year. costs of up to $672 billion, damage in health care billion. Add of up to $2 billion. yields of $3 to $6 billion and forests crop Katie Alvord’s Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 30 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 33 TRANSPORTATION FUNDING TRANSPORTATION wer, Donald D.T. Chen, World Chen, D.T. Donald wer, progress.org/newpubs/1998/wpts3_execsum.html ffects of Accurate Pricing ffects of Accurate lexible Funding for Transit: Who Uses It? Who Uses Transit: for lexible Funding 23 USD and 49 USC Under Provisions lexible Funding Surface Transportation Policy Project Policy Transportation Surface http://www.transact.org/PDFs/changing_direction.pdf F Institution The Brookings Puentes, Robert http://www.brookings.edu/ES/URBAN/flexfunding.pdf F Administration Transit Federal http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Flexible_Funding_Final_Report_10Nov0 5.pdf OF HIGHWAYS HIDDEN COSTS Works That Transportation Toward Moving Gridlock: Breaking Club Books 2001 Sierra Motavalli, Jim Transportation Costs of the Hidden Uncovering of Mobility: The Price Defense Council 1993. Resources Natural Moffet, and John Miller Peter Social Cost of Driving and the the Full Estimating Free: Aren’t The Roads E Progress Redefining Cobb, W. Clifford http://www.redefining Costs to Drive Really What It Rate : The Going C. Do Roger J. MacKenzie, James 1992 Institute Resources http://www.wri.org/climate/pubs_description.cfm?PubID=2559 ’ ebate in Defenders of Wildlife ’ Highways | al Transportation Spending in the 1990s Spending Transportation al olicy Partnership .cbo.gov/ftpdocs/71xx/doc7123/04-04-Highway%20Revenues.pdf ighway Alliance for Real Equity (SHARE) ighway Alliance for Real as%20Tax%20Report%20July04.pdf#search=’state%20gas%20tax TBA’s Map of State Gas Tax Gas of State Map TBA’s ey Facts About America’s Road and Bridge Conditions and Federal and Bridge Road America’s About ey Facts AR http://www.artba.org/economics_research/current_issues/Gas_Tax_Rates_dev_ since_1997.pdf DONOR / DONEE a donor or donee state? you Are P Transportation Surface http://www.transact.org/2006workshops/statespending92-05.pdf D Donor-Donee Transportation the Placing Dividing the Pie: Perspective and Management Policy Transportation Center for Rudin http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/transportation/files/dividingpie.pdf#search=’dono r%20states%20and%20highway H States’ TRANSPORTATION FUNDING RESOURCES TRANSPORTATION FUND TRUST HIGHWAY Primer Fund Trust Highway FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/primer98.pdf 2004 Year for Fiscal Report Financial Fund: Trust Highway http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/htffy04/ 2007 Fund: Trust of the Highway Status http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/79xx/doc7909/03-27-Highway_Testimony.pdf http://www USGAO’s Overview of Highway Trust Fund Financing Fund Trust Overview of Highway USGAO’s http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02435t.pdf K Funding Program Information The Road http://www.tripnet.org/NationalFactSheetMarch2006.pdf GAS TAX STATE Report Tax Gas State ARTBA’s http://www.artba.org/economics_research/current_issues/ARTBA%20State% 20G http://www.sharestates.org/index.htm Alliance) (F.A.I.R. Reinvestment Alliance for Intermodal Fair http://www.dot.state.ny.us/fair/ FLEXIBLE FUNDING Feder Changing Direction: Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 32 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 35 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION esearch programs and projects. Get to know your state’s AASHTO state’s your to know Get programs and projects. esearch (yes, anyone!) can suggest ideas for TPF studies, but they must be anyone!) can suggest ideas for (yes, and by either a state transportation agency or FHWA sponsored authorized to post solicitations on only specified individuals are Advisory Research site, typically the AASHTO Web TPF the must TPF proposal Committee member in the state. Each information on the subject, intended include background and estimated costs time to conduct the research process submitting the proposal Upon to complete the research. required the lead agency may post its to establish the study, and request site. Local and regional Web TPF pooled fund solicitation on the foundations, universities industry, transportation agencies, private organizations may partnerand nonprofit with any or all of the sponsoring agencies to conduct pooled fund projects. generally conducted under contracts TPF studies are State-led Transportation the by administered the state or are managed by studies must consider FHWA-led (see below). Board Research monitors the process. FHWA a competitive through proposals project sta- requiring funds by and Research Planning use of State TPF on a quarterly reports basis, online at the tus and progress site. Web have a brilliant idea or can partner you TPF study! If a Suggest Advisory Research AASHTO contact your on an existing study, involved. to get more Committee member and ask how in the Appendix. statement” problem to write a research “How –See TRANSPORTATION POOLED FUND (TPF) TRANSPORTATION Advisory Research and AASHTO’s FHWA Established by (TPF) program Fund Pooled Transportation Committee, the funding by the benefits of transportationmaximizes research common trans- to address encouraging consolidation of resources issues. portation-related than one state trans- more qualify as a pooled fund study, To federal agency or other body (such as a portation agency, or a pri- (MPO), university Planning Organization Metropolitan to conduct company) must commit funds or other resources vate Anyone planning or technology transfer activity. the research, Contact your state transportation agency’s research division about research state transportationContact your agency’s r typically the research member, Advisory Council (RAC) Research organization to dis- a meeting with your Suggest program manager. the wildlife/transportation topics that will address cuss research if involvement your Offer of interest. state or area conflicts in your data, volunteers, mon- organization has the capacity to provide your itoring or other support for ongoing or upcoming research. (RiP) database. To address To (RiP) database. Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Research in Progress Research programs that anticipate concerns before they become critical prob- programs that anticipate concerns before to meet local lems. Each state is permitted to tailor its program Highway needs, but must be certifiedthe Federal by to applied priority is given Highest (FHWA). Administration transfer of technology from problems, on state or regional research and specifications. Major and setting standards to user, researcher operations, safety, renewal, include infrastructure areas research and policy analysis. environment transportation agencies cooperate with other states, FHWA, State established at objectives agencies to achieve and other appropriate a technology transfer program to and to develop the national level division office When the FHWA promote and use those results. the go-ahead, state transportationgives agencies post their new in the research progress in the program, the state must prepare an annual report of an annual report the state must prepare in the program, progress activities detailed in the work program. program. activities detailed in the work TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION much salt it takes to melt an inch of how wondered ever you Have the decibel you pondered have Or zero? below ice at 10 degrees if it is transportation related, Well, noise on pavement? of tire level is studying it in gruesome can bet that someone, somewhere, you our transportation sys- an effort to continually improve detail. In seeking tems, the transportation billions in research, sector invests and practices that can be practically in procedures innovations to the and highways. According applied on our roads agencies spent 16 government Board, Research Transportation in 2002. research $2.63 billion on transportation-related is agencies, transportation research government primarily by Funded and organizations, both government different several conducted by responsible analytical and experimental. Other bodies are private, the past Over and distributing results. for stimulating research has focused amount of transportation research decade, an increasing on wildlife and developing mitigation meas- on the impacts of roads This chapter seeks to help conservationists active become more ures. funding by transportation research of, participants in, and recipients and policies. some of the major players introducing (SPR) PLANNING AND RESEARCH STATE of to set aside 2 percent required transportation agencies are State System, Highway National Transportation, the Surface funds from Maintenance, Interstate and Rehabilitation, Replacement Bridge Guarantee and Minimum and Air Quality, Congestion Mitigation activities, or for state planning and research programs Funds they must then allocate at least 25 per- that 2 percent, “SPR.” Of cent to research. research encouraged to develop transportation agencies are State Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 34 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 37 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION tation ecology issues at TRB meetings, the International tation ecology issues at primarily – safety hazards caused by large animals caused by primarily – safety hazards on the roadway lack of per- mortality, secondly – detrimental effects (roadkill etc.) on healthy animal populations along meability, roadsides. large animals on the roadway caused by safety hazards lack of permeability, mortality, detrimental effects (roadkill etc.) on healthy animal populations along roadsides. Safety Data, Analysis and Evaluation ANB20 (A3B05) and Evaluation Analysis Data, Safety This committee is concerned with mitigation of the safety and (railways and airportsecological effects of roadways also given cursory attention) including: 3 3 A3B05-2 Mitigation Crash Vehicle on Animal Subcommittee This committee is concerned with the safety and ecological effects (railways and airportsof roadways also given cursory attention) including: 3 3 Parks for National Needs Transportation on the Force Task Lands ADA40T (A5T55) and Public of transportation the role in providing addresses The task force and other public access to and mobility within national parks a forum for transportation and tourism also provides lands. It experiences planners and operators public officials to share and in national parks and travelers access, circulation regarding a forum for identifica- provides The task force on public lands. recreation regarding needs and requirements tion of research and tourism. travel ADA10 Planning Transportation Multimodal Statewide and promotes The committee acts as an information exchange in all the technical and institutional aspects of compre- research The multimodal statewide hensive transportation planning. committee is also concerned with the identification and clarifica- development of state resource tion of the interrelationship planning and programming. ADA60 Transportation in Involvement Public a conceptual framework to develop for This committee works into the transportationintegrating public involvement planning specific planning and policy questions process, and to address transportation by agencies while been encountered that have public involvement. attempting to increase Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET), and other Transportation on Ecology and Conference forums.transportation and ecology related of ecology, best management practices and solutions related to best management practices and solutions related of ecology, transpor Defenders of Wildlife Highways | facilitating the sharing of information on transportation practice and policy tech- and peer-reviewed disseminating publications, reports, findings nical papers on research stimulating research management services techni- offering research that promote cal excellence expert advice on transportation policy and programs providing file of transportationoperating an on-line computerized research conducting special studies on transportation policy issues at agencies and government of the U.S. Congress the request DC that draws Washington, hosting an annual meeting in around the nearly 10,000 transportation from professionals world. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD (TRB) BOARD RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION Council, the Research of six divisions within the National One (TRB) than 5,000 draws on more Board Research Transportation scientists, engineers and other transportation who professionals their expertise a complex system of commit- volunteer through TRB is to promote The mission of tees, panels and task forces. in transportation research. through and progress innovation are: activities and responsibilities varied Among its many, 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 TRB is financially supported the U.S. Department of by and other federal agencies, individual state depart- Transportation ments of transportation, industry associations, non-governmental in transportation an interest organizations and others who share practice and policy. Committees of Interest with standing under a committee structure, TRB is organized committees. committees and governing committees, project-based primaryOf tech- importance to conservationists the following are issues crucial to wildlife nical committees that address conservation shows and transportation. Each committee below the official by followed the committee name and designator, scope. description of the committee’s ADC10 (A1F02) Transportation in Analysis Environmental to the environ- This committee is concerned with issues relating mental impacts of transportation and systems. Emphasis projects is placed on planning, decision-making, mitigation strategies, as multidisciplinary as well policies and processes, impact considerations. ADC30T Transportation Ecology and information on the science This committee identifies and shares Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 36 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 39 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION . Because Department of Transportation’s Strategic Plan Strategic Transportation’s Department of Coordinator of the development national highway Coordinator and technology agenda, working with other offices research and with and FHWA Transportation in the Department of academia, industrypartners in state and local governments, organizations and professional the of new and existing technologies to improve Investigator efficiency and operation of our highway system safety, to the highway community results of research Disseminator it may be placed into practice. where committees and sub- and assist other AASHTO Encourage needs, define research committees to identify research findings and utilize research emphasis areas state transportation problem statements from research Solicit the sub- screen committees and FHWA; agencies, AASHTO of annual programs them and recommend mittals; prioritize of Directors Board AASHTO’s NCHRP for consideration by performance as program manager for the TRB’s Monitor NCHRP recommenda- the NCHRP and make appropriate Monitor to AASHTO tions and reports observe use of research and encourage the effective Review, FHWA’S OFFICE OF RESEARCH, FHWA’S TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Technology and Development of Research, Office FHWA’s Research Highway Turner-Fairbank (RD&T) is located at the basic roles: and performs three Virginia, Center in McLean, 3 3 3 STATISTICS TRANSPORTATION OF BUREAU in (BTS) Statistics Transportation of the Bureau ISTEA created to 1991 to administer data collection, analysis and reporting the advance COMMITTEE ON STANDING AASHTO’S (SCOR) RESEARCH committee structure. is also organized by TRB, AASHTO Like (SCOR) is supported by Committee on Research The Standing which is Advisory Committee (RAC) Research the AASHTO each state transportation managers from comprised of research include: responsibilities SCOR’s agency. 3 3 3 3 3 it serves a broad audience (Congress, federal agencies, state and it serves audience (Congress, a broad sector), and the private universities MPOs, local governments, all and policy-neutral, covering objective is meant to remain BTS modes of transportation with unique competencies in statistics, economics, information technology and geographic for BTS, authorized $27 million per year systems. SAFETEA-LU and Development within the Research which is administered account under FHWA. (NCHRP 37-12) Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Anticipated completion in 2007 k with transportation and resource professionals from professionals k with transportation and resource Anticipated release in 2007 Anticipated release Evaluation of the Use and Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossings Wildlife of and Effectiveness of the Use Evaluation (NCHRP 25-27) - - http://www.trb.org/trbnet/projectdisplay.asp?projectid=762 Collection Collision Data Animal-Vehicle - - http://www.trb.org/trbnet/projectdisplay.asp?projectid=104 Volunteer as a “friend” of a TRB committee. Committee friends of a as a “friend” Volunteer networ NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY COOPERATIVE NATIONAL (NCHRP) PROGRAM RESEARCH Research Cooperative Highway in 1962, the National Created in highway planning, (NCHRP) conducts research Program The program is design, construction, operation and maintenance. by individual state transportation agencies and FHWA, sponsored of its TRB. Each state contributes 5.5 percent by administered yet (SPR) funds which can only be spent and Research Planning State of sponsoring states. by at least two-thirds on issues approved Committee Standing the AASHTO set annually by are Priorities (SCOR) based on input from state transportation on Research and com- of Directors Board and AASHTO’s agencies, FHWA, and SCOR determines evaluated are mittee chairs. Submissions NCHRP should receive which completed or ongoing projects support and publishes the preliminary scopes of work each April. insti- nonprofit from universities, proposals TRB solicits research tutions, consulting firms and individual consultants that TRB assigns demonstrate capability and experience in each issue. contract recommend expert the proposals, panels to review technical guidance, provide in progress, monitor research awards, pub- findings are Research for acceptability. reports and review for both lished in the NCHRP series, designed as reader-friendly the administrator and engineer. NCHRP projects: tuned for these wildlife related Stay 3 3 other geographic areas and disciplines while receiving valuable and disciplines while receiving other geographic areas technologies and current and timely information on research, can participate in committee meetings, Volunteers practices. presen- give on committee projects, papers, work research review To annual meeting. TRB’s at a session of tations and preside contact the committee chair and participate as a volunteer, your interest. express Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 38 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 41 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION contains a provision requiring the USDOT to the USDOT requiring contains a provision Go to: http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/gateway/WFTlistserv.asp Go ransportation (ICOET). Western Transportation Institute (WTI) Institute Transportation Western (WTI) Institute was designated as a Transportation Western The in 1998 and focuses on rural transportation safety and UTC infra- ecology, operations, winter maintenance and effects, road maintenance and materials, systems engineering structure and integration, mobility public transportation,development management and transportation planning logistics and freight at and economics. Located in the College of Engineering 30 pro- WTI approximately employs University, State Montana annual budget fessional staff and faculty 30 students. Its $5 million. exceeds SAFETEA-LU collisions between commission a study of methods to reduce The study will include an assessment and wildlife. motor vehicles wildlife-vehi- of causes, solutions and best practices for reducing must conduct researchers carryingcle collisions. In out the study, survey transportation current review, literature a thorough expertsagency practices and consult with appropriate in the field The contract for the collision study collisions. of wildlife-vehicle expected are 2006, and final results WTI in June to was awarded of the study will be used in formulating The results in fall, 2007. a best practices manual to serve as a guide for developing The collisions. wildlife-vehicle statewide action plans to reduce manual will become the basis for a training course transportation professionals. Ecology Road at Davis, of California University Center Center brings together researchers Ecology Road The UC Davis ecology and transportation to design sus- and policy makers from tainable transportation systems based on an understanding of the on natural landscapes and human communities. impact of roads Go to: Ecology Center listserv. Road up for the UC Davis Sign ttp://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/listserv.html CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL (ICOET) TRANSPORTATION AND ECOLOGY on Conference 1996, the mission of International Since (ICOET) has been to identify and Transportation and Ecology aging the biennial International Conference on Ecology and Conference aging the biennial International T (WFT) list- Transportation and Fisheries Wildlife, up for the Sign serv. tation research on behalf of tation research Defenders of Wildlife Highways | funding, and recommend appropriate funding levels appropriate funding levels funding, and recommend for committee and advocate Serve as a forum, coordinating highway and other transpor and state transportation agencies AASHTO of the various monitor and foster coordination Review, of highway and other transportationnational programs research of industry and foster the role in highway and other Study transportation research. impacts of surface transportation Located on the environment. Centennial Campus, CTE is University’s Carolina State at North on a CTE works and NCDOT. the USDOT funded jointly by air quality and climate subjects, from of environmental variety notably for conservationists, materials. Most change to hazardous that ecosystems initiative CTE has a wildlife and terrestrial on wildlife and mitigation meas- examines the impacts of roads such as wildlife crossings. Conservationistsures can use CTE’s database and listservresearch to stay informed on the latest for man- CTE is also responsible in road ecology. developments 3 RESEARCH AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIVE RESEARCH (RITA) ADMINISTRATION Technology and Innovative Established in 2005, the Research is dedicated solely to technological inno- (RITA) Administration and promote economic growth mobility, to improve vation is com- a better integrated transportationdeliver system. RITA the former Statistics, Transportation of posed of the Bureau Programs and Special of the Research Office Research Center, Systems Transportation National Volpe Administration, and Office of Intermodalism. Institute, Safety Transportation lab and part research university is self-described as “part RITA company.” entrepreneurial Valley Silicon CENTERS UNIVERSITY TRANSPORTATION Centers (UTC) Transportation manages the University now RITA has Transportation 1988, the Department of program. Since to establish education centers grants to universities awarded fully inte- issues. Centers are to transportation devoted related and each has a particular focus grated within existing universities SAFETEA-LU as rural transportationarea—such or safety. $76 million per year to be distributed among the 60 authorized 2009. 2005 through for fiscal years UTCs of particular impor- engaged in research are UTCs The following tance to conservationists: and the Environment Center for Transportation (CTE) con- and the Environment Transportation The Center for education and technology transfer concerning the ducts research, 3 3 Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 40 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 43 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION con- and a esearch from several published several esearch from Research In Progress (RiP) Database Progress In Research established the Surface Transportation established the Surface Nongovernmental Transportation and Transportation Nongovernmental Stakeholders. Environmental State and Local Government State Federal Agencies and Tribes Agencies and Federal Environmental Research Program (ERP) Projects Program Research Environmental tracks and documents FHWA-funded research from research tracks and documents FHWA-funded is the world’s largest and most comprehensive biblio- largest and most comprehensive is the world’s Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Information Research Transportation Wildlife, Fisheries and Transportation Research Database Research Transportation and Fisheries Wildlife, Tier I – Tier II – Tier III – Tier Conservation advocates can provide input and feedback on the Conservation can provide advocates key points, including: implementation of STEP at several 1990 to the present, both active and completed. 1990 to the present, more than 600,000 records of published and ongoing research, than 600,000 records more TRIS is all modes and disciplines of transportation. covering by state transportation agencies, the U.S. Departmentsponsored TRB sponsors. and other Transportation of TRB also maintains the TRB’s TRB’s Database data-entry users in state transportation agencies system to allow The tains bibliographic data on r the proceedings of International as from databases as well Transportation. on Ecology and Conference The FHWA Database (STEP) Program Research and Planning Cooperative Environment to con- of federal transportation funds available as the sole source issues. on planning and environmental research duct all FHWA for fiscal years authorized $16.9 million per year SAFETEA-LU program. 2009 to implement the STEP research 2006 through in views the dramatic differences recognizes The STEP program transportation research, and environment regarding and interests strong vested the views based on stakeholders’ and differentiates STEP STEP funding to conduct research. in receiving interest the enormous and diverse number of stakeholders into breaks tiers: three graphic resource on transportation information. TRIS contains on transportation information. graphic resource to add, modify and delete information on their current research to add, modify and delete information on their current than 7,800 transporta- The RiP database contains more projects. tion research projects by FHWA, state transportation agencies FHWA, by projects tion research and UTCs. sites and stay up to speed on Web the major research Bookmark valuable in This information may prove results. the latest research in other elements of transportation, involvement such as your review. planning and environmental SAFETEA-LU Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ess wildlife, habitat and ecosystem issues related to sur- ess wildlife, habitat and ecosystem issues related share quality research applications and best management practices quality research share that addr WHERE TO FIND RESEARCH RESULTS FIND RESEARCH TO WHERE need if you sources excellent sites are Web databases and Online just curious to make a case for conservation or are initiative on wildlife and transportation issues. A research about current detailed below. few of the most helpful are face transportation systems. The conference is the primaryThe conference face transportation systems. gathering of experts in the field of transportation development, and administration with the goal of enhancing both research and the ecological sustainability of process project development transportation systems. ICOET is a multi-disciplinary and growing with a diverse event state transportation agencies, the sponsorship including FHWA, Service,of Defenders Service, USDA Forest Wildlife and U.S. Fish every Held States. of the United Society and the Humane Wildlife 500 participants from ICOET draws approximately two years, of that includes hundreds the world for a week-long program across field trips, social networking papers and poster presentations, accessi- are All proceedings exhibitor area. and a professional events format on the official ICOET website. ble in electronic on Ecology and Conference the International Attend paper or poster if (ICOET) own and submit your Transportation the latest and best not only showcases This event appropriate. partici- on wildlife and transportation, but also provides research pants with an opportunity to spend quality time networking, the dialogue among repre- building connections and advancing of interests. of a variety sentatives Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 42 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 45 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION TIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM RESEARCH TIVE HIGHWAY otesDocs/ProposalPrepNCHRP.pdf http://www.trb.org/news/blurb_browse.asp?id=14 nstructions for Preparing Proposals Proposals nstructions for Preparing ansportation.org/?siteid=55 .tfhrc.gov/site/04105/index.htm : Magazine of the Transportation Research Board Board Research Transportation of the : Magazine Transportation Research E-Newsletter Research Transportation vailable online at vailable Subscriptions available for $55 for 1 year at 202.334.3216 for $55 1 year available Subscriptions TRB TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RESOURCES RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION 2002 Transportation, in Needs Research TRB: Environmental and Ecosystems” Wildlife “Wetlands, chapter, See http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/reports/cp_28.pdf (SPR) PLANNING AND RESEARCH STATE http://www.tfhrc.gov/sprguide/index.htm POOLED FUND (TPF) TRANSPORTATION http://www.pooledfund.org/ TPF Overview of http://www.tfhrc.gov/site/active.htm http://www (TRB) BOARD RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION http://www.trb.org TR NEWS A (NCHRP) to NCHRP Guide http://www.tfhrc.gov/sprguide/nchrp.htm Overview of NCHRP http://www4.trb.org/trb/crp.nsf/reference/appendices/NCHRP+Overview (since 1989) NCHRP Projects http://www.trb.org/crp/nchrp/nchrpprojects.asp and I Information http://www.trb.org/N NCHRP Announce listserv statements are notifies when new project posted http://www.trb.org/CRP/CRPEmailList.asp (SCOR) COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH STANDING AASHTO’S http://research.tr http://trb.org/news/browse_newsletters.asp TRB Committee Activities in Involved to Become An Invitation http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/dva/GetInvolved.htm COOPERA NATIONAL , goals and emphasis areas , goals and emphasis areas Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Input from potential funding partners from on collaborative Input opportunities research research advice and feedback on yearly-proposed Input, and by emphasis area) activities (both programmatically sessions at and advice during listening outreach Input and other venues TRB Annual Meeting, the and feedback on the STEP Annual Report. Input Input and feedback on STEP programmatic structure, gover- structure, and feedback on STEP programmatic Input nance, implementation strategy 3 3 3 3 3 agency announcements including broad for proposals, Requests will be to conduct research, agreements for grants and cooperative are proposals Unsolicited emphasis areas. to address developed funding, but can be submitted via the exist- not likely to receive ing formula. input and feedback on the imple- Provide in STEP. involved Get on reducing mentation of STEP and encourage continued research mitigation measures. the impacts to wildlife and improving in the statement” problem to write a research “How See Appendix. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 44 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 47 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS PUBLIC ROADS AND PUBLIC LANDS PUBLIC ROADS them to death? loving we our public lands, but are love We and monu- wildlife refuges forests, lands (national parks, Federal States than one-quarter of the United ments) encompass more of all species that are habitat for nearly two-thirds and provide per- these species, twelve Of or endangered. listed as threatened largely to federal public lands, making them restricted cent are 2000). to biodiversity conservationinvaluable (Stein, the human population with valuable lands also provide Public opportunities, making them critical for local and recreation parks alone generated $10 billion in economies. National regional than 211,000 jobs in 2005. visitor spending and supported more in 2005 and than 273 million people visited national parks More each year. 40 million visitors come to national wildlife refuges driving personal vehicle, accessible only by are of these areas Many up traffic congestion and air pollution on public lands. Increased the number of animals killed by vehi- traffic also increases vehicle 12,577 wildlife-vehicle Service recorded Park The National cles. these impacts 2007). If 1989 and 2006 (Evans, collisions between go unchecked, public lands will cease being suitable habitat for wildlife and Without wildlife species. sensitive some of the more the high quality habitat they need, public lands will also cease destinations for tourists. being suitable vacation conservationistsThis chapter introduces to the roads and alter- agencies and policies that control transportationnative choices in our public lands. in federal transportation advances policy Recent opportunities for con- unprecedented created have servationists to partner with land managers and that trends the negative engineers to reverse our public lands and the wildlife that threaten depend on them. VS. ROADLESS ROADS one-lane, dirt to two-lane rural logging roads From many are to major interstate highways, there streets While the impacts to types of roads. different the development, owner- wildlife may be similar, are types of roads ship and management of various the options for addressing Therefore, very different. instance, if also very For the impacts are different. wishes to decommission a logging an advocate Service.that same If she or he would petition the Forest road, Defenders of Wildlife Highways | TATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT TATION y.ucdavis.edu/listserv.html e.ncsu.edu/CTE/gateway/index.asp UNIVERSITY TRANSPORTATION CENTERS (UTC) UNIVERSITY TRANSPORTATION http://utc.dot.gov/ and the Environment Transportation Center for http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/index.asp Institute Transportation Western http://www.coe.montana.edu/wti/ Center Ecology Road UC Davis http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/ (ICOET) Transportation on Ecology and Conference International http://www.icoet.net DATABASES RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION (WFT) Database Research Transportation and Fisheries Wildlife, http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/gateway/wildlife.htm http://itr TRANSPOR SURFACE (STEP) PROGRAM RESEARCH PLANNING COOPERATIVE http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/step/index.htm Environmental Research Program (ERP) Projects Database (ERP) Projects Program Research Environmental http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/FHWA-ERP/fhwa-erpsearch.htm Services (TRIS) Information Database Research Transportation http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do (RiP) Database Progress In Research http://rip.trb.org/ LISTSERVS RESEARCH TRANSPORTATION (WFT) Listserv Transportation and Fisheries, Wildlife, The http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/gateway/WFTlistserv.asp listserv Ecology Road UC Davis http://roadecolog Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 46 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 49 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS extended funding for all the programs within the extended funding for all the programs est. Bookmark their Web site. Look through their list of site. Look through Web est. Bookmark their Public Lands Highways Public Highways Forest Reservation Roads Indian and Parkways Road Park Roads Refuge ing is not used to build new roads, and is instead applied to ing is not used to build new roads, performance the the environmental of existing roads, improve dollar spent out of is a success for public lands. Every increase transportation out of public funding means a potential dollar saved While it is not specifically stip- operations and maintenance. lands’ ulated in the language, this funding should be used for for the appropriate wildlife-friendly maintenance practices that are natural resources. landscape and surrounding Find out which FLHP division office covers your state or area of state or area your out which FLHP division office covers Find inter projects. Ask to be added their mailing list. with federal land managing cooperative agreements Through Service, Service, Forest Park agencies—including the National Command, Fish and Distribution Deployment Military Surface Affairs—the of Indian Service, and the Bureau Wildlife and engineering services for the planning, design, FLHP provides of the highways and bridges that construction and rehabilitation intended to serve are lands. FLHP roads access federally owned and enhance natural travel and tourism, protect recreational sustained economic development in rural areas provide resources, Americans. FLHP transportation access for Native and provide engineer- funds can be used for transportation planning, research, and transit ing and construction parkways of highways, roads, facilities, but the land management agency has to pay for maintenance and operations. five categories: FLHP covers project selection where distributed to each category, FLHP funds are is delegated to users (federal land management agencies, Indian transportation improvement tribes and states) based on three-year of Land Management, the Bureau by owned plans (TIP). Roads and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of Reclamation, Bureau dedicated funding agencies do not receive Department of Defense to compete for funds under the discretionaryand have category. the Are of interest. area TIP in your a copy of the FLHP Request of the wildlife that depend on our projects in the best interest suggest wildlife conservation appropriate, Where public lands? be included in upcoming projects. measures SAFETEA-LU this fund- 2009 for a total of $4.5 billion. Provided FLHP through Defenders of Wildlife The Office of Federal Lands of Federal The Office and is part of FHWA Highway DC. FLHP Washington, located in field organization consists of three field division offices: Lands Highway Federal Western Division Washington Vancouver, Lands Highway Central Federal Division Lakewood, Colorado Lands Highway Eastern Federal Division Virginia Sterling, Highways | is focused specifically on the impacts of pub- est, she or he would work with FHWA. est, she or he would work with FHWA. To ensure effective and efficient funding administration ensure To and bridges of public roads program for a coordinated serving lands. federal and Indian needed transportation access for Native provide To Americans. resources. and enhance our nation’s protect To advocate wants to improve a culvert under a highway in that wants to improve advocate same for FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY PROGRAM PROGRAM FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY and other federally wildlife refuges and forests, parks National of the land or managed lands comprise about 28 percent owned Program Lands Highway The Federal States. in the United was Program, Highway (FLHP), an adjunct to the Federal-Aid for trans- program roads in 1982 to fund a coordinated created not the lands that are portation needs of federal and Indian lands high- Federal of a state or local government. responsibility connect with the National ways (160,000 miles of public roads) to and seamless routes for travel to provide System Highway DOT to as “the referred lands. Often within federal and Indian purpose is threefold: for federal lands,” FLHP’s Getting Up to Speed Up Getting state and federal county, lic highways, built and maintained by the general driving public—not roadless agencies and used by conservation focused on reducing organizations are issue. Several or roads off-road trails, illegal roads the impacts of logging roads, built to facilitate oil and gas exploration within our public lands, Society. Wilderness The CPR and Wildlands including Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 48 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 51 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS For more infor- more For included funding to replace inadequate culverts on included funding to replace ough or within a forest unit and ough or within a forest mation on culverts and fish passage, see Aquatic Resources. mation on culverts and fish passage, see Aquatic grasslands in the National Forest System. Management plans set Management System. Forest grasslands in the National and determinethe rules for managing resources uses, appropriate wildlife will be managed, among and how projects, allowable many other things. All management plan, including road tent with the governing actions on these lands must be consis- the management of key decisions regarding projects. Many and grasslandsnational forests made in the management plan are and amendments.and subsequent revisions public Extensive management plans, in the writing of forest is required involvement and includes formal public comment and objection periods, focus groups, groups, round table discussions, working workshops, sites, newsletter field trips, web mailings and public notifications. receive $10 million per year to “pay the costs of facilitating $10 million per year to “pay receive Forest in the National passage of aquatic species beneath roads including the costs of constructing, maintaining, replacing System, culverts and bridges, as appropriate.” or removing Forest Planning Forest of 1976 (NFMA) required Act Management Forest The National and management plans for all forests Service to develop the Forest Forest Highways are public roads that provide public roads are Highways Forest access to, thr should not be confused with logging roads. and main- primarily owned are Highways Forest are Funds state and local governments. tained by administrative formula and may be allocated by used to fund transportation planning, research, engineering and construction/reconstruction of bridges, transit, pedestrian and bicycle roadways, through is administered The program facilities. Service) (FHWA/state/Forest tri-agency agreements meetings in each state. and annual program SAFETEA-LU Service will The Forest fish passage. and improve Highways Forest ing) into a Forest Highway (paved, widened, straightened and (paved, Highway ing) into a Forest and Highway to American Association of State realigned While paving a standards). (AASHTO) Officials Transportation in sediment yield and in a decrease does result road dirt or gravel ecological conse- also many negative are airborne dust, there specifications. Highway a road to Forest quences to improving Critics of the Forest Highways Program question the ecological Program Highways of the Forest Critics wind- road (dirt, narrow, gravel, implications of turning a forest Defenders of Wildlife Highways | 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 $29M $29M $29M $29M $29M $300M$180M $330M $195M $370M $210M $410M $450M $225M$260M $240M $280M $280M $290M $300M ea of interest. Contact your public lands manager and ask how Contact your ea of interest. activities. Nevada has received the largest amount of PLH-D fund- has received activities. Nevada ing: $96 million out of $1.1 billion allocated though 2002. the 537 through Route Mexico New range from PLH-D projects and reha- Reservation to roadway reconstruction Indian Jicarilla the National access in and around to improve bilitation projects DC. Washington, in Mall Inventory and make a list of all the public lands in your state or ar Public Lands Highways Discretionary Lands Highways Public (PLH) in program Lands Highways established the Public Congress lands. access to and within federally owned 1930 to improve for dis- earmarked of the total PLH funds are 34 percent Currently, issues a FHWA cretionary (PLH-D). Each year, or special projects and selects them based on need. Preference call for PLH-D projects, of the total public to states that contain at least 3 percent is given sig- believes are that FHWA lands in the nation and those projects management federal land and resource nificantly impacted by Program Highway Forest across (NFS) consists of 155 forests System Forest The National in Forest National the Gila 42 states, and 192 million acres—from year, Every Virginia. West in to the Monongahela Mexico New 205 million visits, most of which arrive receive our national forests designated as that are via the 29,000 miles of state and local roads (FH). Highways Forest Lands (FHP) is part of the Public Program Highway The Forest of the total PLH 66 percent and receives program, Highway of the FHP is to con- objective “the to FHWA, funds. According to the roads which connect our national forests struct or improve main state transportation network.” they are using the FLHP. they are Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 50 Indian Reservation Roads Park Roads & Parkways Refuge Roads Public Lands (Discretionary and Forest Highways) Total $769M $834M $889M $954M $1,019M GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 53 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS or approved state or local highway or approved Carrying out a transportation adequate to planning process program support the construction and improvement plan, and submitting annual year program a five Developing and allocation of the sums priorities to FLHP for approval authorized Standard Specifications for Construction on of Roads and Bridges Specifications Standard than a planning program. For transportation issues, folks really need issues, folks really transportation For than a planning program. the going to be funded over are what public use projects to know funds with state The opportunity to leverage years. coming five exists every need to know year and you programs transportation can take advantage of you can see how happening so you what’s potential opportunities.” Coordinator FWS National Transportation Furniss, Sean efuge road projects must meet standards of the latest edition projects must meet standards efuge road Comprehensive Conservation Plans Comprehensive System Refuge Wildlife the enactment of National With given a for the first time, were of 1997, refuges, Act Improvement for an ecosys- solid, system-wide set of guidelines and standards The management and conservation. to refuge tem-based approach a 15-year to develop each of the 547 refuges act also requires This plan, called a Comprehensive management plan. Conservation (CCP), is necessary Plan that the biologi- to ensure and environmental health is maintained or diversity cal integrity, system as a on every as within the refuge as well refuge, restored completed, every everywhole. Once CCP must be revised 15 will be made both in decisions on the refuge Transportation years. transportation plans, and in the five-year the CCP and step-down system for FHWA. the refuge by program plan developed is much more CCP the meat of issues are. “This where is really and pol- program Interagency CCP process. in your involved Get basis. FWS conducted on a regular meetings are icy review staff meet with FLHP every for a nationwide regional year manage- process, a broad range of topics from meeting to cover the CCP and in developing Participate direction. ment and future the use of transporta- management plans. Encourage step-down habitat connectivity and provide tion funding to restore to driving. alternatives for the management and improvement of public use roads within of public use roads for the management and improvement system. the refuge for: FWS is responsible to the agreement, According 3 3 agement systems as appropriate. Design and constructionagement systems as appropriate. of all r the Projects Highway Federal agency specifications. into a cooperative agreement entered 1999, FWS and FHWA In equest copies Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Get involved in the forest planning processes. Call your forest Call your planning processes. in the forest involved Get managers, ask to be added their mailing list and r Indian Reservation Roads Indian access to that provide public roads reservation roads are Indian American reservations, land communities or and within Native villages, while contributing to economic develop- Alaska native and Alaska of Indians ment, self-determination and employment state of reservation are 50 percent roads Approximately Natives. of the Bureau by owned and the other half are and locally owned in with FHWA Affairs (BIA) and jointly administered Indian with an interagency agreement. accordance (IRR) program funds transporta- Reservation Roads The Indian engineering and construction or tion planning, research, of any type transportationreconstruction including project, facilities. bridges, transit, and pedestrian bicycle roadways, conduct most of the design and The BIA and tribal governments also The program construction of reservation road projects. that Allocation Methodology Transportation Tribal includes the needs of tribes and reserva- allocates funds based on the relative tion or tribal communities for transportation assistance. Roads Refuge than 560 contains more System Refuge Wildlife National Our management districts across all 50 states and and wetland refuges of public lands was the first and This network U.S. territories. crucial are refuges in the world. Our the most extensive remains and imperiled species, including the whooping to many rare crane, ivory-billed pronghorn. woodpecker and Sonoran everyAlmost 40 million visitors access refuges via private year The Refuge on foot or horseback. bicycle, bus, watercraft, vehicle, funding for the mainte- categoryRoad of the FLHP provides access to or of public roads that provide nance and improvement system. within a unit of the refuge FHWA by program is jointly administered Roads The Refuge approx- Service (FWS) and covers Wildlife and and the U.S. Fish is allocated to Funding imately 4,800 miles of public use roads. road refuge need, established from based on relative FWS regions and bridge conditions, vis- facilities, road of parking mileage, area to establish priorities, FHWA order In itation and traffic safety. bridge, pavement and congestion man- safety, and FWS develop of planning documents. Attend planning events and take advan- of planning documents. Attend tage of all public participation and comment opportunities. and and highways in forests the expansion of roads Discourage past mistakes and suggest that FLHP funding be used to correct habitat connectivity. restore Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 52 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 55 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS expanded the 1998 alternative transportationexpanded the 1998 alternative ini- Clean fuel technology innovative that introduce of buses with vehicles Replacement technologies with other public transportation systems Coordination transportation a non-motorized system Providing Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands and Public in Parks Transportation Alternative traffic congestion and in popularity, grows As outdoor recreation in traffic on our public lands. Sitting increasing pollution are experience and impacts the natural the visitors’ jams detracts from and roads that more they came to see. Recognizing resources visitor not the solution, NPS began introducing lots are parking park and increase transit systems to alleviate traffic problems transportation the park system, alternative Within accessibility. automobile, bicycle systems integrate all modes of travel—transit, and pedestrian—and include a whole range of technologies, facil- The first ities and transportation management strategies. was launched in 1998 to Program Transportation Alternative safe and enjoyable while providing resources and protect “preserve using sustainable, by access to and within the national parks The pro- and integrated transportationappropriate solutions.” to policies, projects and activities related gram coordinates planning, partnering trans- and implementation of alternative strategies and recommendations portation systems, and develops all national parks. for application across SAFETEA-LU forests to include all public lands, including parks, refuges, tiative of Land the Bureau managed by areas and recreational The Alternative of Reclamation. and the Bureau Management is managed Lands (ATPPL) and Public in Parks Transportation to the provi- According Administration. Transit the Federal by means transportation transportation’ sion, “The term ‘alternative conveyance owned bus, rail, or any other publicly privately by to the public general or special service on a regular that provides term also includes a basis, including sightseeing service. Such of transportationnonmotorized system (including the provision watercraft).” and non-motorized facilities for pedestrians, bicycles, funds may be used for either planning or cap- ATPPL and must be in or near an eligible area. ital projects, development and can include research, Projects of new technologies that will conserve deployment environmental or mitigate adverse prevent resources, accessibility and visitor mobility, impacts, improve noise and visual pollution air, and reduce enjoyment one projects must involve qualify, To on public lands. of the following: or more 3 3 3 3 . Basic eligibility . Basic Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ojects and project enhancements that may be – includes completion of congressionally mandated – includes completion of congressionally – includes road, bridge and safety projects to ensure – includes road, construction is not authorized of new roads Maintenance and improvements of refuge roads. of refuge and improvements Maintenance Maintenance and improvement of eligible enhancement and improvement Maintenance located in or adjacent to that are projects noted below wildlife refuges: a. areas Parking b. signage Interpretive c. for pedestrians and bicycles Provisions d. including sanitary areas and water facilities. rest Roadside costs associated with such maintenance and Administrative improvements. that provide access within a national park. The program is jointly The program access within a national park. that provide distributed on a and funds are by NPS and FHWA administered and for planning, environment basis. NPS is responsible regional priorities. FHWA protection while identifying project resource planning, engineering and technical support and is the provides to Congress. formal voice grouped into two categories: are PRP projects Category I in are the national parks and bridges throughout that major roads In 2005, FWS released their revised Refuge Roads Guidance to Guidance Roads Refuge their revised 2005, FWS released In help identify pr Park Roads and Parkways Program Program and Parkways Roads Park access to so than on other public lands, providing more Perhaps Service Park The National visitors is integral to our national parks. 4,500 miles and operates 5,500 miles of paved roads, (NPS) owns include These structures and 1,803 structures. roads of unpaved bridges, 71 tunnels, 143 trail bridges and 1,608 road- 22 railroad train, bus, auto, horse carriage, bicycle, Whether by way bridges. than 273 welcome more boat or on foot, our 390 national parks accessible primarily by are parks Most million visitors every year. roadways and parking automobile, pushing the limitations of park to pro- created were parks the verylots, and threatening resources The NPS struggles and bridges, with deteriorating roads tect. creative potholes, and an aging transit system while seeking more to the resource. appropriate more solutions that are public roads covers (PRP) program and Parkways Roads The Park funded under the Refuge Roads program. According to the guid- program. According Roads funded under the Refuge ance, for funds is limited to: projects such as the Foothills Parkway’s “missing link” in link” “missing Parkway’s such as the Foothills projects “acceptable” condition; to improve safety by using current design using current safety by condition; to improve “acceptable” and to apply sound asset management strategies standards; costs. lifecycle protect and reduce Category II Tennessee and multi-use trails along the Natchez Trace Parkway Trace and multi-use trails along the Natchez Tennessee States. in the southeastern United Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 54 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 57 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS Guest Column: Guest INPUT ON ROADS YOUR NEED PARKS Affairs of Government Director Laura Loomis, Senior Conservation Association Parks National Conservation Association (NPCA) believes Parks The National the transportation system that serves should our national parks of Some experience and protect the resources. enhance a visitor’s in this countrythe most spectacular roadways also some of are of chronic underfunding Decades have the most dangerous. than in a $4.5 billion maintenance backlog for the more resulted in good condi- Roads in the national parks. 8,000 miles of roads services, safe and enjoyable the optimal means to provide tion are on the best return and ensure protect wildlife and other resources, dollars. taxpayers’ Conservation in the General should get involved advocates When it comes to park Plans. and Implementation Management is during the scoping process the best time to get involved roads, The public has the draft plan. that takes place prior to developing because they Plans influence during Implementation the greatest Plans. detail than the General Management include much more managers, ask to be added their mailing list park Contact your informational copies of planning documents. Attend and request of all public partici- staff and take advantage park sessions held by pation and comment opportunities. SECTION 4(f) a of protection from an extra layer Certain public lands enjoy in the Department of provision small, but powerful 4(f),” as “Section of 1966. Known Act the provi- Transportation and public places such as parks sion was intended to protect 4(f) being used for highway building. Section from refuges will make a special Government States that the United declares preserve the natural beauty of countryside and pub- effort “to and refuges, lands, wildlife and waterfowl and recreation lic park the use requiring a project cannot approve historic sites.” FHWA area, recreation land (public park, of publicly owned or historic site) unless adequate plan- refuge, wildlife/waterfowl is no prudent and harm and there ning was done to minimize feasible alternative. 4(f) your Know a list and map of all the parks properties. Make that qualify for 4(f) of interest in your state or area and refuges information on 4(f), more protection. For see Environmental Review. horizon involvement Defenders of Wildlife Highways | onment Preventing or mitigating an adverse impact on a natural Preventing resource man- federal land management agency resource Improving agement visitor mobility and accessibility the Improving experience congestion and pollution Reducing Conserving a natural, historical or cultural resource Providing waterborne access Providing transportation that enhances an alternative project Providing the envir 3 3 3 3 transportation appropriate, suggest alternative projects. Where and determine if any of them Look at the list of eligible projects and beneficial for the public lands in your would be appropriate of interest. state or area 3 3 3 National Park Service Planning Park National transportationBecause defines many important aspects of the to stay—the what to see where experience—from visitor’s park NPS plans and designs its transportation each of systems through Elements. its four NPS Planning Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s environmental analysis environmental condition of facilities, access, operations and boundaries outside park development is committedlong-term goalsthat year location and will be roadways General Management Plan Management General PlanStrategic 20 years PlanImplementation Required Plan Annual Performance 3-5 years 2-5 years is Public 1 year 56 • formal projects included will likely require accepted NPS Planning Element Planning Public GETTING UP TO SPEED: A • of NPS planning the broadest level • values park establishes core • challenges defines transportation-related • and set priorities designed to integrate programs • transportation considerations include current • when action is imminent and funding developed • focuses on using transportation projects to achieve to ensure involved • design of new for the coming year goals and objectives sets work • and staff requirements identifies funding sources • limited to activities for transportation issues are

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 59 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS oads on the orter/rr_v4-2.pdf acts Y PROGRAM (FH) Y PROGRAM yrd, Wildlands Wildlands CPR yrd, .fhwa.dot.gov/discretionary/plhcurrsol.htm dministrator rom Gravel to Pavement — The Impacts of Upgrading The Impacts — to Pavement Gravel rom orest Highways Program Assaults Wildness Assaults Program Highways orest PUBLIC ROADS AND PUBLIC LANDS PUBLIC ROADS RESOURCES (FLHP) PROGRAM FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/flh/ FHWA Mary Peters, Program, Lands Highway on the Federal Statement A Works, and Public Committee on Environment Senate States United 8, 2002 August http://epw.senate.gov/107th/Peters_080802.htm Assessment Program Lands Highway Federal http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/detail.10001122.2005.html (PLH / D) PUBLIC LANDS HIGHWAY http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/flh/publands.htm http://www Information Program Discretionary Lands Highways WSDOT’S Public http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/TA/ProgMgt/GRANTS/PLHProgramInfo.pdf FOREST HIGHWA http://www.wfl.fha.dot.gov/fhp/index.htm F System Forest National http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/road_mgt/factsheet F CPR Wildlands Criley, Marnie http://www.wildlandscpr.org/databases/biblionotes/biblio5.4.html F B Caroline http://www.wildlandscpr.org/newsletters/RIP - $242.6 million Program Highway - Forest Forests Paving Scissors Campaign Green http://www.greenscissors.org/publiclands/foresthighway.htm (IRR) ROADS INDIAN RESERVATION http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/flh/reports/indian/intro.htm (RR) REFUGE ROADS http://www.fws.gov/refuges/roads/ Service and Wildlife and the U.S. Fish between Agreement Interagency R to Public Relating Administration Highway the Federal System Refuge Wildlife National . . Oxford: Oxford . Oxford: Precious Heritage: The Heritage: Precious Defenders of Wildlife America’s National Wildlife Refuges Wildlife National America’s Highways | Section 4(f)Section has been simple, yet is remarkably ed by a small number of vocal state transportationed by a small number of vocal agencies http://www.fws.gov/refuges/generalInterest/factSheets/FactSheetAmNat ionalWild.pdf and J. S. Adams. B., L. S. Kutner, Stein, in of Biodiversity Status 2000. Press, University States the United National Park Service Statistics for 2002. Retrieved from: for 2002. Retrieved Service Statistics Park National http://www2.nature.nps.gov/stats/summary2002.pdf SAFETEA-LU criticiz attempts Following and prohibitive. restrictive who find it overly 4(f), or weaken opponents to remove by the amended language in on impacting the restrictions section 6009 retains SAFETEA-LU’s “de that have flexibility for projects but provides public resources, a de minimis finding, the transporta- reach To impacts. minimis” an opportunity for public comment and tion agency must provide will not adversely affect the determine that the project review, Once manager. from the resource concurrence and receive resource alternatives are de minimis is determined, analysis of avoidance may proceed. and the project not required Retrieved from Retrieved RFERENCES communication, 26 Service. Personal Park J. National Evans, 2007. February from: Service. 2006. Retrieved Park National www.nps.gov/pub_aff/refdesk/NPS_Overview.pdf Service. Wildlife and US Fish Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 58 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance Law, Policy and Governance and Policy Law, 61 PUBLIC ROADS AND LANDS Natural Resources Natural efense Council http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/roads/eotrinx.asp AND PUBLIC LANDS SAFETEA-LU of FHLP Funding Summary SAFETEA-LU http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/flh/flhfs051028.htm to SAFETEA-LU response Conservation Association’s Parks National http://www.npca.org/magazine/2005/fall/news1.html factsheet on 4(f)FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/4f.htm D End of the Road: The Adverse Ecological Impacts of Roads and Logging: A of Roads Impacts Ecological The Adverse of the Road: End Research, Reviewed Compilation of Independently Technology for the 21st Technology ea Conservation Defenders of Wildlife tation/alt/index.htm Highways | k Service, Alternative Transportation k Service, Alternative .fws.gov/refuges/habitats/refugePlanning.html ADLESS eptember 1999 http://roadless.fs.fed.us/ http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/agreements/documents/hfle1agr.htm (factsheet) Refuges Wildlife National America’s http://www.fws.gov/refuges/generalInterest/factSheets/FactSheetAmNationalW ild.pdf PLAN (CCP) COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION http://library.fws.gov/ccps.htm http://www and Advanced Alternatives Transportation Century http://ttap.colostate.edu/Library/MISC/National%20Parks.pdf RO CPR Wildlands http://www.wildlandscpr.org/roads/new_index.htm The Wilderness Society http://www.wilderness.org/OurIssues/Roadless/index.cfm?TopLevel=Home Ar Service Roadless U.S.D.A. Forest Defenders of Wildlife, Refuges Program Refuges Wildlife, of Defenders http://www.defenders.org/habitat/refuges/ CCP information Society, Wilderness The http://www.wilderness.org/OurIssues/Refuges/CompConservationPlans.cfm ROADS PARK NATIONAL http://www.nps.gov/transportation/ - Planning Guidebook Transportation Service Park The National S http://www.nps.gov/transportation/alt/guidebook/transplan.pdf PLANNING SERVICE PARK NATIONAL http://planning.nps.gov/default.cfm Heritage Park National in America’s to Reinvest 10 Reasons Top NPCA’S http://www.npca.org/across_the_nation/ten_most_endangered/2005/rea- son3.html TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVE http://www.fta.dot.gov/planning/programs/planning_environment_6106.html Par National http://www.nps.gov/transpor Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 60 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Law, Policy and Governance how highwaysare designed,rightofwaypurchasing andthe overview ofresponsibilities ofyourmaintenance divisionand Maintenance andOperations process.basics oftheconstruction Design andConstruction how projects. they applytotransportation IN THIS SECTION a Highway Anatomy of a protections—NEPA, ESA,Clean Water Act and4(f)—and tal Environmental Review planning. intransportation opments inintegratingconservation to beavoice forwildlife.Anddon’t forgettheexciting devel- new and how opportunities totakeadvantage ofpublicparticipation in thisbook. You’ll learnabouttheplanners,process andproducts Transportation Planning Be sure havebeencontracted toaskwhich firms todothejob. notbytheagency itself. of work isactuallydonebyconsultingfirms, agencies. However,portation you shouldbeaware thatthelion’s share willbeinteractingall ofthesestages,conservationists withtrans- NOTE: wildlife conservation. some ofthebestmanagementpracticestheycanusefor When working onwildlifeandtransportation conflictsat walks you throughthemajorenvironmen- is perhaps the most important chapter is perhapsthemostimportant will teachyou athingortwoabout rounds outthesectionwithan

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 65 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION transportation plan- Conservation advocate om Capitol Hill have converged to set the stage for our converged have om Capitol Hill did not begin in earnest until the 1960s. Prior to that, did not begin in earnest until the 1960s. Prior petitiveness, productivity and efficiency. and efficiency. productivity petitiveness, the safety and security of transportation system Increase and nonmotorized users. for motorized to the accessibility and mobility options available Increase people and for freight. energy con- promote and enhance the environment, Protect consistency quality of life, and promote servation, improve and state local transportationbetween improvements patterns. and economic development planned growth Support the economic vitality of the United States, the states States, the economic vitality of United Support especially by enabling global com- areas, and metropolitan make ourselves a player at the table when we bring alternatives and at the table when we a player make ourselves than simply opposition.” solutions rather HISTORY had highways for a century have but now We ning old and obsolete highways spent to repair billions of dollars were 3 3 3 increased involvement. State wildlife agencies have recently State involvement. increased Plans, Action Wildlife completed the much-anticipated State conservation. coordinated giving us a blueprint for proactive, transportation planners to requires SAFETEA-LU And now incorporate conservation into long-range transportation plans, conservationvirtually into the transportation hardwiring plan- been a better time for has never There ning process. conservationists to take that seat at the table and help shape wildlife. for America’s future We than the comment period. in the process can engage earlier “We And there’s more good news. Two new serendipitous develop- new serendipitous Two good news. more And there’s ments fr and to build the shiny new interstates, but neither were done and to build the shiny new interstates, but neither were The with local input or consideration of long-term impacts. the first federal require- of 1962 created Act Highway Federal-Aid urbanized areas ment for urban transportation planning, whereby to plan all trans- required were residents) (with 50,000 or more portation cooperatively with state and local governments projects has then, Congress dollars. Since federal road to receive in order further by the planning process strengthened incrementally engaging local elected officials and incorporating a wide range of 1991, Congress concerns. In social, economic and environmental proclaimed a new era in transportation policy with the the- (ISTEA). In Act Equity Transportation Surface Intermodal with decision making would be replaced the old top-down ory, and honest planning at the state metropolitan lev- inclusive set forth a list of planning factors meant to guide els. Congress the transportation written into law as follows: planning process, 3 going on , make it

utcome

thing nce o many impacts. By the many impacts. By Your ability to influe avoid Getting Up To Speed To Up Getting Defenders of Wildlife . Highways | one

with some Information on project on Information where

time a bad plan gets to the project stage, usually all we can do is stage, usually all we time a bad plan gets to the project because transportation planning—for all its faults—is where it’s because transportation planning—for all its faults—is where have the opportunity planning, advocates to voice at. During concerns early enough to actually Transportation planning guides decisions about where we will planning guides decisions about where Transportation The decisions we make today build or expand our infrastructure. and shape of the develop- will influence the location, direction and hence the location, types ment that happens tomorrow, conservationists If able to protect. are quality of habitat that we can no bring our voices and expertise we to this process, don’t our priorities. reflect don’t longer be surprised when the results The bad news is, the transportation is compli- planning process this addition to reading In cated, obtuse and a bit overwhelming. home- do your a lot of rocks, will need to turn over you chapter, make a lot of calls and diligently track several simultaneous work, planning is comprehensive Because processes, plans and products. is always some can bet there and continuing, you minimize and mitigate the harm. minimize TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION learn only one thing from you If to change the future. hands the power hold in your You this: the amount of information progresses, As a highway project but your ability to influence the outcome diminishes increases, with each phase. some The good news is, there is already a role for you and other con- for you a role is already The good news is, there our job to get involved servation in the process. It’s advocates Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 64 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 67 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION have made up metropolitan plan- metropolitan State transportation agency staff State small communities and counties transportation advisory committees regional development organizations, development regional regional planning organizations regional (MPO) is designated by agreement between agreement (MPO) is designated by ying to meet a long list of public needs, including public agencies tr preser- infrastructure mobility, as safety, needs as well environmental communities.” and livable vation Conservation advocate regional councils, planning commissions or councils of govern- regional and closely with local communities, governments ment that work businesses on everything and emer- from economic development cific geographic areas within the state that have populations below within the state that have cific geographic areas plans. area by metropolitan not covered therefore 50,000, and are also have areas Some (TAC). Members of these committees are appointed by their of these committees are Members (TAC). respective municipality or transportation agency. The TAC makes TAC The municipality or transportation agency. respective organizations and development to regional recommendations of plans, the development state transportation agencies regarding and influences transportationactivities and projects, policy at the and state levels. regional than 50,000 people, a cities with more For ning organization Almost of the metropolitan area. and representatives the governor gency services to housing and transportation planning. Regional and/or serve as, organizations typically administer, development than 25 state trans- planning organization. More the regional development portation agencies contract with these regional rural transportation planning services.organizations to provide states also utilize Many their own transportation in concert planners, often working with their own land use planning. may have areas Rural Planners transportation opera- the folks who examine current are Planners tions (including traffic, congestion, accident rates and road They conditions) and try transportation needs. to anticipate future cities— to massive small towns everywhere—from at work hard are including: of government, levels at various employed and are many the local level, At “Conservationists need to recognize that transportation agencies are that transportation “Conservationists need to recognize “Until I trade in my car for a horse, I am part of the problem too.” I trade “Until three-quarters of U.S. citizens live and work in areas served and work in areas by live of U.S. citizens three-quarters for planning, pro- These organizations have responsibility MPOs. of federal highway and transit gramming and coordination primarily of local elected officials. These organizations plan for spe- primarily of local elected officials. transportation by states and local by meeting the impossible Defenders of Wildlife and cooperatively Highways | continuing, comprehensive oss and between modes throughout the state, oss and between With a list like this, how can we go wrong? As good can we go wrong? a list like this, how With Enhance the integration and connectivity of transporta-Enhance tion system, acr for people and freight. efficient system management and operation. Promote the preservation of the existing transportation Emphasize system. demands of local businessmen and a politician up for reelection. 3 THE THREE CS of 1962 mandated urban trans- Act Highway The Federal-Aid Cs,” which portation rise to the “three planning and gave The act read: continue to be a good idea for planning. under section shall not approve 1, 1965, the Secretary July “After of for projects in any urban area 105 of this title any programs than fifty thousand population unless he finds that such more based on a projects are PLANNING: TRANSPORTATION THE FUNDAMENTALS to have right? All you planning should be easy, Transportation people and goods, safely effi- to move out how do is figure fastest, most aesthetically pleasing ciently in the least expensive, secu- while balancing land use, economic development, manner, and cultural preservation rity, 3 3 CAUTION: guidance and not reg- merely they are as the planning factors are, ulatory in nature. Failure to consider any factor is not reviewable ulatory Failure in nature. Planning any Metropolitan by in court and could be disregarded (MPO) or state transportationOrganization planning office. excep- are of life” and “quality Also, terms such as “environment” and state MPOs As a result, tionally (and intentionally) vague. these terms in their to interpret free transportation agencies are way. own communities in conformance with the objectives stated in this communities in conformance with the objectives section.” Oh, and please do so in the most environmentally sensitive fash- sensitive and please do so in the most environmentally Oh, the public. And ion, with full participation and input from put it in my back yard. do, don’t you whatever let’s begin to understand this complicated process, help you To into these essential elements: it down break Who does transportation planning? – Planners planned? are roads whereby What is the process – Process the finished plans, what do they look like What are – Products can I find them? and where Who pays for transportation funding? – Funding planning process carried out planning process Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 66 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 69 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION Conservation advocate tation planning process, the plans them- tation planning process, Define the problem, scope, area, issues scope, area, the problem, Define and criteria goals, objectives Set Collect data and scenarios alternatives Develop behavior travel future Model—forecast alternatives Evaluate plan a preferred Select projects the plan through Implement transportation developed for metropoli- plans and programs tan planning areas participating organizations statewide trade and economic development planning activities multi-state planning efforts. related need to break the barrier with planning department and develop need to break at the highest levels.” relationships Planning Process Planning or state does town that your be confused when you discover Don’t transportation law lays Federal way—they all do. things its own but for the most part, the out some guidelines and standards, with state to and continues evolve process differs from every and state has established its new highway bill. Each town and standards set of actors, and its own schedule, its own own is continuous and comprehensive, The planning process processes. and often, there’s always planning going on somewhere, so there’s steps can take place no clear beginning point or finish line. Several some steps several times. at once and planners may repeat The basic steps in the transportation are: planning process for the state transportation agency is responsible the state level, At conducting transportation planning for its non-metropolitan to consult also required transportation agencies are State areas. local officials in statewide transportation with non-metropolitan The statewide transportation plan- planning and programming. of: coordination requires ning process 3 3 3 3 Invite a transportation organization planner to meet with your Invite and discuss the transpor selves and how you can more effectively be involved. be involved. effectively you can more and how selves still with our environmental office but we well get along really “We , but are has a planning division that Defenders of Wildlife all planners, but only some of them are Highways | transportation management areas state transportation agency ” or housed within city county organizations. Less than half tee. If no such committee exists, suggest it. tee. If project level—these are “project planners.” Some state trans- planners.” Some “project are project level—these who plan how planners” portation “environmental agencies have The plethora of review. through environmental to guide a project are who you know you can be confusing, so make sure “planners” As a conservationist, want they will often assume you talking to. and this is not always the case. shop, to talk the environment investments within their jurisdiction. Most MPOs are “free stand- “free are MPOs within their jurisdiction. Most investments ing How many transportation planners does it take to...? How many hands before many, plans pass through Transportation and construction. everygoing to design, review At step in the and is thus a part of the next step, someone is “planning” process, with work the course of your the long continuum of planners. In may be confused transportation you agencies and professionals, in “planner” encounter many people with the word when you of them are housed within regional development organizations. development housed within regional of them are for long-range transportation plans, responsible are MPOs and a plan of studies to determine short-range programs work transportation needs. with populations that exceed areas large metropolitan Very as known 200,000 are still considered MPOs. Transportation management areas have management areas Transportation MPOs. still considered congestion some additional planning requirements—including management systems to identify actions and strategies reduce mobility. congestion and increase Every are covering in this chapter. Some are involved at the individual involved are Some in this chapter. covering are works with metropolitan and regional planning organizations and with metropolitan and regional works others to initiate studies and conduct transportation planning for for responsible transportation agencies are state. State the entire producing long-range transportation plans, short-term work programs and air quality implementation plans. and transportation meetings of local transportationAttend boards about the may have advisory concerns you committees. Express existing, ongoing and potential impacts of the transportation sys- information and offer to make a tem on wildlife. Provide at the next meeting on impacts and solutions. presentation to serveor advisory focus group on a citizen commit- -Volunteer are involved with planning at the system level—which is what we with planning at the system level—which involved are their title. Indeed, they their title. Indeed, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 68 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 71 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION oughout the road and transit : Estimate the number of trips per mode network. Assign all trips to a network. Compare the capacity Assign all trips to a network. Compare network. or transit segment to the projected demand of each road of congestion to be expected at that location. the level forecast for each possible path thr include driving alone, carpooling, using transit, etc. assignment Network Four-step models are used to predict transportation demand, but used to predict models are Four-step perform- planners and engineers also use other models to predict models determine the likely impacts. Impact ance and resulting environment effects that new will have on the surrounding roads noise and community such as air quality, and community, impact. Cost models estimate the likely costs of transportation projects, calculating, for example, dollars per linear foot of rail cost- of the newer cost models incorporate “life-cycle” line. Some ing to estimate expected costs, both capital and operating, for a the expected life of that project. over possible project What’s wrong with models? What’s they of the future; a definitive picture provide can never Models Traffic estimates or “guesstimates.” only intended to provide are in demographic changes and trends can be affected by forecasts which can never be predicted and development, economic growth transportation been using planners have Moreover, with certainty. projecting by theory, In the same models for past 40 years. performance of roads, transportationthe future planners can to expand the network. In and where accurately determine how use for transportation plan- fact, much of the methodology we such as areas to build highways in urbanized ning was developed changed we’ve in the 1950s. But York and New Chicago, Detroit such as air quality, than hairstyles since the 1950s. Issues more not on the radar sprawl, energy crises and global warming were models based on that time period Therefore, back then. screen today. may be inappropriate Amendments of 1990 brought Both ISTEA and the Clean Air Act consideration of to modeling by requiring about improvements all mod- land use, air quality and multi-modal options. However, the very limited by assumptions, factors and alternatives els are those models. explicitly included in the equations used by that are Defenders of Wildlife Highways | : Develop a trip table showing the number a trip table showing : Develop Conservation advocate : Estimate the number of trips generated in : For the number of predicted trips between each trips between the number of predicted : For of trips originated in each zone and destinations in each of trips originated in each zone zone. split Mode origin zone and destination zone, estimate the number of origin zone Modes for that trip. trips made via each mode available estimates are based on assumed relationships among socio- based on assumed relationships estimates are economic factors, land use patterns and the existing number of trips. distribution Trip Trip generation Trip Trip destined for locations in other zones. each zone, ely, the agency deals with different parts separately. of the process the agency deals with different ely, siv The long-term has a statewide focus, the short-range planning group engineers working planners are and project regionally planners work on specific projects.” Not to burst your bubble at this point, but the planning process is bubble at this point, but the planning process to burst your Not a it can provide If done well, not the decision making process. “While we look at the transportation planning process comprehen- planning process “While look at the transportation we Travel Modeling Travel on complex mathematical models of planners rely Transportation the impact of changes that can be used to show world” the “real within the transportation system—such as adding a newor road Current in population or employment. transit line, or increases have an analytical that MPOs require planning regulations but state transportation projects, process in place for evaluating While all planning the same requirement. plans do not have most use some form of variation, departments may use their own in modeling transportationthe basic four-step approach demand. CAUTION: The best laid plans… CAUTION: framework for informed decision-making, but ultimately those elected or appointed to make decisions will the call. Every transportation planner has a story about good plans being scuttled some ill-advised, hair-brained proposal that slipped into the by or other political maneuvering. means of an earmark by process Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 70 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 73 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION – – A short-term – A long-term vision – TMAs are required TMAs are – – A long-term vision – As required by the Clean by – As required A statewide-coordinated – Areas with populations over – Areas wing: Air Act, this plan outlines measures the state will take to this plan outlines measures Air Act, ment includes input from public and private safety ment includes input from four to five The safety plan is a data-driven, stakeholders. plan that integrates the four E’s—engi- comprehensive year and emergency medical neering, education, enforcement The plan establishes statewideand goals, objectives services. developed in consultation with federal, key emphasis areas sector safety stakeholders. state, local and private cycle, these programs contain individual transportation these programs cycle, improvements and projects. All federally funded projects and projects. improvements to be imple- program must be part of an improvement project cost estimates. often have mented, and STIPs (SIP) Plan Implementation State safety plan that provides a comprehensive framework, and a comprehensive safety plan that provides highway fatalities for reducing specific goals and objectives, This statewide docu- and serious injuries on all public roads. for the state, covering a planning horizon of at least 20 years.* a planning horizon for the state, covering (STIP) Program Improvement Statewide Transportation A short-termfor the state that incorporates and program on at least a two-year integrates the MPO plans. Developed Long-Range Transportation Plan Long-Range Transportation (LRTP) meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards including Ambient Air Quality Standards meet the National automobile emissions that contribute to to reduce measures smog. Plan: Safety Highway Strategic 3 to cooperate with the state and local transit operator that discusses and doc- program a unified planning work develop uments planning activities. state transportation the state level, agency planning offices At plan and designed to serve the area’s goals, using spending, regu- plan and designed to serve the area’s lating, operating, management, and financial tools. System Congestion Management (TMA) called transportation management areas 200,000 are and congestion and to develop strategies reduce required are projects air-quality non-attainment areas, In mobility. increase adding capacity for single occupancy vehicles (by that increase new or widening existing ones) must conform with the roads System. Congestion Management area’s (UPWP) Program Work Planning Unified program (about five years) based on the long-range transportation years) program (about five Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) Program Improvement Transportation produce the following: 3 for the area, covering a planning horizon of at least 20 years. a planning horizon covering for the area, At the metropolitan level, MPOs are required to develop to develop required MPOs are level, the metropolitan At the follo (LTRP) Plan Long-Range Transportation 3 3 Defenders of Wildlife Highways | el, resulting in overestimating the demand for new highways in overestimating el, resulting Even today’s models can be insensitive to non-automobile modes models can be insensitive today’s Even of trav Planning Studies Planning on planning addition to models, transportation planners rely In A plan- concepts early in the planning process. studies to develop ning study is a defined set of activities performed to identify can be conducted transportation and solutions. Studies problems levels. corridor or route sub-area, at the statewide, regional, plan that of a state or regional result the direct studies are Some in a highlights a particular Each planning study results problem. further scoping and design to develop concept that will require for delivery. into a construction ready project studies varyPlanning significantly in content and coverage. Corridor studies focus on an existing facility such as a highway or that connects major destinations, such as geographic area a broad the facility beyond The corridor width extends well two cities. to right of way and may extend miles on either side. Responding (such as a high accident rate, congestion or a specific problem land-use changes), corridor studies identify deficiencies and evalu- solutions using a long-range outlook of 20 or more ate alternative The finished study usually includes a description of the years. impacts. proposed facility and potential environmental study types include corridor management plans, trans- Other portation development plans, alternate systems analyses, route analyses and spot/locations studies. Also, some environmen- route planning studies. considered documents are tal review transportationCheck with your planning divisions and ask about of state or area ongoing and upcoming planning studies in your Ask about public participation opportunities. interest. Products Planning maintaining nothing if not prolific. In planners are Transportation mantra, they have a prod- and “comprehensive” that “continuous” and underestimating the effectiveness of alternative, less car- the effectiveness of alternative, and underestimating we keep asking the same questions of focused scenarios. If of will continue getting the same answers. And more models, we the same adds up to less habitat for wildlife. transportationAsk your planners which models they use, and multi- and if those models adequately include alternative modal solutions. uct output that would put Stephen King to shame. And good uct output that would put Stephen in each state, is different news—even though the planning process the board. consistent across of planning remain the products Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 72 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 75 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION “If you don’t link you don’t “If land use and transportation, both will fail.” NHDOT Commissioner Murray Carol NEW HAMPSHIRE GETS IT AND GETS HAMPSHIRE GETS NEW What does planning have to do with project selec- to do with project What does planning have planning, the committee recommended strengthening planning, the committee recommended partnerships and focusing on people communities as usual will not and cars. “Business rather than roads transportation needs,” future Hampshire’s meet New and Chairman of the CAC said Lewis Feldstein, Charitable Hampshire of the New President said to us at our Commissioner Murray “As Foundation. link land use and transporta- don’t first meeting, ‘if you tion, both will fail.’” CAUTION: a doubt, the long range Without the $64 question. That’s tion? and short range plans are wildly different with vastly different with vastly wildly different and short range plans are opportunitiesThey both may have for and purposes. processes a mystery remains public input, but what happens in between to the LRTP, TIP/STIP is supposed to reflect the theory, In many. and the larger than life LRTP the lofty, between but somewhere why That’s we can lose our place. TIP/STIP, detailed, bottom line to track all the planning activities in your it is important for you two examples of the project are Below of interest. state or area process at the state level. selection or programming describes its proj- (TxDOT) Transportation Department of Texas steps: identify needs, build a proposal in five ect selection process Types of Long-range Transportation Plans of Long-range Transportation Types mandated the long-range transportation plan, but left Congress the for states and MPOs to approach plenty of wiggle room in a big pic- presented plans are ways. Some process in their own to get vision-based fashion but fall short of explaining how ture, with in reality needs-based, grounded more Other plans are there. The to meet those needs. policies, strategies and investments all the Center evaluated Systems Transportation National Volpe statewide long-range transportation plans in 2002 and found “a plans are content and emphasis. Some in approach, diversity great the early in effect from while others remain updated frequently, potential for these plans to con- is a great of ISTEA…There years components of the valuable into increasingly tinue to evolve and to become vital sources of infor- statewide planning process, mation for decision-making.” HALL OF FAME: IT RIGHT Transportation Department of Hampshire 2006, the New In (NHDOT) released a long range transportation plan, but they released (NHDOT) appointed Murray Commissioner Carol write it. NHDOT didn’t for the a 24-member Community Advisory Committee (CAC) and local officials, business leaders, housing advocates, task. State groups and community organizations environmental an 18-month period and hosted several com- met over a shift in transportation munity meetings. Marking P does not Defenders of Wildlife Highways | at restoration. . ange plans, statewide long-range transportation plans do not transportation ange plans, statewide long-range ate or local area may have several other projects that don’t Unlike metropolitan transportation improvement programs and programs improvement transportation metropolitan Unlike TIP and corridor studies. Now bite the bullet and read them. bite the bullet and read TIP and corridor studies. Now any upcoming transportation or projects and how where Note all public meet- Attend of interest. area activities will impact your for the Volunteer ings and submit comments when appropriate. advisorycitizen one and suggest if committee if they have they don’t. * long-r Download or request copies of your state and local LRTP, STIP, state and local LRTP, copies of your or request Download have a requirement to be financially constrained; that is, to demon- to be financially constrained; a requirement have all to cover the likelihood that funds will be available strate projects proposed Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s ation plan too and ask to be added the agency’s mailing list If you can’t find your STIP on your state transportation agency’s website, you’re at it, get a copy of your long-range While call and request a copy. transport Large construction projects may also be described in greater detail on your state transportation agency’s website in the projects section. Remember that just because a project is listed in your STI mean it is guaranteed to actually get approved and be built! Also remember that the STIP may only include the federally funded proj- st ects. Your show up in the STIP. so you can get updates. Look for a handy key or guide at the front of STIP to help you navigate. STIPs are generally divided into sections by county or transportation dis- Locate your area of interest; trict, and are listed in alphabetical order. scan down the project/program code column and red-flag those projects that will potentially have major impacts. Compare your STIP to existing conservation, land-use and habitat connectivity plans. Look for overlaps, potential conflicts and projects that could include wildlife habit are some general guidelines: 3 3 3 3 3 HOW TO READ A STIP Improvement Program It’s your Statewide Transportation It’s big. ugly. (STIP)—the official source on federally funded transportation projects that may or may not get built in the coming years. Every STIP looks different, but here 3 3 74 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 77 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION In 2003, Defenders of 2003, Defenders In this developed Wildlife guide to transportation planning in inspired Get Florida. and write a similar state! guide for your of only 2 percent of highway and transit program fund- of highway and transit program Conservation advocate unds for state planning are called State Planning called State unds for state planning are or finished plans. Express concerns you may have about the may have concerns you or finished plans. Express transportation planning region stage is really key. The sooner you do The sooner you key. stage is really planning region transportation it, the better.” and Research Funds and amount to Funds and Research required are funding. States highway and transit program PUBLIC PARTICIPATION per- transportation isn’t Our planning process This means you! spent decades have of public advocates fect, but hundreds and accessible to the public. fighting to make it open, transparent pass up a chance to vote in an important election, wouldn’t You in every state, some very important every day, Well would you? skeptical are you being made without you. Maybe decisions are ability to influence the outcome of transportationabout your find transportation plans too you Perhaps plans or projects. simply incomprehensible. abstract and the planning process that without adequate public remember the reason, Whatever made, and ultimately highways are participation, these plans are The and me. built, with very citizens like you little input from business and development toward becomes weighted process left to confront folks—and wildlife—are while regular interests the impacts. transportation planning state and local/regional Contact your name on their mailing list to division and ask them to put your newsletters, updates and other information. Ask them for receive opportunities area. specific public involvement in your draft public participation–Attend meetings or hearings regarding just 1.25 percent ing. F of these funds for research to set aside at least 25 percent is used for state transportation plan- and the remainder ning. transportation planning has existed on a star- Historically, diet while highway building has been the hog at vation time saves cutting corners on planning rarely But trough. planning may lead to or money in the long run. Poor longer environmental costly mistakes, public controversy, the mitigation and possibly litigation. By more review, than it get to court, will have spent far more time you you have We taken to plan well in the first place. would have want a transportationto fully fund planning if we system all of our values. that meets our needs and respects funding and authority for planning. Better for increased Lobby to pass up. afford can’t that we planning is an investment engaged at the local and politics. Getting all about relationships “It’s Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ublic involvement doesn’t kick in until project development, kick in until project doesn’t ublic involvement (funding), begin planning, project development and construction.(funding), begin planning, project P Planning and Air Quality Planning When do transportation planners consider impacts to the envi- consideration the only environmental recently, Until ronment? car- Our during transportation planning was air quality. required contributor to air pollution, pumping is a great culture loving pollutants into the air—ozone, carbon four of the six most reviled particulate Locations monoxide, matter and nitrogen dioxide. the Clean Air as defined by that fail to meet air quality standards tasked with develop- and are called non-attainment areas are Act contain emission (SIP). SIPs Plan Implementation ing a State station- emissions from to reduce budgets and establish measures to attain or maintain air in order and mobile sources area ary, plans must demonstrate that Transportation quality standards. planned transportation emissions from projected motor vehicle the If the budget established in SIP. projects will not exceed air quality in a particular location does not meet goals set out the air quality plan (SIP), state transportation agency will not for essential safety federal transportation funding, except receive fact, these with prior commitments. In and those projects projects if the lapse of conformity is not sanctions may be imposed even transportation related. Funding Planning a task as big and important transportation planning, one For to vast amounts of time and resources invest would think we fact, planning In and correctly. it is done carefully make sure to state trans- funds comprise a small fraction of the money given for portation Funds agencies to distribute among their MPOs. and amount to Funds called Planning planning are metropolitan long after project selection, which rests with the commission and selection, which rests long after project local officials. district engineers (ADOT) Transportation DepartmentArizona of to develop a list of candidate proj- once a year meet with MPOs go through ects for submission to a selection committee. Projects scoping) to flesh out the project details such scoping (not NEPA a set annual as traffic, safety considerations and cost. Using The State selected up to that budget amount. are budget, projects public hearings on the draft conducts three Board Transportation that The STIP is culled from construction five-year program. local including the federally funded projects, program, five-year Affairs projects. of Indian FLHP and Bureau TIPs, in to map out the planning-to-project process the initiative Take and advocates. it with other citizens state and share own your Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 76 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 79 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION , By Keith , By uin Roads to R Roads David Bulkowsk, of the Bulkowsk, David Center for Independent Rapids said, Living in Grand “The transportation depart- role in building roads ment’s city centers, pro- that weaken duce congestion in the suburbs, make it impractical auto- by except to get around in growing mobile and result pollution and social inequality This agency is unmistakable. is pursuing a policy of social engineering that is powerful, pervasive, and needs to change.” From Schneider – validated the importance– validated of visualization tech- ercises either to facilitate consensus building or jus- Gary Naeyaert, Michigan Gary Naeyaert, chief spokesman, said DOT’s of growing his agency is aware public concern about sprawl and the need for transporta- added, He tion alternatives. though, that neither the gov- see office nor MDOT ernor’s it as state government’s to get involved responsibility not are in land planning. “We a social engineering agency,” is to “Our role said Naeyaert. transportationsolve problems, not land-use fights.” use them to help the public understand complex information and and project lists must also be made publicly avail- concepts. Plans able electronically. YOU MAKE THE CALL: LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION Which comes dilemma: or the egg” This is the classic “chicken use land dic- the way we first—land use or transportation? Does building roads to influence we or are we build roads tate where The connection between the two is clear, use land? the way we to accept any responsi- reluctant but transportation agencies are Land use has implications for transportation and every bility. roads and improved transportation action affects land use. New the access and mobility for providing land use by shape future people, then brings more intensive land use. Development more traffic generates the need for yet traffic and more cars, more more new roads. more they can see them. Planners often engage the public in scenario they can see them. Planners planning ex decision or project. tify a given SAFETEA-LU state transportation to agencies and MPOs requiring niques by WHEN Scheduled meetings open and final plans are Draft for public comment, possible hearings open and final plans are Draft for public comment, possible hearings on web List made available for public comment Open for public comment Open Defenders of Wildlife Highways | required each MPO to develop public participa- each MPO to develop required end written comments during public comment periods for existing, ongoing and potential impacts of the transportation system on wildlife. plans and recommend solutions. Encourage partner and groups plans and recommend coalition members to comment as well. WHAT or corridor studies Planning (state transportation agency, MPO) Long-range transportation plan (state transportation MPO) agency, improvement Transportation program (MPO only) Annual listing of obligated projects (MPO only) participation plans (state Public MPO) transportation agency, highway safety plan Strategic (state transportation agency only) tion plans and detail all the opportunities for public input and comment during the development of long-range transportation comment during the development to help shape the public partici- The public is also allowed plans. so the MPO will understand what information pation plan itself, the public would like it communi- the public wants and how This means you! cated. –S PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: WHEN TO GET INVOLVED SAFETEA-LU SCENARIO PLANNING planners can take Transportation just for kids. games aren’t Video alterna- to test various future of visualization software advantage without laying one bucket of pavement. Scenario planning tives in traffic con- tools and techniques can visually manipulate trends and the gestion, land use, demographics, economic development scenarios, each reflect- future to develop alternative environment instance, a planner assumptions and tradeoffs. For ing different laid in a particular a road place would affect might model how scenario planning Using species in southern Florida. sensitive the impacts on communities, tools, they can not only predict During the planning process, there are numerous instances in which numerous are there the planning process, During to the public for comment. information must be made available Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 78 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 81 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION aine Audubon, Maine Natural Areas Natural Maine aine Audubon, formula based upon the state’s size and population. Projects formula based upon the state’s of invasive of degraded habitat, removal include the restoration species, partnerships of native with pri- reintroduction vegetation, and monitoring. research landowners, vate like the earliest transportation planning, conservation plan- Much continued federal funding. ning began as a condition of receiving charged state fish and wildlife agencies with completing Congress The U.S. Fish October 1, 2005. by Plan Action Wildlife a State each action plan and state wildlife Service reviewed Wildlife and and update them at least every to revisit 10 required agencies are The the long term. conservation to ensure success over years conservation of greatest “species action plans not only address array of wildlife and issues,” need,” but also, the “full STATE WILDLIFE ACTION PLANS WILDLIFE ACTION STATE it takes a village to raise child, what does take manage If for responsibility wildlife? Primary and conserve America’s with the states. wildlife management has always rested state fish and wildlife agencies have focused Traditionally, to their constituents on game management and responding communi- within the sport hunting, fishing and recreation and land management agencies The federal resource ties. primarily manage wildlife occurring on public lands and our conservation frame- species. Essentially, endangered all non-game, non-listed species and nearly disregards work vul- these species are protection, Without lands. all private nerable to continued habitat loss, degradation and eventual rather may develop landowners incentives, private Without listing. than conserve vital habitat. that conservation cost-effective is much more Acknowledging established a program Congress species recovery, than endangered to assist state fish and wildlife agencies in conserving non-game pro- diversity “wildlife and non-listed wildlife species through bill Appropriations The 2002 Department of Interior grams.” Grants Wildlife Tribal and the State included language creating dedicated funding for cost-effec- new, which provides Program conservation wildlife proactive tive, efforts intended to prevent fish State from declining to the point of becoming endangered. to a according federal appropriations and wildlife agencies receive Program, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, and Fisheries Department of Inland Maine Program, the Trust, Coast Heritage Office, Maine Planning State Maine and and the U.S. Fish Conservancy, The Nature Chapter of Maine Award Merit an Environmental Service. BwH received Wildlife by the Association of Fish and has been recommended from EPA for use in all 50 states. Agencies (AFWA) Wildlife and Founded in 2001, BwH is guided by a seven-member steering a seven-member in 2001, BwH is guided by Founded committee that consists of: M Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Conserving Wildlife On and Around Wildlife Conserving MAINE IS BEGINNING WITH HABITAT MAINE IS BEGINNING are distributed via public presentations and tech- distributed via public presentations are Conservation advocate ” dination with the ecological and land use planning also occurring in the state. transportation corridors like interstates and major state highways.” corridors like interstates and major state highways.” transportation Commission, 2007 Regional Atlanta nical assistance. Collaborating with state transportation officials “We need to make sure that transportation planning is done in coor- that transportation need to make sure “We Maine’s Beginning with Habitat (BwH) is a public-private part- with Habitat (BwH) is a public-private Beginning Maine’s CONSERVATION PLANNING CONSERVATION just hap- that conservationAs a conservationist, know doesn’t you pen. Like transportation, conservation effort takes an orchestrated manage- money, policy, research, including science, technology, unlike ment and a healthy dose of public participation. But of conser- have a huge cadre transportation, conservation doesn’t “continuing, to maintain a rigorous planners required vation with an ever- planning process and cooperative” comprehensive of conservation we can dream. expanding network lands. But have been some notable efforts the past few decades, there Within conservationto address needs for certain habitat types such as to but generally only in response forests, and old growth wetlands and Endangered Act Water federal mandates such as the Clean the capitalize on these efforts and new technology, To Act. Species Service launched the Gap Analysis pro- Wildlife and U.S. Fish funded the cooperative fish and gram in the late 1980s. Congress scientists to map the units and other university wildlife research and species distributions, land ownership, land cover, vegetation, in the to identify “gaps” land management of each state in order manages now The U.S. Geological Survey conservation network. and most states have completed at least one coarse- the program of The development and refinement assessment. scale biodiversity geographic information systems and gap methodology stimulated in statewide wildlife conservationinterest planning. HALL OF FAME: and educating local communities is critical to advancing good and educating local communities is critical to advancing ecology. road “As can be seen, new commercial development generally follows major follows generally development can be seen, new commercial “As nership that combats sprawl by providing communities with providing nership that combats sprawl by conservation into practical tools to incorporate natural resource local land use planning. BwH brings together crucial wildlife GIS maps and makes the infor- and habitat data into customized mation accessible to local decision-makers, including planning planning commissions, community conservation regional boards, materials, including commissions and land trusts. BwH resource ecology primer, a road Maine’s Roads, Maine’s Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 80 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 83 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION ocess (For more (For But conservationists But . requires each metropolitan planning organization each metropolitan requires effort and hold the agency to a higher standard.” to stay involved wildlife agency biologist State wildlife agencies such as the State Wildlife Action Plans. Make an Make Plans. Action Wildlife wildlife agencies such as the State state, tribal and local land use management, natural resources, conservation protection, and historic pro- wildlife, environmental long-range transportation plans. tection agencies while developing Each consultation will include a comparison of the transportation plan with conservation of natural and his- maps or inventories Each plan Plans. Action Wildlife such as the State toric resources mitiga- will also include a discussion of potential environmental to carrytion activities—and potential areas out these and potential to restore the greatest activities—that may have the plan. functions affected by maintain the environmental Plans Action Wildlife the State light of this new requirement, In into trans- hard-wired and other conservation now planning are didn’t leave empty handed. Look closely and you’ll find a small, empty handed. Look closely and you’ll leave didn’t that could ultimately unassuming but very provision powerful do changing the way we of habitat by millions of acres protect the first time, wildlife long-range transportation planning. For conservation will be among the very consider, first things we rather than the last. SAFETEA-LU (MPO) and state transportation agency to consult with federal, INTEGRATING CONSERVATION AND CONSERVATION INTEGRATING PLANNING TRANSPORTATION the last decade, transportationOver officials have struggled to but costs and accelerate project delivery, find ways to reduce the envi- unfortunately set their sights on streamlining they have time and more rather than investing process review ronmental policy legislative, the planning process. Several money refining success. have been attempted with mixed fixes and procedural damaging proponents succeeded in including several Streamlining the review steamrolling effectively in SAFETEA-LU, provisions protection. environmental process and weakening Review.) see Environmental information, and accept responsibility for their own roles and contributions— roles for their own and accept responsibility agencies including transportation a copy of Get Plan. Action Wildlife State with your involved Get fish and wildlife agency. For the conservation strategies to be suc- For fish and wildlife agency. cessful, all sectors must embrace the goals, engage in pr your state’s action plan and actually read it. Invite the implemen- it. Invite action plan and actually read state’s your organization to discuss the to meet with your tation coordinator involved. effectively can be more you plan and how “Conservation should support advocates planning efforts of state create Defenders of Wildlife . Highways | To “keep common species common,” all plans To Information on the distribution and abundance of species Information and declining populations) that are wildlife (including low wildlife of the diversity and health state’s indicative conditions— locations and relative Descriptions—including of key habitats and community types essential to conservation of species identified in (1) affect species which may adversely of problems Descriptions and identified in (1) or their habitats, and priority research and conservationsurvey to restoration of efforts relevant these species and habitats of needed conservationDescriptions actions and priorities plans for monitoring species and their habitats, Proposed of conservationmonitoring the effectiveness actions and for adapting these conservation appropriately actions to respond to new information or changing conditions the action plan at to review of procedures Descriptions intervals 10 years not to exceed to the extent feasible, for coordinating, Plans of the and revision implementation, review development, action plan with federal, state, and local agencies Indian tribes that manage or affect significant land and water areas within the state public participation is an essential element. Broad they establish a plan of action for conservation priorities with limited funding. are based on targeting resources to prevent wildlife from declining wildlife from to prevent based on targeting resources are each action plan will to the point of endangerment. Ideally, wildlife, not just a plan for vision for conserving the state’s a strategic the fish and wildlife agency Congress identified eight essential elements the action plans must Congress contain in order to ensure nationwide consistency: to ensure contain in order was to take The practical effect of this new planning requirement conserva- of the many disparate, ad hoc and unrelated advantage combining them under one all-inclusive, tion planning initiatives, man- The scale is ambitious, yet sanctioned and funded program. framework. ageable and fits easily into an existing administrative dynamic, serving intended to remain as the home are Strategies base for prioritizing conservation efforts in each state and coordi- and contributions of all agencies nating the roles conservation of strategy goals and partners. Implementation continued federal funding, matched is aided through objectives the future the strategies represent theory, In additional sources. by the they will create—for of wildlife conservation. Collectively, to wildlife conservation. first time—a nationwide approach each action plan is indeed a strategic vision for conservingIf the than the state more wildlife, implementation will require state’s Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 82 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 85 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- http://www.atlantaregional.com/documents/land- tise and technologies while gaining a fresh understand- tise and technologies while gaining a fresh REFERENCES 2006. Snapshot.” Commission. “Regional Regional Atlanta from: Retrieved prosnapshot.pdf info/tpp/2007projectselection.pdf ners and resource professionals to share existing and emerging to share professionals ners and resource data, exper were capacities and limitations. Participants ing of each other’s able to identify phases of the transportation planning process conservationwhere considerations would be most appropriate and effective. Texas Department of Transportation. “Project Selection Process.” Selection “Project Transportation. Department of Texas from: 2007. Retrieved See Advocacy for a Advocacy See Defenders of Wildlife Environmental awards are typically are awards Environmental Highways | For a list of transportation-related award pro- award a list of transportation-related For . Beyond their conservation value, the Action Plans have great have Plans their conservation. Beyond value, the Action Be a real catalyst for change. Suggest your transportation your and catalyst for change. Suggest a real Be their commitment to better integrat- wildlife agencies formalize ing conservation a into transportation planning through a non-regulatory agree- (MOA), of Agreement Memorandum agencies. two or more ment between for their needs. that can be tailored template MOA in integrating con- transportation your agencies make progress If servation their efforts and transportation planning, recognize them for one of the many transportation Nominate publicly. programs. award given to agencies for their project level activities, but should be to agencies for their project level given to avoid in planning. Efforts for achievements used more deserving more of praise than effortsimpacts are to simply min- mask or mitigate them. imize, grams, see the Appendix. grams, see the Appendix. portation and util- planning and can demonstrate their full value ity potential to aid state transportation agencies in streamlining proj- potential to aid state transportation agencies in streamlining of habitat mapping data in the action plans can Use ect delivery. transporta- an effective early warning system to red-flag provide that will have a major impact on wildlife. Early tion projects can help avoid costly delays later in detection of such problems Early planning for conservationthe life of projects. can also pro- mitigation options and vide a good opportunity to explore sites for acquisition and restoration. identify the best remaining the planning, through develops the time a road project by Often, many of the opportunities and design process, for high- review mitigation have been lost. As an added quality and affordable approach bonus, the transportation agency can adopt a proactive to conservation and become a full partner in implementing the state. action plan for the entire 6001 consultation! Ask someone in the Section involved Get MPO (if appli- state planning division and your from both your 6001 consultations, who is they conduct Section cable) how and what conservation plans/maps they use. Contact involved and aware they are state wildlife agency and make sure your and land federal resource from Contact representatives involved. Service, Forest Wildlife and management agencies (U.S. Fish and involved. aware they are and make sure Tribes) Service, EPA, public participation in Section does not require SAFETEA-LU has information, input, group 6001 consultations, but if your a place at can at least request to contribute, you data or resources the table. – – In 2006, Defenders of Wildlife teamed up with FHWA and teamed up with FHWA Wildlife of 2006, Defenders In “Linking Conservation to organize and NatureServe and Arizona in Arkansas, workshops Planning” Transportation a venue for transportation plan- provided Workshops Colorado. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 84 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 87 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING TRANSPORTATION ransportation Planning; Transportation Planning Workshops (2006) Workshops Planning Transportation . Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Wildlife and . Association of Fish ANNING om Becoming Endangered .gov/2007/pdf/07-493.pdf http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/workshops/home.html T and Metropolitan 6001: Statewide Section Rule Final http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/01jan20071800/edocket.access.gp o (BwH) with Habitat Beginning Maine’s www.beginningwithhabitat.org 2004. http://www.teaming.com/pdf/State%20Wildlife%20Grants%20Overview.pdf Partnership The Biodiversity http://www.biodiversitypartners.org VISTA NatureServe http://www.natureserve.org/prodServices/vista/overview.jsp Conservation Design by Conservancy’s The Nature http://www.nature.org/aboutus/howwework/cbd/science/art19226.html# AND TRANSPORTATION CONSERVATION INTEGRATING PL Linking Conservation and http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CUTS/lu/lu-2.pdf Transportation and Linking Land Use FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/ppasg.htm PLANNING CONSERVATION Wildlife for Preventing Program Core The Nation’s Grants: Wildlife State fr fficials ogram avel.pdf Defenders of Wildlife , Surface Transportation Policy Transportation , Surface ystems Center Highways | v/environment/pubinv2.htm tatewide Travel Forecasting tatewide Travel ’s Public Participation and Interested Parties Parties and Interested Participation Public ’s itizen’s Guide to Transportation Decisionmaking Transportation to Guide itizen’s ansportation Planning pportunities in Your Community Your pportunities in rban Transportation Planning: A Decision-Oriented Approach Planning: A Decision-Oriented Transportation rban valuation of Statewide Long-Range Transportation Plans Transportation Long-Range of Statewide valuation artnership P http://www.transact.org/PDFs/margins2006/STPP_guidebook_margins.pdf E S Transportation National Volpe http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep10/state/evalplans.htm U 2001. Hill McGraw M. and E. Miller, Meyer, MODELING on S Guidebook AIR QUALITY O Transportation for Planning Air Quality http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/aqplan/index.htm Pr and Air Quality Transportation EPA’s http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ PUBLIC PARTICIPATION FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep10/state/swtr http://www.fhwa.dot.go TRANSPORTATION PLANNING RESOURCES TRANSPORTATION Historical An States: the United Planning In Transportation Urban Overview http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/clearinghouse/docs/utp/ch2.stm History A Brief MPOs: About http://www.njtpa.org/public_affairs/mpo_history/hist_mpo1.htm Key Issues Process: Planning Transportation The Metropolitan http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/BriefingBook/BBook.htm A C http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/citizen/citizen4.htm Transportation to A Guide to the Mainstream: the Margins From O http://www.planning.dot.gov/Pitool/toc-foreword.asp http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/interparties.htm LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION in Statewide Development and Economic Overview: Land Use An Tr Studies Transportation Beimborn, Center for Urban Edward http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CUTS/lu2/index.htm Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 86 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 89 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL tation and some suggestions for The lead agency carries responsi- For a list of federal environmental For If the state transportationIf agency can ronmental impacts, (both individually and cumulatively) the impacts, (both individually and cumulatively) ronmental fed- from intensive exclusion” project may qualify for “categorical should be small, routine These projects review. eral environmental preparation of the environmental documentation. For highway documentation. For of the environmental preparation Cooperating the lead agency will always be FHWA. projects, those with special expertise or jurisdiction like the agencies are by specifically requested Service and are Wildlife and U.S. Fish process. the lead agency to assist during environmental exclusion Categorical demonstrate that a category minimal envi- will have of projects NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL NATIONAL POLICY ACT protections, the National The granddaddy of all environmental federal agencies to requires (NEPA) Act Policy Environmental impacts of their proposed actions and consider the environmental transportation agen- to those actions. State alternatives reasonable because they use federal funding. As subject to NEPA cies are soon as the state transportation agency determines that a pro- may or will affect the environment, posed project This section will walk you begins. process review environmental process. the basic steps of NEPA through Lead and cooperation agencies supervises the bility for the federal action and therefore more effective advocacy. effective advocacy. more statutes, see Legislation and Regulation. this chapter. You will, however, get an overview of the major pro- will, however, You this chapter. tections as they apply to transpor aspects of our natural all Defenders of Wildlife Highways | mentation preparation supplies transportation agencies mentation preparation with expertise in compliance, but not conservation. Agencies spend millions on paperwork instead of protection. conservationists will always be involved Nevertheless, subject are projects Highway review. in environmental federal under many different review to environmental from indi- as additional requirements statutes, as well been of information have Volumes vidual states. and compliance the interpretation produced regarding dedicated their of these laws. Countless people have to enforcing or complying with these lives entire The author is not one of them and doesn’t statutes. of reading will be one of them as a result expect you environment. To date, the only habitat protected by federal law date, the only habitat protected by To environment. are wetlands, designated critical habitat for endangered species designated critical habitat for endangered wetlands, are and some public lands. All other habitat types—and the species vulnerable to highway building and that depend upon them—are associated development. does not apply to highway review environmental Unfortunately, many level—after kick in until the project planning and doesn’t crucial been made. Despite our strict laws and decisions have but can still damage the environment, you cumbersome reviews, going to cost you. A major industry docu- in environmental it’s ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL Environmental The National review. Environmental Ah yes. Carta of environmental laws and is the Magna (NEPA) Act Policy basic is this nation’s familiar territory for conservationists. NEPA is also the nation’s charter of the environment. It for protection federal agen- requiring accountability law, government foremost cies to disclose and seek public input on the environmental impacts of all major actions that may significantly affect the qual- is a law that empowers It ity of the human environment. people—businessmen, ranchers, state and local governments, conservationists in gives them a voice and ordinary citizens—and of and communities. Many federal decisions that affect their lives seek- careers entire spent untold hours, months and even us have We success. with mixed Alternative” Build “No ing that elusive every every detail, memorize diligently read document, pour over every flaw and compose a brilliant 63-page comment letter in incorporated and make a difference. hopes that it will be read, The glory us a family of environ- gave days of environmentalism Species the Endangered laws including NEPA, mental protection The jury effec- is still out on how Act. Water and the Clean Act they have been in protecting tive Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 88 True environmen- True is tal stewardship unlikely to happen unless conservationists start getting involved the long before environmental process review begins. even GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 91 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL In order to form a basis for the order In The affected environment section includes The affected environment Considered by many to be the most impor- Considered Regulations require the EIS “rigorously explore and explore the EIS “rigorously require Regulations ell documented for future phases of NEPA and the EIS. phases of NEPA ell documented for future should be quantified and potential mitigation discussed, regard- impacts, though less of significance. Secondary and cumulative to be consid- also required are difficult to anticipate or quantify, and discussed in the EIS. ered formal meeting but should involve all affected agencies and should formal meeting but should involve be w informa- daily notices to receive Register up for the Federal Sign in your for highway projects reviews tion about environmental of interest. state or area set in motion, the EIS contains these basic elements: Once and Need Purpose tant part of an EIS, the purpose and need statement establishes action” or “no-build” alternative. Each alternative must connect Each alternative alternative. or “no-build” action” “logical termini,” or distinct beginning and end points, is nec- which means the project “independent utility” must have should be used to representations Graphic essary in and of itself. to each other in relation the locations of alternatives show that can be considered alternative No area. and the project the draft In alternatives. consideration of future would restrict should be discussed at a compara- alternatives EIS, all reasonable need not be alternative The “preferred” of detail. ble level identified at this stage, but if one has been chosen, it should be so stated in the document. Affected Environment information on the existing social, economic and environmental features. sensitive setting, including environmentally a justification for spending large sums of tax dollars on project impacts. As a practical and that has significant environmental to be nec- of funds must be shown expenditure political matter, essary to the and the impacts must appear acceptable relative the purpose and need is derived importance. Ideally, project’s from the formal transportation Common planning process. leg- cited in EISs include transportation demand, safety, “needs” modal urban transportation plan consistency, direction, islative system linkage, and the condition of interrelationships, existing facility. Alternatives including the “no- alternatives” all reasonable evaluate objectively Environmental Consequences Environmental consequences section describes comparison, the environmental and to the affected environment the impacts of alternatives Impacts documents the methodologies used in evaluation. If the agency determines If If the Environmental If Defenders of Wildlife If the significance of impact is still If Highways | oad resurfacing or bridge repair might qualify for categorical or bridge repair oad resurfacing environmental impact statements. environmental 31,000 fed- only 3 percent of approximately to FHWA, According just 9 percent of the (representing erally funded highway projects $17.6 billion in federal funding distributed to states for highway impact an environmental 2001) required projects in fiscal year 2003). Office, Accounting statement in 2001 (U.S. General forward with an EIS is reached, the decision to move Once which is a brief of Intent, a Notice should prepare FHWA an EIS to be pub- will be preparing announcement that FHWA As early as possible, a formal Register. lished in the Federal to begins to identify the significant issues related scoping process phone and action. Scoping can be done by letter, the proposed ment, FHWA requires that an Environmental Impact Statement Impact that an Environmental requires ment, FHWA An EIS is a public document that details the (EIS) be prepared. alternatives to the project, purpose of and need for the project, to the the impacts of alternatives the affected environment, and public agency comments received. affected environment, for state departments responsible of transportation are Typically, involving review the activities of environmental coordinating and should not add newsystem. Projects lane miles to the road like r exclusion. According to FHWA, approximately 91 percent of 91 percent approximately to FHWA, According exclusion. categori- received about 31,000 federally funded highway projects of the about 76 percent This represents in 2001. cal exclusions $17.6 billion in federal funding distributed to states for highway 2001. A specific list of categorical exclusions projects in fiscal year documentation is set forth in the NEPA normally not requiring at 23 CFR 771.117(c). Regulations, Code of Federal assessment Environmental the state transportation agency to pre- requires uncertain, FHWA a significant impact on the environ- action will have proposed pare an Environmental Assessment, a short that gives a report an Environmental pare impacts and considered, project description, need, alternatives the assessment is made approval, FHWA Following coordination. hearings for a 30-day public comment period. Public available may or not be required. of no significant impact Finding no significant impacts asso- are Assessment determines that there ciated with the project, a Finding of No Significant Impact is Impact Significant of No a Finding ciated with the project, all applicable modifying the assessment to reflect by prepared but is required, formal circulation No comments and responses. the public be notified, after which proj- recommends FHWA ect can proceed. impact statement Environmental Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 90 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 93 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL If disagreements arise regarding a proposed arise regarding disagreements If The Record of Decision (ROD) is the last (ROD) of Decision The Record Once all comments have been received and considered, been received all comments have Once tation agency and FHWA division office reads all comments, division office reads tation agency and FHWA to read, review and comment on a draft EIS. The state trans- and comment on a draft EIS. review to read, por to responses the public hearing and prepares including those from scope on the project size, comments. Depending all substantive anywhere the lead agency can receive of controversy, and level to thousands of comments. from zero EIS Final The final EIS contains all and released. the final EIS is prepared the information in draft EIS, with changes based on com- The final EIS identifies and describes the ments received. and the basis for decision, it demon- alternative preferred laws including any strates compliance with environmental to be incorporated into the proposed that are mitigation measures comments, The final EIS should include all substantive action. and discuss any opposing responses the lead agency’s provide to issues raised and providing consideration given views, showing sufficient information to support a large the position taken. If the lead agency may choose received, number of comments were comments. to summarize to comments include modifying alternatives Common responses and evaluating new alter- or analyses, making factual corrections the lead agency determines a new If alternative should be natives. a supplement unless it was ade- they must prepare considered, the lead agency determines a in the draft EIS. If quately covered they must explain and cite comment does not warrant a response, that support its position. authorities or reasons sources, completeness, for technical accuracy, Each final EIS is reviewed A with state and federal laws editorial consistency. accordance must be published in a local newspaper and of Availability Notice the full document must be accessible at a state transportation The final EIS office or library. agency office, local government to the public for 30 days prior trans- must be available portation and another agency taking any action on the project, public comment period begins. Resolution Dispute and may not be issued sooner than 30 step in the EIS process final EIS is distributed or 90 days after days after the approved must be made publicly The ROD the draft EIS is circulated. action, every effort is supposed to be made resolve reasonable issuance of a final EIS. If substantial issues the dispute before the lead agency must identify disputed unresolved, remain them in made to resolve issues and document all efforts that were the final EIS. of Decision Record after t of the overall project. t of the overall Defenders of Wildlife This section includes the results of This section includes the results Highways | The Federal Register notice establishes a com- Register The Federal The list of preparers includes those primarily The list of preparers For all projects with anticipated significant envi- all projects For All measures proposed to mitigate the adverse impacts proposed to mitigate the adverse All measures When completed, the draft EIS is filed with section. mailing list. put on the project the project. in question. ing to discuss the project views. your share tion, including the state transportation agency, consultants and tion, including the state transportation agency, division personnel. FHWA tracking a particular under environ- highway project are you If mental review: found in the Advocacy Worksheet” the handy “Watchdog –Use manager as early possible and ask to be –Contact the project if available. newsletter, up for the project –Sign ronmental, social or economic impacts, FHWA requires that requires social or economic impacts, FHWA ronmental, that hearings need not be held public hearings be held. Note the issuance of the draft EIS, but if they are, the public is to be the issuance of draft EIS, but if they are, the hearing takes place, the draft before 15 days to review given Mitigation need to be described in the EIS as par and copies must be available at the hearing. and copies must be available Comment Period instructions for submitting comments. ment period and provides ments during preliminary coordination. ments during preliminary coordination. List of preparers the EIS and background documenta- for preparing responsible Mitigation commitments should be documented in a “Summary Mitigation appendix. Commitments” Monitoring of Mitigation Comments and coordination of meetings and com- including results the early scoping process, comment period of not less than 45 days and indicates where documentation generally is to be sent. Supporting comments are The public and affected agencies will have a minimum of 45 days The public and affected agencies will have –Bookmark the project website, if available. if available. the project website, –Bookmark to and hearings related workshops all public involvement –Attend meet- organization’s attend your representative a project –Request documents and submit comments. all relevant –Read and establish partnerships with others who the word –Spread EIS Draft and made public via a Agency (EPA) Protection Environmental which establishes a Register, in the Federal of Availability Notice not circulated with the draft EIS, but all special studies and not circulated for in the draft must be available information referenced the public. inspection by Hearings Public Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 92 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 95 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL The only restrictions on funding additional The only restrictions “Seek opportunities to go beyond traditional project opportunities traditional to go beyond “Seek The impact for which the mitigation is proposed actually The impact for which the mitigation is proposed the project from resulted public a reasonable mitigation represents The proposed considering the extent to which mitigation expenditure in compliance with a federal statute or other regula- results tion or policy verall project will FHWA suspend activities until it is finished. If will FHWA project verall mitigation efforts and implement innovative enhancement measures mitigation efforts and implement innovative fit harmoniouslyto help the project within the community and natu- environs.” ral that such activities be in the augmentations are environmental that they constitute a practical public expenditure public interest, MITIGATION significant impacts that are For is legalese for “oops.” Mitigation the trans- planning and redesign, through project not avoided or the lost area portation replacing agency can compensate by taken to compensate for unavoid- All measures ecological value. identified in the EIS, and commitments should able impacts are Monitoring of Mitigation also be documented in the “Summary commitments include appendix. Mitigation Commitments” agencies, monitoring, perform- responsible information regarding and schedules for implementation. ance standards potential impacts can be is an art, not a science. Many Mitigation design or location. A mitigation modifying the project by reduced in a physical change to proposed project action should result or eliminate impacts. Consultation, that will actually reduce of studies, plans and analyses, monitoring envi- preparation in a physical that result not measures conditions are ronmental adequate or effective miti- change and should not be considered gation measures. must federal funding, mitigation measures to receive order In criteria: meet the following 3 3 Only if the supplemental EIS involves a significant portion if the supplemental EIS involves of the Only o deems the scope of supplemental is limited, trans- FHWA and portation with granting new agency may proceed approvals the supplemental EIS is completed. activities before other project FHWA’s Environmental Policy Statement (EPS) calls for an Statement Policy Environmental FHWA’s avoid, beyond requirements, of NEPA expanded interpretation The EPS calls upon transportation agen- and mitigate. minimize cies to to the highway project. related reasonable and additional costs are Defenders of Wildlife Highways | If newregarding If information or circumstances egister. Like the final EIS, the ROD identifies the selected alter- Like the final EIS, ROD egister. to assess the impacts of the changes. If FHWA determines that the FHWA to assess the impacts of changes. If impacts not eval- in significant environmental changes would result uated in the EIS, a supplemental EIS will be prepared. using the same process A supplemental EIS must be developed that scoping is not required. and format as an original EIS, except also similar—including a Contents of the supplemental are action and the changes that precipi- description of the proposed limited to the tated the need for a supplemental analysis—but are environmental New new information or changes in the project. should be sum- of any re-evaluations and the results requirements consideration of the entire the current reflecting marized, proposed action and the expected effects on environment. available, but is not required to be published in the Federal but is not required available, R a proposed project arise, FHWA and the state transportation arise, FHWA project a proposed needed agency may determine that new studies are environmental native and presents the basis for the decision. If the selected the basis for decision. If and presents native alternative,” the preferable is not the “environmentally alternative were must justify the decision and explain why some values ROD should sum- The ROD important than others. more considered with information on the means to mitigation measures marize minimize and mitigate for impacts. As with the draft EIS, avoid, the final EIS must be regarding comments received all substantive However, in the ROD. appropriate response identified and given final decision the transportation agency’s represents the ROD doc- the proposed action and is a judicially enforceable regarding with the light to proceed is the green While the ROD ument. other matters such as funding by project, it may still be delayed or changes to the project. EIS Supplemental Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s IT CAN HAPPEN: A NO-BUILD RECORD OF DECISION! issued a revised ROD FHWA for a highway project in Lane 2007, 7, On March original ROD Oregon. The was issued in 1990,County, but was met with substantial public resistance. said In issuing the new decision, FHWA “In large part, selects the no-build alternative in revised RODFHWA based on: public and a Lane Council of resource agency input, including the Oregon DOT; Governments resolution; and, a conflict assessment report prepared by FHWA the no-build does not satisfy an existing trans- and the City of Eugene. While portation need in the area, selecting no-build alternative is best overall public interest at this time.” 94 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 97 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL Florida Panther Florida are prepared by the state transporta- by prepared are In order to determine whether or not a order In If FHWA and the state transportation agency (the FHWA If Description of the action to be considered. Description the that may be affected by of the specific area Description action. of any listed species or critical habitat that may Description the action. be affected by ticipate in the conservation and recovery of ticipate in the conservation and recovery designated critical habitat exists in the project area or will be area designated critical habitat exists in the project the project, they may determine that no consultation is affected by is any question or if they determine the project If there required. and/or may affect listed species or critical habitat, coordination informal consultation with the Services should be initiated. 7 Consultations Section a listed species, particular is likely to jeopardize highway project programs for the conservation of listed species, making it clear that all federal agencies should par species. and endangered listed threatened 7(a)(2) states that federal agencies Section not likely to that their actions are shall ensure the existence of a listed species or jeopardize in the destruction modifica- or adverse result fulfill To tion of designated critical habitat. federal agencies must engage in consultation with the that duty, Fisheries Marine Service or National Wildlife and U.S. Fish the effects of their the Services)Service regarding (hereafter actions on listed species and their habitat. Determination that a listed species or to believe have no reason agency”) “action the transportation agency enters into what is commonly known with the Services. 7 consultation” as “Section to determine consultation is an optional process Informal affect listed species may adversely project whether the proposed or critical habitat. An informal consultation usually includes cor- likely to in either a “not and meetings results respondence finding. If the pro- affect” or “likely to adversely affect” adversely may adversely affect a listed species or designated posed project a initiated by critical habitat, formal consultation is required, from FHWA. written request 7 consultation contains the same basic elements: Section Every assessments (BA) Biological tion agency, under the direction of FHWA, to determine whether of FHWA, under the direction tion agency, affect listed species or des- action is likely to adversely a proposed ignated critical habitat. Each BA contains six types of information: . , these small conservation Eco-Logical: An Eco-Logical: Defenders of Wildlife instead of Highways | compliance While NEPA requires that an EIS discuss mitigation requires While NEPA Former state transportation agency staff Former insult to injury, even the least and most ineffective miti- the least and most ineffective even insult to injury, So, for the transportationgation is expensive agency. habitat lost valuable all said and done, we have when it’s and the transportation agency has spent oodles of our money on something that has little or no ecological a better way? there Isn’t value. to approaches the shortfalls of our current Recognizing from teamed up with representatives mitigation, FHWA Wildlife and other agencies including the U.S. Fish seven Service and Park Service, National Service, U.S. Forest patches rarely add up to the sum of their parts. To add To add up to the sum of their parts. patches rarely habitat scattered around the landscape. Because the around the landscape. Because habitat scattered is objective es that could be implemented, the statute does not require ated with compliance instead of quality assurance. Precedence has Precedence ated with compliance instead of quality assurance. and those been that those with the slide rules in a vacuum work with work boots provide information but are not as valued in trans- not as valued information but are boots provide with work portation.” the Army Corps of Engineers to develop to develop the Army Corps of Engineers Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure Projects Infrastructure to Developing Approach Ecosystem Traditional mitigation measures don’t always achieve the greatest always achieve don’t mitigation measures Traditional federal agencies to develop such measures or actually carry such measures federal agencies to develop them Council, 490 U.S. Citizens Valley Methow v. out. (Robertson if the final EIS contains mitigation measures 332 (1989)). Only that require regulations as commitments do FHWA presented and carried out. they be incorporated into the project environmental benefit or address habitat connectivity and conser- benefit or address environmental highlights the flexibility in regulatory Eco-Logical vation. just compliance in mitigation. to go beyond processes “The professional has too long been associ- of the environmental role CAUTION: measur “SMART” MITIGATION IS ECO-LOGICAL MITIGATION “SMART” compensatory mitigation has been conducted on- Traditionally, this is the best basis. Sometimes site and on a project-by-project in several small, isolated patches of option, but often it results ACT ENDANGERED SPECIES protection for broad (ESA) provides Act Species The Endangered or listed as threatened species of fish, wildlife and plants that are The act outlines or elsewhere. States in the United endangered when taking actions that for federal agencies to follow procedures and affect listed species, and contains exceptions may adversely exemptions. their authori- all federal agencies to utilize 7(a)(1) directs Section ties in furtherance carrying of the purposes act by out Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 96 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 99 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL Indirect Effects v. Federation In National Wildlife cert. 359 (5th Cir.), Coleman, 529 F.2d the court (1976), denied, 429 U.S. 979 ruled that indirect effects of private development resulting from proposed construction of highway interchanges had to be considered as impacts of a proposed federal highway project, even though the private development had not been planned at the time highway project was proposed. In 1992, the General Accountability Office Accountability 1992, the General In The action agency can only be held to the informa- logical opinions, incidental take statements and biological assess- that any ments, to ensure information used to implement and credible the act is reliable, the best scientific and represents data available. commercial be created by the action agency, by be created if it is necessaryeven to determine the impact on species or habitat in question. The Servicesjointly pub- have lished a policy on Information the Endangered Under Standards This policy calls for Act. Species of all scientific and other review bio- information used to prepare Services and other federal agencies over proposed federal actions proposed Services and other federal agencies over More informally. resolved 1991 were 1987 through in fiscal years of the formal consultations concluded that these than 90 percent the less than 10 percent actions would not harm listed species. Of action of the formal consultations that concluded a proposed rea- provided a species, almost 90 percent would likely jeopardize the project to sonable but prudent that would allow alternatives proceed. Did You Know? You Did the of all consultations between found that almost 90 percent Data Available Scientific and Commercial Best the action agency to use “best scientific and The ESA requires the formal consultation throughout data available” commercial action will not jeop- the proposed to insure and in all measures of information sources the species in question. Potential ardize teams, recovery plans, active include listing packages, recovery species experts, prior consultations on the species, state/tribal journals and wildlife and plant experts, peer-reviewed universities, state heritage programs. significant data gaps exist, the Services If can suggest deferment on the biological opinion due date, until sufficient information is with If the action agency insists consultation proceed developed. insufficient information, the biological opinion will be developed information, but will give the benefit of with the available When and if additional data becomes avail- doubt to the species. of consultation may be required. able, reinitiation CAUTION: to or analyses does not have research New tion that is available. Defenders of Wildlife are prepared by the Services, detailing prepared are Highways | e effects. Despite the gravity of a jeopardy ruling, the action the gravity of a jeopardy Despite Description of the manner in which action may affect Description any listed species or critical habitat and an analysis of cumulativ including any EIS, environmental reports, Relevant assessment (EA), or BA prepared. information on the action, available Any other relevant affected listed species, or critical habitat. but these are extremely rare. rare. extremely but these are CAUTION: agency may still proceed with the proposed project. In a 2005 In with the proposed project. agency may still proceed says “…the Services memorandum on ESA consultation, FHWA The Services can only offer a a project.” over power no veto have if the proj- However, no regulatoryBO, but they have authority. in take, they can prosecute for violation of the ESA. ect results an action agency extremely opinion leaves a jeopardy Defying vulnerable to litigation, so this is also rare. Biological opinions (BO) Biological their opinion as to whether or not the proposed action is likely to their opinion as to whether or not the proposed jeopardize the continued existence of listed species, or result in the the continued existence of listed species, or result jeopardize destruction modification of designated critical habitat. or adverse action, sta- Each BO should include a description of the proposed baseline, tus of the species, critical habitat, environmental conclusion effects, the Services’ effects of the action, cumulative and prudent alternatives. and reasonable jeopardy regarding endan- action is expected to incidentally “take” the proposed If or harm the species overall species, but not jeopardize gered critical habitat, the BO will include an “incidental take state- The incidental take statement describes the anticipated ment.” to and prudent measures reasonable incidental take and provides the action agency complies with rec- such take. If minimize they will be exempt and prudent measures, ommended reasonable from legal liability for the otherwise illegal take. in “no the Services project will result If conclude the proposed modification of critical habitat, the con- and no adverse jeopardy” the In sultation is complete and the action agency may proceed. the Servicesevent determine the proposed action is likely to jeop- modify critical habitat, they will the species or adversely ardize opinion. issue a “jeopardy” and prudent alternatives” The Services must suggest “reasonable the agency to fulfill pur- if any exist, that will allow (RPAs) the species or action without jeopardizing pose of its proposed may include alternative “RPAs” critical habitat. Such destroying the that minimize impacts on the species. If designs or routes opinion, they may issue a jeopardy Services cannot identify RPAs, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 98 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 101 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL In 2003, the Corps evaluated 86,177 permits 2003, the Corps evaluated In elsewhere. some places, option. In to play” fee is the “pay In-lieu transportation can simply pay a agencies and developers then used The fees collected are penalty for their impacts. larger conservation efforts elsewhere. toward wetland restoration (restoring a former wetland to its natural a former wetland (restoring restoration wetland condition). historically (making a new wetland where creation wetland had existed). no wetland an existing wetland). enhancement (improving wetland or otherwisepreservation (purchasing an existing, protecting high-quality wetland). in-kind mitigation means the transportation agency On-site, site that is just like will set aside some land on the project the kind they destroyed. large contiguous wetlands or mitigation banks are Off-site, preserved or been created, other habitat types that have for impacts mitigation “credits” to earn advance restored reservation Act and the applicant may be required to obtain cul- and the applicant may be required reservation Act MITIGATION unavoidable impacts, the applicant must pro- any remaining For wetlands. or create activities to restore vide compensation through 404, mitigation can include: Section Under 3 3 3 3 is generally the pre- conservationrestoration wetland value, For in a net gain of form of mitigation because it results ferred new is less desirable because wetlands Creating acreage. wetland being lost. the same values that are replace rarely wetlands created is essential to any landscape level of existing wetlands Preservation as mitigation for or watershed plan, but should not be allowed in a net loss total destruction because it results of wetlands in the watershed. of wetlands acreage ways: mitigation is generally carried out in one of three Wetland DECISION THE SWANCC Court issued a ruling regard- Supreme States 2001, the United In Cook Agency of Northern Waste in Solid wetlands ing “isolated” The court Army Corps of Engineers. States United County v. jurisdic- Act Water Clean concluded that the Corps did not have wetlands such as prairie potholes and “isolated” tion over may be defined as isolated if they lack a These wetlands pocosins. The problem surface connection to other bodies of water. direct Corps must comply with section 106 of the National Historic Corps must comply with section 106 of the National P surveys.tural resource Know? You Did and denied only 299. Defenders of Wildlife The permit review process is based The permit review minimize on a sequence of “avoid, a to receiving and mitigate.” Prior 404 permit, the applicant (the state transportation agency) must and demonstrate that it has avoided wetlands impacts as minimized the pro- much as practicable. If does not absolutely posed project in or near the need to be executed affected waters, the Corps is to assume that practicable alternatives do exist and can deny the permit. Highways | override a Corps decision if they find an “unacceptable adverse a Corps decision if they find an “unacceptable override has 1979, the EPA on the aquatic environment. Since effect” out of an estimated 150,000 permit appli- issued only 11 vetoes cations received. the pro- species may be affected by or endangered threatened If federal the Corps will consult with appropriate posed activity, Service) to obtain Wildlife and agency (for example, the U.S. Fish the proposed a biological opinion on the effects species. If significant impacts on the human environment, activity will have within the are cultural resources an EIS. If the Corps will require the activity, and will be impacted by the proposed permit area CLEAN WATER ACT CLEAN WATER as the better known Act, Control Pollution Water The Federal is the primary federal law governing (CWA), Act Water Clean The stated aim of the act is to eliminate dis- water pollution. water charge of pollutants into navigable waters and achieve per- Most in and on water. quality for fish, wildlife and recreation “Wetland 404 of the CWA, tinent to this guide is Section The U.S. Army Corps of Permits.” and Fill Protection/Dredge 404 program, which requires administers the Section Engineers who proposes to physically alter any aquatic site (includ- anyone to apply for a permit. Since rivers and streams) ing wetlands, trans- and streams, built through wetlands many highways are seek 404 permits. portation agencies frequently the Corps may not issue the EPA, guidelines issued by Under less sig- is a practicable alternative that would have permit if there to the environmental consequences. According nificant adverse the least envi- it can only authorize Corps, under this regulation, damaging, practicable alternative. ronmentally 404 with the the duties of enforcing Section The Corps shares criteria environmental for interpreting which is responsible EPA, state actions permit applications, overseeing used in evaluating can also The EPA individual permit applications. and reviewing Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 100 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 103 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL ection 4(f) that the federal govern- declares Be aware that 4(f) aware Be can pit one protected resource State lands acquired, developed or improved with federal or improved developed lands acquired, State grants for fish and wildlife conservation, or man- restoration agement. or developed with monies Local and state lands acquired Conservation Fund. Water from the Land and Wildlife and as mitigation under the Fish Lands acquired Act. Coordination inclusion in the National listed on, or eligible for, Properties Places. of Historic Register property. surplus real Federal rights of way. railroad Abandoned de facto use as park, recre- that receive publicly owned Areas lands. ation or refuge Lands of the National Park System, National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife National System, Park Lands of the National Hatchery System. Fish National System, of Reclamation Lands under the jurisdiction of Bureau lands held in and Indian of Land Management and Bureau as administered that are trust the Department by of Interior or historic sites. wildlife refuges areas, recreation parks, 3 choice is between impacting a wetland or an historic barn, the impacting a wetland choice is between such false dichotomies to rule allow don’t will lose. But wetland Lisa the Mona being asked to choose between you’re If the day. the question. Chapel, step back and rephrase and the Sistine and irreplaceable both precious can protect Which alternative the transportation need? and address resources 4(f)Section was tested shortly after it passed when transportation in Overton Park 40 through to build Interstate officials proposed all the way to Supreme The case went Tennessee. Memphis, 4(f) stated that Section Thurgood Marshall Justice Court where “is a plain and explicit bar to the use of federal funds for con- 3 3 3 3 3 3 CAUTION: and 4(f)against another, example, if the trumps them all. For intended to protect public places such as parks and refuges from public places such as parks and refuges intended to protect highway builders. S preserve the natural beauty of ment will make a special effort “to lands, wildlife and the countryside and recreation and public park a cannot approve and historic sites.” FHWA refuges, waterfowl land (including pub- the use of publicly owned project requiring and historic refuges wildlife/waterfowl areas, recreation lic parks, harm, and sites) unless adequate planning was done to minimize 4(f) is no prudent and feasible alternative. Section there is often 106 of the National in combination with Section considered only that effects on his- that requires Act Preservation Historic toric properties be considered. listed the following has declared The Department of Interior lands as eligible for 4(f) protection: 3 3 ol, water Reuters, 2007 Reuters, Billings Gazette, 2006 Gazette, Billings Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ENGINEERS SENTENCED FOR FILL- EUROPEAN UNION TELLS POLAND, UNION EUROPEAN European Union’s executive, speeding up legal executive, Union’s European it can take when a member state vio- measures Warsaw sent a final warning to lates EU law, in an and set a tight deadline for response to forests damage” effort “irreversible to avoid wants to build a section of and animals. Poland via the to Helsinki Warsaw a highway linking the northeastern states through Rospuda Baltic unique peat lands, one of Europe’s Valley, plants and wildlife. EU which is home to rare Dimas Commissioner Stavros Environment supported infra- said Brussels building road Magistrate Richard Anderson sentenced Ronald T. Arthur, 60, of Arthur, T. Anderson sentenced Ronald Richard Magistrate The men 58, of Forsyth. and Lesley G. Peterson, Culbertson, pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of violating the Clean in prison They faced a possible penalty of one year Act. Water said the The prosecutor and a $2,500 fine per day of violation. in 2001 during construction of almost 11 miles offense occurred wet- crossed The project of Plentywood. 5 west of state Highway The state transportation agency Creek. Muddy Big by land areas to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers got a permit in 2000 from The men acted of wetlands for the project. place fill in 2.52 acres to be filled than wetlands more negligently when they allowed said. was permitted, the government is, they are often connected by groundwater or overflow and pro- or overflow often connected by groundwater is, they are vide significant landscape functions such as flood contr SECTION 4(f) of our envi- known the most well are Though the ESA and CWA can be useful in protecting laws, other provisions ronmental Transportation The Department of wildlife and natural places. that was provision of 1966 contains a tiny but powerful Act “NO HIGHWAY THROUGH WETLAND” THROUGH “NO HIGHWAY quality maintenance and habitat to wildlife populations. HALL OF FAME: The European Commission gave Poland a week to halt work on a a week Poland Commission gave The European that is area a protected environmental planned highway through The flora and wildlife, or face a court action. home to rare but not at the cost of environment. in Poland, structure “What damage the Commission does not accept is irreversible is It Valley. in the Rospuda the bypasses that will be caused by neither necessary nor justified,” he said. federal probation for illegally placing dirt into wetlands during a for illegally placing dirt into wetlands federal probation U.S. Montana. construction near Plentywood, road project HALL OF SHAME: ING WETLANDS on unsupervised state highway engineers will spend a year Two Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 102 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 105 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL after final EIS is distributed or 90 days public interest or controversy public interest is approved of Decision Record after the draft EIS is circulated BO is issued the issuance of a notice mination into consideration the results of public into consideration the results participation efforts at the planning and of programming stages, and the degree olvement program. State public involvement and public involvement State olvement program. Coordination of public involvement activities and public of public involvement Coordination process. NEPA hearings with the entire Early and continuing opportunities develop- during project in the identification of ment for the public to be involved impacts, as well social, economic and environmental of individuals, groups or impacts associated with relocation institutions. public hearings to be held at a convenient or more One which has a signif- time and place for any federal-aid project or other effect, for icant social, economic, environmental determines that a public hearing is in the which the FHWA public interest. notice to the public of either a hearing or Reasonable The notice shall also the opportunity for a public hearing. to comply with public information required provide orders of other laws, executive requirements involvement and regulations. Opportunities for public participation ScopingPhase Environmental assessment Participation of soliciting public input are Means determined on a case specific basis, taking EISDraft EISFinal EISSupplemental of DecisionRecord 60 days (SAFETEA-LU) Maximum be same as draft EIS Should Cannot be issued sooner than 30 days before published, 30 days to review Once FHWA also requires that each state develop procedures to carry procedures that each state develop also requires FHWA out a public inv for: must provide public hearing procedures 3 3 3 3 transportationContact your agency and ask for details about its public participation process. ESA ActWater Clean 4(f) comments due within 30 days of Pubic until the Consultation is typically private participation for de minimis deter- Public Defenders of Wildlife For more information on 4(f), more For see Highways | Section 4(f)Section simple, yet has been is remarkably e exempted.” (Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Overton Park (Citizens to Preserve e exempted.” or groups who are potentially affected by transportation potentially affected by deci- who are or groups in, or in, has interest who resides This includes anyone sions. transporta- that may be affected by area does business in a given includes both individuals and The “public” tion decisions. groups. organized struction parks—only the most unusual sit- of highways through uations ar PUBLIC PARTICIPATION endless public hearings or spent your sat through ever you Have pages seem like a an EIS that makes the yellow reading weekend that public participation is a corner- know Then you pamphlet? The Council on Environmental process. stone of the NEPA that agencies require on implementing NEPA regulations Quality and imple- the public in preparing make a diligent effort to involve that agencies They also require procedures. menting their NEPA hearings, public meetings, public notice of NEPA-related provide documents so as to inform of environmental and the availability or affected. those persons and agencies who may be interested as including all individuals broadly defines the “public” FHWA Volpe, 401 U.S. 402 (1971)) Volpe, Lands and Public Roads Public that found it overly restrictive and prohibitive. Following and prohibitive. restrictive that found it overly 4(f), or weaken opponents to remove attempts by the amended the restrictions section 6009 retains language in SAFETEA-LU’s flexibility for projects but provides on impacting public resources, ask? What is de minimis, you impacts. minimis” “de that have says the transportation agency must convince the SAFETEA-LU will not manager that the project public and the resource may pro- and if they can, the project affect the resource, adversely ceed without further analysis. SAFETEA-LU: state transportation by a small number of vocal agencies criticized Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 104 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 107 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL Concurrent The preferred alternative may be developed alternative The preferred The public and participating agencies will This “tattle-tale” clause requires all participat- clause requires This “tattle-tale” Responding to road industry to road Responding complaints that the onmental concerns are fully considered. The fully considered. onmental concerns are To the extent possible, all reviews (NEPA, ESA, CWA, (NEPA, the extent possible, all reviews To agencies and understaffed advocacy groups often need more time often need more groups agencies and understaffed advocacy to an EIS, which can be thousands of pages and respond to read in a timely manner. in length and sometimes not available identification Issue ing agencies to immediately identify any issues that could delay not or be cause for denial of permits. If said issues are the review 4(f)) should be carried out concurrently, rather than sequentially. 4(f)) rather than sequentially. should be carried out concurrently, Preferred alternative Preferred ing and expensive, Congress included a revised NEPA process NEPA included a revised Congress ing and expensive, the process of trying In specifically for transportation projects. to a process developed Congress review, environmental streamline and unnecessarily com- NEPA that at once, significantly weakens for participating agencies. plicates the process 6002 includes the following: Section SAFETEA-LU of detail than all other alternatives, in effect to a higher level resource agencies to help expedite the review process while ensur- process agencies to help expedite the review resource ing that envir on resource the burden in highway projects has increased increase and regulatory agencies to participate in environmental reviews, any additional funding not received agencies have the resource yet taken date, a handful of states have To to meet this new demand. the benefits of having enjoy and now of the provision advantage agencies. resource from involvement early and substantive state transportation your agency support a liaison or coordi- Does so, schedule a or wildlife agencies? If state resource nator in your organization and your yourself, meeting with them. Introduce concerns about the wildlife and transportationyour conflict in state transportation your agency If of interest. state or area your suggest that they do. does not support liaison staff, envi- streamlined put forth a new, TEA-21, FHWA by Directed reviews, process in 2000 with concurrent review ronmental time periods and assistance to affected agencies, but cooperative the next not satisfied. During were proponents of streamlining more for even pushed Congress the streamliners reauthorization, in SAFETEA-LU. drastic measures SAFETEA-LU time-consum- is too burdensome, process review environmental than one alternative. defeating the purpose of considering more Comment deadlines have no more than 60 days to comment on a draft EIS and no no more have more than 30 days for all other comment periods. Overburdened more reviews Defenders of Wildlife Highways | cies are Categorical Exclusions. Less than 2 percent Categorical Exclusions. cies are EISs. Contrary stories generated by to the horror require times for envi- processing highway building advocates, between eight months and 3.5 average reviews ronmental of complexity associated depending on the level years, 2000). Inc., Management, with the analysis. (TransTech becomes steamrolling when opportuni- Streamlining limited and ties for public participation are into silence about pressured contributing agencies are problems or bullied with potential environmental deadlines and demands. unreasonable identifies key decision points and potential conflicts as early as possible. reviews process and other environmental the NEPA Integrate Establish an integrated review and permitting process that and permitting process Establish an integrated review as early possible in transportation planning. and approvals full and early participation all federal, state and Encourage by a transportationlocal agencies that must review project or issue to the project. or opinion relating a permit, license, approval unre- mechanism to address Establish a dispute resolution issues. solved 3 ENVIRONMENTAL STREAMLINING ENVIRONMENTAL the past decade, highway building industry and interests For to include language that would “streamline” Congress pressured applied to trans- as they are procedures review the environmental they contend, are projects, portation construction Many projects. increasing regulations, by strict environmental needlessly delayed the efficient transportationcosts and denying American drivers system they deserve. the well-intentioned NEPA the years, “Over bureaucratic of duplicative process has become enmeshed in a web Alliance. Users to the American Highway according reviews,” of all 91 percent study, to a 2000 AASHTO According Really? by state transportation documents produced agen- environmental as section 1309, which known TEA-21 contained a provision and imple- to “develop Transportation of mandated the Secretary for highway process review environmental ment a coordinated The purpose of the construction and mass transit projects...” federal to coordinate were provisions streamlining environmental in major highway projects under the NEPA agency involvement to delays in implementing concerns relating to address process projects, unnecessary duplication of effort, and added costs for The surface transportation projects. and approving reviewing process was intended to: streamlined 3 3 3 did bring one silver lining: section 1309 permitted Streamlining highway funding to state transportation agencies to provide Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s so busy learning the tricks of trade that they learnnever the trade.” 106 “Some people are “Some Pittsburgh Law, Vernon pitcher Pirates GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 109 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL State departments of environmental protection, natural departments protection, of environmental State or wildlife often have descriptions of the applicable resources on their websites. laws and regulations Law libraries or their online equivalent. access to state statutes on legislature states have Many websites. or governor Findlaw.com. Try or services for-profit such as Lexis-Nexis Professional, Westlaw. law section an environmental bar associations may have State sites with compendia and summary materials. Web on their nvironmental Review Process (SERP) for all state-funded road Process Review nvironmental Environmental and public advocacy groups disagree, concerned disagree, and public advocacy groups Environmental an adequate does not provide that the existing planning process legal framework or appropriate public participation for agenda- alignments and modal setting determinations on specific projects, The transportation sector has fought to keep its planning choices. law specifi- Federal scrutiny. NEPA-level receiving from process and courts cally dictates that planning is not subject to NEPA planning is not subject to If upheld that standard. repeatedly have of the planning can the products ask, then how advocates NEPA, requirements? be used to satisfy NEPA process sions made during the planning process should not have to be sions made during the planning process process. review during the environmental revisited 3 3 3 3 3 3 LINKING PLANNING AND NEPA takes too review addition to complaints that environmental In long, many transportation complained that the officials have to related with the planning process. Studies is redundant process and impacts undertakentransportation alternatives during trans- needlessly disregarded portation planning, they contend, are officials maintain that deci- Transportation reviews. during NEPA Virginia’s Department of Transportation (VDOT) uses the State (VDOT) Transportation Department of Virginia’s E state environmental agencies SERP allows and highway projects. at the earliest projects VDOT the opportunity to comment on agencies supply infor- and resource possible stage. Environment project in determining if the proposed VDOT mation to assist the impact early enough to allow has significant environmental impacts. or minimize project manager and designer time to avoid laws in your state, check the following find the environmental To resources: Defenders of Wildlife Carrying on the practice from Highways | The public is also limited to just 180 days elevant agencies, Congress and the governor. The and the governor. elevant agencies, Congress ing state and federal agencies participating in the environmental can be used for for transportation process projects. Funds review planning, training, information gathering, mapping and dedi- funds limits the available the provision Unfortunately, cated staff. new deadlines. to those needed meet unrealistic Limitation on claims to project. Prior of decision on a road a record file a claim following resolved in less than 30 days, the lead agency must notify resolved heads of all r STATE-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS ENVIRONMENTAL STATE-BASED for enforcing federal environ- often responsible agencies are State to properly of state governments mental statutes. Failure in sanctions, laws may result implement federal environmental addition to such as withdrawal of federal highway funding. In enacted their many states have protections, federal environmental and “mini-NEPA” their own states have statues. Several own has allowed Congress a state ESA. Generally, many also have under state envi- stringent requirements states to establish more state ESA is stricter example, California’s laws. For ronmental protections the state wetland Jersey, New than the federal ESA. In Act. Water than those set forth the federal Clean stronger by are problem is, members of Congress and the governor are not trans- are and the governor problem is, members of Congress This portation they trained in dispute resolution. experts, nor are agencies and was clearly intended to intimidate resource provision bringing forthdiscourage them from potential conflicts that or process review would delay completion of the environmental in denial of a permit approval. result Assistance to affected agencies 6002 further sanctions the practice of reimburs- TEA-21, Section this drastic change, the public had as much as six years to file a claim. this drastic change, the public had as much six years continue with a series of measures streamlining SAFETEA-LU’s to the states. responsibilities NEPA designed to devolve provisions handpicked state to give 6003 establishes a pilot program Section for environmental transportation agencies the sole responsibility all state 6004 allows for all transportation Section review projects. transportation can be categori- agencies to determine if a project 6005 Section review. environmental from cally excluded full given states are in which five establishes a pilot program highway projects. on one or more for NEPA responsibility been selected based the pilot states appear to have Ironically, upon a measurable criteria or capacity to accept these criti- NOT is There but instead upon political favoritism. cal responsibilities, representation between pilot states and congressional a correlation conference in leadership positions within the reauthorization committee. Coincidence? Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 108 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 111 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL A 28 2003. Reuters, Reuters, 2000. Stakeholders’ Views on Time to Time on Views Stakeholders’ 27 October 2006. Retrieved from: 2006. Retrieved 27 October http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03534.pdf http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L28730658.htm sentenced for placing dirt C. “Engineers in wetlands.” Johnson, Gazette, The Billings http://www.helenair.com/articles/2006/10/27/montana/a07102706_ 02.txt Streamlining: Environmental Inc. Management, TransTech Report on the Delays Associated with the Categorical Exclusion & Associated Exclusion on the Delays with the Categorical Report Environmental Assessment Processes. Environmental Office. Accounting U.S. General Projects. of Highway Reviews Conduct Environmental February 2007. Retrieved from: 2007. Retrieved February REFERENCES deadline to halt highway plan.” Poland “EU gives from Retrieved epresenting environ- epresenting but we’re against treading on against treading but we’re existing public comment and safe- review environmental to do it. guards mental and public advocacy issues groups on NEPA planning metropolitan Some not capable organizations are level of analysis of a NEPA do planning and often don’t and in the context of valid data about employ- reliable ment, housing, jobs, growth, and conserva-environmental and land use tion restrictions plans. to approach FHWA’s For the transportationwork, plan to be conducted would have with process itself, as a NEPA of all the legal requirements “NEPA- don’t you If NEPA. on planning, then to rely ize” in the planning products process short circuits NEPA allowing process by the NEPA some of those very important decisions to be made outside of NEPA. in favor are Environmentalists of an efficient planning and process, review environmental NO transportation Bauer, Janine attorney r Defenders of Wildlife Highways | A Assistant ransportation/Environment authority and found substantial opportunity to reinforce planning as a foundation for guidance FHWA But, NEPA. planning does not NEPA-ize and planning is still not sub- requirements. ject to NEPA agencies will still have Federal to affirm that the planning process meets legal requirements, that the data and and that credible analysis were and the planning approach rational or assumptions were at least not irrational. From T YES former Cindy Burbank, FHW Administrator for Planning, Administrator and Realty Environment plan- The disconnect between has often ning and NEPA in duplication of resulted and delays in implemen- work tation of transportation projects. improvement its legal has reviewed FHWA 22. 7, Issue Volume Alert, 4, 2005 February YOU MAKE THE CALL: IS LINKING PLANNING AND NEPA A GOOD IDEA? guidance on linking planning and released 2005, FHWA In to be implemented on a voluntary basis at the state level. NEPA, but the planning process, The guidance does not “NEPA-ize” transporta- information, analysis, and products from “how shows upon in NEPA tion planning can be incorporated into and relied documents under existing laws.” Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 110 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 113 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL esource and esource v/projdev/impTA6640.asp Has Acted to Disclose the Limitations of Its to Disclose the Limitations Acted Has .gao.gov/new.items/d03534.pdf Stakeholders’ Views on Time to Conduct Environmental Reviews to Conduct Environmental Time on Views Stakeholders’ FHWA .usace.army.mil/civilworks/cecwp/branches/guidance_dev/pgls/pdf/pgl46b.pdf Environmental Review Analysis Review Environmental http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03338r.pdf USGAO: Projects of Highway http://www at R Positions on DOT-Funded Report AASHTO’s Regulatory Agencies http://environment.transportation.org/center/products_programs/dot_funded.aspx CLEAN WATER ACT CLEAN WATER Information CWA Network: River http://www.cleanwateract.org/cwa_search.asp Banking and Mitigation Act Water Clean Army Corps of Engineers: http://www.usace.army.mil/cw/cecwo/reg/sec404.htm www Act Water Clean USEPA: http://www.epa.gov/region5/water/cwa.htm information Act Water Clean Service’s Wildlife and U.S. Fish http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/cwa.htm Decision on the SWANCC Report USGAO http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05870.pdf (23 CFR 777) Banking on Mitigation Regulation FHWA www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/23cfr777.htm 4(f) 4(f)FHWA Information http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/4f.htm http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.go 4(f) on Section Handbook Evaluations Department of Interior’s http://www.doi.gov/oepc/handbook.html PUBLIC PARTICIPATION information Participation Public FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/pubinv2.htm STREAMLINING ENVIRONMENTAL USGAO: v/endangered/esa.html Defenders of Wildlife ssault on the National Environmental ssault on the National ds Under the Endangered Species Act Species the Endangered ds Under Highways | eNepa/ReNepa.nsf/aa5aec9f63be385c852568cc00 http://www.fws.go http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/nepa/nepaeqia.htm rocess rocess iegeFinal.pdf rojects ection 7 (2005) Final ESA Section 7 Consultation Handbook ESA Section Final http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/laws/esa_section7_handbook.pdf Analysis and of the ESA Environmental Management FHWA’s Consultation P http://www.fws.gov/endangered/policy/pol004.html on Conservation Guidance Banking USFWS Mitigation http://endangered.fws.gov/policies/conservation-banking.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW RESOURCES REVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT ENVIRONMENTAL NATIONAL (full text) NEPA Toolkit Review Environmental FHWA http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/ NEPAnet Force, Task CEQ http://www.nepa.gov/nepa/nepanet.htm Homepage NEPA EPA’S http://www.epa.gov/compliance/nepa/index.html (EPS) Statement Policy Environmental FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/epsfinal.htm Infrastructure to Developing Approach An Ecosystem Eco-Logical: P http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/ecological/eco_index.asp A The Political Seige: Under NEPA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/esaguide.htm on ESA Consultation Under Guidance Legal and Program FHWA’s S http://nepa.fhwa.dot.gov/R 55ea16/79681451970f2a5a85256fb1004f9c17?OpenDocument Standar USFWS Information Policy Act Policy 2005 Law Center. University Georgetown G. Dreher, Robert http://www.law.georgetown.edu/gelpi/current_research/documents/NEPAUnde rS ACT ENDANGERED SPECIES text of the ESA Full Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 112 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 115 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION involves the constructioninvolves of a new typically involves a major change to an typically involves activities are those necessaryactivities are to keep existing existing highway within the same right of way corridor. Two existing highway within the same right of way corridor. have been systematically roads lane, “farm-to-market” the past few decades into multi-lane, over reconstructed divided arterials to accommodate or generate development may also involve Reconstruction and economic growth. and verticalmodifications to horizontal alignment to address can involve many cases, realignments safety concerns. In substantial amounts of construction in previously classified as new but they aren’t undisturbed areas the same highway. considered construction because it’s New construction New Reconstruction (3R) and Rehabilitation Restoration Resurfacing, projects focus primarily on extending the service-life of existing facilities and safety enhancements such as pavement lane and shoulder widening, alterations to vertical repair, curvesgrades (flattening) and horizontal (straightening), of roadside obstacles. and removal bridge repair Maintenance facilities in good, safe operating condition, including drainage features, stripes, cleaning or repairing repainting snow. and removing mowing highway where none currently exists. none currently highway where DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION are you made it this far, you’ve with me? Congratulations! If Still a true conservationist. you can sit this point in the process, At the final design phase, reaches When the project back and relax. is little if any opportunity for public participation.there After the the only transportation review, agency finishes environmental the project is litiga- thing that can stop or significantly improve this however, of being comprehensive, the interest tion. In through the basics of highway design and con- chapter walks you while the standards struction, First, with some familiar caveats. design and constant, each state will have its own relatively are while construction and every process is unique. Second, project distinct beginning and end, design is construction has a relatively that begins in the planning phase, continues an ongoing process and can continue into construc- project development throughout tion if conditions change. CONSTRUCTION TYPES OF HIGHWAY fit into these four basic Dig from potholes to the Big Everything types of highway construction projects: Defenders of Wildlife Highways | inal%20Report.pdf STATE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS ENVIRONMENTAL STATE on the Internet Laws and Regulations Environmental State http://meso.spawar.navy.mil/law2.html LINKING PLANNING AND NEPA and NEPA Planning Transportation on Linking the Guidance FHWA http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/strmlng/linkingtrans.asp on linking planning and NEPA report AASHTO’s http://www.transportation.org/sites/planning/docs/NCHRP%208- 36%2848%29%20F Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 114 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 117 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION is the clear distance between inside faces is the clear distance between is the change in horizontal alignment of a is the change in horizontal is the regulated limitation of access to and from is the regulated is also self-explanatory, but no simple matter. is also self-explanatory, is the letter grade given a highway based on how is the letter grade given is the way surfacetilts into a curve of the road is the maximum speed that can be maintained on is self-explanatory, but engineers call it “the portion but engineers call it “the is self-explanatory, are those portions of divided highways separating the traffic are is the change in vertical alignment of a highway; in other of the traveled way used for a single line of vehicles.” of the traveled traveling in opposing directions, and median width is the distance in opposing directions, traveling width is a critical design element for inter- them. Median between and other high-speed highways because medians states, freeways oncoming collisions. traffic and help reduce a buffer between provide of bridge railings or curbs, including travel lanes, turn of bridge railings or curbs, including travel or bike lanes. shoulders and parking words, how flat or hilly it is. how words, well it moves traffic. Just like in school, highways are graded from like in school, highways are traffic. Just it moves well of serviceWhen the level drops, the pres- A (best) to F (worst). lanes increases. to build more sure Design speed Design of serviceLevel of access Control Lane width width Shoulder width roadway Bridge Medians Grade curvature Horizontal Superelevation Shoulders must be designed to allow for evasive maneuvers, emer- maneuvers, for evasive must be designed to allow Shoulders stormwater management, traffic gencies, stopped vehicles, and pedestrians. bicycles vehicles, protection, maintenance, oversized properties abutting highway facilities. In other words, how many how other words, properties abutting highway facilities. In on the intersections and driveways are side roads, streets, cross and stopping slowing the more access allowed, The more road? next to the high- associated development and the more for drivers access turnpikes and interstates often have low roads, Toll way. with very high speeds. highway; in other words, how curvy how or straight it is. highway; in other words, so your car doesn’t fly off into the abyss. The cross slope of the The cross fly off into the abyss. car doesn’t so your highway under favorable conditions. Considered the core critical the core conditions. Considered highway under favorable developed, design which other criteria are design element from on the Based speed determines everything else about the roadway. the design speed considers topogra- type and purpose of highway, The improvements. adjacent land use and potential future phy, can design speed is not the same thing as limit. Highways be built with design speeds much higher than legal speed limits. Defenders of Wildlife Highways | national policy by which we build highways in which we national policy by the ELEMENTS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN OF HIGHWAY ELEMENTS think don’t design is like plumbing—you Highway factors Many about it until something goes wrong. meticulously and countless details are considered are of dirt is moved. the first shovel calculated before have is a partial list—for a complete list, you’ll Below to go engineering school. the project enters the final design stage. Depending the project final scale and complexity of the project, on the size, The years. months to several design can take several speci- as the “plans, in what is known process results (PS&Es) of required fications and estimates” for the solicitation of quantities of materials ready construction bids and subsequent construction. official title is “A Policy on the Geometric Design of Design on the Geometric Policy official title is “A the defini- and it is considered and Streets,” Highways for highway design. American Association reference tive Officials Transportation and Highway of State in the began publishing design standards (AASHTO) 1930s and has been updating them since then. Book serves as ask, the Green on whom you Depending either this country as a handy series of guidelines or merely Federal that designers can use at their discretion. has formally adopted (FHWA) Administration Highway for Book as the national standard parts of the Green THE “GREEN BOOK” Book is so named because the Green get too excited, you Before The friendly. not because it is environmentally is green, the cover FINAL DESIGN alternative is completed, the preferred review After environmental of Decision has been approved, upon and the Record is agreed roads in the National Highway System, which includes the inter- System, Highway in the National roads states and some primary routes. Book say that, in our pursuit of standard of the Green Critics and reflect other aspects of design that respect ignore design, we The “wider, values. other cultural, aesthetic and environmental with the locals. always sit well formula doesn’t straighter” flatter, publics and serve purposes and different roads different Different for small facilities such as inappropriate are Book standards Green on pub- or roads England rural roads of New tree-lined the hilly, by character and diversity risk losing regional We lic lands. on modern, high-speed design standards unnecessarily forcing roads. low-speed older, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s standards assume standards that everyone on is a drunkthe road speeding along without a seatbelt.” 116 “The AASHTO a Lighthizer, —James former Maryland trans- and portation director co-chair of the current on Traffic Force Task GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Capacity Across the Across Capacity Chesapeake Bay

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 119 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ocess by which the state ocess by removes all sod and grass to removes prepares the work site by removing all trees, removing site by the work prepares includes the location and placement of a particular depth as directed by the project specifications. Topsoil specifications. the project by a particular depth as directed During grubbing, trees are pulled completely from the ground to the ground pulled completely from are grubbing, trees During the surface. Desirable and other materials below all roots remove or left undisturbed. can be designated and either salvaged vegetation grading and dirt constructionHeavy power and communications may also need to be accommodated power site. within the project vegetation and obstructionsvegetation of any kind—natural or artificial. CONTRACT BIDDING CONTRACT construction state transportation divi- agency also has its own Every actually do the construction. the final Once sion, but they don’t and all right- plans, specifications and estimates (PS&E) is prepared the state transportationof-way property agency will “let is secured, or advertise contractors to bid on the project. for private for bid” the letting, management and The construction division oversees of administration of highway construction contracts. Bidders by the generally must be prequalified highway projects prospective competent and responsible they are construction division to ensure the PS&E and inspecting to perform After reading the work. and submit an estimated price time project site, bidders prepare At the end of open frame they will need to complete the project. made public and the contract is submission period, all bids are bid, but The transportation agency may choose the lowest awarded. it has the option of choosing a higher bid for quality reasons. CONSTRUCTION construction itself is a simple has made it this far, the project If the to show prepared Construction staging plans are matter. to be performed, materials to be sequence of operation, work traffic during each con- by to be utilized used, and the routes of long-term closures handling plans show Traffic struction phase. and maintained, the traffic is to be routed lanes and ramps, how for public traffic. and the number of traffic lanes available these basic steps: follows The sequence of events and grubbingClearing can take ownership of private property of private for public use. Although the can take ownership only that condemnation serve a public U.S. Constitution requires just compensation, state constitu- purpose and be accompanied by tions or laws may add additional requirements. sell, the state may simply exercise eminent domain and proceed with eminent domain and proceed sell, the state may simply exercise condemnation, which is legalese for the pr is excavated and stockpiled for reuse if appropriate. if appropriate. and stockpiled for reuse is excavated construction Utility water, municipal utilities such as sewer, drainage piping. Other Defenders of Wildlife is the provision of sidewalks, ramps, is the provision is the time and space it takes you to slam is the time and space it takes you Highways | is the way the road crowns in the middle crowns is the way road is the part next to the lane, of the road is the ability of a bridge to carry its own refers to the minimum vertical distance to an refers is the difference in cross slope between two adjacent in cross slope between is the difference ehicle going around a curve. For freeways and rural freeways facilities, an a curve.ehicle going around For obstruction over any part of the road, or how tall your camper tall your any part or how of the road, obstruction over that tunnel. can be and still get through weight and the traffic moving across it. and the traffic moving weight highway lanes or a lane and its shoulder. pavement is tilted to partiallypavement offset the centrifugal force on a v called an “operational offset” or “clear zone.” zone.” or “clear offset” called an “operational Stopping sight distance Stopping clearance Horizontal clearance Vertical lane cross slope Travel Rollover capacity Structural accommodation Pedestrian AND PURCHASING RIGHT-OF-WAY PREPARATION estate division responsible transportation agency has a real Every and managing right of way properties. for securing, preparing including sur- of responsibilities, a variety These divisions have and appraising land, property management, right-of-way veying licensing airspace and telecommu- certification, utility relocation, property. nication facilities, and selling excess only are there wealthy relatives, inherit property from you Unless either buy it (acquisition) or hands on it: you two ways to get your a transportation take it (condemnation) and then pay for it. If you the agency will agency determines it needs a particular property, and relocation value and offer fair market notify the landowner Amendment to the U.S. Constitution dictates The Fifth assistance. without or property, of life, liberty, that no person shall “be deprived of law; nor shall private property be taken for public due process declines an offer to a landowner use, without just compensation.” If 8 percent rate is often used to provide the maximum safety bene- rate is often used to provide 8 percent operational problems. fit while minimizing low-speed and slopes down on each side to promote faster drainage and on each side to promote and slopes down pooling on the road. keep water from pedestrian crossings and other design facilities that allow for safe and other design facilities that allow pedestrian crossings area. within and through a project pedestrian movement on the brakes before you hit the car (or moose) in front of you. you on the brakes before on a roadway should be The minimum sight distance available traveling at design speed to stop vehicles long enough to allow a stationary reaching object in the roadway. before Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 118 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 121 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION and in its . it cost to build a mile of highway? The it cost to build a mile of highway? does Highway Statistics Highway COSTS factors come into play when estimating the costs of a Several all about loca- estate, it’s highway project. As with any real given highways in mountainous areas tion, location, location. Building are projects than building on flat ground. Urban costs a lot more complicated proj- expensive than rural And more projects. more or engineering challenges interchanges ects, with bridges, several up the ante. will obviously much how So (WSDOT) Transportation Department of State Washington posed that verystate transportation agencies, question to fellow project design that based on the specs of an actual interchange strictly on to all states. Based was universal believed WSDOT contract bid items—not including right of way or environmental $4 million to $26.7 compliance costs—the estimates ranged from the cost to construct 25 states reporting, a single- With million. ranged from $1 million to $8.5 lane mile of the selected project 2002). cost of $2.3 million (WSDOT, million with an average widened Transportation 2005, the Alabama Department of In 20 for the bargain price of just $25.6 mil- four miles of Interstate is how here including the cost of land or labor, lion. Not down: some of the numbers broke Asphalt and base (getting equipment to site)Mobilization median barriersConcrete (installation and cleaning of pipes)Drainage $2,377,787 (painting and removal)Striping $1,268,210 barriers and conesSafety up existing pavement) (breaking Rubblizing SignsClearing vegetation $243,326 likes to keep track of construction costs, so for each con- FHWA $1,530,051 $521,659 bid $500,000, they ask that each state provide tract exceeding $7,400,777 price data on the quantity of materials used and installed Highway contracts on the National price of the materials from materials with data for seven FHWA provide States System. $286,164 structural rein- excavation, (common and unclassified roadway and structuralforcement steels, bituminous and portland cement surfaces, as total con- as well and structuralconcrete concrete), and bridge aspects of the contract, tract costs for road makes summaries of its bid price FHWA location of the project. $198,000 data, including a national composite index of all materials on collected, available to the public in its quarterly which data are Construction Highway for Federal-Aid Trends Price annual $224,307 Defenders of Wildlife Highways | configures and contours the cleared configures provide the “concrete and steel” such as bridges, box and steel” the “concrete provide measures put the final touches on the project, includ- put the final touches on project, measures ea to remove abrupt slope changes, making the ground ea to remove is the step most of us are familiar with, when the asphalt is the step most of us are culverts, overpasses and noise walls. culverts, overpasses ing striping, lighting, signing and guardrails. ing striping, lighting, signing and guardrails. and purchased materials are process, the above-outlined During they are transported many sources to one location where from for construction. Choice of materials and prepared mixed estimated amount variability, soils, weather depends on geology, stone, sand materials are of traffic and myriad other factors. Basic surface that make up most of the road byproducts and petroleum could use as many 200 dif- A highway project and base layers. products in the course of construction. Large constructionferent amounts of water—up to a mil- can also use tremendous projects 2002). lion gallons per day (Brennan, starting will be built in layers, with the sub- the road Generally by base of crushed followed base of local soils, then a gravel rock, is then or asphalt. It which is made of concrete the pavement, an asphalt surface. later on, it a road is resurfaced topped off by If will likely be with asphalt. Base and fine grading Base ground ar ground Paving Paving is laid and smoothed. Finishing as flat and hard as possible in preparation for paving. as possible in preparation as flat and hard Structures Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 120 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 123 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EVERY LITTLE BIT HELPS IN ALASKA EVERY gave the official, yet noncommittal nod to gave A report, Flexibility in Highway Design, and the national Design, in Highway Flexibility A report, Prior to pre-construction clearing, limited numbers of target to pre-construction Prior for fish, herpetofauna) can be salvaged species (vegetation, after project way or restoration out of harm’s either relocation completion. removal. tree Minimize for construction equipment and locate staging areas Minimize disturbed sites. them in previously Schedule construction important time frames around breeding, spawning or nesting seasons. disturbing migratory nests. bird Avoid species. invasive spreading equipment to avoid Wash training for construction on the special needs workers Provide area. of wildlife in or near the project at an closed containers for trash and dispose of all refuse Use landfill. approved with should be revegetated area completion, the project Upon species. native context sensitive solutions workshop document, Eight solutions workshop context sensitive and the Seven Yield Excellence to Characteristics of Process rec- The provision Design. Transportation in of Excellence Qualities to ommended use of these CSD manuals in establishing standards but stopped short of a System, Highway be used on the National requirement. CONSTRUCTION BMPsCONSTRUCTION WILDLIFE FOR CONSERVATION sev- are there impacts of the project itself, of the overall Regardless Specific eral things construction can do to lessen the blow. crews for wildlife should be determined in consultation with measures and sedimentation con- state and federal wildlife agencies. Erosion are commonplace but there and water quality protection are trol starting to catch on: that are ambitious measures many more 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 the contractors use constructionAsk your division if they require wildlife best management practices during construction. to help Offer for construction professionals. with periodic trainings on wildlife BMPs HALL OF FAME: SAFETEA-LU SAFETEA-LU FHW In the process of replacing an off-ramp, the Alaska Department of an off-ramp, of replacing the process In preserved and enhanced an iso- Facilities and Public Transportation legally been filled or developed. that could have lated wetland adding much to the construction trans- budget, crews Without another construction plants salvaged from site and planted wetland a rest- wetland, providing highway runoff to the half-acre directed ing place for wild ducks and Canada geese. in context to the you build it. A you where sensitive that is Defenders of Wildlife design you build it; it’s build it; it’s you Highways | how TBA), 2006 was a record year for transportation year TBA), 2006 was a record is, it’s not is, it’s project built in previously undisturbed wildlife habitat is built in previously project major impacts at that point. If you build a highway in major impacts at that point. If the antithesis of which it is built. Even the smartest design can’t prevent the smartest design can’t which it is built. Even Typical projects include sidewalks, bicycle facilities, landscaping include sidewalks, projects bicycle Typical and traffic calming roundabouts. that CSD has agrees CSD just lipstick on the corpse? Everyone Is in the world of transportation development and been a refreshing and continues to bring untold benefits pedestrians, bicyclists facilities. communities seeking safe, multi-modal and attractive Conservationists support any and all efforts to enhance human of it in to build more the pressure habitat because it reduces while CSD is a laudable concept, it has its wildlife habitat. But, to design will benefit the human envi- limitations. Improvements than the natural environment. more ronment CSD begins after the location has been chosen and scope of If largely restricted has been determined, the benefits are the project The problem and minor mitigation. to aesthetics, functional fixes lizard habitat, the lizard cares little whether you paint murals of little whether you cares habitat, the lizard lizard his home. that destroyed him on the overpass According to the American Road & Transportation Builders Transportation & to the American Road According Association (AR Highest Value of Highway and Bridge Contract Awards for 2006 TexasCaliforniaFloridaGeorgiaIllinois 2007) (ARTBA, CONTEXT SENSITIVE DESIGN of the most popular buzz phrases in transportationOne is “con- (CSD), which means designing in a way design” text sensitive that considers the total context of a transportation Don’t project. the sensitive solutions”—it’s hear “context be confused if you of CSD is a collaborative, interdis- The gold standard same thing. all stakeholders ciplinary to design that involves approach $4,597,100,000 $5,314,500,000 together to achieve a transportationworking facility that fits naturally into its physical setting, preserves scenic, aesthetic and $3,227,800,000 $2,631,100,000 and maintains safety mobility. resources, environmental $2,393,100,000 construction. The value of construction put in place on trans- The value work construction. portation totaled $105 billion, an almost unprecedented projects The growth $92.2 billion in 2005. of 13.8 percent over increase highway and bridge construction, 15.4 by which rose was powered $65.4 billion in 2005. $75.5 billion from to a record percent Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 122 It’s not how you not how It’s where build it, it’s build it. you GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 125 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION , NCHRP 25-25 04 ansportation.org/environmental_issues/construct_maint_ uction Practices for Environmental Stewardship for Environmental uction Practices .fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/index.htm Flexibility in Highway Design in Highway Flexibility s Keeping it Simple s Keeping uction and Maintenance esign Guidelines to Enhance Community Appearance and Protect Natural and Protect Community Appearance to Enhance esign Guidelines treets http://environment.tr DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FHWA’s http://www https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=110 Manual Design Highway CalTrans’ http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/hdmtoc.htm#hdm Design Manual Highway NYSDOT’s http://www.dot.state.ny.us/cmb/consult/hdmfiles/chapt_12.pdf D Resources University Technological Chadde. Michigan Joan http://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-exe-outreach-designguideline.doc Corridors Urban Designing Association American Planning Bishop, Kirk http://www.planning.org/APAStore/Search/Default.aspx?p=2349 CONSTRUCTION Construction Highway for Federal-Aid Trends Price http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/pricetrends.htm SENSITIVE DESIGN CONTEXT http://www.contextsensitivesolutions.org/ CSD page FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/csd/index.cfm WILDLIFE FOR PRACTICES BEST MANAGEMENT for Highway and Policies Procedures Practices, Stewardship Environmental Constr Chapter 4, Constr prac/compendium/manual/4_1.aspx FHWA’ http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifeprotection/ AASHTO Green Book: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and of Highways Design on Geometric Book: A Policy Green AASHTO S . Comparison of CalTrans Right CalTrans The Anniston Star The Anniston Clearing, Grubbing and Clearing, Grubbing . Washington DC: GAO-04- Washington . Defenders of Wildlife Highways | http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04113r.pdf . Retrieved from: . Retrieved The Seven Dwarfs: Often Ignored Highway Dwarfs: Often Ignored The Seven . Retrieved from: . Retrieved . Retrieved from: . Retrieved . Retrieved from: . Retrieved http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/biz/construction/pdf/I-C_Const_Cost.pdf 113R. Retrieved from: 113R. Retrieved http://www.wildlifecrossings.info/sa017.htm Mile. The $7 Million 5, 2005. B. June Lyman, from: Retrieved Stripping Washington Group International. 2006. International. Group Washington Transportation Construction Cost Comparison: WSDOT Construction Cost Comparison: Transportation Survey Nationwide REFERENCES Association. 2007. Builders Transportation and American Road – December of Contract Awards Value of Contracts, Number from: 2006. Retrieved http://www.artba.org/economics_research/recent_statistics/by_the_nu mbers/By_the_numbers_February_2007.pdf 2007. Transportation. California Department of Online Manual Way of States’ Highway Construction Costs Highway States’ http://www.pse.com/solutions/suppliersPDFs/WR_ClearingGrubbingS tripping.pdf 2002. Transportation. Department of State Washington http://www.dailyhome.com/news/2005/as-calhoun-0605-blyman- 5f04s5513.htm 2003. Office. Accounting General States United http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/row/rowman/manual/ S. 2002. Jacobson, Project Issues Project Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 124 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 127 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS For a com- For For a complete description For —monitoring traffic through —caring for and controlling —managing and preserving —maintaining and repairing traffic —maintaining and repairing —maintaining and repairing guardrails, —maintaining and repairing —providing and administering a wide vari- —providing —inspecting, repairing, painting, flushing, —inspecting, repairing, —maintaining and repairing catch basins, —maintaining and repairing —issuing permits for commercial vehicles, weigh —issuing permits for commercial oadside vegetation, landscaping, mowing, herbicide spraying, landscaping, mowing, oadside vegetation, safety and railroad crossings. safety and railroad Enforcement equipment and access to highways by stations, speed enforcement Aquatic Resources. Aquatic and equipment Fleet Water management Water basins, ditches, culverts, manholes, drywells,recharge installation pavement, pothole repair, patching, crack filling, chip sealing, pothole repair, pavement, RESPONSIBILITIES house was a big job! of your thought taking care And you for responsible are maintenance and operations crews Highway of keeping thousands of miles highway and acres zoom- right of way in tip-top shape—all while cars and trucks are in their workplace. ing by and shoulder maintenance Road signage, fencing, noise walls, medians, litter, beautification, out- signage, fencing, noise walls, medians, litter, of water management and aquatics, see plete description Roadside maintenance Roadside removing trimming, planting native vegetation, brush and tree soils. species and improving invasive Vegetation. vegetation management, see Roadside of roadside and sedimentation controls. of storm systems, erosion fuel maintenance equipment, vehicle roadway ety of vehicles, stations and support equipment. and operations control Traffic transportation signal systems, management centers, synchronizes and transit traveler information, incident response provides emergency management. lights, traffic calming, pavement markings, striping, sign installa- markings, lights, traffic calming, pavement zone work lanes, incidence response, tion, high occupancy vehicle businesses and developers. homeowners, transportation systems Intelligent base stabilization, rocking shoulders, grading gravel roads, dust shoulders, grading gravel roads, base stabilization, rocking abatement and cleaning. maintenance Bridge scour. cleaning and controlling door advertising and removing roadkill. door advertising and removing management vegetation Roadside r maintain main roads, maintain roads within gated, maintain roads Defenders of Wildlife maintain state highways and high- Highways | maintain roads within municipality borders. maintain roads Municipalities associations homeowner Private MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS The minute construction of a highway is complete, the mainte- the necessary maintenance divisions provide nance begins. Road services order is in good working that our infrastructure to ensure may While we safe for the motoring public. and conditions are the connection, maintenance professionals not always recognize the life of prolonging allies. By greatest can be a conservationist’s the need to continuously they reduce our existing infrastructure, new highways that may ultimately end up and more build more and essential natural areas consuming and fragmenting remaining wildlife habitat. the signifi- also essential for protecting are measures Maintenance that is our surfacecant public investment transportation system. and rehabilita- overlays maintenance such as pavement Preventive tion is crucial and controlling for extending the life of roads roads When essential maintenance is put off, long-term costs. and rehabilitation expensive more deteriorate faster and require at many times the cost. complete reconstruction even of trove and operations can also be a treasure Maintenance the impacts of highways on opportunities to not only reduce habitat quality through voluntary wildlife, but also to improve small changes in maintenance actions. Sometimes stewardship Conservationistspractices can make a big difference. would be their transportation maintenance and opera- wise to get know new partners in wildlife conservation.tions divisions and discover DIVISION OF LABOR among many shared maintenance and operations duties are Road agencies and departments, from state to local and even different often maintenance divisions are Local road landowners. private department,housed within the public works which also main- collection facilities. and refuse wastewater tains parks, treatment transportation agencies State home or condominium community boundaries. town ways in the National Highway System (all roads that have route that have (all roads System Highway ways in the National numbers, for example, M90 or US93) and interstate highways within state borders. County highway maintenance divisions and rural/countryneighborhood streets roads. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 126 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 129 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS you build a new addition. Sadly, common sense build a new you addition. Sadly, before Asking them to help do what they can. them showing they can help by of how them aware Making compendium on best maintenance practices (see the available below). constructive information on wildlife or clear, Providing near the right-of-way. such as Adopt- programs volunteer to help through Offering and habitat species control invasive a-Highway, enhancements. in transportation decision-making at all stages Participating planning, design, constructionof project and operations. support your for transportation agency efforts to Showing stewardship. environmental strengthen Guest Column: Guest WANT MAINTENANCE PROFESSIONALS YOU! HEAR FROM TO Ph.D. Gary R. McVoy, Management of Operations Office Director, Department of State Transportation York New to co-exist and we should all do our and wildlife have Highways The people who main- both come out winners. best to make sure public servants highways are with a natural sense of tain your They work local communities. in your They live stewardship. They want to do the right thing and have a choice. outdoors by the environ- largely untapped capacity for improving tremendous, ment as part of their daily work. Conservation can help highway maintenance profes- advocates to protect wildlife, enhance habitat and improve sionals do more by: our common environment 3 3 3 3 3 3 FIX IT FIRST best to fix the leak in probably Common sense dictates that, it’s roof your 2004, often eludes us when setting transportation priorities. In FHWA rated the condition of only 43.2 percent of our roads rated the condition of only 43.2 percent FHWA of Civil Engineers gave 2005, the American Society In “good.” even as our exist- Yet grade of D. a report-card roads our nation’s keep spending billions we falls into disrepair, ing infrastructure on building new highways. is a radical, old-fashioned idea that has been catching it First” “Fix and in large cities Wisconsin and on in some states like Michigan means protect- it First put, Fix California. Simply like Sacramento, major new have and looking to expensive, constructioning what we —snow applying plowing, Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ere weather and avalanche/rockslide weather ere authorized $25.2 billion for the Interstate authorized mula based on lane-miles of interstate, vehicle-miles traveled and traveled mula based on lane-miles of interstate, vehicle-miles Fund. Trust contributions to the Highway applies to go far and it rarely but it doesn’t That is a lot of money, reserved transportation funds are non-interstate highways. Federal and cannot be or major rehabilitation, for capital improvements local pay for the upkeep, To maintenance. used for general road maintenance with gas, property to fund road and have towns of local sources fees and general funds. Other parking sales taxes, gener- fees, assessments and bonds are funding, such as developer road maintenance. ally not used for regular funding for increased and Congress state legislature your Lobby for maintenance. response. response. maintenance and operations your from a representative Invite organization and discuss possible best prac- division to visit your tices for wildlife conservation. Road closures (emergency, seasonal) (emergency, closures Road de-icing chemicals, sev Maintenance program through 2009, to be distributed by a for- through program Maintenance FUNDING use may have been paid for and highways you of the roads Many with federal funding, but once built, they become the responsibil- maintenance funding Federal ity of state and local governments. for through the highway bill, but is only available is authorized maintaining highways within the interstate system. Federal distributed to states by formula, funds are Maintenance Interstate traveled and con- based on lane-miles of interstate, vehicle-miles Fund. Trust tributions to the Highway SAFETEA-LU Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s Conservation advocate gets all the money is hold can’t because you a ribbon-cutting ceremony at a pothole filling.” 128 “The construction reason GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 131 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS Environmental Stewardship Practices, Stewardship Environmental erts. install “smart” wildlife warning signs to alert install “smart” WASHDOT REGIONAL ROAD WASHDOT . Environmental Stewardship Practices, Procedures Practices, Stewardship Environmental The Washington State Department of Transportation collabo- Transportation Department of State Washington The Service, local Fisheries Marine rated with the National agencies and other partners a set of road to develop government maintenance policies and practices that contribute to the conser- aquatic species through 10 program of endangered vation elements including maintenance best management practices and a training program. workforce Program compendium, Program terrestrial species to pass, install exclusionary fencing to direct terrestrial herpetofauna to culv Dynamic signage— install elec- of wildlife in the right way, of the presence drivers the speed limit during peak wildlife signs that reduce tronic times. movement assistance in implementing best organization’s your Volunteer maintenance practices for wildlife conservation, such as roadside planting native species surveys,vegetation removal, invasives and monitoring. the need for sharing information on best recognized FHWA maintenance practices for wildlife conservation, and developed com- dedicated to going beyond website it Simple” the “Keeping pliance to identify simple techniques help wildlife through maintenance. road Highway Cooperative the National Through transportation officials devel- Program, Research compendium of practices oped a comprehensive into stewardship for integrating environmental construction, operations and maintenance activities: Construction and for Highway and Policies HALL OF FAME: MAINTENANCE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT PROGRAM ACT MAINTENANCE ENDANGERED SPECIES Maintenance Research Highway Cooperative a copy of the National Keep Construction and Maintenance for Highway and Policies Procedures extra copies for your to it often. Make desk and refer on your using it. already maintenance division if they aren’t If your maintenance and operations division is doing a good job, your If their efforts. Consider nominating them for one of the recognize for transportation For agencies and projects. offered many awards see the Appendix. a list of transportation awards, inventory rights-of-way for Defenders of Wildlife Highways | provide gaps in median walls to allow provide promote migratory bird protection on migratory protection promote bird clean and rehabilitate culverts to improve clean and rehabilitate . The longer we wait to fix our roads, the more expensive the fix. expensive the more The longer we wait to fix our roads, . will improve what we have, but we aren’t going to be building any- aren’t but we have, what we will improve to this, but in essence this is because exceptions are There thing new. have now.” to adequately maintain what we cannot afford we transportation agency staff State bridges, install bat-friendly devices, schedule bridge maintenance spawning or migrating. for times when fish aren’t connectivity— Habitat wildlife to move across roads without being trapped between bar- without being trapped between across roads wildlife to move projects only after our current roads have been taken care of prop- been taken care have roads projects only after our current erly BEST MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR BEST MAINTENANCE PRACTICES WILDLIFE CONSERVATION The best thing maintenance divisions can do for wildlife is take to build the pressure to reduce have of the roads we good care can also be tremendous maintenance professionals But more. of the natural environment and many transportationstewards for measures accepted the challenge. Maintenance agencies have small and simple to large complex, wildlife range from just a few examples: are here management— vegetation Roadside disturbance and to reduce regimes species, alter mowing sensitive invasive destruction species, remove of habitat for ground-nesting species, herbicide use education, plant and plant native vegetation salt, designate special need for road fences to reduce living snow training. provide management areas, management— Water small culverts walkways in wet to allow riers, install elevated Bridges and highways in good condition are cheaper to maintain and highways in good condition are Bridges defer maintenance, the cycle When we than those in bad condition. com- fails sooner and requires pavement is shorter, for rehabilitation 2004). Rough at a much higher cost (SACOG, plete reconstruction conditions road Poor a pain in the wallet for drivers too. are roads and operating in repairs cost U.S. motorists $54 billion per year outdated and to FHWA, $275 per motorist. According costs—that’s conditions and safety road and bridge design, pavement substandard of all fatal highway accidents. factors in 30 percent are features or your not, maybe you state? If it First” in a “Fix live you Do organization could spearhead the effort. we state has adopted a policy of no new highways. Basically, “Our fish passage, reduce use of road salt and de-icing chemicals, install use of road fish passage, reduce devices. water quality improvement maintenance— Bridge Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 130 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway Anatomy of a Highway a of Anatomy 133 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS , NCHRP 25-25 04 ainLinkPg/CountyRoadMain.asp York State Department of Transportation Department of State York eportcard/2005/index.cfm vernors Association, State Overview of Fix it First Approaches it First Overview of Fix Association, State vernors ociety of Civil Engineers ement Preservation ac/compendium/manual/ nvironmental Stewardship Practices, Procedures and Policies for Highway and Policies Procedures Practices, Stewardship nvironmental irst/Fix-it-First.htm MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS RESOURCES MAINTENANCE DIVISIONS Washington County, Clark http://www.clark.wa.gov/public-works/operations/index.html Maryland County, Montgomery http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/hwytmpl.asp?url=/content/dpwt/operations/highway/Hwy_M Transportation Carolina Department of North http://www.ncdot.org/doh/ CONDITIONS ROAD Roads Nation’s of Our The State Partnership Policy Transportation Surface http://www.transact.org/library/roadconditiondecoder.asp 2005 Card, Report Infrastructure American S http://www.asce.org/r Pav FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/preservation/index.cfm FIX IT FIRST Club Sierra http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/fixitfirst/ Wisconsin of 1000 Friends http://www.1kfriends.org/Transportation/Transportation_Policy/Fix-it- F Go National http://www.nga.org/cda/files/0408FIXFIRSTCHART.pdf BEST MAINTENANCE PRACTICES it Simple Keeping FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifeprotection/ E Construction and Maintenance http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/construct_maint_ pr Maintenance Highway in NYSDOT Stewardship Environmental Williams, New Kyle http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=jmie/terc . 2003 . 2004 Road Maintenance Road Status of the Nation’s Highways, of the Nation’s Status Defenders of Wildlife Highways | http://www.sacog.org/mtp/pdf/MTP2030/Issue%20Briefs/Road%20 Maintenance.pdf http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2004cpr/index.htm Federal Highway Administration. Administration. Highway Federal 2004Transit: and Bridges, Conditions and Performance REFERENCES Council of Governments. Sacramento Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 132 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Anatomy of a Highway stormwater androad salt. The Journal Biology ofConservation inApril, 2000. by Stephen Trombulak andChristopherFrissell firstpublishedin Follow riprap, thewaterthrough bridges,culverts, fishpassage Aquatic Resources cal bangforthebuck. agenciescandotogetthemostecologi- and whattransportation will learnhow roadside landscapesare designedandmaintained, Roadside Vegetation potential fundingsources forwildlifemitigationmeasures. course, thischapterwouldn’t of becompletewithoutanoverview Impacts ofRoads SECTION IN THIS Environment Natural Wildlife from habitatconnectivitylinkageanalysistowildlifecrossings. Of of Ecological Effects ofRoads on Terrestrial andAquatic Communities on thenaturalenvironment, basedonthesentinelarticle, introduces youtoavariety ofmitigationtechniques provides oftheimpactsroads anoverview tells theepicbattlebetween waterandroads. takes you onatourofourrightsway. You Review

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 137 IMPACTS OF ROADS ON WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACTS OF ROADS ON WILDLIFE AND NATURAL 14: 18-30. ify movement patterns and escape responses and change repro- patterns and escape responses ify movement success and physiological state. ductive of the physical environment Disruption built they are and fragment the habitat wherever destroy Roads edge the pavement’s well beyond and transform the environment soil water content and density level, 2000). At ground (Forman run off patterns and surface-water flow, change leading to altered vegetation, opening the canopy and removing sedimentation. By light invites dif- Additional the amount of light and heat increases. communities. Road native plant species, often replacing ferent heat islands that attract species like heat, creating surfaces store stirs up dust and other contaminants that Traffic and snakes. birds settle on plants, blocking necessary like photosynthesis processes addition, traffic noise can make roadside and transpiration. In 2000). (Forman inhospitable to certain nesting songbirds areas Alteration of the chemical environment instigate their that use the road the vehicles the road itself, Beyond ozone and Cars and trucks carbon dioxide, problems. produce own soil, plants, animals heavy metals that quickly contaminate the air, they reduce roads accelerate runoff, Because and water near roads. and deliver high levels riparian vegetation the buffering effects from waters. Among the of sediment, nutrients and pollutants to nearby chemicals, metals, oil, water quality from reduced concerns are gasoline, de-icing salts and other contaminants entering water as and parking lots. runoff roads non-point source from species of exotic Spread perfect conditions create of roads The construction and presence in and ultimately dis- species to move invasive for non-native, of the able to take advantage are Exotics vegetation. place native is originally when a road conditions created disturbed, altered Roads altogether. or removed stressed species are built and native to seeds that attach themselves for “hitchhiker” also act as vectors Transportation no accident. exotics are roadside Some vehicles. exotic species historically planted rapidly growing agencies have and slopes after construction erosion. ground to control on bare human use of an area Increased access into remote mere built for many uses—from are Roads all built for they are development—but to full blown areas areas, access to formerly remote increase human activities. Roads and intensity of human activity— the frequency thus increasing both legal and illegal. of the ecologi- review 2000. “A S.C., and C. Frissell. Trombulak, and aquatic ecosystems.” on terrestrial cal effects of roads Conservation Biology ) are often ) are Gopherus polyphemus Gopherus Defenders of Wildlife Highways | by Stephen Trombulak and Christopher Trombulak Stephen by Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Terrestrial of Roads on Effects of Ecological Review Mortality from Road Construction Road from Mortality Vehicles Collision with from Mortality of Animal Behavior Modification Environment of the Physical Disruption Alteration of the Chemical Environment Species of Exotic Spread Water of Land and Use Changes in Human buried alive or “entombed” when their dens are bulldozed and even- bulldozed when their dens are or “entombed” buried alive struction, any slow moving organisms are killed. Species that nest killed. Species organisms are moving struction, any slow like gopher tortoiseunderground, ( tually paved over. Compared to mortality from road collisions, few to mortality road from Compared over. tually paved mortality caused during road been done on the direct studies have The actual clearing and construction may last for only construction. if any wildlife agency staff would be on or months and few, weeks the mortality. the construction site to witness and record Aquatic Communities Aquatic IMPACTS OF ROADS ON WILDLIFE ON OF ROADS IMPACTS RESOURCES AND NATURAL and of the impacts roads aware conservationists well are Most A massive body of research highways on the natural environment. in studies are more has documented these impacts and hundreds the best overview of impacts was the sentinel Perhaps progress. article, construction from Mortality con- for road site in preparation the course of clearing work In road collisions from Mortality than any other impact, roadkill is clearly quantifi- more Perhaps collisions Vehicle able and has been very well documented. of age, sex or condition claim individual animals regardless substantial effects on a pop- the individual animal, and can have demography. ulation’s of animal behavior Modification in wildlife habitat can be enough of of a road presence The mere and highways that Roads a disturbance to alter animal behavior. home ranges, mod- bisect habitat can cause wildlife to shift entire Frissell first published in The Journal of Conservation in Biology The Journal first published in Frissell all the impacts of group and Frissell Trombulak 2000. April, categories: on wildlife into seven roads The authors note that none of these effects occur in isolation and all of of a road will ultimately lead to many or even the presence altering the physical and chemical instance, by these impacts. For species. Due of invasive facilitate the spread roads environment, some wildlife species may modify human activity, to increased otherwisetheir behavior and avoid suitable habitat near roads. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 136 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 139 WILDLIFE . Wildlife-vehicle collisions can take a Wildlife-vehicle . some cases, push some rare species closer to extinction. Statistics some cases, push rare grim as well, with 200 fatalities, 29,000 for human victims are than $1 billion in property damage everyinjuries and more year. and information on roadkill, all transportation agencies record Not those that do varyagencies collect and widely in practice. Some the issue alto- data on all incidents, while others ignore analyze data, transportation roadkill collecting and reporting By gether. agencies can begin identifying locations for mitigation measures. pays Transportation Colombia, Canada, the Ministry of British In contractors to systematically collect wildlife accident data private System Reporting Accident Wildlife on a daily basis as part of the the date, time, loca- record each incident, workers For (WARS). This data is used to tion, species, sex and age of the roadkill. determine the type and location of warning signs, exclusionary structures. fencing and crossing transportation data. If so, Ask your agency if they collect roadkill it to the wildlife agencies? Do the data or report do they analyze they use the data to inform their planning, operations or maintenance decisions or processes? WILDLIFE-VEHICLE COLLISIONS many animals are all witnessed the carnage, but how have We victims are Some know. may never We killed on our roadways? and too small to see, some crawl off the road either eaten by and others are die elsewhere esti- or taken by motorists. Recent scavengers 725,000 and 1,500,000 mates indicate between but struck on our roads annually, animals are of the Society the Humane an older study by Research Wildlife and the Urban States United Center estimated up to a million vertebrates every day and in toll on species at the population level PLANNING CONNECTIVITY LINKAGE HABITAT wildlife data is only one factor in determining where Roadkill necessary. are or other mitigation measures crossings agencies with resource agencies can coordinate Transportation and conservationists to engage in linkage analyses and develop across wildlife habitat connectivity plans. Animals need to move requirements. seasonal and life cycle the landscape for daily, wildlife populations into new Climate change likely will force and between They move patterns. critical, movement perhaps more habitat patches via corridors. Habitat connectivity describes core to which landscape characteristics (including highways the degree facilitate or impede the ability of an and other development) such as resources within a landscape to acquire organism to move our how Defenders of Wildlife Highways | such as deer, elk and moose. In many rural elk and moose. In such as deer, the most collisions are wildlife-vehicle regions, common cause of highway collisions. conservationists This chapter aims to provide with a better understanding of all the things the impact of possible to reduce now that are four mil- With existing highways on wildlife. we and highways out there, lion miles of roads used our work cut out for us. Strategies have and habitat fragmenta- to counteract roadkill such as site-specific projects tion range from models that combine underpasses to regional conservation biology and landscape ecology, human safety concerns with long-range transportation and biologists planning. Engineers making a joint effort to design effec- now are that will lessen structures wildlife crossing tive have upon wildlife. the effect roads Without question, we have made great strides in have made great question, we Without best mitigation cannot replace all the values lost when a highway all the values best mitigation cannot replace can be substantially reduced is built in wildlife habitat. Roadkill is only a symptom of much but roadkill with these measures, While it is important for us to strive mitiga- larger problem. steadfast in on existing highways, we need to remain tion projects opposing continued habitat losses to new highways and development. WILDLIFE building, we fig- of road took us a while, but after 100 years It bad for wildlife and other living out that highways are ured the last two decades, our understanding of things. In of This “age considerably. highways impact wildlife has grown enlightenment” has led to incremental improvements such as the improvements has led to incremental enlightenment” habitat linkage analysis, effec- ecology, burgeoning science of road in designs and innovations wildlife and fish passage structure tive some cases, we have possible. In policy that make such measures some been able to turn back the hands of time and restore even by a it had been severed of habitat connectivity where measure highway decades earlier. in a reduc- wildlife mitigation techniques should result Effective as important to collisions, hence they are tion in wildlife-vehicle deaths Human to habitat connectivity. human safety as they are common when vehicles collide with larger species and injuries are CAUTION: CAUTION: and highways on wildlife mitigating the impacts of roads the thing. Even just no substitute for the real there’s habitat. But, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 138 In Banff National Park, a series of 22 Park, National Banff In tied underpasses and two overpasses decreased together with fencing have 80 percent. by total roadkills has documented wildlife Monitoring using these structures—approximately of a wide range uses by 75,000 separate wildlife, including wolf, grizzly bear, elk, lynx, mountain lion and moose. GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 141 WILDLIFE from state wildlife agencies, —with radio collars, seasonal , available from some state transportation, available ARIZONA’S LINKAGES ARIZONA’S provide important information such as slopes, provide that include general vegetation types such as that include general vegetation dwoods, riparian or upland, marshes grassland Improvement Plan (STIP) Improvement wildlife mitigation measures to have and move linkage areas added to the scope of projects. provide sufficient detail for wildlife habitat connectivity planning. provide maps Topographic steep lands and flats can often be draws, ridges, saddles, extremely valuable profit conservation organizations can provide information on habitat locations. wildlife behavior Monitoring observation—can animals tracking, or direct determine where The Arizona Wildlife Linkages Workgroup (AWLW) is a collabo- (AWLW) Workgroup Linkages Wildlife The Arizona (Ruediger, 2007). (Ruediger, partnershipagencies, use your with transportationIn and resource a and prioritize completed wildlife habitat linkage plan to develop structures wildlife crossing system of effective comprehensive of interest. your state or area throughout Transportation Statewide the linkage plan with your –Cross-check with key which pending transportation overlap projects –Identify HALL OF FAME: Vegetation maps Vegetation conifer or har used to help identify wildlife corridors. habitat or range maps Wildlife federal land management agencies and non- heritage programs, rative effort public and private sector organizations to rative between system- a comprehensive, habitat fragmentation through address partners conducted a statewide Workgroup atic approach. habitat, the potential assessment to identify blocks of protected to them, and the factors threatening wildlife corridors between and disrupt After four successful workshops these linkage zones. meeting, mapping and writing, many hours spent coordinating, their initial findings, methodology and rec- presented the AWLW that is intended to 2006—a product ommendations in December and ultimately be used as a planning instrument. evolve attempt to cross. information Roadkill locations and number of collisions agencies, can provide model Corridors of Life State wildlife agency biologist State Defenders of Wildlife Highways | identify publicly owned lands that can be identify publicly owned CORRIDORS OF LIFE can be used to identify vegetation patterns, human can be used to identify vegetation espond to global warming, these corridors will become than deer; it helps many species safely negotiate highways that frag- habitats an ecosystem perspective, reconnects ment habitat, and from we done well, If become isolated by human development. that have iso- genetic connectivity and potentially ‘rescue’ re-establish can even extirpation.” lated populations from incorporated into a connectivity plan. However, some situations incorporated into a connectivity plan. However, land that may be necessary of private may call for key parcels for successful habitat connectivity. food, water, cover and mates (Fahrig and Merriam, 1985). As and Merriam, and mates (Fahrig cover food, water, wildlife r Elements of a Habitat Connectivity of a Habitat Elements photos Aerial water bodies, aspect and terrain, possibly developments, existing trails. maps Land ownership public lands include used as wildlife habitat linkages. Most easily more in their mission, and are wildlife habitat protection even more essential. Preparing statewide or regional plans for statewide or regional essential. Preparing more even habitat connectivity is an essential part a compre- of developing wildlife crossing structures. system of effective hensive highways is obviously about much more connectivity across “Habitat HALL OF FAME: Information System (GIS) models to locate the highest priority System Information fencing or structures, for mitigating highways with crossing areas habitat work, prioritize To in local landscapes. other measures regional and corridors from AWL’s cores (STIP) projects. State transportation on AWL’s departments rely State (STIP) projects. of federal appropri- scientific methodology to justify expenditures five improved date, they have To ations for wildlife mitigation. and Montana, Wyoming highway projects in Idaho, different in the commitment to construct wildlife under- seven resulting this far, So passes and two bridges for fish passage in the region. than $2.7 million for wildlife mitigation and $2.2 includes more land conservationmillion in private adjacent to highway mitigation. (insert map here) a wildlife habitat connectivity plan? If not, state have your Does to spear- state transportation agency and volunteer contact your state does have a wildlife habitat head the effort. your If not, contact your connectivity plan, is it being implemented? If to spearhead the effort.state transportation agency and volunteer American Wildlands (AWL) has developed two Geographic has developed (AWL) Wildlands American are overlaid with the Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan Improvement Transportation with the Statewide overlaid are Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 140 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 143 WILDLIFE allow for safe wildlife move- allow such as seasonal campaigns educat- such as infrared vision or sensors built such as infrared should result in fewer new alignments in should result in areas of high wildlife traffic, and at times in areas —such as replacing natural vegetation with natural vegetation —such as replacing is the practice of using strategically placed feed- placed on large ungulates such as elk and moose through hunting, sterilization and relocation has hunting, sterilization and relocation through along roadways can improve night visibility for can improve along roadways animals by harassing them away from the road surface the road harassing them away from animals by their ability to move across the landscape. their ability to move reduction Herd wildlife-vehicle collisions in urban areas. been used to reduce road and preventing collisions. and preventing road education and driver Public collisions raise awareness. ing motorists about animal-vehicle planning Informed wildlife collisions. wildlife habitat; hence, fewer OTHER NONSTRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES NONSTRUCTURAL OTHER in wildlife habitat, we’ve been building roads as long we’ve For had collisions. And for as long we have had wildlife-vehicle collisions, someone has been tryingwildlife-vehicle a to invent of success. Many the problem, but with mixed gadget to solve little shown and deer whistles have like reflectors these measures, collisions. in reducing or no effectiveness proposed solution falls into one of two categories: changes Every that affect motorist behavior and changes animal easier to teach animals change As it turns out, it’s behavior. than humans. behavior Changing motorist speed limits Lower more of the day (especially dawn and dusk) when animals are time and dis- in safer response about, result likely to be moving drivers, their passengers and wildlife. However, tance, protecting speed limit this technique is only successful with aggressive enforcement. Lighting collisions. them to see wildlife and preventing motorists, allowing Changing animal behavior alteration Habitat of roadsides the attractiveness reduce unpalatable vegetation—can to deer and other herbivores. feeding Intercept animals away from roadways. ing stations to lure only available in a limited number of vehicles. only available collars Reflective headlights at night, helping drivers see them on the vehicle reflect However, artificial lighting can have negative impacts on wildlife. artificial negative lighting can have However, closings or seasonal road Temporary ment only during the most important migration periods (sometimes as little a day) without long-term inconvenience for motorists. technologies, In-vehicle still hold promise, but are into cars to detect animals on the road Hazing with noise or offensive odors can reduce roadkill, but also limits roadkill, with noise or offensive odors can reduce Defenders of Wildlife Highways | WILDLIFE ‘CROSSWALK’ TESTED TO TESTED WILDLIFE ‘CROSSWALK’ signs where wildlife vehicle collisions have occurred or occurred wildlife vehicle collisions have signs where the signs quickly But to cross. known wildlife are where as motorists become habituated lose their effectiveness as not recommended Thus, signs are to their presence. as they do not deter ani- the sole mitigation measure, little effect on entering the roadway and have mals from motorist behavior. in holds some promise Dynamic signage, however, sensors are collisions. Motion wildlife-vehicle reducing installed on the outer edge of right way to deter- The sensors then trigger of wildlife. mine the presence alerting illuminated warning signs next to the roadway, road, or to the electronic crossing. The crossing uses infrared cam- The crossing uses infrared crossing. or to the electronic road, eras and military-grade to set off large signs and warning software for an elk, mule deer or will be prepared lights so that drivers the that may be about to cross another animal of significant size have to train the animals use system. don’t “You highway. a wildlife biolo- Dodd, said Norris to train the drivers,” have You it will Department. “Hopefully, and Fish Game gist for the Arizona The crossing system and fencing down.” convince motorists to slow cost about $700,000, most of which is being paid for with a federal underpasses being funneled through the elk are where grant. Areas said. in such incidents, Dodd reduction seen an 83 percent have costing drivers collisions are much wildlife-vehicle out how Find state. in your and taxpayers SIGNAGE col- wildlife-vehicle to reduce the most common measure Perhaps caution sign found on lisions is the ubiquitous “leaping deer” can teach whitetail deer to until we But highway rights of way. colli- wildlife-vehicle these signs do veryread, little to prevent inexpensive agencies place the relatively Transportation sions. ANIMALS, DRIVERS PROTECT 03, 2007 January The Associated Press, designed to keep Arizona’s “crosswalk” An experimental electronic for the safe will begin operating east of Payson animals and drivers is partThe high-tech crossing of an extensive first time this month. system of wildlife underpasses and electrified fencing along a three- The miles east of Payson. of Arizona 260, about seven mile stretch under the they can cross to places where fences funnel the creatures motorists that animals are present and reducing the speed limit. and reducing present motorists that animals are present, only activated when wildlife are the signs are Because likely to notice them and be alert. more are drivers and speed limits, limit enforcement reduced Suggest with high wildlife-vehicle collision rates. dynamic signage in areas NEWS: IN THE Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 142 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 145 WILDLIFE Wildlife crossings are appropriate for retrofitting appropriate are crossings Wildlife (1980) In Montana, two underpasses were built two underpasses were Montana, (1980) In mountain to allow Park National in Glacier U.S. 2 on their way to the goats to cross River. Flathead installed two tunnels in (1987) Massachusetts a local salamander population Amherst to allow during its breeding a two-lane street to cross season. installed 24 underpasses under “Slaughter (1993) Florida Florida endangered several of I-75 where a stretch Alley,” panthers had been killed in collisions. existing roads that fragment habitat connectivity, but they should that fragment habitat connectivity, existing roads be used to justify building a new road in wildlife habitat. never Project (NCHRP) study, there are at least 550 terrestrial under- at least 550 terrestrial are there (NCHRP) study, Project than 10,000 aquatic and more passes for wildlife, six overpasses cross- more 2007). Several (Cramer, States passages in the United in design and construction in the currently are ing structures of all structures than 40 crossing including more States, United within a 56-mile segment of U.S. 93 in Montana. sizes as part crossings of widening I-90 is planning several Washington Pass. Snoqualmie through CAUTION: United States, the transportation planning process States, United deliberate and trans- countries is slow, in European of public participation. with high levels As a parent highway B31 has of Germany’s one stretch result, has a fully vegetated land bridges. Switzerland five a six- over land bridge with a functioning wetland States Early efforts in the United lane highway. been less dramatic, but no needed. have 3 3 3 Research Highway Cooperative National to a recent According Wildlife crossings are not a panacea, they are merely Band-Aids. merely not a panacea, they are are crossings Wildlife one of the many impacts highway can only address Crossings The high- brings, and only in the exact location of crossing. water, of pollution (air, way is still a major disturbance, source and enabler of for invasives soil, noise, vibration and light), vector Even associated development. loss of habitat through extensive can only wildlife crossing the best designed and most effective a fraction of the habitat connectivity that was lost and will restore when a lost forever the natural conditions that are replace never highway is built. for the eflect vehicle head- mounted on posts along may reduce the number may reduce Defenders of Wildlife http://www.DeerCrash.com are mounted on vehicles to deter ani- mounted on vehicles are Highways | Mirrors and reflectors Mirrors the edge of highway r of deer entering the right way to lick salt light beams and create a lighted fence believed light beams and create entering the roadway. to deter animals from The success of this technique has not been anecdotal evidence. established beyond salt alternatives Road WILDLIFE CROSSINGS of mitigation meas- many to be the “holy grail” by Considered (called ecopassages, ecoducts, structures wildlife crossing ures, been standard underpasses or land bridges) have overpasses, countries for decades. Europeans practice in many European govern- land ethic and expect greater a stronger tend to have including by respond of land use. Governments ment control the public in decision-making and incorporating social consid- practice in the erations into the landscape. Contrary to standard IN THE NEWS: HIGHWAY SHUT FOR BUTTERFLY HIGHWAY THE NEWS: IN TRAVEL 24, 2007 March BBC News, is to close one lane of a major highway protect more Taiwan than a million butterflies, the road on their seasonal which cross which winters in the The purple milkweed butterfly, migration. some 600m of motorway to south of the island, passes over of the 11,500 in the north. ground Many its breeding reach butterflies that attempt the journey each hour do not reach from the road surface. the road from latest research on each. latest research mals from entering the roadway. Like reflectors, there is little there Like reflectors, entering the roadway. mals from of deer whistles. the effectiveness evidence showing meas- unproven mitigation spending on ineffective, Discourage agencies are Transportation and whistles. such as reflectors ures less likely to try previ- effective techniques when they have more Check out the measures. ously wasted money on ineffective at Toolbox Countermeasures Ultrasonic deer whistles Ultrasonic safety, experts say. Taiwanese officials conceded that the decision Taiwanese experts say. safety, to close one lane of the road would cause some traffic conges- to close one lane of the road beings need tion, but said it was a price worth paying. “Human tiny butter- if they are to coexist with the other species, even told the Bureau, Freeway Thay-ming, of the National flies,” Lee cost estimated to have are The measures AFP news agency. $30,000 (£15,200). Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 144 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 147 WILDLIFE Conservation advocate – Structures should be designed as flat and straight – Structures – Depending on the size and air flow within cul- and air flow on the size – Depending – Traffic noise and artificial light are additional dis- noise and artificial light are Traffic – State wildlife agency biologist State – Some species prefer well vegetated approaches; oth- approaches; well vegetated species prefer – Some – The substrate within a crossing should replicate The substrate within a crossing – – Exclusionary fencing on either side of crossing struc- fencing on either side of crossing – Exclusionary – Some small animals feel more secure using a crossing sys- using a crossing secure small animals feel more – Some involved was, ‘this stuff doesn’t work.’ I’m still working I’m work.’ stuff doesn’t was, ‘this involved if done on getting them to understand that it does work properly.” and effec- they can be creative full scope of the problem, allies.” tive tures keeps wildlife out of the right way and guides animals to tures 2007). for safe crossing (Ruediger, the structure able to see through the structure to suitable habitat on the oppo- the structure able to see through site side. Fencing Temperature the inside the crossing may differ from verts, the temperature enough to deter some tempera- outside, ambient temperature species such as snakes. ture-sensitive Substrate conditions on either side as much possible. ground some of the engineers initially by “The response standard they understand the Once problem solvers. are “Engineers Cover of stumps example, rows For sufficient cover. tem if it provides to reduce Overpasses use high berms and vegetation crossings. traffic noise and headlight glare. Approaches at the Vegetation open approaches with good visibility. ers prefer and rootwads in an underpass appear to facilitate use by small and rootwads mammals such as rabbits and voles. Noise/Light using turbances for most species, and can deter wildlife from entrance of an underpass may deter some mammals that are waryentrance of an underpass may deter some mammals that are ambush opportunities for predators. of conditions that provide Line of sight underpasses should be as terrain permits. Animals approaching Defenders of Wildlife Highways | – For underpasses, the “openness” is determined underpasses, the “openness” – For – Rarely will one crossing suffice for the full suite of – Rarely – In most cases, the larger the crossing, the better. most cases, the larger crossing, – In – Shrubs and other vegetation shield animals from – Shrubs – Crossings should be built in a location where they are should be built in a location where – Crossings – For wet culverts, amphibians may prefer a continuous culverts, wet amphibians may prefer – For – Most species prefer a certain amount of light within a species prefer – Most by the height in relation to the width. In general, the more open general, the more to the width. In the height in relation by effect. the “tunnel” as it reduces the better, Light crossing, particularly prey species. Other species are sensitive to sensitive species are species. Other particularlycrossing, prey artifi- that are to use structures human disturbance and reluctant lighting is best. cially lit. Natural Moisture wet substrate to pass successfully. substrate to pass successfully. wet Vegetation for species that feel vul- cover traffic light and noise provide distance between crossings can be important. Reptiles and amphib- can be important. crossings Reptiles distance between giving up. before a crossing unlikely to travel far reach ians are matters Size must be wide enough and tall for comfortable Underpasses nerable when using crossings. CROSSING DESIGN CROSSING generally designed to mimic the natural are crossings Wildlife the natural habitat that around them and recreate environment naturally a wildlife The more the highway. was fragmented by likely animals the more fits into the surrounding area, crossing design depends on several factors: crossing will use it. Successful Placement animals naturally generally where most likely to be utilized, too long, they are if crossings species. However, passing of various a tunnel effect that is less inviting to certain species. may create ratio Openness approach a highway. Often animals choose areas to cross where to cross animals choose areas Often a highway. approach right-of- or narrower vegetation is a specific terrain feature, there courses and wooded and river bottoms, stream Ridges, valley way. in When designing the crossings choice locations. corridors are near locating the underpasses and overpasses Park, National Banff suc- natural travel corridors was crucial to the project’s the animals’ close to stream this meant placing the structures carnivores, cess. For doing the ungulates, it involved For corridors or drainage areas. (their preda- far from carnivores opposite—placing the structures tors) and with a clear view of the entrances these structures. Redundancy small animals, travel a large landscape. For across species moving Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 146 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 149 WILDLIFE . tunnels . fences, Wire ,Barbed wire, Woven wire, ,Barbed Wire fences, ete, Precast concrete, Wood concrete, ete, Precast Corrugated metal pipe, Metal plate, Corrugated metal pipe, Metal Corrugated metal pipe, Metal plate, Corrugated metal pipe, Metal Diversion fences are sometimes fences are Diversion Precast concrete, Cast-in-place con- concrete, Precast guide . open-bottom culvert or aterial: . European badger culverts are sometimes badger culverts are . European pipe ecopipes drift recast concrete, Cast-in-place concrete, Wood Cast-in-place concrete, concrete, recast Typical Material: Typical P break in the upper portion. break Material: Typical Cast-in-place concr Culvert: Wildlife crosses UNDER the traffic. crosses Wildlife Culvert: pass Under Wildlife through a culvert. A Animals pass under an intersecting roadway the entire with embankment around culvert is a conduit covered conduits for Small may or not convey water. It perimeter. sometimes called amphibians are Culvert Box has four sides, including bottom. Sometimes Culvert corrugated metal pipe culverts or rectangular square called box culverts without bottoms are Material: Typical Wood crete, (Continuous) Culvert The lower is continuous in circumference. Culvert simply portion may or not be buried. Sometimes called called Bottomless Culvert with is discontinuous in circumference Culvert top and natural surface bottom. or square rounded Also called Barrier in a given designed to stop movement Structures direction. Fence usually with some type structure A barrier or diversion defined support Often structures. of material between the support the material between structures. by M Typical Slotted drain culverts are continuous except for a continuous except drain culverts are Slotted called wire, Chain link, Rail, Plastic mesh wire, wildlife overpass. or Defenders of Wildlife . ecoduct, wildlife bridge, . Highways | w wildlife to cross over an intersecting w wildlife to cross over The largest overcrossings may be called The largest overcrossings landscape connectors Tunnel a substantial through bores The roadway undisturbed amount of earth, allowing and soil on top. vegetation Underpass Wildlife Animals pass under an intersecting road- a bridge. A bridge forms partway through and is usually at least 20’ of the roadway long. span bridge Single on abutments with no rests The structure intermediate support columns. Also called open span bridge span bridge Multiple intermediate A bridge with one or more support abutments. columns between Viaduct A long, multiple-span bridge Causeway wetlands. as viaduct, only often over Same Wildlife Overcrossing Wildlife designed to A grade separation structure allo with vegeta- is usually covered It roadway. tion. Also called bridge, biobridge, green Types of Wildlife Crossings Wildlife of Types the traffic. OVER crosses Wildlife crosses UNDER the traffic. Wildlife Bridge: Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 148 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 151 WILDLIFE In Switzerland, signs are posted signs are Switzerland, In asking peo- near wildlife crossings the purpose of ple to respect and only use crossings structures designed for humans. researchers are urging stricter limits on human are researchers to Anthony According structures. activity near the crossing scientist leading the wildlife ecologist and research Clevenger, Park, National of wildlife mitigation in Banff evaluation from humans is the most important consideration in “Distance The further the for large carnivores. structures designing crossing The Canadian public supports 2000). (Critter Crossings, better.” of respon- poll, 89 percent a recent In the wildlife-only crossings. a management plan that would build separate dents approved using wildlife for park visitors, to keep humans from crossings Canada, 2006). (Parks crossings MIXED USE the sidewalk with a like to share would you How her “cross- want to share doesn’t grizzly bear? She not to wildlife prefer Most with you either. walks” their habitat with humans and wildlife share com- While some more no different. are crossings can become mon species such as deer and coyote sensitive easily habituated to human presence, dis- and grizzly bears are species such as wolves high quality habitat human activity and will avoid even turbed by near. if humans are in the face of competing needs and limited compromise Seeking human-wildlife designed mixed-use, dollars, some states have by frequented structure can a crossing But structures. crossing built a humans truly passage for wildlife? Florida be an effective Harris the Marjorie in 2000 to reconnect 16-meter-wide overpass County. I-75 in Marion that crosses Greenway Carr Cross-Florida and The land bridge was built to accommodate hikers, cyclists possums coyotes, foxes, horseback riders during the day and deer, monitoring has cap- and other small mammals at night. Sporadic using the bridge and officials images of bobcat and coyote tured of indigo snake and gopher tortoise confirmed visual reports have listed species in Florida on the bridge, both of which are (Thomason, 2007). that wildlife cross- shown other studies have But human by less effective when frequented ings are the use of 14 study measured visitors. One and Park National wildlife underpasses in Banff concluded that human influence was a factor at human population a nearby all locations. Either or human activity within an underpass consistently ranked high as a significant factor affecting species- an effort 2000). In performance ratios (Clevenger, numbers of large carnivores the low to increase Canada Parks at Banff, using the structures . deer guard hock is typically intense, but Defenders of Wildlife Braided Rope, High-tensile wire wire High-tensile Rope, Braided concrete concrete Wood Brick, Concrete, Sheet Concrete, Wood, Brick, Highways | iling Electric Electric grounded organisms a strands that give Electrified shock when touched. S not physiologically damaging. Material: Typical Jersey Barrier Jersey used primarily to affect vehicles direction. Structures or solid with openings. Solid Material: Typical Wall wall Solid Material: Typical Wall Sound A solid wall used for absorbing or deflecting sound the highway. produced from Material: Typical P Barrier In-roadway a pit and built over for vehicles structures Support in fenc- a break wildlife access across used to prevent but to a cattle guard, Similar ing or other barrier. designed for wildlife. Also called an animal trapped on designed to allow A structure They allow fence to exit. a diversion by the roadway to make it easy escape passage in only one direction but difficult to enter it. the roadway, Gate One-way passage for the design species A gate designed to allow in only one direction. Ramp Fence Funnel Wildlife Service’s courtesy of the USDA Forest Graph http://www.wildlifecrossings.info Toolkit Crossings Escape Structure Escape Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 150 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 153 WILDLIFE program has proven to be a program has proven contains Section 6001, a planning provision that 6001, a planning provision contains Section Citizen Science Wildlife Monitoring Wildlife Citizen Science age plan. Suggest that they be used as a basis for the mitigation age plan. Suggest opportunities for 6001. Find under Section discussion required wildlife mitigation in upcoming projects. tunities for public participation in the Section 6001 consultation. tunities for public participation in the Section very successful means for expanding our research capacity while very successful means for expanding our research for land use management, sultation with agencies responsible conservation protection. natural resources, and environmental a “dis- that the consultation involve also requires The provision mitigation activities and cussion of potential environmental to carrypotential areas out these activities, including activities and maintain the potential to restore the greatest that may have These early con- the plan.” functions affected by environmental opportunities to begin discussing wildlife great sultations are infor- more For structures. such as crossing mitigation measures 6001, see Planning. mation on Section 6001 consultation process. of the Section advantage Take scat transects, hair snares and video monitoring. In its first year, and video monitoring. In scat transects, hair snares the COSTS to wildlife crossings the most common questions related Perhaps does the money come much do they cost?” and “where “how are Like all aspects of highway building, wildlife mitigation from?” verytechniques range in price from inexpensive (warning signs) to is unique and Because each project very (overpasses). expensive constantly fluctuating, because construction and materials costs are we firm cost guidelines. However, it is nearly impossible to develop sources. various estimates from able to collect the following were engaging citizens at the local level and fostering knowledge and at the local level and fostering knowledge engaging citizens ecosystem. Rockies about the Southern interest Columbia took the cit- British in Calgary, Institute The Miistakis in the Watch science concept to the web with their “Road izen Crowsnest 3 through who use Highway Drivers project. Pass” sightings of wildlife (dead or alive) encouraged to report are Pass on log in and fill out a simple report Users on a special website. and collected is analyzed the species, location and status. Data to planners, managers and decision-makers in the provided and beyond. Pass of Crowsnest Municipality your planned or needed, volunteer wildlife crossings are Where science. monitoring and citizen organization to help with pre-project SAFETEA-LU long-range transportation plans to be developed in con- requires –Ask someone from your state planning division if there are oppor- are state planning division if there –Ask someone from your and wildlife habitat link- Plan Action Wildlife State your –Bring Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Citizen Science Monitoring Wildlife USING CITIZEN SCIENCE FOR been proposed across Interstate 70 in Interstate across been proposed engages local resi- The program Colorado. dents, educates communities and collects monitoring wildlife presence baseline data by the use of motion- and abundance through volunteers Trained cameras. triggered batteries, reposition images, replace download important information on the cameras, record program to monitor wildlife activity in the program has structure a wildlife crossing where area camera’s status, and reprogram the camera for future use. Images the camera for future status, and reprogram camera’s compiled in a statewide monitor- from cameras are downloaded Web. ing database and posted on the monitoring efforts will be capacity increases, As the program’s number of monitoring stations and volun- extended to a greater teers will be trained in additional monitoring techniques including WILDLIFE CROSSINGS Monitoring to species respond various our understanding of how improve To is needed. It wildlife crossing designs, continued research different and after is important to conduct wildlife monitoring both before construction, using scientific methodology and publishing all so others benefit from what is and recommendations results individual highway projects, monitoring can help learned. On like fencing, wildlife approaches to adjust mitigation measures also helps deter- and human use levels. Monitoring structures, Due receive. mine the amount and type of wildlife use structures waryto the learning curve more structures, for using crossing and to become accustomed structures species may take years begin using them successfully. wildlife track counts and low-cost can range from Monitoring surveys camera traps roadkill to medium-cost motion-triggered it is inte- and genetic analyses of scat hair samples. Because as it contributes to overall gral to the success of structure monitoring should be included in the plan- habitat connectivity, ning, design and cost of the project. of state or area in your structures have existing crossing you If Work for use and effectiveness? they being monitored are interest, to implement monitoring strategies for crossing with researchers your organization to help with monitoring. Volunteer structures. HALL OF FAME: The Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project (SREP), in collabora- Ecosystem Project Rockies The Southern Science Range Natural and the Gore Zoo tion with the Denver the School, developed Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 152 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 155 WILDLIFE reduction in wildlife-vehicle collisions means a reduction in property damage, hospital costs and lost wages contained a provision requiring the USDOT to the USDOT requiring contained a provision Don’t fall for the “Jedi mind tricks” of wildlife miti- mind tricks” fall for the “Jedi Don’t restoration of wildlife corridors, reduced effects fragmentation, reduced road mortality BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE WILDLIFE CROSSING STRUCTURES Ecology: Human safety: deaths and injuries Cost savings:

our transportation infrastructure. They are only necessaryThey are because our transportation infrastructure. by trans- wildlife habitat. Efforts a highway was built through highly lost connectivity are portation agencies to restore If a highway is built in an not charity. commendable, but they are expected to pay for ava- bureau zone, is the weather avalanche lanche sheds? SAFETEA-LU inevitably someone will suggest that because they benefit wildlife, agencies and conservationists should pay for them. Nice resource still a part of used by wildlife, but are are Crossings Obi-Wan. try, We know that habitat connectivity is critical to ecosystem health know We than sufficient evidence that properly have more now and we with no specific Yet, effective. are structures designed crossing and no regulatoryfunding mechanisms for wildlife crossings often reluc- to build them, transportation agencies are directives structures. tant to spend highway dollars on crossing that—as of the price tag, it is important to remember Regardless mitigation measures with any other safety measure—wildlife transportation proj- should be seen within the context of entire ect, and the costs should be seen within context of entire be the sole factor in deter- project budget. Cost alone should never the proposed used. Rather, mining which mitigation techniques are based on cost-effectiveness, overall should be evaluated measures on the investment. benefits and savings, long-term return CAUTION: When discussing the high costs of wildlife crossings, gation. commission a study of methods to reduce collisions between commission a study of methods to reduce The study will include an assessment and wildlife. motor vehicles wildlife vehicle of causes, solutions and best practices for reducing and other mitigation collisions—including wildlife crossings of of the study will inform development The results measures. a best practices manual to serve as a guide for developing

Road Ecology (Forman, et al.) et (Forman, Ecology Road million $16 Tunnel

Road Ecology (Forman, et al.) et (Forman, Ecology Road million $8.5 roadway Elevated

for Carnivores and Other Wildlife (Ruediger, 2007) (Ruediger, Wildlife Other and Carnivores for

Safe Passage: A User’s Guide to Developing Effective Highway Crossings Highway Effective Developing to Guide User’s A Passage: Safe more or million $5 overpass Vegetated

Cost of entire project: $14 million $14 project: entire of Cost

Department of Transportation, April 5, 2007 5, April Transportation, of Department

Personal communication with Deborah Wambach of Montana Montana of Wambach Deborah with communication Personal million 4 to $3 bridge span Double

Project: 407940-1-52-01, SR 70 Wildlife Crossings (SR 29) (SR Crossings Wildlife 70 SR 407940-1-52-01, Project: 149,846.61 $7, 29.) SR under passage allow to one Canal;

Cost of entire project: entire of Cost Barron the over bridge to one bridges: two

(FDOT is building 2 crossings, each with with each crossings, 2 building is (FDOT

Personal communication with project engineer, Bill Franklin, March 27, 2007 27, March Franklin, Bill engineer, project with communication Personal $1,581,325.60 passes under and over Combination for Carnivores and Other Wildlife (Ruediger, 2007) (Ruediger, Wildlife Other and Carnivores for

Defenders of Wildlife Safe Passage: A User’s Guide to Developing Effective Highway Crossings Highway Effective Developing to Guide User’s A Passage: Safe million $1 underpass span Open

Road Ecology (Forman, et al.) et (Forman, Ecology Road million $1.15 Overpass

Road Ecology (Forman, et al.) et (Forman, Ecology Road cost added Minimal waterway bridge–over Open-span

Highways |

Road Ecology (Forman, et al.) et (Forman, Ecology Road $470,000–670,000 land bridge–over Open-span

Factors Influencing their Effectiveness (cited in Donaldson, 2005) Donaldson, in (cited Effectiveness their Influencing Factors only) (extension

The Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals in Virginia and and Virginia in Mammals Large by Underpasses Highway of Use The $433,000 extension Bridge

Factors Influencing their Effectiveness (cited in Donaldson, 2005) Donaldson, in (cited Effectiveness their Influencing Factors

The Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals in Virginia and Virginia in Mammals Large by Underpasses Highway of Use The $870,000 culvert Box

Road Ecology (Forman, et al.) et (Forman, Ecology Road $120,000 box Concrete

for Carnivores and Other Wildlife (Ruediger, 2007) (Ruediger, Wildlife Other and Carnivores for

Safe Passage: A User’s Guide to Developing Effective High-way Crossings High-way Effective Developing to Guide User’s A Passage: Safe $250,000 23’ x 13’ culvert Arch

Factors Influencing their Effectiveness (cited in Donaldson, 2005) Donaldson, in (cited Effectiveness their Influencing Factors Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s

The Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals in Virginia and Virginia in Mammals Large by Underpasses Highway of Use The $150,000 culvert arch bottomless pipe metal Corrugated

Factors Influencing their Effectiveness (cited in Donaldson, 2005) Donaldson, in (cited Effectiveness their Influencing Factors

The Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals in Virginia and Virginia in Mammals Large by Underpasses Highway of Use The $150,000-170,000 culvert metal Elliptical rsigtp otSource Cost type Crossing 154 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 157 WILDLIFE natural highway projects. Yes, you read you Yes, highway projects. or past caused by current current caused by measures, highly vulnerable species could quickly be rele- measures, status. gated to endangered ties for wildlife unless forced to do so. People start getting nervous People to do so. ties for wildlife unless forced for things like wildlife crossings.” taxes raise when you biologist FHWA Retired is convincing people that wildlife crossings are truly needed and jus- are is convincing people that wildlife crossings This ultimately means changing the mindset of people.” tifiable. Conservation advocate habitat. As such, any measure to reduce the risk of accidents is a to reduce habitat. As such, any measure Department Washington The legitimate transportation expense. is not only including the cost of crossings in Transportation of they Pass, Snoqualmie their pending widening of I-90 through of habitat connectivity in the pur- included the restoration have pose and need of the project. want to spend money on highway ameni- really “The politicians don’t that right. federal transportation funds can be used to mitigate to habitat that was impacted “due impacts for nonwetland not mitigated when the which were projects already-completed built.” projects were com- the purposes of this rule, natural habitat is defined as “a For or indigenous vegetation, not plex of natural, primarily native artificial landscaping, a subject to cultivation or current currently habitat for wildlife, either primary purpose of which is to provide SOURCES OF FUNDING FOR WILDLIFE OF FUNDING FOR SOURCES MEASURES MITIGATION sev- funding for wildlife mitigation can come from Transportation no This is by pots, depending on the circumstance. eral different means a complete list and conservationists should continue explor- all of our resources. ways to leverage ing newand creative sources Budget 1. Project restoring may ultimately benefit wildlife by structures Crossing some fraction of habitat connectivity that was lost when the high- still part of our transportationway was built, but they are a serious safety haz- collisions are Wildlife-vehicle infrastructure. wildlife built through on many highways because they were ard Mitigation 2. Retroactive in the business. In may be one of the best kept secrets Pssst—this a final rule on the eligibility of released 2000, FHWA December The federal-aid transportation funding of mitigation activities. use of federal to allow final rule the existing regulation broadened and highway funds to mitigate for impacts wetlands habitat “There is such a demand for transportation dollars; the biggest hurdle “There is such a demand for transportation ta- TO BUILD CROSSINGS? CROSSINGS? BUILD TO Defenders of Wildlife NOT Highways | A recent study by the Western study by the A recent calculated the aver- Institute Transportation age total costs associated with an species: collision for three animal-vehicle $17,100 for $7,890 per collision for deer, 2006). elk, and $28,100 for moose (Huijser Transportation and Highways analyzed the and Highways Transportation various costs of wildlife vehicle collisions, costs of wildlife vehicle various The British Columbia Ministry of The British 3 3 Virginia Transportation Research Council recently conducted Council recently Research Transportation Virginia a cost-benefit analysis of two underpasses and concluded that in terms of with fencing is cost-effective structure an effective savings in property damage alone when it prevents just 2.6 savings in property damage alone when it prevents 2005). (Donaldson, collisions per year for $3 million after he Booth sued the state of Arizona Jerry in a collision with an elk lying the injured was severely A jury against found that the state failed to guard roadway. and elk or deer motor vehicles collisions between foreseeable should be noted that 2004). It of Arizona, State (Booth v. for elk and other wildlife is does have crossings Arizona mitigation measures. more implementing several priceless and managing them is very species are Endangered are Certainexpensive. taxa like herpetofauna and carnivores particularly roads and highways. susceptible to impacts from through mitigation addressed impacts aren’t existing road If Highways, 2000). Highways, 3 3 3 statewide action plans to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions. The wildlife-vehicle collisions. statewide action plans to reduce manual will become the basis for a training course transpor CAN WE AFFORD especially when they can be expensive, crossing structures Wildlife is research predesign and correctly—meaning done carefully are adequate, they connect protected and number are done, the size maintained and and quality habitat on either side, they are consider the alternative. for the most efficient use. But monitored tion professionals. tion professionals. including the obvious property damage and human injuries, as including the obvious as costs of accident clean up and the loss value well Between animals in terms of tourism and hunting revenue. paid out more 1997 and 2000, a Canadian insurance provider motor vehicle accident than $67 million in wildlife-related 1991 and 2000, Ministryclaims. Between Maintenance than $5.2 million on wildlife-related Contractors spent more everyaccident clean-up and disposal. If wild game animal an opportu- highways represented killed on provincial reported Columbia of British nity to sell a hunting license, the Province $80,000 and $400,000 in hunting license revenues lost between and Transportation Columbia Ministry of in 2000 (British Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 156 With fewer than 100 cats remaining, fewer With a major threat collisions area vehicle pather. Florida to the endangered GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 159 WILDLIFE Conservation advocate COLORADO’S FIRST VEGETATED FIRST COLORADO’S provides $4.5 billion for the Federal Lands $4.5 billion for the Federal provides clarified the eligibility of safety funds with a pro- people and wildlife and reduce the impact of our roadways on clean people and wildlife reduce water. The divisive issues often center around how we pay for those we how The divisive issues often center around water. and making it clear to folks that this is a holistic improvements issue.” transportation mitigation measures on highways within or servingmitigation measures our public lands system. any office and ask if they have FLHP regional Contact your planned. Check the FLHP project list wildlife mitigation projects for opportunities to incorporate of interest state or area in your into pending projects. wildlife mitigation measures safer for common sense to many people make our roadways “It’s SAFETEA-LU SAFETEA-LU through 2009, which is eligible for wildlife Program Highway 4. Safety widely recog- more now collisions are wildlife-vehicle Because public, safety for the traveling as a serious safety hazard nized or any other miti- funding can be used to build wildlife crossings gation measure. SAFETEA-LU (HSIP). Program Improvement Safety vision in the Highway to “The or other measures of structures addition or retrofitting is and wildlife” accidents involving vehicles eliminate or reduce HALL OF FAME: OVERPASS Heavily developed resort areas, recreational use and streams of pas- use and streams recreational areas, resort developed Heavily in constrict wildlife movement traffic severely senger and freight the Vail area. Conservationists area. teamed up with Colorado Vail the and others to explore (CDOT) Transportation Department of The loca- on I-70. Pass Vail of building a wildlife bridge just west as a high-priority habitat linkage for tion was recognized Landscape called “A of species by an interagency group diversity (ALIVE). Components” Ecosystem Valued Inventory of Level critical wildlife habitat When finished, the bridge will reconnect one of the last remaining the interstate and restore fragmented by north-souththe through connections for wildlife moving forested Mountains. heart of the Rocky Public FLHP’s appropriated $500,000 through 2005, Congress In to conduct preliminary Program Discretionary Lands Highway The proj- expected. studies and planning additional funds are ect brings highway dollars into the state without bringing more no highways and because it is funded under the PLHD program, or local governments. from CDOT match is required Defenders of Wildlife For more information on FLHP, more For Highways | ensure effective and efficient funding administration for ensure and bridges serving program of public roads a coordinated lands and Indian Federal Americans needed transportation access for Native provide resources. and enhance our Nation’s protect estoration, enhancement or improvements of degraded wetlands estoration, enhancement or improvements terrestrial or aquatic.” Actions eligible for federal funding include or aquatic.” Actions terrestrial r 3. Federal Lands Highway Program Lands Highway 3. Federal (FLHP) is an adjunct to Program Lands Highway The Federal in 1982 to fund a created Program, Highway the Federal-Aid for transportation needs of federal program roads coordinated of a state or not the responsibility lands which are and Indian for federal DOT to as “the Often referred local government. purpose is to: FLHP’s lands”, selec- project where distributed to each category, FLHP funds are tion is delegated to users (federal land management agencies, transportation to three-year tribes and states) according Indian of Land the Bureau by plans (TIP). owned Roads improvement and the U.S. Army Corps of Reclamation Bureau Management, and other Department agencies do not of Engineers of Defense dedicated funding and have to compete for funds under a receive eligible for 100 percent FLHP funds are discretionary category. wildlife mitigation measures. see Public Lands. see Public or natural habitats and other measures to protect, enhance or or natural habitats and other measures the wetland or natural habitat character of site. restore funds may be used for acquisition of proprietary Federal-aid or natural habitat, and the state wetlands in replacement interests lands in coop- privately owned transportation agency may acquire funds may not be Federal-aid eration with another public agency. will be maintained in the intended state as a used unless the area or natural habitat. wetland transportationAsk a friend at your agency about using retroactive of interest. state or area habitat in your mitigation for nonwetland and make suggestions. Keep a list of potential projects Brainstorm but this rule does in mind that this mitigation is not required, make federal funding eligible. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 158 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 161 WILDLIFE “BRIDGING” BETWEEN FUNDING Transportation Enhancement funds are not allowed funds are Enhancement Transportation other conservation organizations) and make a “wish list” of list” other conservation organizations) and make a “wish potential TE projects. TE project. and apply for a National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse. Transportation National organization. Ask for information on eligibility require- your begins and ask to out when the next selection cycle ments. Find be added to the mailing list. are needed but no relative transportation projects are pending. transportation are projects needed but no relative are mental mitigation related to a current highway project or routine to a current mental mitigation related mitigation measures best used where These funds are maintenance. –Find a sponsor (must be public entity such as state agency) –Find environ- not eligible for standard TE funds are in mind that –Keep rent highway project, routine maintenance or the preservation of highway project, rent highway development. M transportation corridors for future in 1992 Enhancements Transportation the inception of Since dol- TE program $72 million (just 1 percent of all approximately 11, environmental for Activity lars) has been programmed Of that $72 million, only $19 million has mitigation projects. (National been spent on wildlife habitat connectivity projects Clearinghouse, 2007). Enhancements Transportation to address TE program and take advantage of the in there Get of interest. state or area wildlife habitat connectivity needs in your by the Enhancements Transportation to the Guide –Read and yourself to introduce TE coordinator state –Contact your agencies, with other stakeholders (wildlife and resource –Meet project to improve a small bridge on US 41 in the Big Cypress a small bridge on US 41 in the Big project to improve speed lim- lowered for wildlife passage. Despite Preserve National panthers had been killed within 2.5 miles of the Florida its, seven checked their Transportation Department of bridge. Florida scheduled for that the bridge was already and discovered records CAUTION: to a cur- mitigation related environmental to be used for standard Construction 6. Bridge Along with constant maintenance and upkeep of highways, your all transportation agency is fastidiously checking and rechecking of the They keep records state. the bridges and culverts in your and conditions and schedule them for maintenance, restoration an are reconstructions Bridge when necessary. full reconstruction the opportunities for better aquatic and time to rethink excellent just extending passage under the bridge. Sometimes, terrestrial a few footprint by feet on either side makes a world the bridge’s of difference. HALL OF FAME: FOR PANTHERS SOURCES In 2006, Defenders of Wildlife’s Florida office applied for a TE office applied for a Florida Wildlife’s of 2006, Defenders In nviron- Defenders of Wildlife Highways | .” The provision provides communities with provides The provision .” e eligible for safety funding. funding to decrease the negative impacts of roads on the natural impacts of roads the negative funding to decrease water pollution and habitat fragmenta- environment—including TE stormwater runoff, water pollution from reduce To tion. or control funds can be used for pollution studies, soil erosion wildlife passage and habitat connectiv- address To clean-ups. river and monitoring structures TE funds can be used for crossing ity, and data collection on habitat fragmentation vehicle-caused wildlife mortality. or reduce vehicle-caused wildlife mortality while maintaining habi- or reduce tat connectivity now considered a highway safety improvement project and there- project a highway safety improvement considered now for 5. Transportation Enhancements 5. Transportation Enhancements (TE) Transportation with ISTEA, the Beginning Transportation of all Surface program set aside 10 percent that expand travel dollars for community-based projects Program choices and enhance the transportation improving experience by aspects of our the cultural, historic, aesthetic and environmental transportation infrastructure. the federal program, whereby TE is a federal aid reimbursement cost and the project of the project pays 80 percent government sponsor pays the nonfederal match of 20 percent. TE uses federal funding, state transportation agencies While for implementing the program, most of the responsibility retain Each state devises its own way. and each state does so in its own and selection criteria but they all application, selection process advisory some characteristics in common, such as eligibility, have financing and implementation, innovative committees, project qualify for consideration, To project development. streamlined to be associated with a specific highway do not have projects but they must be within the acceptable categories and project, to surface transportation.must relate have always been eligible for While wildlife mitigation measures TEA-21 was the first federal transportation transportation dollars, bill that explicitly stated highway dollars could be used for In and other mitigation measures. structures wildlife crossing in law as “e 11, known included Activity 1998, Congress mental mitigation to address water pollution due to highway runoff mental mitigation to address Contact your transportationContact your agency and ask about using safety accident data to wildlife-vehicle collisions. Use funds to reduce make a list of collision hot-spots. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 160 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 163 WILDLIFE 2004 open space bond, with more planned in the future. planned in the future. 2004 open space bond, with more HALL OF FAME passed a transportation Legislature State Washington 2005, the In East I-90 Pass bill that included $387 million for the Snoqualmie research. Conservationists have been using ballot measures for years Conservationists been using ballot measures have research. open space and bring much-needed funding for habitat to protect being used to raise money for are ballot measures acquisition. Now, when a created are ballot measures Typically, wildlife crossings. on a petition to express is gathered number of signatures threshold is met,, the measure threshold public support. the signature Once to the public on a is certified for the election and then presented commonly measures final decision. Ballot ballot for the voters’ to be enacted. vote a simple majority of the public’s require HALL OF FAME to pass a half- Arizona, voted County, in Pima 2006, voters May In Transportation to fund their Regional cent sales tax increase The RTA transportation plan. $2.1 billion regional (RTA) Authority’s a diverse, 35-member Citizens with input from plan was developed Management Technical/ Advisory Committee and a 22-member highway and transit projects, The plan included several Committee. cat- Landscape Linkages” but also set aside $45 million for a “Critical egory and amenities in structures that will fund wildlife crossing critical to accomplishing the The crossings are transportation projects. Desert Conservationvision of a much larger effort under the Sonoran with a will complement land acquisitions purchased Crossings Plan. from wildlife passages. Members which includes several Project, to pass this bill, and both sides of the aisle and state worked This package list. on the project that I-90 remained make sure the gas tax funding for an initiative to repeal was challenged by in the statewide voters the transportation bill, but was upheld by further has requested that time, the governor fall of 2005. Since as transportationfunding for the project costs in the state increase. Fees or User 10. Impact should always be paid for with mitigation measures Wildlife conserva-transportation funds, but under special circumstances, supplemental sources of tionists could also consider creative, license plates and fees on funding such as bonds, specialized fees could be assessed as an increase equipment. Impact recreation tacked on to sales, or a flat-rate surcharge in sales tax on vehicles fees. Assessing an additional one dollar per registration vehicle depending could generate millions per year, registration vehicle gasoline tax dol- state constitution allows on the state. California’s to mitigation related lars to be used for environmental construction and highways. and operation of roads applications include Defenders of Wildlife applications include animal warning applications include in-vehicle vision applications include in-vehicle Highways | oject, supplemented with $425,000 in TE funds for oject, supplemented with $425,000 in reconstruction. As a result, they will use bridge replacement funds they will use bridge replacement As a result, reconstruction. for the pr information dissemination via dynamic message signs that can be about approaching wildlife. also be used to warn drivers Assistance Systems Driver to help infrared enhancement technologies such as dashboard at night. see wildlife on the road drivers program for wildlife. As of 2004, only of the ITS advantage Take animal warning systems. six states had implemented ITS 7. Intelligent Transportation Systems 7. Intelligent Transportation all seen traffic surveillance cameras, travel advisory radio We’ve These toll collection systems on highways. signs and electronic and all the communications-based information electronics called Intelligent technologies used on our highways are When integrated into our infra- (ITS). Systems Transportation safety and can improve ITS and in vehicles themselves, structure A put them to use for wildlife? Absolutely! mobility—but can we and test ITS develop, began in 1991 to research, federal program is The program technologies, funded at $110 million annually. of which hold prom- divided into 16 application categories, three collisions: wildlife-vehicle ise for preventing and Safety Prevention Crash or other detection technologies to iden- systems such as infrared and warn drivers approaching the roadway tify large animals are with flashing warning signs. and Maintenance Operations Roadway Community and System 8. Transportation, Program Preservation Community and Transportation, birthTEA-21 gave to the and grants pro- a research program, (TCSP) Preservation System transportation strategies that enhance gram to fund innovative protection and social community preservation, environmental is $61 TCSP funding for Total little program. job, Big equity. one of divided among all states. Nevertheless, million per year, the impacts of transporta- the factors for eligibility is to “reduce and local tribal, regional State, tion on the environment.” to applications that and priority is given can apply, governments mitigation.” meet certain criteria, including “environmental Measures 9. Ballot been proposed recently have ballot measures States, the United In for everything from legalizing marijuana to funding stem cell preconstruction monitoring and design. preconstruction Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 162 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 165 WILDLIFE http://www.carnivore- http://www.wildlifecrossings.info Simulation of overpass to be built for the Snoqualmie Pass East I-90 East Pass to be built for the Snoqualmie of overpass Simulation Washington in Project Other Wildlife.” 2007. Retrieved from: from: 2007. Retrieved Wildlife.” Other safepassage.org/ Vehicle Motor Wildlife-Related L. E. “Cost of Sielecki, Annual Report, System, Reporting Accident Wildlife Accidents.” and Highways, Transportation Columbia Ministry of British from: Services, 2000. Retrieved Environmental http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/eng_publications/environment/re ferences/WARS/WARS_1991-2000/WARS_Ann_Rpt_TOC-86- 121.pdf of Greenways Office Manager, Thomason, M. Central Region Protection. Department of Environmental Florida Trails, and 2007. February Interview author. by Retrieved Toolkit.” Service. “Wildlife Crossings USDA Forest from: 121 , 11 September Biological Conservation Biological Defenders of Wildlife 66 (1985) 1762-1768. Highways | Ecology 14 (2000) 47-56. Montana State University News University State Montana http://www.trb.org/NotesDocs/25-27_IR.pdf (2005) 453-464. and of the Use “Evaluation and J. Bissonette. P. Cramer, Interim Second Crossings: Wildlife of Effectiveness Report.” Transportation Program, Research Highway Cooperative National Council. 2006. Retrieved Research and National Board Research from: Attributes of Highway Crossing Structures Facilitating Structures Crossing of Highway Attributes of Large Mammals.” Movements Large by Underpasses of Highway B. “TheDonaldson, Use their Influencing and Factors Virginia in Mammals from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifecrossings/intro.htm Wildlife- Reduce Help May Equipment M. “High-tech Huijser, http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=4001 Enhancements Clearinghouse, Activity Transportation National REFERENCES the Influencing “Factors Waltho. and N. AP, Clevenger, Park.” National in Banff Underpasses Wildlife of Effectiveness Conservation Biology Clevenger, A P., and N. Waltho. “Performance Indices to Identify Indices “Performance Waltho. and N. A P., Clevenger, Federal Highway Administration. “Critter Crossings.” Retrieved “Critter Crossings.” Administration. Highway Federal Collisions.” Vehicle from: 2006, Retrieved 2007 11 breakdown, for Strategy Management Use Human Canada. “Proposed Parks from: 2006. Retrieved of Banff.” Town to the the Lands Adjacent http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/plan/plan5c2a_E.asp to Guide A User’s Passage: “Safe B and M. DiGiorgio. Ruediger, and for Carnivores Crossings Highway Effective Developing Effectiveness.” 2005. Retrieved from: from: 2005. Retrieved Effectiveness.” http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/06-r2.pdf Animal- for Reducing of Measures Toolkit B. “A Donaldson, Collisions.” 2006. Vehicle from: Retrieved http:/www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-r13.pdf patch connnectivity and “Habitat L, and G. Merriam. Fahrig, population survival.” Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 164 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 167 WILDLIFE .azgfd.gov/hgis/pdfs/CulvertGuidelinesforWildlifeCrossings.pdf .fhwa.dot.gov/environment/te/principles_pt1.htm tation Community System Preservation (TCSP) Preservation tation Community System ech=Animal etroactive Mitigation etroactive ederal Register / Vol. 65, No. 251 / Friday, December 29, 2000 / Rules December 251 / Friday, 65, No. Vol. / ederal Register tmann.htm Guidelines for Bridge and Culvert Construction to Accommodate Fish & Fish Construction to Accommodate and Culvert for Bridge Guidelines and Passage Movement Wildlife Branch Department, Habitat Game and Fish Arizona http://www.azgfd.gov/hgis/pdfs/BridgeGuidelines.pdf http://www and Effectiveness Their Use Structures: Crossing Wildlife of Evaluation CPR Wildlands Hartmann, for Maureen http://www.wildlandscpr.org/resourcelibrary/reports/EvaluationByMaureenHa r OF FUNDING SOURCES R Habitat and Natural Wetlands to of Impacts Mitigation F and Regulations http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fr29de00.pdf Program Lands Highway Federal http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/flh/index.htm Safety http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ Enhancements Transportation http://www.enhancements.org/misc/TEGuide2002.pdf http://www http://www.fws.gov/refuges/roads/transenhancements.html (ITS) Systems Intelligent Transportation http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/Options.asp?System=CPS&SubSystem=A WS&T Transpor http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/tcsp.htm ary/bill’s%20carni- eb.htm Defenders of Wildlife Highways | v/environment/wildlifecrossings/ e Toolbox abitat Connectivity Across European Highways European abitat Connectivity Across .deercrash.com/Toolbox/index.htm .wildlands.org/highwaywildife.pdf revention Program revention ermeability for Wildlife ermeability for http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/Pdfs/wildlife_web.pdf http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/wildlife_w WILDLIFE RESOURCES WILDLIFE RESOURCES WILDLIFE VEHICLE COLLISIONS Collision Study Vehicle Wildlife SAFETEA-LU http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheet1119n.htm and Clearinghouse (DVCIC) Information Crash Deer-Vehicle Countermeasur http://www.deercrash.com/ http://www British Columbia Conservation Foundation’s Wildlife Collision Wildlife Columbia Conservation British Foundation’s P http://www.wildlifeaccidents.ca/ CONNECTIVITY HABITAT Connectivity and Landscape Habitat Managing and Habitat: Highways P http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi79.pdf Rockies in the U.S. Northern Places Wild and Wildlife Corridors of Life: American Wildlands http://www.wildlands.org/land.html http://www Rocky Connectivity in the Northern Habitat of Carnivore Restoration Mountains Ruediger Bill http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/new/sub/libr vore%20paper.pdf WILDLIFE CROSSINGS and Roads Wildlife http://www.wildlifeandroads.org/ Toolkit The Wildlife Crossings http://www.wildlifecrossings.info/ Crossings Critter FHWA’s http://www.fhwa.dot.go for Crossings Highway Effective to Developing Guide A User’s Passage: Safe Wildlife and Other Carnivores Bill Ruediger and Monique DiGiorgio DiGiorgio and Monique Ruediger Bill http://www.carnivoresafepassage.org/ H Wildlife Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 166 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 169 ROADSIDE VEGETATION was written by J. M. was written by Wildlife habitat Wildlife expose or blend the roadway with adjacent screen, Enclose, land uses quality of life quality, Visual Corridor continuity ment as we know it today, although it was not based on federal it today, know ment as we wrote, “The Bennett necessity and popularity of grass standards. invites little cannot be questioned and its use along the roadsides looking criticism.” And with that comment, the idea of roadsides became the unwritten public policy and yards like front public. expectation of the traveling does indeed fulfill the needs and constraints of modern Grass we can no longer afford— the nation. However, across roadsides grasses, ecologically or economically—the costs of non-native fertilizers, irrigation or the fossil fuels used to maintain them. cover, the ground grasses that can provide has native region Every soft control, aesthetics, small animal habitat and vehicle erosion peren- native most highway engineers. Once by landings required of themselves. established, they take care nial grasses are is attractive however, also said, “WhatBennett desired, is really preserving or cre- which can be obtained by and useful roadsides to a natural condition in keeping ating a natural or an approach And the significant country. with the adjacent or surrounding is out- a natural development thing about this is that to follow it was the maintenance.” Unfortunately right economy in road title of his book that caught on, not the practical substance it. faced with the energy his counterparts were decades later, Four holistic solutions crisis of the 1970s and began looking for more This is when an ecological approach development. to roadside highways. approach to our nation’s yard the front replaced clubs, community garden transportation with your agency, Partner educational programs and pro- and civic organizations to develop and vide informational materials to the general public, landowners of roadside vegetation. agencies on the value other government 3 3 3 3 Column: Guest FOR ROADSIDE HOLISTIC SOLUTIONS VEGETATION FHWA Lore, Bonnie Harper of the Nation Yard The Front ROADSIDES, develop- the book defined roadside in 1936. Apparently Bennett Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Traffic calming Traffic reduction Stress facilities or shade for pedestrian park-and-ride Buffer bank stabilization Stream mitigation Wetland quality improvement Water retention Stormwater Air pollution mitigation prevention Fire Windbreak abatement Noise ROADSIDE VEGETATION ROADSIDE Yosemite? Park? National Yellowstone been to you ever Have of them put together and all three Imagine Canyon? The Grand have in our pub- much land we how That’s four. multiply that by of land—an area million acres lic rights of way! Seventeen and found next to our roads of Ireland—are the size roughly highways. Like it or not, that makes our transportation agencies may not our roadsides land managers on a grand scale. Granted, but in many places road- Yellowstone, be high quality habitat like of highly imperiled native some of the last vestiges sides provide habitat such as prairies and grasslands. Conservationists can’t much less a any opportunities for stewardship, to overlook afford partnering with transportation agen- By shot at 17 million acres. in ecologically sensitive of new can take advantage trends cies, we management. vegetation roadside YARD FRONT AMERICA’S front in our cars, so that makes roadsides “America’s live We vegetation early roadside lawn care, And just like our own yard.” low-mainte- looking for something inexpensive, managers were flora failed to meet these objectives, native If nance and attractive. of used. Some species such as kudzu and grasses were non-native onto adjoining the right of way, beyond spread these invasives further degrading habitat and reduc- and public property, private ing biodiversity. it to “do it fast” “do the 1990s, paradigm shifted from By right.” A new aesthetic began to take hold, suggesting that our of the natural beauty and biodiversity reflect roadsides country’s lawn. Can road- rather than the look of a manicured each region, habitat for wildlife, ecologically diverse, provide sides be more fertilizer use less water, erosion, control local character, showcase less maintenance? and other chemicals, require VEGETATION FUNCTIONS OF ROADSIDE 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 168 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 171 ROADSIDE VEGETATION For more information, more For aesthetics control erosion and costs minimizing maintenance requirements undesirable views screening preserving desirable views shielding headlight glare preserving/enhancing the natural environment noise volume. reducing invasives clearinghouse to provide data, information and technical clearinghouse to provide invasives managers, transportation agencies assistance to land and resource and developers. revegetation. Vegetation and topsoil are cleared from the future cleared and topsoil are Vegetation revegetation. may be wider to curves, cleared and shoulders. At roadbed the area in both directions. optimum visibility for drivers traveling provide that may contribute to snow removed are colder climates, trees In from sunlight needed to melt ice. drifting or shade the roadbed the final design phase, engineers or landscape architects During a landscaping plan. Landscape designers and engineers develop to identify or “scoping,” may conduct a preliminary field review, to conceptual locations for particular landscaping elements. Prior construction, the design team settles on detailed landscape plans, for and drafts maintenance agreements conducts final field reviews landscape planning, roadside landscaping. Initial the final roadside part of highway generally considered are design and development project construction so the cost is included in overall projects, chosen based on their ability to be self-sus- plants are budget. If pesticide, mowing) fertilizer, minimal water, taining (requiring in the future. less maintenance and resources they will require existing and desired Landscape design should incorporate several conditions, including: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 and com- transportation your agencies to coordinate Encourage and classification systems. inventories vegetation pile roadside can also train volunteer You to assist in data collection. Volunteer to help with the inventory monitor- and future scientists” “citizen The inventory data can then be used to establish a statewide ing. MAINTENANCE VEGETATION including road many responsibilities, have crews Maintenance gutter and sidewalk shoulder maintenance, curb, resurfacing, They also manage removal. and snow and replacement repair vegetation in the rights of way. both planted and naturalized vege- harmful to roadside typical maintenance practices are Some herbicides and wildlife, such as mowing, tation and resident these impacts best practices can reduce Emerging runoff. road-salt maintenance costs. and actually reduce see Maintenance and Operations. and Operations. see Maintenance Defenders of Wildlife – grasses and woody plants that are Highways | – species, preferably native, that comple- – species, preferably – plants with potential to cause problems to – plants with potential to cause problems – exotic or non-native vegetation that dis- or non-native – exotic – plants that are obscuring visibility, growing obscuring visibility, – plants that are en such esthetic considerations. In the economy of In en such esthetic considerations. tion than ev nature, the natural vegetation has its essential place. Hedgerows vegetation the natural nature, and food, cover, fields provide along country and bordering roads some and homes for many small animals. Of for birds nesting areas species in the typical roadside 70 species of shrubs and vines that are important to wildlife as food.” eastern states alone, about 65 are —Rachel Carson become entangled in and damage roadside mowing equipment. mowing become entangled in and damage roadside about conducting necessary local universities Contact your and monitoring of roadside vegetation. research destructive to or compromise the function of highway structures, destructive to or compromise ment, posing windfall hazard over vehicles or pedestrians over ment, posing windfall hazard icing condi- persistent winter shade leading to prolonged creating tions. vegetation Detrimental “There is of course more to the wish to preserve our roadside vegeta- our roadside to the wish preserve “There is of course more ROADSIDE VEGETATION IN DESIGN AND VEGETATION ROADSIDE CONSTRUCTION is clear-cut, construction, to roadway the project area Prior rooted material in of all vegetation and grubbed to remove scoured desirable or valuable species may be the soil surface. Occasionally, prior to clearing, be used after constructionsalvaged in the ment the function of the road and are inexpensive, and are ment the function of road TYPES OF VEGETATION ON ROADSIDES VEGETATION TYPES OF to improve their roadsides in order inventoried states have Some management efforts, and prioritize but for the most part don’t we in our pub- of what is hiding (or lurking) an accurate picture have a highway operations perspective, roadside From lic rights of way. of these categories: typically falls into one or more vegetation vegetation Desirable over guardrails, creating obstacles to signage or vehicular move- obstacles to signage or vehicular creating guardrails, over self-sustaining, attractive and fast growing. self-sustaining, attractive vegetation Hazard including grasses in pavement and bridge joints, medians, barri- including grasses in pavement ers, traffic islands and drainage structures. vegetation Nuisance the general public or maintenance staff such as poison ivy and ragweed. vegetation Invasive efforts to control places indigenous habitat and may compromise Certain species can even hazards. fire or reduce soil erosion Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 170 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 173 ROADSIDE VEGETATION NEW YORK CONSERVES THROUGH CONSERVES YORK NEW NEBRASKA WON’T MOW DOWN MOW WON’T NEBRASKA new research program will spend $50,000 to program new research That total roadside mowing be done on a sched- mowing That total roadside as research has shown that 25 percent of the pheasants that 25 percent has shown as research systems man- road the right of ways along Nebraska’s Conserve required equipment maintenance Conserve required fragmentation. Conserve reduced habitats through Conserve staff hours spent mowing Conserve fuel usage and costs Conserve air quality through reduced spent fuel emissions Conserve reduced air quality through Conserve and declining populations of habitat for protected nesting birds ground 3 3 HALL OF FAME: PHEASANTS to practices in order has taken steps to alter its mowing Nebraska ing. Minnesota and Michigan have already legislated reduced have already and Michigan ing. Minnesota of this The final result and the idea is gaining ground. mowing study that will affect will be a published, peer-reviewed research policies across the country. mowing state transportation agencies’ the economic and ecological benefits exist as hypothesized, If management will vegetation environmentally sensitive more become common practice. HALL OF FAME: MOWING PLANS MOWING New York State DOT implemented Conservation Alternative DOT State York New designed to maintain existing standards (CAMPs) Plans Mowing maintenance yet do the following: aesthetics and routine for safety, 3 3 Depending on the weather and vegetation growth rates, mainte- growth and vegetation on the weather Depending or only times per year roadsides several may mow nance crews Day, Memorial once before mows once every few Nebraska years. DOT Texas after Labor Day. once during summer and more which “leads to loss of desirable mowing, warns against excessive fills drainage ways with silt and accelerates erosion.” vegetation, and time of year may be scheduled based on the growth, Mowing during height of certain types and may be prohibited vegetation disturbing sensitive species. certain to avoid times of the year SAFETEA-LU’s mow- look into the economic and ecological benefits of reduced 3 3 protect pheasants. A Memorandum of Understanding between of Understanding protect pheasants. A Memorandum Commission and the Nebraska and Parks Game the Nebraska as follows: reads Department of Roads Whereas, and; hatched in roadsides, are Whereas, of significant importance as are the Department of Roads aged by wildlife habitat, and; therefore, Now, of a district than one-third basis and that no more uled rotational Defenders of Wildlife Highways | egetation-related maintenance measures. Massachusetts’ Highway Massachusetts’ maintenance measures. egetation-related Many transportation agencies have developed comprehensive vege- comprehensive transportation developed agencies have Many tation management plans, which include the full array of v Mowing 17 million acres? to mow like to have would you How some of mowers; types and sizes use several crews Maintenance as ride-on and push specially designed for this purpose as well is typi- at home. Mowing like the ones you might have mowers it is safe and efficient to use the where cally used in all areas whackers, trimmers and brush saws can also be Weed equipment. is impossible or impractical due to terrain, mowing used where may some instances, the cut vegetation In or sensitivity. site size may be done by or baled for agricultural use. Mowing be “hayed” transportation land- agency staff or contracted out to a private scape company. transportation or policy, regime a mowing When developing slope, agencies consider such factors as blade height, swath size, is cut short enough Vegetation timing, safety and cost. frequency, the but not so short to “scalp” visibility for drivers, to provide depends on the area The width of the mowed plants and soils. is a median or shoulder. type of highway and whether the area greater at intersections to create attention is always given Special sight distance for motorists. Vegetation Management Plan states the objective as follows: states the objective as follows: Plan Management Vegetation a safe, unobstructed corridor and preserve roadway “…to provide Left uncontrolled, the integrity of highway infrastructure. can impede normal maintenance operations, vegetation roadside pedestrian safety and line of vision, threaten obstruct motorists’ pavements, such as median barrier, cause damage to structures posts, drainage lines and waterways. objectives guard Other of an aesthetically pleasing roadside, pest include development of habitat, and stabilization embankments provisions control, prone to erosion.” and other areas consists of both mechanical and chemical con- control Vegetation wildfire reduce To and spraying). (i.e. mowing measures trol ecosystems, some states and promote healthy roadside hazards appropriate. burning on roadsides where also practice prescribed strides in improving transportation your agency has made great If management for conservation, vegetation publicly recog- roadside and a letter to your governor them for their efforts.nize Send transportation of praise and encour- agency secretary with words forget to send a copy the agement for their efforts. And don’t maintenance division! Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 172 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 175 ROADSIDE VEGETATION To bee or not to bee: Roadside Management for Pollinators Management bee or not to bee: Roadside To for bees and other refugia valuable creates restoration Roadside crop margins) linear habitats (roadsides, pollinators. Marginal supplying foraging and valuable habitat for bees by may provide other- are nesting opportunities in landscapes which resources management in roadside trends Recent wise scarce. regimes, mowing use of pesticides, altered practices—reduced prairie plants and abundant floral with native reseeding bees potential sites for ground-nesting providing resources—are 2006). (Hopwood, Maintenance Tree shrubs found in rights of way and other woody vegetation Trees, often pruned, with herbicides to trimmed, burned or sprayed are to widen roadway clearance, maintain sight distances for drivers, visibility of signage or to protect utilities and adjacent improve colder climates, thick shrubs con- property falling limbs. In from can shade the road and trees drifting on roads tribute to snow the amount of sunlight needed to melt ice on surface, reducing trimming, mechanical mowing, involves control” “Brush roads. spraying and removal. MASS HIGHWAY —Rachel Carson Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Controlling weeds and woody invasive species and woody invasive weeds Controlling plants of many native seed generation and growth Stimulating thatch and heavy accumulation of leaf litter Removing nutrients Recycling the soil and giving warm-season plants an earlier start Warming biting and disease carryingControl insect populations wing” is defined as mowing all areas within the right of way, all areas is defined as mowing wing” cides altogether. In particular, guardrails, medians and traffic guardrails, particular, In cides altogether. conditions unsafe present roads islands on high-speed, high-volume for personnel hand-cutting operations.” 2003-2007 Plan Management Vegetation right of way management program that eliminates the use of herbi- right of way management program forests, roads lined with bayberry fern, alder and huckle- and sweet forests, desolation.” all was brown Now berry. shall be mowed out in any one year. The term “total roadside The term “total out in any one year. shall be mowed mo Herbicides on roadsides, used to control vegetation Chemical herbicides are to kill unwanted vegetation strengths and can be used at different these chemicals are rates. Generally, growth or simply retard onto vegetation using truck-mountedsprayed spray booms, pres- canisters, squirt sprayers, portable bottles, pressurized sure can be controlled to keep size paintbrushes or sponges. Droplet can either be sprayed over spray drift to a minimum. Herbicides or applied to cut stumps imme- plant when fully grown the entire re-sprouting. a cutting operation to prevent diately following the amount of herbicide use, spraying can be limited to reduce To mowing is deemed unsafe or difficult. Using mowing where areas with higher speeds and traffic volume equipment near roadways can put both motorists and maintenance personnel in danger. and signs where often used around guardrails are Herbicides cannot reach. mowers economically feasible and safe is no environmentally, date, there “To Burning Controlled burn- is a natural and essential part of ecology controlled Fire accepted practice used to manage natural ing is an increasingly and oak woodlands. wetlands such as prairie, oak savanna, areas native grasslands, best Rights of way contain important remnant regime. fire a strong managed through ecological and cultural benefits, burns offer numerous Prescribed such as: 3 3 3 3 3 3 including, but not limited to, the median and the road shoulder. including, but not limited to, the median and road the evergreen those roads through to follow it had been a joy “Once Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 174 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 177 ROADSIDE VEGETATION Not all IRVM plans are created equally. Does yours adequately Does equally. created plans are all IRVM Not incorporate conservation?and appropriately If not, suggest improvements. INTEGRATED ROADSIDE VEGETATION ROADSIDE INTEGRATED PROGRAMS MANAGEMENT searching for In pays off. being cheap and lazy really Sometimes time, maintenance departmentsways to cut costs and save discov- just might be onto something. By Nature that Mother ered disturbance in the first place, self-sustaining native preventing plant communities can naturally discourage the establishment of This new philosophy came to be known unwanted plant species. Roadside or Integrated Management Vegetation as Integrated manual employs The approach (IRVM). Management Vegetation activities, mechanical tools and chemical applications combined a vegetation with cultural and biological methods to develop minimal maintenance and benefits community that requires wildlife and its habitat. plan, transportation adopted an IRVM your agency has not yet If the benefits to them, citizens Explain encourage them to do so. or your organization can help them you and to wildlife. Ask how for additional funding or you can lobby this goal. Perhaps achieve Center AASHTO’s send letters of encouragement to leadership. planning has guidance for IRVM Excellence for Environmental and implementation. – SPECIES INVASIVE some- They’re like the in-laws of vegetation. species are Invasive not they’re in where irritating, they move but they’re related, how rights of almost impossible to uproot. Our wanted and they’re species—mostly by been inundated with non-native way have but design, and often in well-intentioned accident, some times by they disturb Because the roadside. harmful attempts to “beautify” of plant systems can facilitate the spread natural habitats, road seeds and make transport “hitchhiker” and animal species. Roads or disturbing the ground to lay roots by it easier for foreigners also sneak in via Invasives importing soil that holds water. contaminated soils and construction equip- mulches, seed mixes, and of California at Davis study by the University ment. A recent more species were found that invasive Survey the U.S. Geological was wider with and that their spread likely to be found near roads such as grading and paving to the roadway, each improvement 2003). (Gelbard, stay on the is they don’t invasives with roadside problem The real adjacent properties,They invade the name. roadside—hence species are and habitat. Introduced on agriculture havoc wreaking contributing to the decline of to biodiversity, a significant threat least species. At and threatened of U.S. endangered 42 percent Study reports and information reports Study at: www.cfr.washington.edu/researc h.envmind/transportation.html What is the risk of a tree acci- What is the risk of a tree The U.S. accident count dent? is about 6 billion annually, than 43,000 people and more About each year. die on roads of accidents are 80 percent car-to-car collisions, while col- fixed lisions with roadside objects (including trees) account for about 10 percent those, of these accidents. Of collisions with poles and signs outnumber tree (2.1 percent) crashes (1.9 percent). guidelines and stan- Design design for safe roadside dards should take into account the Tree- benefits. full range of tree have been shown lined streets motorist to calm traffic, reduce accidents, boost reduce stress, pedestrian use and increase shopping. Context Sensitive (CSD) encourages Design transportation designers to “Green the AASHTO regard as a set of design guide- Book” lines rather than as standards. Ph.D. Wolf, Kathleen L. By Washington, of University Resources College of Forest Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Minimiz- Subsequently, oad. and Goal 16 is and Goal The American Association of Trans- and Highway State portation Official’s High- Strategic (AASHTO) Goal 15 is Plan, way Safety on the Road- Vehicles Keeping way, ing the Consequences of Leav- ing the R from these two goals: crashes -Run-off-road crashes and -Head-on in haz- -Crashes with trees locations. ardous Depart- to Ohio According Transportation’s ment of design guidelines, “While it is to a policy within ODOT the amount of aes- increase thetics on the state highway system, and these guidelines attempt to encourage that end, it cannot be understated: killers when proven are trees the roadside.” placed by three emphasis areas evolved emphasis areas three YOU MAKE THE CALL: KILLER TREES? the In on roadsides. residents become unwelcome have Trees name of safety and in fear lawsuits, maintenance divisions everythingMany roadsides. taller than grass from often remove as historic and had to fight preserve trees communities have during the construction of and reconstruction scenic resources transportation agencies continue waging highways. Meanwhile, larger any tree removing war on what they consider “killer trees,” the rights of way. than four inches in diameter from Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 176 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 179 ROADSIDE VEGETATION page 129 oadsides. For example, in oadsides. For “Roadsides are death traps,” are “Roadsides of the Mumme says Ron at Department of Biology Allegheny College in Meadville, scrub jays Florida Pennsylvania. that nest along a highway die in numbers than they greater times as Three reproduce. ter- many fledglings die on road terri- ritories than on non-road tories. “I think the best of politically acceptable alterna- would be, oddly enough, tives of the clearing all vegetation right of way and keeping it says Mumme. mowed,” of Conservation Biology, Journal 2000 April provide roadsides “Although some benefits to species, those benefits must be balanced against ecological effects of r the Park, National Banff habitat quality for increased must be bears along roads against the increased weighed probabilities of bears being road to visitors) killed or (as threats from the park.” removed et al Forman, T.T. Richard Ecology:Road Science and Solu- tions, Roadsides if managed properly Roadsides habitat for various can provide of wildlife species. Development inexpen- is relatively these areas very little and requires sive will turkeys Wild maintenance. for nesting, use these areas and foraging. rearing brood will be attracted to the Deer in forage production. increase further enhance and diversify To food plots and mast- roadsides, can be planted producing trees along portions of the roads. For Management Roadside Wildlife Biolo- Wildlife Claude Jenkins, tation but they could be,” to Leslie Ries of according Arizona University. Northern prairie along roads Restoring conservationhas great poten- than alone has more tial. Iowa vege- of roadside 600,000 acres millions are tation and there nationwide. more from: Retrieved http://www.eurekalert.org/pub _releases/1999-06/SfCB-Btir- 280699.php gist Alabama Wildlife Federation Wildlife gist Alabama not the “Wildlife benefits are primary vege- goal of roadside YOU MAKE THE CALL: ARE ROADSIDES CONSIDERED HABITAT? traditionally been managed for safety and aes- Rights of way have trends thetics, with little or no consideration for wildlife. Recent habitat and create vegetation management can restore in roadside habitat adjacent to roads and high- is creating for wildlife. But to afford that we can’t people believe ways a good idea? Some highly dis- of land. In the potential for 17 million acres overlook may hold the last remaining turbed landscapes, the roadsides of important the other vestiges ecosystems such as prairies. On habitat near roads can side, many biologists argue that creating exposed to harm than good. Animals near roadsides are do more and human interaction are predation pollutants, increased collisions in vehicle likely to be involved more YES NO Defenders of Wildlife Highways | allows transportation funds to be used for “estab- allows ndangered Species Act were wholly or partially caused by were Act Species ndangered Partner with your transportation with your agency on a pilot project to Partner native species. and to restore invasives roadside and prevent remove authorities to perform one or more of the following functions: of the following authorities to perform one or more stabilization of soil, and aes- abatement of stormwater runoff, contractors and flora on rights of way for maintenance crews, logistical support Offer for training including use of landowners. copies of training documents. facilities or providing three of the 24 known extinctions of species listed under the of the 24 known three E – hybridization between closely related exotic and native species. and native exotic closely related hybridization between through pre- natives species degrade habitats and threaten Invasive dation, disease, competition and hybridization (Schmitz, 1997). maintenance is the domain of state transportation agen- Roadside because invasive However, cies with very little federal oversight. a nuisance to very gone from species have ecological expensive the use of inva- to address measures considered crisis, Congress management in crafting in roadside vegetation sives the seed industry from and to pressure Bowing SAFETEA-LU. fell shortproperty of naming or defin- Congress rights advocates, species in the bill. Early drafts of bill included ing invasive fire that drew on roadsides on the use of invasives restrictions from the seed industry on what that objects to any restrictions their clients (like transportation Private agencies) can purchase. to their as a threat property saw the draft provision advocates land. species on privately owned non-native right to use or own the final In they successfully defeated the provision. Together, that makes transporta- contained a provision bill, SAFETEA-LU and establish weeds” to control “noxious tion funds available vegetation as partnative of any transportation project. SAFETEA-LU state and local transportationlishment of plants selected by thetic enhancement,” and “management of plants which impair thetic enhancement,” and “management or impede the establishment, maintenance, safe use of a transportation system.” 13112 “to Order Clinton signed Executive Bill 1999, President In for their species and provide of invasive the introduction prevent the economic, ecological, and human and to minimize control FHWA after, species cause.” Soon health impacts that invasive the introduction of new a frameworkdeveloped for preventing that on rights of way and controlling those invasives invasives existed. already additional transportation your agencies to provide Encourage native species and re-establishing invasive training in removing Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 178 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 181 ROADSIDE VEGETATION y/CTPLandscape.pdf wnloads/manuals/vmp03.pdf f De-Icing Salt On Roadside Vegetation Vegetation Roadside On Salt f De-Icing llinois – Arterial Landscaping Plan econd Nature: Improving Transportation Without Putting Nature Second Nature Putting Without Transportation Improving econd Nature: ROADSIDE VEGETATION RESOURCES VEGETATION ROADSIDE Plants of Native Use Roadside 2000 Press Island Wilson, and Maggie Bonnie Harper-Lore http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rdsduse/index.htm of Roadsides The Nature FHWA, http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/plants/roadsides/ S 2003 Wildlife of White, Defenders Patricia http://www.transact.org/library/reports_pdfs/Biodiversity/native_vegetation.pdf Along Roads Wildlife to Help Ways Easy it Simple: - Keeping FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifeprotection/ Management Way Concerns in Rights of Environmental http://www.rights-of-way-env.com/ LANDSCAPE DESIGN (2006) Landscaping Guidelines Safety Roadside DOT Ohio http://www.dot.state.oh.us/aestheticdesign/PDF/ref_landscaping_jan06.pdf (1995) Landscape Guide Highway DOT Florida http://www.dot.state.fl.us/emo/beauty/landscap.pdf Planting Landscaping/Roadside Highway DOT’s State Washington http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/traveler/roadsideplanting.htm I Naperville, http://www.naperville.il.us/emplibrar MAINTENANCE Management Vegetation - Roadside FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/vegmgt/index.htm injurySalt vegetation to roadside http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/DD1413.html O The Impact PhD. Kackley-Dutt, Karen Laboratory plant Diagnostic Coordinator, http://www.ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsnumber=FS663 MANAGEMENT VEGETATION ROADSIDE INTEGRATED Management Vegetation Roadside Integrated Highway’s Mass http://www.mhd.state.ma.us/do . . 2006. http://www.ser- , 13 (1997):4. Ecological Roadside Safety Landscaping Safety Roadside http://www.dot.state.oh.us/aes- Defenders of Wildlife Highways | June 2003. Retrieved from 2003. Retrieved June Issues in Science and Technology in Science and Issues Roadsides and Pollinator Conservation: The Conservation: and Pollinator Roadsides http://www.issues.org/13.4/schmit.htm , 13 (2003): 404–415. , 2006. Retrieved from: , 2006. Retrieved Associated Press, Associated Press, conline.org/invasives/pkg_frameset.html Schmitz, D.C., and D. Simberloff. “Biological Invasions: A Invasions: “Biological Schmitz, D.C., and D. Simberloff. Threat.” Growing Master’s Thesis, University of Kansas. Thesis, University Master’s Retrieved from from Retrieved Ohio Department of Transportation. Transportation. Department of Ohio Guidelines theticdesign/PDF/ref_landscaping_jan06.pdf REFERENCES As Refuges Habitats “Roadless J. L., and S. Harrison. Gelbard, Grasslands: for Native Aspect, and Grazing.” Soil, With Interactions Applications Diversity and Floral Bees Native Between Relationship Scientists as Pathways, use Roads Plants B. “Non-Native Melley, Find.” Hopwood, J.L. Hopwood, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 180 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 183 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC Flooding bridges and culverts Destroy Erosion Landslides surface road Deteriorate cycle with freeze-thaw by roadbed Destabilize discharging groundwater AQUATIC Loss or degradation of habitat and sedimentation Erosion runoff contamination Stormwater and velocity scouring, excessive hydrology—pooling, Altered turbulence passage of debris and deflectors Restricted of animals movement Impeded fragmentation and isolation of populations Disruption, access to vital habitats Reduced abundance and diversity of aquatic organisms Altered (Jackson, 2003): Disrupt natural flow natural flow Disrupt and circulation Affect material transportation Cause sedimentation pollution Transport absorption in soil Block with impervious surfaces Choke off fish passage water flow Accelerate AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC fact, the history In of road mix. Period. and water don’t Roads early Our and water. roads building can be told as a battle between them no match for water; a good rain could reduce dirt were roads was clearly win- Water to mud pits or wash them out altogether. gained the upper hand with roads eventually, But ning the war. the roads increased of paved of pavement. Networks advent amount of impervious surfaces, and cir- disrupting the natural flow up so easily. water does not give But culation of water. below from destabilizing roadbeds strikes back by Groundwater to deteriorate road surfaces. In cycles and ice uses freeze-thaw block fish passage and deliver choke streams, counter-attacks, roads to be outdone, water harmful pollutants into watersheds. Not a classic and landslides. It’s with flooding, erosion attacks roads losing the battle. Our struggle and both sides are man vs. nature continue and roads degraded by roads severely are aquatic resources in science and tech- advances With water. to take a beating from transportation agencies plan, design, build and maintain nology, This chapter examines the many ways with water in mind. roads from water and vice versa. transportation roads agencies protect ROADS vs. WATER ON OF ROADS IMPACT 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ECOSYSTEMS Defenders of Wildlife Highways | nvasive Species in Rights of Way: “You Wouldn’t Plant Kudzu, Would You?” Would Kudzu, Plant Wouldn’t “You Way: in Rights of Species nvasive Iowa’s Living Roadways Program Program Living Roadways Iowa’s http://www.iowalivingroadway.com/ Association Management Vegetation Roadside National http://www.nrvma.org/ SPECIES INVASIVE species Gateway to federal efforts concerning invasive http://www.invasivespecies.gov Species on Invasive Guidance FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rdsduse/rdus3_13.htm I http://itre.ncsu.edu/cte/TC27HANDOUT.pdf order species executive Invasive http://www.invasivespecies.gov/laws/execorder.shtml#sec2 Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 182 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 185 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC There are 591,707 bridges more than 20 feet in length located on 591,707 bridges more are There carrying nearly four billion States, in the United public roads special opportunities for wildlife provide Bridges per day. vehicles corri- systems serve Riverine as movement habitat connectivity. wildlife, dors and habitat linkages for many species of terrestrial essential habitat functions in and of themselves. and they provide often built to span the water but not adjacent are Bridges species to pass below land, thwarting terrestrial any attempts by the of the water continues, yet and flow The movement them. animal community along of the terrestrial and flow movement being When bridges are is abruptlythe riverbanks constricted. they should be extended to span enough or rehabilitated, replaced corridor habitat and a movement unsubmerged land to provide wildlife. Lengthening existing bridge spans also for terrestrial under exist- costs far less than building separate wildlife crossings ing roadways. they span beyond Do of interest. area the bridges in your Survey wildlife species to use them as terrestrial edge to allow the water’s Contact the bridge division in your state transporta-crossings? and tion agency and ask about the status of bridges. Ask if, they consider the bridges. Suggest when, they plan to replace passage. for terrestrial building a wider span to allow and Barotrauma driving, Bioacoustics Pile or steel foundations driven often built on concrete are Bridges The noise (bioacoustics) and into the surface with pile drivers. generated from pile driving have sound impulses (barotrauma) effects on fish, marine mammals and diving profoundly adverse kills, disruption of foraging behavior and altered Fish sea birds. migratory among the documented concerns. patterns are salmon, the U.S. Fish pile driving impacts endangered Because Oceanic and Atmospheric Service and National Wildlife and implemented terms and conditions have Fisheries Administration experimenting with agencies are Transportation for pile driving. impacts of pile driving and bubble curtains to reduce cofferdams on aquatic species. Culverts to build and maintain than less expensive culverts are Because water when method of crossing the preferred bridges, they are designed with the principal objec- are conditions permit. Culverts not alignment; they are water under a road of moving tive habitat for intended to simulate a natural waterway or provide often straightened and are fact, streams aquatic organisms. In speed so the cul- water flow deepened near a culvert to increase sediment hydrology, recently, vert can be self-cleaning. Until Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Length of the span (How long is it from one side long is it from Length of the span (How to the other?) many lanes will it support?) of the deck (How Width classification Functional daily traffic volume Average and size weight Vehicle Scale and context Surroundings Topography Weather Cost BRIDGES AND CULVERTS cross water—they either ways that roads only three are There the water or they go through it, and in a few urban bridge over many places, entire In tunneled under water. are settings, roads The most for a road. to make room have been moved streams bridges, cul- are and rivers streams common methods of crossing to build and expensive more are Bridges verts and fords. the least detrimental to sur- considered maintain, but are aquatic ecosystem. rounding of rivers and streams, the natural flow Rather than spanning over put in the water and culverts are built through are many roads less expensive so are are Culverts for water flow. place to allow generally only used are conditions permit. Fords used whenever as temporary during construction. measures Bridges and have been built to cross come in all shapes and sizes Bridges water bodies as small a meander and large an ocean over four main types of bridges: beam bridges, can- are There channel. of bridges, arch bridges and suspension bridges. Because tilever an option only over generally considered the expense, bridges are or if water is too deep to accommodate and rivers, wider streams the considered Though not totally benign, bridges are culverts. and streams method for roads to cross most ecologically sensitive bridges serve some regions, as habitat for certain migra- In rivers. bridges can also be the tory and bats. Aesthetically, birds in a landscape; contributing to the scenic distinguishing feature of the community. and cultural value When deciding for bridges. no minimum size standards are There a bridge and culvert, designers and engineers consider between of endan- navigation and the presence/absence cost, topography, When designing a bridge, engineers consider the species. gered factors: following 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 184 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 187 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC MAINE DEPARTMENT OF MAINE DEPARTMENT provides $10 million per year to the U.S. Forest $10 million per year provides Increase culvert size to decrease water velocity. culvert to decrease size Increase shape culvert to accommodate fish passage. a different Use natural substrate on the cul- the invert to allow level Lower vert bottom. water velocity. within culverts to slow “roughness” Increase and upstream areas” or “resting gradient controls Install of culverts. downstream large uses a culvert size Method Channel Design Active enough and embedded deep into the channel to of debris and formation a sta- the natural movement allow ble bed inside the culvert. uses bottomless culverts Method Design Simulation Stream and makes them wide a natural streambed, placed over not restricting enough to include banks on either side. By within processes this method mimics the natural stream flow, a culvert. performance tailors the hydraulic of Method Design Hydraulic the culvert to the swimming abilities of target species fish. species beneath roads in the National Forest System, including System, Forest in the National species beneath roads or removing the costs of constructing, maintaining, replacing, culverts and bridges, as appropriate.” HALL OF FAME: POLICY AND FISH PASSAGE TRANSPORTATION’S DESIGN GUIDE issued guidance in 2002 that established a policy, DOT Maine poorly designed culverts, while also creating better design stan- poorly designed culverts, while also creating culverts. for new and replacement dards assist fish passage, transportation agencies can make the fol- To modifications to existing culverts: lowing 3 3 3 3 3 used to culvert new designs are the following structures, For the impacts to fish passage: reduce 3 3 3 SAFETEA-LU the costs of facilitating passage aquatic Service to “pay RIPRAP STREAMBANK STABILIZATION: to see the sure see bridges and culverts, you’re you Wherever intended to control of rocks riprap: a permanent cover dreaded high velocity and protect them from streambanks stabilize erosion, heavy requires stabilization process This streambank water flow. a and smooth the banks before equipment to clear vegetation onto the slope—a process that is blanket of boulders is poured process and design guide for fish passage on all projects with and design guide for fish passage on all projects process The guidance was devel- bridges, culverts, pipes or pipe arches. agencies and established a with resource oped in coordination fish passage. for addressing clear protocol Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ere given little consideration. As a result, more than half of more little consideration. As a result, given ere Bridge (with no approach embankment into the main (with no approach Bridge channel) simulation using a bottomless arch or embedded Streambed culvert design simulation using an embedded round metal or Streambed box culvert design concrete culvert, placed at less than 0.5 percent slope Nonembedded to 12 culvert (various designs); placed at 0.5 percent Baffled with a fishway. slope or a structure percent migration of fish and other aquatic organisms. The issue of fish migration of fish and other aquatic organisms. passage is certainly much larger than just transportation—many ade- to restore working organizations are wildlife and resource its part, the it has been lost. For quate fish passage where begun accepting responsibility transportation sector has recently and taking action. culverts have taken their toll on migratory fish in Suboptimal water depth shallow water velocity, High and streams. rivers vertical drop at the culvert outlet, and within culverts, excessive the most common causes of fish passage debris blockages are always been important have eco- problems at culverts. Fisheries and some species (salmonids) resources, nomic and recreational bringing a or endangered, federally listed as threatened now are sharper focus to the issue of fish passage for migratory species. spending a considerable amount now agencies are Transportation by a centuryof time and money undoing the damage created of tional? If not, contact your transportationtional? If agency and ask if, the culverts for fish and aquatic and when, they plan to retrofit organism passage. transport, movement of woody debris, and fish wildlife pas- transport, movement sage w FISH PASSAGE the question, “Why all pondered the did the chicken cross We’ve a a fish crosses ever thought about how you have But road?” Service, an esti- Wildlife and to the U.S. Fish According road? the mated 2.5 million culverts, dikes and dams exist throughout small culverts dams have All of them, from to massive country. of our waterways, and hydrology blocking the the features altered Survey the culverts in your area of interest. Are they func- Are of interest. area the culverts in your Survey the culverts assessed on U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Service and Bureau the culverts assessed on U.S. Forest con- are Washington and (BLM) lands in Oregon Management barriers to juvenile salmonid fish passage (U.S. sidered 2001). Office, Accountability Government not created a conservationare all water crossing perspective, From types is as structure of preferable The ecological hierarchy equal. follows: Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 186 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 189 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC Wild Rivers and Riprap: Rivers Wild move to places like…Montana, drawn by the lure of a wild river. the lure by drawn to places like…Montana, move for us to stay there, But love. build our homes close to what we We must be controlled. of spring flood, the river year after through can- of wild nature, like any force Yellowstone, like the a river And us, and that which attracted and remain not be controlled thousands of others, in the first place.” The Case of the Yellowstone Hal Herring Hal Yellowstone of the The Case riverbanks. Support restrictions on development in floodplains on development restrictions Support riverbanks. that lead to riprap and other habitat alterations used protect from natural processes. human structures Stabilization measures have been used in the United States for States have been used in the United measures Stabilization and without recog- largely unregulated than a centurymore now, thousands of nition of potential ecological impacts. Consequently, with riprap and the cumula- have been stabilized miles of stream impact to our aquatic ecosystems has yet be calculated or tive on the use of riprap have been pursued by mitigated. Moratoriums Wildlife and Service, the U.S. Fish Fisheries Marine the National Service and some state departments quality. of environmental a provide and rootwads, techniques, like the use of trees “Soft” rather the erosion to riprap by helping slow good alternative The challenge is to successfully stabilize than stop it completely. without significant impacts to the natural func- the streambank itself. tions of the river We West. of living in the modern another of the paradoxes is yet “It RUNOFF STORMWATER does all that water go? but where What goes up must come down, that enters waterways rain or melting snow from rather Water is called stormwater runoff. than soaking into the ground the Impervious surfaces and parking lots decrease like roads the amount and increase the ground amount of water absorbed by into storm of stormwater runoffand velocity that is directed drains that carry its place of origin. As the water far from it collects and transports debris, chemicals, sedi- stormwater flows, nutrients, pathogens and other pollutants into either ment, excess or lakes, wetlands into streams, a storm sewer system or directly drinking polluted stormwater threatens Untreated, coastal water. water supplies for humans and degrades aquatic habitat fish source pollution accounts for 80 percent and wildlife. Nonpoint 1997). (Smoot, States of the degradation waters in United priate authority and suggest the less harmful alternatives listed in priate authority and suggest the less harmful alternatives the old organization to help remove your Volunteer this chapter. it with less harmful alternatives. riprap and replace in floodplains and restrictions on the land use or zoning -Check Survey the streambank stabilization measures used in your area of area used in your stabilization measures the streambank Survey riprap the primary used? Contact the appro- Is measure interest. are Water flowing at flowing Water Defenders of Wildlife What’s wrong with Riprap? What’s no mistake, most stabiliza- Make intended to are tion measures protect the built environment the natural environment, from not the other way around. aquatic systems Healthy dynamic and unstable, wrought deposition, flooding with erosion, a natural state, In and drought. overflow will regularly rivers within the flood- banks to move new channels, plain, creating distributing seeds and stems, leaving behind ghost channels, that nourish and oxbows wetlands an incredi- of species. It’s a variety confined, bly complex system. But has only two places to the river channel its own go: scour down the water faster down- or deliver The floodplain loses stream. itself; connectivity to the river becoming smaller and drier as disappear and side chan- wetlands nels go dry. by steepness of slope; slopes by steeper than 2:1 tend to lose l and sliding. riprap to erosion Know? You Did the rate of two feet per second can a cobblestone weighing half move a pound, but an increase in veloc- a pound, but an increase ity to 10 feet per second can move that weighs 150 pounds a rock Department of Natural (Ohio 2007). Resources, Highways | wn the flow of stormwater runoff, reducing streambank cutting streambank reducing of stormwater runoff, wn the flow also called “armoring.” The large, jagged rocks used for riprap slow The large, jagged rocks also called “armoring.” do and decreasing sediment loads. Riprap can be fieldstone, quarryand decreasing Complex mathematical formulas or broken concrete. stone, scree dimensions. If stones and feature used to determine stone size are can be too expensive, fabricated alternatives or are not available are water prevent To block mats. used, such as articulated concrete underlying soil, a layer of geotextile or stone fil- from removing The use of riprap is limited ter must be placed beneath the riprap. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s orps of Engineers Hinder morphologic evolution—the in stream natural changes energy processes characteristics, and riparian succession that occur in healthy stream and riparian ecosystems. Alters the hydrologic balance of a resistance,river by changing geometry and altering channel and modifying water exchange hydrodynamic character. Reduce or eliminates sediment yield and tends to generate local usually at the toe or scour, immediately downstream. flow field, geometry, Alter the channel riparian vegetation conditions and a host of other habitat elements, creating preferential habitat for some organisms at the expense of others. and biological Impact chemical processes provided by natural and their stream channels as associated riparian zones, such nutrient soil and water quality, cycles and source sink areas for maintaining population equilibrium of some plant and animal species. IMPACTS OF STABILIZATION IMPACTS MEASURES Effects of Riprap on Riverine and Riparian Ecosystems U.S. Army C 188 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 191 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC Deicing chemicals work by lowering the freezing lowering by chemicals work Deicing includes funding eligibility for environmental construction of stormwater treatment systems. construction of stormwater treatment Contact your transportation agency and ask if they are currently transportationContact your agency and ask if they are using stormwater best management practices. the road- stormwater from built in such a way to direct are Roads way surface into drainage systems within or adjacent to the right systems discharge either to municipal drain sys- Drainage of way. streams, waters such as creeks, into receiving tems or directly minimize adverse To and coastal waters. lakes, estuaries, wetlands transportation impacts of highway runoff, agencies can take to clean the water as it comes off roadway surface measures and other receiving and streams creeks it reaches and before such as filtering systems and porous measures waters. Structural fil- trap runoffpavements until the contaminants settle out or are ponds through the underlying soils. Detention/retention tered runoff and remove used to temporarily store are and wetlands annual and require expensive considered contaminants but are ditches with wide, shallow swales are Vegetated maintenance. of the flow designed to trap pollutants and slow thick vegetation and sweeping such as street measures Nonstructural stormwater. contaminants at the source and reduce buffers control vegetated the pollution concentration in runoff. SAFETEA-LU and and pollution abatement, including retrofitting restoration DEICING SALT may or icy conditions, you had to drive in snow ever have you If salt is not that excess the sight of salt trucks. But welcome agen- Transportation environment. in the surrounding welcome at minus 6 F, while a 29.8 percent solution of calcium chloride while a 29.8 percent at minus 6 F, at minus 67 F. freezes cies use salt and other chemicals to melt snow and ice on cies use salt and other chemicals to melt snow either prior to storms (anti-icing) or after (de- roadways The two most commonly applied salts are icing) to melt ice. rock salt) and calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl, to like sand, ash or sawdust with abrasives often mixed which are often combined with traction. Deicing chemicals are improve caking and inhibit corrosion. other substances to prevent at melting ice but sodium effective Calcium chloride is more widely used because it costs less. chloride is more Know? You Did concentration of salt water freezes A 23.3 percent point of water. Defenders of Wildlife Highways | can be calculated using the peak flow rate, runoff can be calculated using the peak flow characteristics of the soils in and erosive velocities can be measures control so that appropriate area, implemented. equire the control of pollutants from municipal separate storm the control of pollutants from equire Federal environmental regulations under on the Clean Water Act Water under on the Clean regulations environmental Federal r sewer systems, construction sites and industrial activities. of origins called point and non- a variety Contaminants come from runoff and discharge can be both point Stormwater point sources. so transportationand nonpoint sources, agencies must go through Protection of the Environmental the general permit process System Elimination Discharge Pollutant National Agency’s agency with water (NPDES). Also, each state has an environmental (often called the Department of Environmental quality oversight drinking water and state health departmentsQuality) oversee jurisdiction over addition, state wildlife agencies have issues. In to aquatic ecosystems. water quality issues relating stormwater runoff is serious business for trans- As such, addressing portation agencies. Almost every state transportation agency has guidance and uses best management practices (BMPs) developed sophisticated on stormwater management, and many states have stormwater to addressing programs with full-time staff devoted Advisory issues. California has four department-wide Stormwater and to BMPs new and improved to evaluate or SWATs Teams and guidance for implementing their statewide procedures develop designated stormwater management plan. All districts have to facilitate implementation of Coordinators Water NPDES Storm Program. Management Water a Storm heavy The most common contaminants in highway runoff are and suspended hydrocarbons metals, inorganic salts, aromatic and sanding surface. Salting solids that accumulate on the road sur- chloride, sodium and calcium on the roadway practices leave rubber rust, hydrocarbons, cars leave behind grease, face. Our often These materials are particles and other solid materials. storm events. washed off the highway during rain or snow can be incorporated into the planning, design BMPs Stormwater and construction of existing of newor reconstruction projects engineer can con- planning and design, the project facilities. In to controls technology-based, nontreatment sider proactive, run-on site at the project pollutant discharges. Stormwater reduce Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 190 “Highway runoff is “Highway not harmful.” generally Highway Federal Administration GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 193 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC STUDY: SALT IN NORTHEAST STREAMS IN NORTHEAST SALT STUDY: Some reports have estimated that the damage to automobiles done by salt ranges from six to 30 times the initial cost of salt, with 90 percent of the the corrosive damage to bridges, highways damage due to corrosion. With and vehicles factored in, one study concluded that the actual cost of salt may be close to $775/ton. DepartmentMichigan of Environmental Quality IN THE NEWS: IN THE SHARP INCREASE SHOWS (AP)The amount of salt dis- 5, 2005 Sept. WASHINGTON, is rising and chemicals used to in the Northeast in streams solved basi- being blamed. “We’re the roads are and ice from clear snow the watersheds and feeding them a high-salt diet. cally hardening the number of driveways connection between is a direct There said Sujay and the quality of our water,” lots we have and parking of Maryland Center for Environmental Kaushal of the University Maryland. Science in Frostburg, Defenders of Wildlife Highways | What’s wrong with salt? What’s driv- motorists from hazardous the salt used to protect Ironically, ing conditions is the very substance that rusts automobiles and also bridges. Salt concrete used to reinforce the rebar corrodes including environment, on the surrounding havoc wreaks aquatic ecosystems. surface the road to is highly soluble and quickly washes from Salt or sur- finds either groundwater it eventually where the roadside a detrimental effect on salinity can have Increased face water. drinking water supplies in reservoirs and aquifers on wildlife. detrimental impacts as have the additives the salt itself, Beyond caking, releases added to prevent ferrocyanide, Sodium well. inhibitors con- to fish. Rust toxic extremely cyanide ions that are of tain phosphorus compounds that stimulate the growth lakes. and algae in freshwater undesirable aquatic plants, weeds and sawdust) can accumulate along (sand, cinders, gravel Abrasives and clog stormwater inlets sewers. And all these roadways and lakes. and end up in streams materials may wash downstream transportationContact your agency and ask what kind of deicing less harmful much they use. Suggest chemicals they use and how your organization to help plant a living Volunteer alternatives. fence. snow ALTERNATIVES SALT salt is getting the message: Road agencies are Transportation emergencies communities use salt only in ice-related Some costly. can be Trees equipment so less salt is used. and adjust spreading from fence,” to keep snow planted to establish a “living snow corn stalks farmers leave Minnesota, In onto the road. blowing the winter in fields along highway to hold standing through include snow methods to remove proposed Other snow. blowing solar that stores the use of external melting systems, pavement design. tire/vehicle energy for melting, and improved calcium magnesium are The most common chemical alternatives is a mix- Verglimit acetate (CMA) and potassium (KAc). bonded with asphalt during of deicing chemicals that are ture verypaving, allowing little runoff and maintaining effectiveness these alternatives in very Unfortunately, even cold temperatures. 20 CMA is approximately often deemed cost prohibitive. are installation doubles Verglimit expensive than salt and times more the cost of surfacing a road. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 192 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Natural Environment Natural 195 AQUATIC RESOURCES AQUATIC ulverts on Forest Service and ulverts on Forest am_id=6 esearch and Development Center and Development esearch e for Roads, Highways, and Bridges Highways, e for Roads, erine and Riparian Ecosystems ers.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AMR_content_39bf ATER .stream.fs.fed.us/fishxing/index.html oadConstructionGuidelines.pdf Restoring Fish Passage Through C Through Passage Fish Restoring TIC RESOURCES TIC RESOURCES ary.fws.gov/Pubs9/fishpassage.pdf ational Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) System Elimination Discharge ational Pollutant ew Mexico Department of Game and Fish and Fish Department of Game ew Mexico arriers to Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings at Road-Stream Organism Passage arriers to Aquatic BLM Lands in Oregon and Washington Could Take Decades Take Could Washington and BLM Lands in Oregon http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02136.pdf Program Passage Fish System Highway State Washington http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/environment/fishpass/state_highways.htm RIPRAP on Riv of Riprap Effects AQUA BRIDGES and Riparian Areas Wetland for Construction Guidelines and Road Bridge N http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/habitat_handbook/documents/B ridgeandR and Structures TRB Committee AFH40: Construction of Bridges http://www.trb.org/directory/comm_detail.asp?id=1406 FISH PASSAGE CULVERTS_AND Program Passage Fish USFWS National http://www.fws.gov/fisheries/FWSMA/FishPassage/ http://libr Identifying For Inventory and Assessment Procedure USFS National B http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/publications/PDFs/NIAP.pdf http://www USGAO R U.S. Army Engineer Fischenich, J. Craig http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wrap/pdf/trel03-4.pdf Sheet Riprap Fact Quality, Department of Environmental Michigan http://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-swq-nps-rip.pdf on Riprap The Lowdown and Rocks: Blocks Concrete, Mats, http://www.forester.net/ecm_0207_mats.html STORMW N EPA, http://cfpub1.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?progr Measur VII. Management http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-7a.html Toolkit Systems Stormwater American Rivers http://www.americanriv The Testing of a Testing . Balkema, Defenders of Wildlife Highways | ellowstone2/ Magnesium Acetate.” 1991. Retrieved from: 1991. Retrieved Acetate.” Magnesium , 2 October 2006 , 2 October from: Retrieved epartment of Natural Resources. Ohio Stream Management Stream Ohio Resources. epartment of Natural oad-Stream Crossings: Ecological Considerations in the Design and Ecological Considerations in the Design Crossings: oad-Stream erine and Riparian Ecosystems.” 2003. Retrieved from: erine and Riparian Ecosystems.” 2003. Retrieved ngineering Geology and Hydrogeology of Karst Terranes ngineering Geology and Hydrogeology of Karst Rotterdam: Beck & Stephenson. Beck Rotterdam: REFERENCES a Serious Runoff Highway “Is Administration. Highway Federal from: 1999. Retrieved Problem?” http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/runoff/runoff.htm of Riprap on “Effects J. C. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Fischenich, Riv http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wrap/pdf/trel03-4.pdf Yellowstone.” The Case of the “Wild and Riprap: Hal. Rivers Herring, West New http://www.newwest.net/index.php/main/article/wild_rivers_and_riprap_the _case_of_they and Construction Passage Scott. “Design of Aquatic Organism Jackson, at R the ICOET 2003 con- from Proceedings Crossings.: and Stream of River 2003. ference, “Winter Road Quality. Department of Environmental Michigan from: 2003. Retrieved Management.” http://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-swq-nps-wrm.pdf and Comparing Salt Deicing: of Sciences. “Highway Academy National Calcium http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr235/00i-012.pdf D Ohio from: 16, 2007. Retrieved No. Guide http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/pubs/fs_st/stfs16.htm A.M. “Laboratory Turpin, C.D., and J.L., Cox, Smoot, E System to Treat Highway Stormwater in Karst Areas.” 1997. in Karst Areas.” Stormwater Highway Treat to System Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 194 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Advocacy Advocacy that you Now is knowledge. tool for advocacy most valuable Your highways happen, this chapter a better understanding of how have newfound to put your knowl- compiles some good advice on how it is no longer in a situation where you find yourself If edge to work. this information will help. to chain yourself a tree, appropriate uality, Winter Winter Road uality, Defenders of Wildlife Highways | aintenance rans Stormwater Management Plan Management rans Stormwater aters and Wetlands During Highway Construction Highway During Wetlands aters and sing Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance Road Winter and Sand for sing Salt s Highway Runoff a Serious Problem? a Serious Runoff s Highway Management http://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-swq-nps-wrm.pdf http://www.usroads.com/journals/p/rmj/9712/rm971202.htm Q of Environmental Department Michigan Alternative Practices to Manage Highway Runoff, Webcast Series – Series Webcast Runoff, Highway to Manage Practices Alternative and Links Resources League of America Walton The Izaak http://www.iwla.org/index.php?id=223 I http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/runoff/runoff.htm CalT http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/pdf/CTSW-RT-02-008.pdf to Impacts or Minimize to Avoid Bridging Temporary NCHRP 25-30 W http://www.trb.org/trbnet/projectdisplay.asp?projectid=765 DEICING SALT wisely but can be used more to stay, is here Salt De-Icing Sciences of Natural Academy Lister, and Cynthia Paddock Todd http://www.saltinstitute.org/nas.html U for and Sand Salt 6: Using No. Bulletin Transportation Wisconsin M Road Winter Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 196 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Natural Environment Advocacy 199 ADVOCACY .” In this publication, Mr. .” In A State Highway Project in Your Town?: A Town?: Your in Project Highway A State ratings, growth projections, freight needs, freight projections, ratings, growth tourism and recreation). scenic/natural/historic features, elsewhere? b. on documentation. Insist c. safety it reduce Will safety. will improve Ask if the project d. suggestions. alternative Offer yourself. the project Do down. the project Vote Advisory Council on Historic to the National Appeal Preservation. Mediate. all else fails, litigate. If Build local support and be ready to do some work. local support and be ready Build the discussion early. Build simple case. a clear, Make expertGet help (free). of project status. aware Keep in the scoping process. actively Participate Advisory Transportation local regional your Influence Committee. hearings. Attend delegation. support your legislative Obtain from Board. Transportation the Influence Plan. Town transportation issues in your Address agency. state wildlife or natural resources to your Talk site. on or near the project historic resources Identify the need for project: Question a. sufficiency data (traffic counts, accident records, Gather If you are preparing your own campaign to stop or significantly own your preparing are you If use our of interest, state or area in your a road project improve at the end of this chapter to Worksheet” handy “Watchdog and activities. information, resources your organize Wick shares some of his wisdom as a veteran road warrior: road some of his wisdom as a veteran shares Wick CASE STUDY: IT TAKES A VILLAGE A TAKES IT CASE STUDY: a proposed (VTrans) Transportation Agency of Vermont When the citi- Tunbridge, project in the small village of bridge replacement was The project and public officials rallied together. zens They unnecessarily large and out of scale for a small village setting. on a agreed and eventually VTrans negotiating with spent a year citi- the victory, project design. Following modified and improved “ wrote, Wick Jim zen Officials for Citizens and Public Primer . websites. websites. ’ and MPO’s ’ and MPO’s http://listserv.access.gpo.gov/ Defenders of Wildlife Highways | Make a list of your elected officials. Find out if any of them elected officials. Find a list of your Make serve committees either in your on transportation related or Congress. state legislature organizations that a list of other non-governmental Make with these allies. Meet your values. share listserv Transportation and Fisheries Wildlife, up for the Sign http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/gateway/WFTlistserv.asp Register up for the Federal Sign Reading this guide is an important first step—you’re already this guide is an important first step—you’re Reading find a place on your desk for it and keep way! Now on your it handy. long-range trans- state’s copies of your or request Download portation plan and statewide transportation improvement obtain copies of in a metropolitan area, live you program. If on their they put you Request MPO plans as well. your mailing list. transporta- of your state’s Learn the organizational structure What authority do it have a commission? Does tion agency. local or county transportation you have agen- Do they have? run the governor do they all interact? Does cies too? How the show? Action Wildlife State a copy of your or request Download and ask to be Contact the implementation coordinator Plan. put on their mailing list. in your an inventory of public and protected resources Take up on (historic, natural, cultural, etc.). Read of interest area plans and get on their mailing lists. and park refuge forest, your local land use planning and zoning poli- your to know Get a have you management? Do have growth you cies. Do it say anything about roads? plan? Does town law that would Check state law for transportation related much is the gas tax in your help or hurt cause. How your does the money go? state and where transportation agencies your Bookmark 3 3 3 3 ADVOCACY to have this guide, I don’t to read taken the initiative you’ve If that this is a worthwhile your organi- convince you issue for you, embroiled currently are Whether you community. zation or your in a highway fight or just—wisely—trying one, there to prevent yourself. certain can take to prepare steps you are 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 198 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 201 ADVOCACY Instead of asking, Instead “Who is like us?” ask “Who wins when we rule out win?” Don’t with different groups motivations. Hood Robin Marketing Ecosystem-specific protection or appreciation protection Ecosystem-specific Project) Ecosystem Rockies groups (Southern and local conservation organizations National Wildlife) of (Defenders and local humane organizations National States) of the United Society (Humane organizations and local smart growth National America) Growth (Smart watchdog organizations. Tax Recreation enthusiasts (hiking, biking, climbing, birding, Recreation hunting/fishing) Scouts) Girl/Boy groups (Lions Club, Citizen groups of refuge Friends groups 1000 Friends associations Neighborhood rescue/rehabilitators Wildlife safety proponents Highway Species-specific protection or appreciation groups or appreciation protection Species-specific Foundation) Elk Mountain (Rocky 3 3 3 3 3 FINDING PARTNERS almost certainly familiar with As a conservationare you advocate, a member of several. Conservationcoalitions and probably coali- species, resource, a particulartions generally form around region, on wildlife Those of us who work project or threat. subject area, all of the and transportation addressing issues often find ourselves to a region at once. A highway project may pose a threat above or a national such as rivers resources, that is home to precious and imperiled species—such as grizzly or salmon. forest, though–not just conservationists. lives touch everyone’s Highways spent. our tax dollars are all have a say in how we As taxpayers, are we As citizens, seek mobility and safety. we As drivers, We and our quality of life. in quality of servicesinvested provided a stake in making the best decisions for our communities. all have to real- yet who have or dormant groups may be “neutral” There potential partners may be: their ability to affect change. Some ize 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Defenders of Wildlife Highways | COMING SOON! Alexis de Tocqueville, 1840 Alexis de Tocqueville, http://www.TransWildAlliance.org WORKING WITH COALITIONS WORKING a citizen in a local community, a peculiar people…If, are “Americans dis- of a human need that is not met, he thereupon becomes aware a committee comes cusses the situation with his neighbors. Suddenly on behalf begins to operate The committee thereupon into existence. is like of the need, and a new community function is established. It watching a miracle.” The conflict between in numbers. is strength true; there It’s wildlife and transportation is so complex and very daunting, can tackle it alone. Any worth- or interest group no single citizen, many will require while and successful attempt to make progress of member Coalitions harness the resources interests. and diverse can avoid you Together, common goals. organizations to achieve go it Don’t duplication of effort power. and multiply your alone—conservationists unite! and find if another forming a coalition, do some research Before may find that joining and You in place. organization is already effective than starting an existing effort from is more revitalizing scratch. Also keep in mind that a coalition need not be formal without addi- affair; informal alliances can be just as effective of bureaucracy. tional layers Allianace The TransWild And speaking of coalitions, a handful conservation organiza- working on wildlife and transportation issues tions currently Alliance in 2005. TransWild the countryacross established the Conservation have advocates been struggling with the impacts of poorly planned highways for decades. this Yet issue isto still new the field of conservation, had and many organizations have difficulty learning and navigating the complicated world of trans- time and money—we limited resources—staff, With portation. needed to partnerhave with each other to affect change on an developed we have Together, and on the ground. Capitol Hill informal alliance among conservation organizations striving to impacts and policy reduce influence transportation projects hopes to secure Wildlife our part, of Defenders on wildlife. For support tools necessaryfunding to develop and networking to the alliance. and strengthen formalize Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 200 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 203 ADVOCACY . -Proverb something Conservation advocate Conservation advocate mission, it is in our best interest to remember mission, it is in our best interest our mission. organizations. They weren’t prepared to sit down for brainstorming to sit down prepared They weren’t organizations. and open discussions.” with us ideologically. and flat-out disagrees roads and more more been focused on partnerships, our role have While other advocates adversarial.” has been more agency because they were used to being attacked by conservation used to being attacked by agency because they were tinue reminding them of that fact. But if we are going to be if we are them of that fact. But tinue reminding in effective their not typically conser- in mind, transportation are Keep professionals vationists. They did not study wildlife biology in college and vationists. They studied civil protecting wildlife is not necessarily their priority. engineering, traffic dynamics, physics, statistics or community plan- we all have But ning and their priority is building infrastructure. to school sit behind a one thing in common—none of us went endless meetings. desk, write memos, fill out forms or sit through WORKING WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES WITH GOVERNMENT WORKING flies with honey than vinegar.” can catch more “You with accustomed to working As conservationare we advocates, agencies, but all too often as combatants, rather than government than others, the issue of wildlife conservation more allies. Perhaps and transportation collaboratively with lends itself to working have We agencies, at the local, state and federal level. government those physi- across we want to reach all been in situations where cal, political or ideological boundaries and just do important tools in and opposition should remain While oversight your some tips on improving are here toolbox, every advocate’s agencies: with government relationship working 1. mission the agency’s Understand an important agencies have mission—safely and Transportation one place to another. people and goods from efficiently moving a moral, if not legal obligation to do so in the least they have Yes, our job to con- destructive way possible and it’s environmentally When faced with an impasse, why not try a non-traditional partnerships, but our state just wants to build I prefer “Personally, approach? If you are fortunate relation- enough to have positive are If you approach? understand the value of good agencies, you ships with your with agencies in the group has quarreled your communication. If dif- may be more past, building communication and relationships They may be looking forward to branch. the olive ficult. Extend mending ties with the public and just waiting for chance. the from was a defensive nature of the first issues that arose “One Defenders of Wildlife TCSPC is a group of organizations, agen- is a group TCSPC Advocating high quality wildlife passage in Advocating The Coalition’s mission is to achieve the mission is to achieve The Coalition’s Highways | http://www.sonorandesert.org/ http://www.safepassagecoalition.org/ http://www.i90wildlifebridges.org/ cies, and individuals working to provide safe crossings for to provide cies, and individuals working Web address: address: Web Mission statement: Mission Mission statement: Mission in the Cascade Pass east of Snoqualmie the I-90 Expansion wildlife and safer travel for people through Tijeras Canyon in Canyon Tijeras for people through wildlife and safer travel Mexico. New members 23 citizen Coalition makeup: 25 groups, address: Web Washington of Mountains on the steering committee, 25 Coalition makeup: 7 groups endorsing organizations, 11 businesses address: Web Mission statement: Mission long-term conservation and ecological of biological diversity land-use comprehensive Desert through function of the Sonoran Sonoran planning, with primary County’s emphasis on Pima Desert Conservation Plan. Coalition makeup: 36 conservation and neighborhood nearly 30,000 people groups, representing Prioritize activities, develop, implement and review plans. Celebrate success, review your mission and goals share Create your vision and mission statements, decide on the right 3 COALITION HALL OF FAME COALITION Coalition Passage Safe Canyon Tijeras 3 3 3 3 3 3 I-90 Wildlife Bridges Coalition Bridges Wildlife I-90 Desert Protection Coalition for Sonoran 3 3 Define the coalition, develop team, identify and recruit Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s : Manage volunteers and activities, communicate well run right members. effective meetings. BUILD A COALITION FORMING: STORMING: NORMING PERFORMING: REFORMING: structure and leadership organize around an appropriate structure. leadership. Control Partners, 2007 Tobacco 202 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 205 ADVOCACY State transportation agency State (FHWA) Administration Highway Federal (MPO) Planning Organizations Metropolitan Advisory Committee (TAC) Transportation Local planners department, & Game division of wildlife agency (Fish State wildlife, department of natural resources) Service (FWS), Department of Wildlife and U.S. Fish Interior Service (USFS), Department of Agriculture U.S. Forest Service (NPS), Department of Interior Park National transportation-funded liaison or coordinator in your state in your transportation-funded liaison or coordinator state transportation or wildlife agencies. If your agency resource suggest that they do. does not support liaison staff, their efforts. Consider nominating them for one of the recognize for a the Appendix programs. See many transportation award programs. award list of the many transportation-related cies. See the MOA template at the end of this chapter that can be the MOA cies. See for their needs. tailored is a interagency coordination of the best ways to improve –One on wildlife issues, transportation your agency is improving –If fester–contact the agency as soon as possible and request a meet- fester–contact the agency as soon possible and request losing sight of your ultimate conservationWithout goal, ask ing. cam- event will completely derail your if this unforeseen yourself to disappointment, but discuss how honest about your paign. Be forward productively. move 5. imbalances of power aware Be with seemingly little or no influence over may find yourself You have will never You key decision-makers or crucial outcomes. may never You counterparts. money than your government more or trans- about the inside game of road-building more know comes in many power However, portation policy than they do. the think. Understand than you more might have forms and you partnerslaw pertaining diverse and stay in to the issue, mobilize the game. Get to Know Should You Agencies 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 to eye always see eye in mind that these agencies don’t Keep of Agreement a truce with a Memorandum Suggest either. agen- two or more between a non-regulatory agreement (MOA), Agency Staff From Hints Helpful gener- agency professionals transportation and resource Several nuggets of wisdom and advice to the following ously offered conservationists on wildlife and transportation working conflicts: Defenders of Wildlife Highways | the devastating impacts of highways, and the devastating seek solutions. Depending upon the actively agency and their position within the agency, they may or not be in a position to pub- their concerns. As such, they may licly vocalize the chance to forge an alliance with a welcome that can help such as yours group proactive their ambitions. Agency allies can them realize of information on how sources also be valuable the organization functions, who is who, where and when the best time is to to find answers the environment and are conservation advocates themselves—from and are the environment for a transportation work because we Just engineers to receptionists. not also conservation-minded.” mean we’re agency doesn’t transportation agency biologist State act. When working with agency allies, always respect their time, with agency allies, always respect When working act. to show be sure Finally, at their request. position and anonymity, their contributions. gratitude and recognize deeply about care world people within the transportation “Many 2. allies within the agencies Find go to school be wildlife conservation- because they didn’t Just no transportation who professionals are mean there ists doesn’t is a growing fact, there In about wildlife or natural resources. care of trained biologists and ecologists working within trans- cadre working in the portation agencies, most of whom are compliance divisions. Others may be outdoors- environmental who recognize or simply conscientious citizens men, recreationists 3. Learn their language a know We language. As conservationists, have our own we a CE, and we a BO from 9, we know a Section 7 from Section do you paces. But twenty 404 violation from can spot a Section the shelf life of a LRTP? know you from ADT? Do LOS know this guide! will after reading not—but hopefully you Probably time to understand some basic fundamentals of the world Take on the transportation. an informed participant with credibility Be consistent and articulate in all your prepared, Be subject matter. communication with agency staff. 4. lines of communication open Keep rela- your the course of your campaign or project, Throughout tionship with the agency may hit an occasional snag. For contain language that you instance, perhaps a draft EIS doesn’t or maybe a negative essential funding fell through had hoped for, story feelings between appears in the local paper and causes hard let the issue lose hope and don’t Don’t and the agency. group your Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 204 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 207 ADVOCACY Voice your support your for a conservation or program project Voice funded or administered through his/her office. funded or administered funded or program project opposition to a road your Voice through his/her office. or administered Ask the official to sponsor or co-sponsor a bill, amendment or rider. Ask for support or opposition to a bill, amendment rider. behalf. Ask the official to send a letter on your him/her to attend or speak at an event. Invite to make a floor statement. representative legislative Ask your funding for wildlife and transportation related Request research. funding or support for wildlife crossings. Request you contact your lawmakers, recognize the difference between the difference lawmakers, recognize contact your you trying you are what they can do and cannot. If to state transportationinfluence the intra-agency policies of your a decision in an EIS, it is unlikely that your or reverse agency, with ìWorking (See state senator can do much to help you. occasions are there However, Agenciesî above.) Government may want to con- You best friends. when lawmakers can be your public officials for the following: tact your 3 WORKING WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS WORKING might find it campaign, you some point in the course of your At necessary that be for support. Elected to call upon the powers to state legislators Congress, mayor your town officials, from transportation and its impact can influence decisions regarding or high-dol- lobbyist to be a K Street donít have You on wildlife. just need You lar campaign contributor to meet with lawmakers. fact, elected offi- In and professional. to be informed, prepared as a constituent than meet with cials would rather meet with you a paid lobbyist. state capitol to meet DC or your Washington get to can’t you If can always call them, send a letter or meet with lawmakers, you to their home districts on with them in person when they return periods. Legislators holidays or during district work weekends, meetings or listening sessions to solicit con- often hold town may also find elected officials willing to You stituentsí input. or perhaps a field a meeting, event you have Do come to you. to a local lawmaker? site that would be of interest trip to a project to other they can talk directly inviting them to visit you, By understanding of the issue and see stakeholders, gain a greater impacts firsthand. to contact public officials When is it appropriate about wildlife and transportation issues? omnipotent. Before but they arenít powerful, officials are Elected 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Defenders of Wildlife Highways | VERMONT IS KEEPING TRACK VERMONT IS KEEPING ocate effectively with your actions (e.g., volunteer ocate effectively with your to help where appropriate) rather than by rhetoric. appropriate) rather than by to help where is a lot of potential to achieve good things, but it will There advocates and and lots of persistence by take many years agencies. patient, polite and persistent. Be to local values. a local and be sensitive Become scenario. Them” vs. not to consider negotiations as an “Us Try pessimistic about be overly Don’t past stereotyping. Get with transportationworking agencies. Look for conservation opportunities at the planning, corri- levels. dor and project just ask for less impacts want. Don’t clear about what you Be seek- are mitigation. Be clear about the goals you and more support attributes you ing, the specific outcomes or project and why. bringing you What are in the solution. willing to invest Be a solution? to the table help create need me. Call if you to help. here I’m Have an understanding of the limitations agency person- Have nel and adv 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 HALL OF FAME: A walk in the woods can open up a whole newhave world, if you the right guide. To enlighten staff from all departments enlighten staff from and lev- To the right guide. conducts (VTrans) Transportation’s Agency of Vermont els, annual habitat a Track®, connectivity training with Keeping conservationnon-profit organization based in northern New staff completed a VTrans 65 2002, approximately Since England. intro- are Participants program. and Highways” special “Habitats species, from native duced to the habitats and needs of various moose and black bear to wood turtles and salamanders. Exposure in another context and staff to see their work to wildlife allows on wildlife and have the impacts roads them to reduce empowers my expectations, each department beyond brought habitat. “Far planners to of personnel, from diversity a great to the program all of them Not to junior staff. down engineers and executives enthusiasts when they began!” card-carrying natural resource were by Inspired Morse. Susan director, Track Keeping remarked began recently and Maine Hampshire success, New Vermont’s programs. Track Keeping their own training in your state or about providing Track Contact Keeping to help with Offer http://www.keepingtrack.org of interest. area this and other similar training, field trips or interdisciplinary, and con- among transportation, resource exercises cross-training servation interests. Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 206 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy or 209 ADVOCACY http://www.firstgov.gov/Contact/Elected.shtml 00-333-4636). 8 00) FED INFO (1- 8 Tell them your name and where you live. you name and where them your Tell clear about what information straight to the point. Be Get elected official wish your seeking or what action you are you to take. questions and support point. to answer your prepared Be the phone The person answering specific information. Have you issue, so make sure the details of your may not know stand. you them specifics and make it clear where give posi- your group, an ambassador for your are You polite. Be cause. tion and your Local government offices are listed in telephone directories and many have informational web pages. For contactinformational web pages. For information for everyone from the President, U.S. Congress (both House of Representatives and Senate) your state legislators, go to: call 1 ( HOW DO I FIND CONTACT INFORMATION FOR MY ELECTED HOW DO I FIND CONTACT OFFICIALS? and they take tons of calls. Kindness goes a long way for the folks to deal with angrywho often have callers.” Chief of Staff Senate Former Phone call Phone want information and you it fast, nothing beats the you If may not get the chance to speak You old-fashioned phone call. ques- to the public official, but his or her staff can answer directly a good way to find information. Phone calls are tions and relay position on an issue, and a good way to voice out the lawmaker’s supportyour or opposition on an issue piece of legislation. As you before with any contact public officials, be prepared dial and you want to script the call before may even You begin. notes. to jot down pen and paper ready have call… When you 3 3 3 3 3 just a very phones few people answering are that there “Remember a Letter Writing a conscientious constituent will carry letter from One more letters are of form e-mails. Handwritten than hundreds weight results, real For effective. more and therefore surprisingly rare The public officials and make your case. write a letter to your same general rules apply for letter writing as phone calls: Defenders of Wildlife Congressional staffer Congressional Highways | out there who are interested in this, or that some group has a follow- in this, or that some group interested who are out there about this a lot, care you want me to believe really ing, but if you words.” own tell me in your What is the best way to communicate with public officials about wildlife and transportation issues? elected officials. ways to make contact with your several are There may choose to call, send a let- needs, you upon your Depending simply inquiring are you ter or meet with them in person. If about their position on a particular want to voice matter or you you opposition to a bill, phone call or letter will suffice. If your may want to schedule a face- you substantial requests, more have to-face meeting. any communication with public officials on wildlife and trans- In portation issues, keep in mind that while this is an age-old lawmakers may Your new. still relatively problem, solutions are not be familiar with the subject, may understand impor- prepared to them and their constituents. Be tance or the relevance a quick primer on the issue. to provide E-mail no longer use become so dependent on e-mail, we of us have Many e-mail may not be the other methods of communication. However, the with public officials. Since way to correspond most effective communication, many special interests meteoric rise in electronic (including conservationists) used e-mail and fax to bombard have elected officials with information and bulk messages. As such, with elected officials. lost effectiveness or blast e-mails have legislators found that e-mail is effec- A 2002 survey of Minnesota a legislator recognizes If only under certain tive circumstances. a constituent, it can be that the e-mail was personally written by problem “the However, as sending a letter. almost as effective legislator put it, “is that one does with e-mail,” as one Minnesota is no to nonconstituents, but there the time to respond not have spammers.’” way to sort non-offensive out the ‘political easy, e-mail staff, established a rapport with the official’s you’ve Once method of commu- appropriate and effective may become a more to staff use Blackberry devices and can respond nication. Most e-mailing too often. not abuse this by Do message quickly. your on a myriad of likely to be working busy people and are They are yours. matters beyond a lot of people are there language is fine for letting me know “Canned Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 208 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 211 ADVOCACY Congressional staffer Congressional . End the meeting on time. Sum up your the meeting on time. Sum . End Don’t leave that meeting without asking the Don’t . Be punctual, polite and dress appropriately. punctual, polite and dress . Be . Explain how the issue will affect the official’s home the issue will affect official’s how . Explain . Send a thank you note to the public official and any a thank you . Send . Stick to the subject and be respectful of their time. Save to the subject and be respectful . Stick Don’t bother them with issues outside their jurisdiction or Don’t apply to their district or state. issues that don’t them specifically what Tell just educate the lawmaker. Don’t want them to do. you assume that access guarantees results. Don’t experts on the subject. assume they are Don’t stuff. your Know assume they aren’t. Don’t preach. Don’t threaten. Don’t ask.” forget to make “the Don’t welcome. your overstay Don’t Make “the ask.” “the Make have informed them you elected official to take action. Once legislator and his or her staff. your and please try to make an fine, but come prepared are “Meetings with you. with you. brief Be you questions. If to say and answer time to listen what they have don’t have all the answers, commit to finding them and follow up. up. commit to finding them and follow have all the answers, don’t it local Make in. interest district or issues he she has shown time. Leave them with your materials, contact information and a them with your time. Leave up with additional information. promise to follow up Follow rapportThis will build a positive with met. staff with whom you sion and act as point person for any follow-up. Assign key mes- sion and act as point person for any follow-up. members so that everyonesages to group is heard. professional Be the group and thank them for taking time to meet Introduce What not to do when communicating with public officials 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 appointment. I have people on my staff who know the details of this people on my staff who know appointment. I have issue and it serves better if they can be in the meeting and me and you would like to see someone from out. I really to hear you be prepared this helps how than a DC lobbyist. I want to know back home, rather my home state/district first and foremost.” about your issue, tell them what to do about it. Make a direct issue, tell them what to do about it. Make about your get a no, politely ask why and you If and get an answer. request find out what it would take to get yes. a graceful exit Make and thank them again for their your “ask” main point, restate (Alperin, 2003) (Alperin, Defenders of Wildlife group of stakeholders, either from your group of stakeholders, either from Highways | . Walk-ins might be welcome at the local might be welcome Walk-ins . small . Know your issue inside and out—have detailed fact your . Know . Bring a . Bring ou are, where you are from and why you are writing. You writing. are from and why you are you where ou are, Address the letter correctly. the letter correctly. Address the first paragraph, tell them who right to the point. In Get y you actu- need not include detailed personal information. If had them at “hello.” you them a letter, ally wrote laundry lists. No to one issue per letter. Stick information. point with facts and background your Support want your elected official specific about what action you Be to take. or scold. not preach polite. Do Be letter to one page. If possible, limit your brief. Be to include your contact information. sure Be not arrive by wire. It is the one where someone sat down at a someone sat down is the one where It by wire. not arrive 2 pencil, and kitchen table, got a sheet of lined paper and No. their heart into a letter.” poured office well in advance to request a meeting and tell the scheduler in advance to request office well what the meeting will be about. Ask for a during recess to their tight and often fluctuating sched- or district visits. Due more or, appointment may be rescheduled Your ules, be flexible. will be asked to meet with a staff person instead. Keep you likely, out Find time to read. have them with long documents they don’t taken a stand on the issue, either if this public official has already or a public statement. vote by allies Bring 3 3 Schedule a Meeting First your made calls, sent letters and exercised you’ve So for a face-to-face meeting with an you ready Amendment rights. Are way to communicate an excellent visits are elected official? Personal that someone other than lobbyists and reinforce on a personal level or state. But town paying attention to the issues that effect your are ample Take busy people, just like you. keep in mind that they are meeting. and productive for an effective time to prepare an appointment Make less popular with elected officials. Call the salon, but they are 3 3 3 3 3 3 values most certainly does “The Gramm communication that Sen. possible, bring an expert or community leader who can reinforce the actual before with the group and rehearse position. Meet your meeting. Choose one spokesperson that will spearhead the discus- coalition or representatives from other like-minded groups. If from coalition or representatives in mind that meeting with staff can be as productive as seeing the in mind that meeting with staff can be as productive elected official in person. prepared Be infor- Bring to share. information ready sheets and background overwhelm mational materials you can leave with them, but don’t Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 210 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 213 ADVOCACY Ask yourself, “Who would give us Ask yourself, at or near your area of interest. Bring peo- Bring of interest. area at or near your to raise funds and build relationships with to raise funds and build relationships Send an introductory letter and follow up with a an introductory letter and follow Send to their opponents. When I do my research, I spend more time study- I spend more When I do my research, to their opponents. what I need to respond ing the opposition argument because that’s they listened, listens. If community never The environmental to. veryon that they would find common early realized would have with other allies.” ground Luntz Frank pollster, Republican good.” that’s the forests, protecting versus strategic communications firm of Fleishman-Hillard, Haber Jon friendly phone call. Offer to meet over coffee to tell them more to meet over friendly phone call. Offer wildlife and transportation conflict. Get creative. creative. wildlife and transportation conflict. Get just ask Now ple to see the area, the species and the project site for themselves. site for themselves. the species and project ple to see the area, “The problem the environmental community has is they don’t listen “The community has is they don’t the environmental problem greed corporate it’s lose. If You dead. versus jobs, you’re birds it’s “If FUNDRAISING may need to raise you independently wealthy, you’re Unless is nothing new to con- money to run campaign. Fundraising your to cupping” servationists; it can mean everything from “tin be overwhelmed. don’t multi-year grants. But major, receiving fundraising is the act of asking to its simplest expression, Reduced a person for gift of money. donors prospective Research on this issue?” List all the people, organizations, money to work the touched by businesses, foundations and agencies that are Grants Government of millions hundreds award state and local governments Federal, a grant Winning of dollars every to nonprofit organizations. year the ones process, and the best grant writers are is a competitive the (RFP), address for proposals a request to read how who know the right documentation to support goals, and provide funder’s their plans. and “pass “direct” provides government States The United grants, as the name implies, go directly grants. Direct through” organization. Competition for to your from the government monies also gives The federal government grants is fierce. direct be To grants. to individual states for distribution as pass through about your activities. about your the internet Use campaign to tell the world about your a website donors. Develop and add a mechanism for accepting donations. fundraising events Host spearheaded Colorado educated elementary stu- Defenders of Wildlife campaign urges drivers to watch for campaign urges drivers Highways | their thoughts through drawings that show their thoughts through can collaborate to benefit both animals we how Coalition and people in the I-90 Project. Washington’s Charlie Raines and Director MacDonald Doug Transportation of Secretary selected the winning drawings. Lack of awareness—citizens are only minimally aware of only minimally aware are Lack of awareness—citizens wildlife and transportation issues in wildlife and interest apathy or a lack of citizen Public transportation issues participation citizen techniques and processes Ineffective communication with citizens. Poor Colorado State Patrol and other partners that reached mil- and other partners that reached Patrol Colorado State television, radio and newspaper lions through coverage. displayed in rest tip sheets are Campaign posters and driver car offices and other stops, tourist information centers, rental the state. locations across Wildlife on the Move Wildlife wildlife on Colorado highways, especially during times when with migrating. SREP held a media conference animals are an education and outreach campaign in Colorado that an education and outreach focuses on the human safety issue, while drawing attention The to the plight of wildlife on our highways. The I-90 Wildlife Bridges Coalition Bridges Wildlife The I-90 dents across the state of Washington about issues surrounding Washington the state of dents across COMMUNICATING YOUR MESSAGE YOUR COMMUNICATING have partners, that you allies and friends in high places, Now The problem is, the general need some public support. you’ll verypublic knows little about the conflict between wildlife and found of Denver transportation. the University A 2006 study by citizen participationfour major barriers to effective in wildlife- transportation sensitive projects: colli- in wildlife-vehicle involved While millions of people are sions, very few people understand the full scope of ecological of methods to aware fewer are upon wildlife. Even effects of roads ability to partici- these impacts or understand their own reduce our job to wake this sleeping giant and It’s pate in the process. an informed citizen constituency. cultivate (SREP) Project Ecosystem Rockies The Southern wildlife and our roads with a specific focus on the I-90 wildlife and our roads East Project. Pass Snoqualmie to express They asked the children Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 212 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 215 ADVOCACY The Red Wolf Coalition and Defenders of Coalition and Defenders Wolf The Red Carolina with North partnered Wildlife TransportationDepartment of to install stops to educate informational kiosks at rest visitors about the ecological and economic wolf restoration. benefits of red Collaboration: A Guide for Environmental A Guide Collaboration: Robin Hood Marketing: Stealing Corporate Savvy Corporate Stealing Marketing: Hood Robin . Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, California. 2006. Francisco, San . Jossey-Bass. http://www.e-democracia.cl/revista/datos/ftp/m.pdf http://www.audubon.org/campaign/pdf/collabora- http://www.e-democracia.cl/revista/datos/ftp/m.pdf . 2001. Long proposal – Most often used by foundations and – Most Long proposal includes a cover granters, the long proposal government and as many ten pages of a proposal summary, letter, greater appendices that provide by proposal text, followed detail about the project. E-Democracy: Legislative-Constituent Communications in E-Democracy: Wisconsin. and Minnesota to Sell Just Causes Just to Sell Andresen, Katya. Andresen, tion.pdf legislators, 2002. of Minnesota Survey from: Retrieved REFERENCES a Coalition.” 2007. “Build Partners. Control Tobacco from: Retrieved http://ttac.tobaccocontrolpartners.org/learning/comp01/01_comp.asp Society. The Audubon Advocates from: Retrieved from: Retrieved Defenders of Wildlife Highways | . Since only in-state applicants are considered, only in-state applicants are . Since BE CAREFUL WHAT YOU ASK FOR YOU WHAT BE CAREFUL Name of the federal agency distributing grant Name the funds for legislation that authorized Federal grant program goals and objectives Program’s offers assistance the program Financial financial assistance Non and eligibility requirements Restrictions and selection processes Application that have been funded in the past of projects Examples with similar objectives. programs government Other pages long, the letter two to three Typically Letter of intent – in a nutshell and program describes your of intent (LOI) Based it fits the needs of granting agency. explains how the granting agency can decide whether to ask on the LOI, detailed proposal. more for a longer, to a letter of or letter proposal – Similar proposal Short the need and describes the project, intent, the letter proposal funds. requests announcements about federal grant programs and opportunities.announcements about federal grant programs considered for a pass through grant, you must go to the appropri- for a pass through grant, you considered ate state agency Where do I find information on government grants? do I find information on government Where Assistance. Domestic is the Catalog of Federal The best source divided into 20 main categories and almost 200 sub- are Grants categories. Each entry information: includes the following 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 that has information on 900 individual grant programs Grants.gov The Federal than $350 billion in grants each year. more provide Office has Printing the U.S. Government published by Register, a grant proposal Writing defined have that you Now want to write a proposal? you So potential funders, you’re your and researched objectives your is a short, A proposal narrative document for the next step. ready idea to the organization and pitches your that describes your forms: come in three Proposals granting agency. competition is less intense. Government grants are either “com- grants are competition is less intense. Government of the meaning applicants must compete for a share petitive,” allocated on the meaning grants are “formula,” money or they are basis of a specific formula. CAUTION: agencies may support efforts your to the extent that Government they are aligned with the agency’s priorities. They may not be so keen priorities. aligned with the agency’s they are money to support you your efforts you to give to oppose them. Once rela- the dynamic of your agency, a government accept money from advocate to employee. tionship may change dramatically from Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 214 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 217 ADVOCACY . Jossey-Bass, San . Jossey-Bass, . Emerson & Church, Medfield, & Church, . Emerson unds and Build Donor unds and Build ileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd- ifts for Small Groups: A Board Member’s 1-Hour Member’s A Board Groups: ifts for Small Grassroots Grants: An Activist’s Guide to Grantseeking, Guide Activist’s An Grants: Grassroots Big G Big Robin Hood Marketing: Stealing Corporate Savvy to Sell Savvy Corporate Stealing Marketing: Hood Robin Fundraising for the Long Haul Fundraising . Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, California. Francisco, San . Jossey-Bass, . Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, California. 2006. Francisco, San . Jossey-Bass. nvironment: A Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America Healthier Safer, nvironment: A Cleaner, kshop_2epdf/v1/4p_5fworkshop.pdf assachusetts. esigning a Communication Strategy: the 4-P Workshop the 4-P esigning a Communication Strategy: rancisco, California. ust Causes F COMMUNICATIONS Katya. Andresen, J Conservation International, Washington, DC Washington, Conservation International, http://www.conservation.org/ImageCache/CIWEB/content/downloads/4p_5f wor Communications Advocacy Laws of Successful The Nine This: Hear Now DC Washington, Communications, Fenton http://www.fenton.com/pages/5_resources/pdf/Packard_Brochure.pdf The E Luntz GOP messaging guruLeaked memo from Frank http://www.ewg.org/briefings/luntzmemo/pdf/LuntzResearch_environment.pdf FUNDRAISING Tutorial Writing Grant University’s and Purdue EPA http://www.purdue.edu/dp/envirosoft/grants/src/title.htm to Raise F the Internet CONVIO: Using Relationships http://www.convio.com/site/PageServer?pagename=reg_SEMfrGuide&s_src= Yahoo&s_subsrc=701000000000REa&s_key=180-2407# online fundraising solutions for nonprofits Offers GROUNDSPRING: http://www.groundspring.org Klein, K. 2000. 0787961736.html A. 2004. Robinson, Edition Second M Guide to Securing Gifts of $500 to $5,000 Gifts to Securing Guide http://www.josseybass.com/W http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0787981486.html D http://www.josseybass.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd- 0787965782.html A. 2004. Robinson, ’ ture and connect col- ture to support, nur onmental%20advocates and stay tuned for Defenders of Wildlife ewsletter: Highways | non-profit conservationnon-profit organizations striving to influ- lected Officials [email protected] uilding ansportation projects and policy and reduce impacts on wildlife ansportation and policy reduce projects ake Back Your Streets: How to Protect Communities from Asphalt and Traffic Asphalt Communities from and to Protect How Streets: Your ake Back www.TransWildAlliance.org AGENCIES WITH GOVERNMENT WORKING Advocates for Environmental Collaboration: A Guide http://www.audubon.org/campaign/pdf/collaboration.pdf#search=’collaboration%20a%20guide%20for%20envir To join, email To American Civil Liberties Union http://action.aclu.org/site/DocServer/working_with_officials.pdf?docID=103 Red Lodge Clearinghouse N Red laborative natural resource groups resource natural laborative http://www.redlodgeclearinghouse.org/newslist/Subscribe.cfm Complaints for Resolving to Complain: Guidelines How http://www.in.gov/dfi/education/how_to_complain.htm WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS WORKING the People We, for Work the System to Make How Exchange Global http://www.circleoflifefoundation.org/education/sustainable/things/work_elect edoffic.pdf with E Working ADVOCACY RESOURCES ADVOCACY Handbook Advocate Citizen Wildlife’s of Defenders http://action.defenders.org/site/DocServer/AdvocateHandboo.pdf?docID=1001 T Conservation Law Foundation http://clf.org/general/index.asp?id=386 BUILDING COALITION Book: Coalition Building Black Little Foundation Way for the American People http://www.youngpeoplefor.org/pdf/COALITION_BUILDING_LBB.PDF Coalition B ence tr Brad Spangler Brad http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/coalition_building/ Alliance: TransWild Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 216 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 219 ADVOCACY Other participatingOther agencies : Photos, maps and documents pertaining: Photos, : Include websites of lead and participating websites : Include Local/regional/national conservationLocal/regional/national and All relevant information, including type of All relevant : Links to all Web sites pertaining to the project sites pertaining to the project Web : Links to all Lead agency on the project : Description of the potential impacts to wildlife : Description : Name, title, organization, address, phone, fax, e-mail title, organization, address, : Name, State or states in which the project takes place or states in which the project State : List of actions, both completed and planned : List of all media stories about the project, the area, : List of all media stories about the project, : Planning, design, review, permitting, construction design, review, : Planning, : Project name, number and designator : Project Project Websites Project Websites Organization agencies and organizations Media other organizations with interest in project other organizations with interest WATCHDOG WORKSHEET WATCHDOG Name State(s): Lead: Project Agencies: Participating NGOs: Participating ment periods, etc. Contacts for those involved project, length, location, purpose and need Concerns Status permits, com- dates for expected reviews, relevant phases. Give to the project, the area of interest and impacts to species of concern of interest the area to the project, impacts or species of concern Action information Additional Project description: Project Defenders of Wildlife Highways | SAMPLE LETTER TO YOUR TO SAMPLE LETTER AGENCY TRANSPORTATION agency Transportation of Planning Division Address Zip State, City, my concern about the rapid rate of I am writing today to express development Unchecked in our state/county. loss of natural areas of land, and essential wildlife habitat. is claiming countless acres and highways enable encourage this loss by pro- roads New viding unmitigated access to once wild places. and highways have addition to the loss of habitat, roads In lost in Countless animals are adverse effects on ecology. extreme a road is built, the surrounding Once collisions with vehicles. many species is so altered, physical and chemical environment wall corridors can effectively Transportation the area. will avoid off habitat for migratory species. planners can go a long way to alleviate or aggra- Transportation designing new do you take wildlife roads, In this problem. vate What steps do into account? and the preservation of natural areas closely do damage and loss? How causing more take to avoid you with our state and federal wildlife agencies to prevent work you further endangering our wildlife? concerned who are number of citizens I am one of a growing and the corresponding natural areas about the loss of irreplaceable but support continued economic growth, We on wildlife. pressure habitat and the unique beauty not at the expense of irreplaceable of our state/county. response. your and I look forward to receiving Thank you Sincerely, handwritten signature Your Name Address Zip State City, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 218 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 221 ADVOCACY This MOA will remain in effect for will remain This MOA To address the issues identified in Paragraph 2, above, the issues identified in Paragraph address To upon ninety (90) days’ notice to the other party. upon ninety (90) days’ an indeterminate period. Either partyan indeterminate period. Either may terminate this MOA on fish and wildlife resources. This effort will include the following: on fish and wildlife resources. use of underpasses, bridge extensions, culvert (a) Investigating installations and modifications associated fencing, land conservation and other techniques to facilitate guide wildlife across highways. movement (b) Continuing GIS and other modeling techniques to help pre- and associated linkage habitats. dict wildlife movement between the agencies to better plan, predict (c) Coordinating design to in advance of project resources problems, and evaluate specific species, habitats, and conflicts regarding help minimize and cumulative impacts during regulatory and environ- indirect processes. mental review level for mitigation at the watershed or bioregional (d) Planning rather than mitigating transporta-when feasible and appropriate, basis, with the goal of reducing tion impacts on a case-by-case ecological benefit. overall mitigation costs and achieving greater culvert and establishing policy regarding (e) Conducting research installation practices and design guidance for aquatic organism passage. (f) air in inter-agency and other efforts to address Participating wildlife, fisheries and ecological quality and its effect on the state’s health. up-to-do on national and international develop- (g) Keeping and funding sharing information, exploring research ments, by and and non-profit sources, opportunities governmental from national and international con- regional, participating in relevant ferences. and workshops conferences (h) Continuing to facilitate regional to the interac- states on matters relating England among the New transportation and fish tion between planning and development and wildlife conservation. 4. Duration; Termination. 3. Minimization of Transportation Impacts on Fish and Wildlife and on Fish Impacts of 3. Minimization Transportation Resources. transportationthe parties together to minimize impacts will work TRANSPORTATION OF AGENCY RESOURCES OF NATURAL ACENCY (signature) (signature) WILDLIFE OF FISH & DEPARTMENT (signature) ”]), or state F&W or other ] day of date state Transportation Dept. state Transportation Defenders of Wildlife state F&W Dept. abbreviation state F&W Dept. state Transportation Dept. abbrevia- Dept. Transportation state The parties will convene an inter- ] and will meet quarterly or as needed to the parties agree as follows: the parties agree Highways | the parties desire to improve accommoda- to improve the parties desire the potential to reduce the parties desire ] and the [“ ”] Wildlife and Fisheries divisions [ and Fisheries Wildlife ”] ], by and between the Agency of Natural Resources, the Agency of Natural and between ], by MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT ”]); FISH AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT FISH AND The parties will identify the impacts of highways on year AND FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES AND FISH THIS MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT WHEREAS, WHEREAS, AND AGENCY OF NATURAL RESOURCES, OF NATURAL AND AGENCY BETWEEN AGENCY OF TRANSPORTATION OF BETWEEN AGENCY ], [ ”] Program Development and Policy Planning division [ Planning and Policy Development ”] Program REGARDING TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE REGARDING TRANSPORTATION month (“Agreement” or “MOA”), is entered into this [ is entered or “MOA”), (“Agreement” [ Fish and Wild Department ([“ Wild and Fish other appropriate division other appropriate agency committee co-chaired by the Secretary of Transportation of the Secretary by agency committee co-chaired or their designee(s). Wildlife and and the Commissioner of Fish the [“ from The Committee will include representatives abbreviation Dept. 2. Identification of Transportation Impacts on Fish and Wildlife and on Fish Impacts of 2. Identification Transportation Resources. SAMPLE BLANK MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT tion of wildlife and aquatic organism movement around and tion of wildlife and aquatic organism movement to: (a) wildlife mortality from vehicle collisions; (b) direct and to: (a) wildlife mortality vehicle collisions; (b) direct from the existing transportation system; effects to habitat from indirect traffic; (d) proposed highway expansions; (e) reduc- (c) increased ing wildlife and aquatic organism passage; (f) effects of emissions on ecological health. vehicle for wildlife collisions along transportation through infrastructure transporta- planning for fish and wildlife impacts from improved through transportationthrough systems and to minimize habitat fragmen- of transportation from the presence tation resulting and infrastructure; oversee the activities identified below. oversee including but not limited fish and wildlife resources, the state’s tion abbreviation appropriate division appropriate and the Agency of Transportation ([“ Transportation and the Agency of 1. Inter-agency Committee. 1. Inter-agency tion infrastructure; THEREFORE, NOW, Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 220 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 223 ADVOCACY and , which , such as outcomes work plan work you can use for the you should demonstrate the additional materials other funding should include a two to three sentence should include a two to three showing the various project costs including staff the various showing budget cover letter cover problem or needs statement problem how the project will improve the situation. the project will improve how you may have done to prepare. Describe the proposed activi- the proposed Describe done to prepare. may have you start to take place and project they are ties, when and where staff lead and other involved and end dates. List the project along with their qualifications. anticipated grantor your prospective your Tell summary of your proposal. Give a brief description of your summary Give proposal. of your Your Your organization, mission, and an overview of your accomplish- case for why the grantor should invest in your ments. Make vision. your A clear Be proposal. of your importance, urgency and relevance bers, last year’s financial statement and budgets for the bers, last year’s fiscal year. current proposed project. Grantors rarely want to be the sole source rarely Grantors project. proposed Include information on Include includes your target audience and any planning or research includes your and assume that the reader doesn’t already know everything know already doesn’t and assume that the reader the right are about the issue. Convince grantor that you organization for the job. proposal is found in the The bulk of your of support for a project. Be sure to mention any in-kind con- sure of supportBe for a project. space. tributions such as supplies or work a Attach expenses. or overhead expenses and administrative salaries, direct likely to request are Grantors proof of your tax-exempt status, a list of your board mem- status, a list of your board tax-exempt of your proof 3 HOW TO WRITE A GRANT PROPOSAL TO HOW application forms or basic their own grantors will provide Most will need to start scratch. guidelines, but in some cases you from of sources such as founda- a variety While grants can come from the same basic agencies, most require tions or government the most common sec- are Here information in the grant proposal. should include: and the information you tions of a grant proposal 3 3 3 3 3 3 Address only one Address Tell your representative why you representative your Tell Defenders of Wildlife Highways | The purpose of your communication. The purpose of your and, if possible, keep it to one page. issue in each letter, personal perspective. Your about this issue and why they should. care The associated bill number if there is one (for example The associated bill number if there H.R.#, or S.#) address. full name and return Your Thank you for your kind consideration of this matter. for your Thank you (your handwritten signature) Sincerely, Name Title Address number Phone HOW TO WRITE A LETTER TO YOUR TO WRITE A LETTER TO HOW ELECTED OFFICIALS Letter writing is still the most popular choice for communicating or participate can write a personal letter, You with elected officials. can mail, You campaign and send a signed postcard. in an organized and negatives Each method has its positives letter. fax or e-mail your The most impor- depending on the office. differently and is treated message is getting to your elected officials. tant thing is that your you use to write your legislator, of the method you Regardless basics: must include the following 3 3 United States Senate States United DC 20510 Washington, and highways Wildlife RE: Doe, Senator Dear and I am writ- State of Anytown, paragraph: I am a resident First ing today because I am concerned about… This is important because…(facts, specific paragraph: Second examples) to… I am writing to ask you paragraph: Specifically, Third 3 3 The general form for a letter to an elected official is: Date Doe Joan The Honorable Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 222 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 225 ADVOCACY About Conservation Group: Close with organizational informa- Conservation About Group: tion and website. ### use short sentences releases like news stories, press Just Remember: The entire paragraphs to four lines or less. and paragraphs. Keep than one page or a and should ideally be no more release press and neutral except The tone should be objective a half at the most. outside a direct or “we” find “I,” “you,” within quotes; if you that quotes, remember And when crafting your quote, start over. absorbs information at an eight grade newspaper the average reader or phrases. words “wonky” overly so avoid level, reading Defenders of Wildlife by being unique, unusual or by by Just because you’re excited about it excited because you’re Just Highways | and spelling. No jargon, no acronyms, and spelling. No . Don’t embellish. Answer the who, what, embellish. Answer . Don’t Journalists are busy people; the easier you make busy people; the easier you are Journalists . Avoid unnecessary and make every adjectives . Avoid . Tell your story your succinctly in the headline and Tell . Give your storyGive a news hook tying it to a current event or issue. tying it to a current IMMEDIATE RELEASE IMMEDIATE Date contact info for the story Contact: Provide 80 it Under Keep at the Announces Story Headline Top, Characters short One sentence on why the headline matters; brief Subheadline: first paragraph. the facts, ma’am Just Start strong Start why and how. when, where, HOW TO WRITE A PRESS RELEASE TO HOW doing something newsworthy you and want to tell the world Are release may be just the ticket. A press release Then a press about it? is a written statement to announce news item such as a sched- While nothing a victoryuled event, story. or to generate a feature your can improve story you will guarantee your will be picked up, release. crafted, professional press chances with a well news newsworthy? your Is doesn’t make it news. doesn’t Keep it shortKeep word count. word elaboration on main message or introduction of secondaryelaboration on main message or introduction message. a brief synopsis of the lead sentence to provide – Use State City, assume that the reader Don’t presenting. are the information you to your headlines; the first one or two sentences have has read attention immediately. the reader’s capture explain- an identified source quote: 2-3 sentence quote from First on the main position/reaction/comment organization’s ing your message of the release. the next 1-2 paragraphs to expand on opening paragraph and Use backup data or history message. provide your that further underscores These further organization’s expand upon your Secondary quotes: other stakeholders an opportunityposition or give to comment. paragraphs. additional factual “context” Optional Make it easy. it easy. Make their jobs, the more likely they are to cover your issue. your to cover likely they are their jobs, the more Use correct grammar correct Use points!!! no CAPS and exclamation Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 224 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 227 ADVOCACY Many newspapers will print a Many If your letter is published, don’t stop there. letter is published, don’t your If Most publications are very selective. The smaller very publications are selective. Most constituents are writing and reading about. Don’t forget to about. Don’t writing and reading constituents are voice that your It’s too. Wildlife, of send a copy to Defenders want to hear it. and we helps us all succeed in our work Share your success. Share elected officials so they see what their the clip to your Send Don’t give up. give Don’t chances of getting circulation, the better your the newspaper’s your letter printed. Don’t keep calling to check on the status of letter printed. Don’t your You be discouraged. selected, don’t letter isn’t If your letter. your angle at another time. letter with a different can send a revised guidelines about too, that many publications have aware, Be a single individual, so don’t printing letters from repeatedly basis. letters printed on a regular your expect to have Provide your full name, address, ZIP code and daytime telephone full name, address, your Provide your number so the newspaper to verify can easily contact you letter or to discuss editorial changes prior publication. letter only after verifying the identity and address of the author. the identity and address letter only after verifying Include your contact information. Include 3 3 3 While some papers Call the newspaper or check its Defenders of Wildlife As you write, always keep in mind what As you Highways | Handwritten letters can be tough to read. Handwritten f your letter is too long or complicated, it f your . The best letters contain attention-getting infor- . Keep your letter brief (150 to 200 words) and lim- letter brief (150 to 200 words) your Keep When responding to an article, letter submit your When responding increase if your letter refers to a specific article. However, don’t to a specific article. However, letter refers if your increase For to it briefly. of the article, simply refer do a lengthy rehash view name) narrow with (author’s disagree example, “I strongly (op-ed title, date)”... “I am deeply sad- on habitat protection is supporting this Doe that Representative dened to read destructive and unnecessary (article project title, date)”... road “I am happy this paper has taken up the charge for protection species (op-ed title, date) and I hope Senator of endangered listens to this message when casting her vote.” Doe timely. Be want the original article You to the editor as soon possible. letters with mistakes may be discarded quickly. letters with mistakes may be discarded Refer to specific articles in the paper. to specific articles in the paper. Refer chances of getting printed your print general commentary, may be edited or discounted altogether. You can be direct, You may be edited or discounted altogether. defamatory but never or controversial, engaging and even you are. provoked obscene—no matter how it. and proof Type it carefully; chance it—type your letter and proofread Don’t to be fresh in the mind of audience. to be fresh Be concise. Be ited to one topic. I mation or personal anecdotes. Refer to personal stories make mation or personal anecdotes. Refer Get personal Get your point. Use personal examples whenever you can. personal examples whenever you point. Use your ter. Don’t make the editor wonder what you’re trying to say. make the editor wonder what you’re Don’t ter. Focus on the message. Focus let- your to come away with after reading want the reader you Some newspapers have strict word-count limits; others only accept newspapersstrict word-count have Some newspapers Many people who live in the community. letters from sites for submitting letters. Web forms on their have even Know the newspaper’s policy. policy. the newspaper’s Know Web site for its requirements for printing letters from readers. for printing letters from site for its requirements Web 3 3 3 3 HOW TO WRITE A LETTER TO HOW THE TO EDITOR a large They reach tools. advocacy great Letters to the editor are They can bring up informa- audience, including elected officials. in a news articletion not addressed and illustrate more some are support for or against an issue. Following widespread success in getting your letter published and a tips to help ensure write your own: as your sample outline to guide you 3 3 3 Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 226 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Advocacy 229 ADVOCACY State whether this State Provide the specifics (i.e., Provide Provide the specifics of person(s) Provide Date and submitted by - and submitted by Date and the date of submission. who submitted the problem Person(s) developing the problem - the problem developing Person(s) telephone, and fax numbers) for the name, title, address, problem statement is the product of an individual or group. problem statement is the product person(s) who developed the problem. person(s) who developed problem statement - used to develop Process Include an estimate of the Include Include a statement concerning Include Defenders of Wildlife In no more than three paragraphs, than three no more In Highways | Provide a statement of the specific research Provide If available, provide information on other provide available, If Provide an estimate of the period time Provide The title should be no more than 10 words. The title should be no more Include a clear, concise statement of the objectives a clear, Include quantify the potential and magnitude of payoff from the achieve- from quantify the potential and magnitude of payoff Any institutional, political, or objectives. ment of the project socio-economic barriers to implementation of the anticipated products should also be identified. research - strategic goals and policy initiatives to sponsor’s Relationship this problem statement using the sponsoring agency or Categorize strategic initiatives and priorities. organization’s - research Related research—completed, in progress, or pending—that is closely rel- in progress, research—completed, HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PROBLEM WRITE A RESEARCH TO HOW STATEMENT agencies often solicit prob- institutions and government Research that is needed to lem statements to identify ideas for research state- problem existing or anticipated issues. Submitted address then and are program ments form the basis of their research funded and implemented. Conservationists can contribute by wildlife-transportation regarding problems suggesting research participatingconflicts and by in or conducting the research. of transportation, including is conducted in all areas Research planning, engineering, operations, maintenance, mitiga- policy, tion and administration. title - Problem the urgency of this particular research. Identify and, if possible, Identify the urgency of this particular research. needed to complete the research, including 3 months for review needed to complete the research, of a draft final report. and revision potential - and payoff Urgency Objectives - Objectives this particu- expected to be met by that are (anticipated products) statement and, if to the general problem it relates proposed, how and the tasks envisioned. approach possible, the research funding - Estimate of the problem funds necessary A detailed budget is to accomplish the objectives. generally not necessary. - period Research to the proposed problem. evant Research problem statement - problem Research or need. a general description of the problem provide lar research. - proposed Research Conservationist’s Guide To Wildlife and Guide To Conservationist’s 228 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A

Advocacy Transportation metaphors Awards Conferences Academic journals Books Listservs Websites Acronyms Federally Funded Transportation Programs What’s what:How Roads are Classified Who’s who:AgenciesandOrganizations Appendix

Appendix Appendix 233 APPENDIX Plans, designs, builds and maintains state highway systems Plans, Owns and operates other transportation facilities—ferries, airports, transit services, rail lines statewide long-range transportationDevelops plan and trans- program portation improvement transportation organizations that provide and private Public transportation includes buses, subways, for the public. Public light rail, commuter monorail, passenger ferryboats, inclined railways and people movers. trolleys, emissions budget for each metropolitan regional Develops estab- air quality fails to meet national standards where area public health lished to protect that must emissions budgets for mobile sources Determines (LRTP) Plan Transportation in the Long Range be reflected (MPO) Organization Planning the Metropolitan adopted by the transportationOversees planning and project activities of and state transportation agencies the MPOs advice and training on transportation topics, rang- Provides pavement technology to design efficient ing from operations of highway and transit systems critical funding needed for transportation planning Supplies and projects state transporta- submitted by a program of projects Approves for federal funds proposed tion agencies that includes projects develops guidance, rules and transportation law, Interprets regulations technical assistance, and provides programs several Manages to state transportation agencies training and research planning, research, all phases of highway policy, Oversees design, operations, construction and maintenance in cooper- access ation with federal land-managing agencies to provide lands to federally owned STATE TRANSPORTATION STATE BOARD/COMMISSION 3 3 3 agencies Transit 3 Planning Agency Air Quality 3 3 AGENCIES FEDERAL TRANSPORTATION (USDOT) U.S. Department of Transportation 3 3 3 3 (FHWA) Administration Highway Federal 3 3 (FLHP) Program Lands Highway Federal 3 ublic Works Manages and operates local roads, streets, bridges, and a streets, and operates local roads, Manages state) by (varies Highways of Federal-aid share and imple- Assist local planning organizations in developing menting transportation area strategies and solutions for a given and sometimes local regions Can encompass several multiple states a planning body; and usually does not control Primarily land use or operate transportation facilities of local elected officials, and state a board by Governed and state representatives transportation agency representatives and a (LRTP) Plan Transportation a Long Range Prepares (TIP) that meet the Program Improvement Transportation air quality emission budget (in non-attainment areas) controls only a limited amount of federal funds Directly for projects that develop transportation Largest units of government plans and projects for setting transportation goals for the state Responsible for planning safe and efficient transportation Responsible in state cities and towns between WHO’S WHO: AND ORGANIZATIONS AGENCIES may see only a fraction of the many behind the wheel, we From people, organizations and efforts that go into funding, planning, occasion we beneath us. On designing and maintaining the roads or maintenance crews see construction in orange vests workers look behind the curtain and you grass in the medians. But mowing all disciplines set of professionals from and diverse will see a vast enterprise, making the and private at all levels of government work when and decisions and setting the policies that determine where, professional and also several are There and I get around. you how sector making their the private industry associations that represent road building and making importantliving from decisions at the effectively To lobbying. aggressive through national policy level influence those decisions and policies, conservationists need to have understanding of the many players involved. a greater TRANSPORTATION AND LOCAL STATE AGENCIES Local transportation agency / P 3 (RPO) Organization Planning Regional 3 3 (MPO) Planning Organization Metropolitan 3 3 3 3 transportation agencies (DOTs) State 3 3 3 232 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 235 APPENDIX Has jurisdiction over all matters relating to environmental all matters relating jurisdiction over Has utilization, including everything protection and resource from air and water pollution to highways, bridges dams to the transportationAnnually appropriates funding according TEA-21, SAFETEA-LU) authorization legislation (ISTEA, Conserves, and enhances fish, wildlife plant protects habitats system the refuge Manages Act Species the Endangered Enforces be consulted during early long-range transportation May levels planning at the state and metropolitan of highway participate review in the environmental May has potential impacts to if the project projects, as required species or endangered threatened program with FHWA Roads administers Refuge Jointly planning that includes transportation elements Conducts refuge of nearly 400 natural, cultural and recre- a network Oversees ational sites and helps communities preserve and enhance opportunities important local heritage and recreational be consulted during early long-range transportation May levels planning at the state and metropolitan of highway proj- participate review in the environmental May ects, particularly those with potential impacts to national parks program and Parkways Roads administers the Park Jointly with FHWA planning that includes transportation elements Conducts park and grasslands public lands in national forests Manages technical and financial assistance to state pri- provides forestryvate agencies be consulted during early long-range transportation May levels planning at the state and metropolitan of highway proj- participate review in the environmental May ects, particularly those with potential impacts to national forests with FHWA program Highways administers the Forest Jointly planning that includes transportation elements Conducts forest Senate – Environment and Public Works Committee Works and Public – Environment Senate 3 and Senate committees: House Appropriations 3 AND LAND FEDERAL RESOURCE AGENCIES MANAGEMENT Service (FWS) Wildlife and U.S. Fish 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Service (NPS) Park National 3 3 3 3 3 Service (USFS) U.S. Forest 3 3 3 3 3 Administers federal funding to support of locally a variety Administers planned, constructed and operated public transportation sys- light including buses, subways, the country, tems throughout monorail, passenger ferryrail, commuter streetcars, boats, inclined railways and people movers federal little authority over but have local revenues Control though their in California), even highway dollars (except bridges and streets, and operate roads, jurisdictions own by state) nearly one-half of all federal-aid highways (varies with state transportation agency, Serve on MPO Board the governor transit agency and others appointed by regional land-use plan including ele- local comprehensive Develops ments for transportation that the MPO is supposed to consider in setting priorities the head of state transportation agency and Appoints often members of a state transportation board legislation to the state legislature Submits the state budget process Initiates state transportationEnacts laws and annual transportation appropriations funding levels for state programs Approves for implementation oversight Maintains for enacting national transportation laws and Responsible implementation overseeing for transportation funding levels programs and Approves enacts annual transportation appropriations including such public infrastructure, jurisdiction over Has as highways, bridges, airports,major projects locks and dams, and public transit systems Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Administration Federal Transit 3 AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL STATE and County Council Mayor/City 3 3 body Local Planning 3 Governor 3 3 3 Legislature State 3 3 3 U.S. CONGRESS Congress States The United 3 3 – Committee on of Representatives House and Infrastructure Transportation 3 234 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 237 APPENDIX Serves as the professional association representing planners at association representing Serves as the professional and rural level and within all the urban, suburban, regional disciplines, including transportation planners. of Certified conducts Planners The American Institute on advances in the art and science of planning research of information among plan- Serves as a forum for exchange ning professionals Lobbies for better planning in transportation, land use and smart growth association representing Serves as the national professional landscape architects Lobbies for landscape planning, design and preservation and management water resources improved Lobbies for sustainable, safe and multi-modal transportation choices as part of landscape design association representing Serves as the national professional civil engineers Infrastructure” for America’s Card the “Report Publishes transportation funding Lobbies for increased arm of the transportationServes as the lobby construction industry transportation funding and fewer envi- Lobbies for increased and other restrictions ronmental arm of the constructionServes as the lobby industry funding for construction and fewer Lobbies for increased and other restrictions environmental and ethics, protects legal engineering licensure Promotes continuing education and dis- rights of engineers, provides tributes industry news to the profession indus- arm of the stone, sand and gravel Serves as the lobby try building and that supplies the raw materials for road other development. funding for construction and for increased Lobbies Congress and other restrictions fewer environmental Reform Act Species Endangered of the National Member American Planning Association (APA) American 3 3 3 3 (ASLA) of Landscape Architects Society American 3 3 3 (ASCE) Engineers of Civil Society American 3 3 3 Builders & Road American Transportation Association (ARTBA) 3 3 (AGCA) Contractors of America Associated General 3 3 (NSPE) Engineers of Professional Society National 3 Association (NSSGA) and Gravel Sand Stone, National 3 3 3 Federal Register Federal Develops and enforces regulations, offers financial assistance, regulations, and enforces Develops and education performs research environmental be consulted during early long-range transportation May levels planning at the state and metropolitan impact statements and posts all environmental Reviews information in the engineering services including planning, designing Provides and building and operating water management resources projects other civil works be consulted during early long-range transportation May levels planning at the state and metropolitan of highway projects review in the environmental Participates Act Water 404 of the Clean permits under the Section Issues association for state transportationServes as the professional agencies and guidelines for building, maintaining standards Sets operating roads transportation for more Lobbies state and federal legislature restrictions protection funding and less environmental fashion in that they set pol- in quasi-governmental Operates by any that must be followed icy and practice standards transportation servicesorganization that provides association for all metropolitan Serves as the professional planning organizations of trans- for a larger share Lobbies state and federal legislature level portation funding and authority at the metropolitan councils association for regional Serves as the professional and MPOs of for a larger share Lobbies state and federal legislatures council transportation funding and authority at the regional and MPO level as the official nonpartisan organization of cities with Serves in the each represented populations of 30,000 or more, by its chief elected official, the mayor. Conference of for a larger share Lobbies state and federal legislature transportation funding and authority at the city level ransportation (AASHTO) Officials U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Protection U.S. Environmental 3 3 3 (USACE) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 3 3 3 3 ASSOCIATIONS PROFESSIONAL Highway Association of State American T 3 3 3 3 Planning Organizations Association of Metropolitan 3 3 Councils Association of Regional National 3 3 (USCM) of Mayors U.S. Conference 3 3 236 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 239 APPENDIX (i.e., local or long that the road allows to adjacent allows that the road character of the traffic character degree of access degree distance) and the properties. Arterials provide a high level of mobility but very a high level properties. little Arterials provide WHAT’S WHAT: WHAT: WHAT’S ARE CLASSIFIED ROADS HOW on and park drive on a parkway why we wondered ever you Have their names, U.S. routes and interstates are a driveway? Despite they of the state transportation agencies where the responsibility always named in a way that makes aren’t roads located. Our are learn a little about the naming and num- sense to us, but if you see the method to madness. bering systems, you’ll TYPES OF ROADS which by definition, functional classification is the process By into classes, or systems, accord- grouped and highways are streets ing to the character of traffic service intended to that they are roads notice the different take a drive, The next time you provide. just or even use just one road you you use. Do and types of roads use a combination of roads you likely, More one type of road? Each type of road journey. types to complete your entire and road access to des- has a specific purpose or function, either providing Transportation areas. entire tinations or mobility through can travel planners use functional classification to determine how network in a logical and within the roadway best be channelized the definitions for functional classifi- Therefore, efficient manner. plays in facilitating the route that a given to the role cation relate of trips through a highway network. flow classes: into one of three grouped and highways are All streets arterial, collector and localWhich class a road is assigned roads. on the depends entirely Arterial of those classes of highways emphasizing a high level Arterials are of traffic; land access is sub- movement mobility for the through speeds and travel to this primaryordinate function. Generally, to the other on these facilities compared greater distances are The highest classes of arterials—interstates and freeways— classes. access, while local roads provide a high level of access to adjacent provide access, while local roads provide Collector roadways of mobility. level properties but a low arte- other words, mobility and land access. In a balance between built a lot of cars quickly so they are meant to move rials are Local wide, straight and fast with fewer places to get on off. house to the grocery your meant to get you from store, are roads with less traffic and and slower, generally narrower so they are plenty of access to driveways, shopping and other roads. and you meant to “collect” in between; somewhere Collectors are quickly and safely the small, local roads and get you others from to the big, fast arterials. From the From . 2007. A Guide to Transportation to A Guide : ransportation Construction Coalition (TCC) Nonprofit advocacy organization representing automobile organization representing advocacy Nonprofit AAA and Goodyear Motors, businesses, including Ford related for additional road building and less envi- Lobbies Congress restrictions protection ronmental a list of the most congested roadways Tracks for public transportation programs and initiatives Advocates in favor of Lobbies local, state and federal government funding for public transportation improvements increased and new systems equi- more safety, coalition striving for improved Nonprofit table distribution of funding and multi-modal solutions better transportationthrough policy and practice Coalition, seeking substantial weakening of the act Coalition, seeking substantial weakening T of 27 national associations and labor unions that Group federal transportationmake their living from programs for TEA-21 to lobby of during the reauthorization Formed building on road funding and less restrictions more Margins to the Mainstream Margins TRANSPORTATION RELATED ADVOCACY RELATED TRANSPORTATION ORGANIZATIONS Alliance (AHUA) Users Highway American 3 3 3 Association (APTA) Public American Transportation 3 3 (STPP) Partnership Policy Surface Transportation 3 REFERENCES (STPP). Partnership Policy Transportation Surface 3 3 Opportunities in Your Community Your Opportunities in 238 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 241 APPENDIX -Spaced at intervals so that all developed areas are within a rea- at intervals are so that all developed areas -Spaced sonable distance of an arterial. service to corridors with trip lengths and travel densities -Provide than those served rural and greater by collectors and local roads to speeds and minimum interference high travel with relatively movement. through Collectors Rural -Serve primarily intracounty rather than statewide travel. speeds and distances than those on moderate travel -Serve more arterial routes. Collectors Major Rural service and other county to any county seat, larger towns -Provide and importantdestinations such as consolidated schools, parks not servedmining and agricultural areas by an arterial. and cities or with larger towns -Connect these places with nearby arterial routes. -Serve the most important intra-county travel corridors. Collectors Minor Rural spaced at intervals and -Are to collect traffic from local roads distance of a collector. within reasonable areas bring all developed service to smaller communities not served a higher by -Provide class facility. -Connect locally important traffic generators with rural hinterlands. Locals Rural access to adjacent areas. -Provide short distances. relatively over travel -Serve Arterial Principal Urban corridors and -Serve major activity centers, highest volume longest trip demands. -Carry high proportion of total urban travel on minimum mileage. continuity for major rural corridors to and provide -Interconnect and move- accommodate trips entering and leaving urban areas urban areas. ments through the central busi- as between travel -Serve demand for intra-area areas. ness district and outlying residential Arterial system is further divided into the Principal The Urban consisting of principal arte- Interstate subclasses: Urban following Other rials designated as part of the interstate system; Urban consisting of non-interstate principal arte- Freeways/Expressways Arterials Other Principal access; and Urban rials with controlled access. without controlled 20 percent 69 percent 11 percent (but serve11 percent of all travel) 72 percent But wait, there’s more. Roads are also divided are Roads more. wait, there’s But into rural and urban designations, as defined by the landscape setting that they serve. As the name suggests, the rural functional classifica- and roads all streets, tion system covers not located within the demo- highways that are The areas. graphic boundaries of urbanized all urban functional classification system covers roads and highways located within streets, urban and suburban boundaries designated by The characteristics of the U.S. Census Bureau. as follows: each class are Rural Principal Arterial Principal Rural having trip length -Serve corridor movements density characteristics indicative of and travel substantial statewide or interstate travel. with -Connect all, or nearly urban areas people and the majority of 50,000 or more people. with 25,000 or more urban areas -Provide an integrated network of continuous routes. an integrated network -Provide constitutes a subsystem of System Highway Interstate The Rural specifi- Arterials and is composed of those routes Principal Rural highways. All other non-interstate cally designated as Interstate Other included in the subsystem Rural principal arterials are Arterials. Principal are limited-access to allow the free flow of traffic. flow the free limited-access to allow are system: of entire Percent Collector facilities and distribute the lower collect traffic from These roads both mobility and land access. Collectors provide it to the higher. moderate. are trip lengths, speeds and volumes Generally, system: of entire Percent Local speeds, dis- Travel land access. and roads provide Local streets traffic is and through generally low, are tances and volumes usually discouraged. system: of entire Percent Arterial Minor Rural (and other major destinations -Connect cities and larger towns long distances) capable of attracting travel over such as resorts interstate and inter- providing and form an integrated network county service. 240 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 243 APPENDIX A specific highway route may be on more than one may be on more A specific highway route All interstate highways. (The a interstate system still retains System.) Highway separate identity within the National an arte- access between principal arterialsOther that provide rial and a major airport or public transportation facility. access, conti- that provides Network Highway The Strategic nuity and emergency capabilities for the U.S. military. connectors that provide strategic highway network Major major militaryaccess between installations. major access between connectors that provide Intermodal intermodal facilities and the other four subsystems making up the NHS. NHS, state transportation agencies receive federal funding to NHS, state transportation agencies receive these high-priority routes that would oth- maintain and improve The NHS is approximately responsibility. erwise be the state’s including: 160,000 miles of highway, 3 3 3 3 3 NOTE: subsystem. Scenic Byways was established under the Program Scenic Byways The National of 1991. Under Act Efficiency Transportation Surface Intermodal recognizes Transportation the U.S. Departmentthe program, of or All-American Roads Scenic Byways certain as National roads cultural, historic, natural, recre- based on their archaeological, 126 such designated are There ational and scenic qualities. certain benefits byways enjoy in 44 states. Designated byways preservation, partner- promotion, as the four Ps: characterized ships and pride. quailities that Conservationists should note that the “natural” do include wildlife, but not may qualify for a Scenic Byway public may While the traveling necessarily mean quality habitat. necessarily translate to the scenic values, they don’t appreciate conservation for wildlife. values roads Toll expensive enough, some of them charge a fee weren’t As if roads a toll or turnpike is managed by just to use them. A toll road used are Tolls for use. each driver authority that collects a fee from used to of the bonds that were to generate funds for repayment or tollway finance construction Bridge and operation of the road. to build politicians’ a state legislature by authorities can be created that the state transportation agency or those projects pet projects County The Orlando-Orange complete for various reasons. can’t to develop infra- for example, was created Authority, Expressway because it could build expressways in central Florida structure projects generally Toll faster than the state transportation agency. if operate outside the transportation with few, planning structure any opportunities for public participation. Interconnect with and augment the principal arterials. Interconnect of level Serve trips of moderate length at a somewhat lower mobility than principal arterials.travel than those traffic to smaller geographic areas Distribute served principal arterials. by land access than principal arterials without more Provide penetrating identifiable neighborhoods. urban connections for rural collectors. Provide in residential Serve both land access and traffic circulation areas. and commercial/industrial neighborhoods. residential Penetrate and arterials. local streets and channel trips between Distribute access to adjacent areas. direct Provide access to higher systems. Provide Carry traffic movement. no through System was authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of Act Highway the Federal-Aid by was authorized System federal funding, but they are highways receive 1956. Interstate located. the states in which they are and operated by owned access and high speed controlled characterized by are Interstates the 48 contiguous states, network covers The entire limits. serves all major U.S. cities and is a whopping 46,837 miles. Urban Minor Arterials Minor Urban 3 3 3 3 3 Collectors Urban 3 3 3 Locals Urban 3 3 3 state transportation agencies to cooperate with requires FHWA and update statewide local officials to develop highway functional to determine functional classifications in rural and urban areas must be The results and streets. usage of the existing roads for federal-aid highways and mapped and submitted to FHWA Highway serve as the basis for designation to National functional transportation agencies post their state’s Many System. sites. Web classification maps on their System Highway The Interstate and of Interstate System National The Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway to as the Interstate commonly referred Highways, Defense System Highway The National not. Certain equal, but all roads are All men might be created important than oth- more considered highways in our system are an effort to In defense and mobility. economy, ers to the nation’s of these important that states take extra special care make sure in cooperation Transportation, the U.S. Department of roads, established the National with the states, local officials and MPOs, designated as part (NHS) in 1995. Once of the System Highway 242 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 245 APPENDIX Named for their function Esplanade Park Promenade Bypass Named for geographical attributes Hill Causeway Canyon Named for their shape Circle Crescent Square Loop Culs de sac Court Place Cove Small roads Alley Bay Drive Gate Grove Heights Lane Pathway Terrace Trail View Way STREET TYPE DESIGNATIONS Directional designations are used to differentiate the two sections of used to differentiate designations are Directional on either side of a central point or line. a street to direction. according roadways communities categorize Some east-west use a grid system whereby and Seattle Both Manhattan called and north-south are roadways “streets” are roadways uses the exact opposite system. Florida Petersburg, St. “avenues.” numbered are of Columbia, north-south streets the District In alphabetically ordered. are streets and east-west Major roads Avenue Boulevard Road Street Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and U.S. Department of (AASHTO) Officials Transportation the numbers and locations. coordinate Transportation and that runodd numbered, north from to south are Routes Numbers even numbered. that run are routes east to west and from 1 in the east to 101 west, generally increase The interstates do 2 in the northfrom to 98 in the south. south west to east and from from just the opposite, increasing to north. When a two-digit route splits, the “spurs” are assigned are splits, the “spurs” When a two-digit route to north. the first digit of spurs increased numbers. Initially, three-digit route. along the parent northfrom to south and east west get enough numbering, each state also has its just can’t And if you systematic than oth- highway numbering system, some more own design for highway markers, usually state has its own Your ers. with an outline of the state number in a circle. Freeways and Expressways Freeways a highway must be divided with fully a freeway, be considered To a legal do not have property owners access. Adjoining controlled means of driveways. If an existing right to access the highway by all driveways must be removed highway is converted to a freeway, and access to adjacent land blocked with walls or fencing. no intersec- are meaning there also “free-flowing,” are Freeways traffic is divertedtions with traffic lights. All cross using is a underpasses, bridges and ramps. An expressway overpasses, divided highway with only partially access, and may controlled a few have driveways and at-grade intersections. Viaducts and Causeways by elevated or bodies of water, that cross wetlands roads Some called causeways. is supported a series of If the road by banks are arches instead of a bank, it is called viaduct. A short viaduct is than 20 The Causeway in Louisiana is more called an overpass. Lake Pontchartrain.miles long and crosses has several Florida causeways connecting man-made islands with bridges or connecting barrier islands with the mainland. ARE NUMBERED ROADS HOW in an integrated and organized are States in the United Highways and Highway The American Association of State grid. numbered ARE NAMED ROADS HOW maybe someday they will name a do something spectacular, you If often named after are famous people, roads after you. Besides street are and streets and destinations. Roads landscapes, trees landmarks, two-partgiven names—the individual name and an indicator of the cities In Avenue. or Park Road for example: Main type of street, names can also include a direc- with a grid-numbering system, street NE, SE). SW, north,tion (east, west, south) or a quadrant (NW, 244 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 247 APPENDIX Transportation Enhancements (TE) Enhancements Transportation http://www.enhancements.org/ OGRAMS FEDERALLY FUNDED TRANSPORTATION FUNDED FEDERALLY PROGRAMS FUNDING I. CORE FEDERAL HIGHWAY PR Program Bridge http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/bridge.htm Program Improvement and Air Quality Congestion Mitigation (CMAQ) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/cmaqpgs/ Bonus Equity http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/equitybonus.htm (HSIP) Program Improvement Safety Highway http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/hsip.htm (IM) Maintenance Interstate http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/im.htm (NHS) System Highway National http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep10/nhs/ http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/nhs.htm http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/envrestore.htm (STP) Program Transportation Surface http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/stp.htm TRANSIT FUNDING II. MAJOR FEDERAL PROGRAMS Equipment and Facilities and Bus-Related Bus http://www.fta.dot.gov/grant_programs/specific_grant_programs/buses _facilities/4249_7958_ENG_HTML.htm Grants with Disabilities and Persons Elderly http://www.fta.dot.gov/legal/federal_register/2004/16290_17889_E NG_HTML.htm Program Modernization Guideway Fixed http://www.fta.dot.gov/funding/grants/grants_financing_3558.html (JARC) Commute Program and Reverse Access Job http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_JARC_Fact_Sheet_Sept05.pdf Flexibility in Highway Design in Highway Flexibility 246 REFERENCES FHWA http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch03.htm for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation FHWA Functional Classification Guidelines Classification Guidelines Functional FHWA http://www.oim.dot.state.mn.us/funclass-update/pdf/FHWA%20Guidelines.pdf

Appendix Appendix 249 APPENDIX National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation Program Preservation Bridge Covered Historic National http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/histcovbridges.htm Program Scenic Byways National http://www.byways.org/ http://www.bywaysonline.org/grants/guidance/categories Reservations on Indian Transportation Public http://www.fta.dot.gov/17003_ENG_HTML.htm Financing and Improvement Rehabilitation Railroad http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/268 Trails Recreational http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/ and Pedestrians Drivers for Older Improvements Safety Roadway http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/older_driver/index.htm to School Program Routes Safe http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/saferoutes/index.htm (SIB) Banks Infrastructure State http://www.fta.dot.gov/17003_ENG_HTML.htm http://www.innovativefinance.org/topics/finance_mechanisms/state_cr edit/statecredit.asp Truck and Rail Projects of Highway Financing Tax-exempt Bonds) Activity (Private Facilities Transfer http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/summary.htm Community, Bonds)Transportation, Activity (Private Facilities (TCSP) Preservation and System http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/tcsp.htm http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tcsp/ Act and Innovation Finance Infrastructure Transportation (TIFIA) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/tifia.htm Program Facilities Parking Truck http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/truckpark.htm Program Pilot Pricing Value http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/valuepricing.htm New Freedom Program Freedom New http://www.fta.dot.gov/17003_ENG_HTML.htm Program Starts New http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_New_Starts_Fact_Sheet_Sep t05.pdf Program Formula Area Non-Urbanized http://www.aot.state.vt.us/publictrans/5311appropriation.htm#5311 Grants Formula Area Urbanized http://www.fta.dot.gov/17003_ENG_HTML.htm III. SPECIFIC PURPOSE TRANSPORTATION PURPOSE III. SPECIFIC FUNDING PROGRAMS for environmental, funding sources in this section cover Programs programs. historic, financing, limited purpose, or recipients Lands Program and Public in Parks Transportation Alternative http://www.nps.gov/transportation/alt/ats-study.htm (ADHS) Program System Highway Development Appalachian http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/appalachia.htm Projects for Rail Line and Relocation Capital Grants www.ruraltransportation.org/library/crstealu.pdf Program Grant Clean Fuels http://www.fta.dot.gov/grant_programs/specific_grant_programs/clean _fuels_formula/4535_7990_ENG_HTML.htm (FLH) Lands Highways Federal http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/fedlands.htm Terminals Boats and Ferry http://www.apta.com/government_affairs/safetea_lu/brochure.cfm#link42 Program Pilot Distribution Intermodal Freight http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/freightplanning/safetea_lu.htm Rights-of-Way on Interstate Facilities Reduction Idling http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/idlereduction.htm Improvement Corridor Infrastructure National http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/corridors.htm 248 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 251 APPENDIX ransportation ed (species) tation Research Information Service Information tation Research d of Decision United States Environmental Protection Agency Protection Environmental States United Service Forest States United Service Wildlife and Fish States United Survey Geological States United Transportation Enhancement program Enhancement Transportation for the 21st Century Act Equity Transportation Board Research Transportation Transpor Army Corps of Engineers Department of Agriculture States United Department of the Interior States United T Department of States United Right of way Program Improvement Transportation State and endanger Threatened National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Marine National Service Park National Council Resource Natural Places of Historic Register National and development Research Recor . Code States United USEPA USFS USFWS USGS TE TEA – 21 TRB TRIS USACE U.S.C USDA USDI USDOT ROW STIP T&E NMFS NPS NRC NRHP R&D ROD tatement otection Agency ransportation Plan ater Act rogram National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Act Policy Environmental National System Highway National Metropolitan Planning Organization Metropolitan Research Highway Cooperative National P Endangered Species Act Species Endangered S Impact Environmental Final Federal Highway Administration Highway Federal Administration Transit Federal System Information Geographic on Ecology and Conference International Transportation Act Efficiency Transportation Surface Intermodal of 1991 System Transportation Intelligent T Long Range Draft Environmental Impact Statement Impact Environmental Draft Department of the Interior Assessment Environmental Statement Impact Environmental Pr Environmental American Association of State Highway and Highway American Association of State Officials Transportation Builders’ Transportation and American Road Association of Land Management Bureau Statistics Transportation of Bureau Clean Air Act Categorical Exclusion Quality Council on Environmental Regulations Code of Federal Clean W NEP NHS MPO NCHRP ESA FEIS FHWA FTA GIS ICOET ISTEA ITS LRTP DEIS DOI EA EIS EPA ACRONYMS AASHTO ARTBA BLM BTS CAA CE CEQ CFR CWA 250 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 253 APPENDIX newsletters, and related docu- newsletters, and related Successes in Stewardship Successes daily publication for rules, rules proposed and notices of federal and other orders as executive agencies and organizations, as well documents. presidential Guidebook Environmental FHWA http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/guidebook/index.asp and trans- of environmental information on a variety Provides FHWA portation planning topics and includes the following: policy and contact information, training opportunities, FHWA and Stewardship the Streamlining guidance, state practices from list database, transportation websites, and environment Practices of related Projects Program Research Environmental FHWA Database http://itre.ncsu.edu/fhwa-erp/fhwa-erpsearch.htm 1990 from and completed research and documents active Tracks Environmental that has been funded by FHWA to present Program. Research Linkages Planning and Environment FHWA http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/integ/index.asp and and compiled by the FHWA information developed Offers planning and environment its partners to assist in strengthening linkages. and Land Use for Integrating Tool FHWA Decision-Making Transportation http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/landuse/index.htm for source of methods, strategies, and procedures A web-based integrating land use and transportation planning, decision-mak- implementation. ing and project Culverts Through Passage Service-Fish Forest Annotated Bibliography http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/fishxing/biblio.html Annotated bibliography of 96 articles pertaining to fish passage culverts. through Website Management Service Road Forest http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/road_mgt/ the agency road management policy directs Service’s The Forest that is sound road network to maintain a safe, environmentally to manage. to public needs and affordable responsive and Committee on House Transportation Infrastructure http://www.house.gov/transportation/ ments. ecosystem planning and foster- early WEBSITES GOVERNMENT Guidelines Crossing Wildlife and Fish Game Arizona http://www.azgfd.gov/hgis/guidelines.aspx bridge and culvert guidelines for wildlife passage. Includes and Reducing Linking Habitats Crossings: Critter Roadkill http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifecrossings/ impacts on web site describes transportation’s This DOT/FHWA wildlife and highlights exemplary and processes that are projects these impacts. helping to reduce Homepage Department of Transportation http://www.dot.gov/ by States The mission of the department is to: serve the United trans- ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible and convenient and portation system that meets our vital national interests enhances the quality of life American people, today and into the future. Departments of of State Directory Transportation http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/webstate.htm Links to each state. Initiatives Exemplary Ecosystem http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ecosystems/index.htm in eight states exemplary ecosystem initiatives of how Examples habitat fragmentation and barriers to animal move- reducing are sustainable of more ment, encouraging the development mitigation sites, stimulating Homepage Administration Highway Federal http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ of ensuring that responsibility is charged with the broad FHWA and highways continue to be the safest most roads America’s technologically up-to-date. Although state, local, and tribal gov- provides highways, FHWA most of the nation’s ernments own financial and technical support to them for constructing, improv- highway system. ing and preserving America’s Register Federal http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html Archives National Register, of the Federal the Office by Published is the official Register the Federal Administration, and Records ing ecosystem-based research. 252 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 255 APPENDIX armland Trust U.S. Forest Service U.S. Forest http://www.fs.fed.us/ Service is an agency of the U.S. Established in 1905, the Forest manages public lands in national It Department of Agriculture. amount of good for the greatest provide and grasslands “to forests amount of people in the long run.” the greatest Service Park National http://www.nps.gov/ the use of national parks so as to con- and regulates Promotes natural and historic objects, wildlife such that the serve scenery, generations. of future for the enjoyment will be unimpaired parks Department of Transportation’s Washington Program Retrofit Ecological http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/environment/fishpass/default.htm has been Program Retrofit Ecological DOT state’s Washington impairments to fish habitat associated with established to address two components are: transportation Its infrastructure. the state’s environ- chronic fish passage barriers and retrofitting removing mental deficiencies. Program Collision Prevention Wildlife http://www.wildlifeaccidents.ca/ seeks to save human Program Collision Prevention Wildlife The unneces- wildlife species from injuries, protect and prevent lives the economic losses to society and reduce sary death and injury, collisions. wildlife vehicle caused by ORGANIZATIONS NON-GOVERNMENTAL F American http://www.farmland.org/default.asp to stop the works Trust in 1980, American Farmland Founded farming practices farmland and to promote loss of productive that lead to a healthy environment. Wildlands American http://www.wildlands.org/ Wildlands science and state-of-the-art computer mapping, Using the wild lands, waters and species habitat identifies and prioritizes with decision mak- They also work most in need of conservation. ers to shape policies and projects. and Highways Habitat Wildlife of Defenders Campaign http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/ and highways the impact of roads to reduce The campaign works advocating for modifying existing on wildlife and habitat by uard, the Smithsonian Museum and all of the nation’s Museum the Smithsonian uard, Oversees highway, aviation, rail and maritime transportation systems, highway, Oversees the Coast G Keeping it Simple: Easy Ways to Help Wildlife Along Wildlife to Help Ways Easy it Simple: Keeping Roads http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifeprotection/index.cfm highway impacts on wildlife. easy ways of reducing Highlights in the Parks Service – Transportation Park National http://www.nps.gov/transportation/ information regarding This site includes links to find out more and the Alternative Program and Parkways Roads both the Park Program. Transportation System Refuge Wildlife National http://refuges.fws.gov/ is to adminis- System Refuge Wildlife The mission of the National of lands and waters for the conservation,ter a national network of the fish, wildlife appropriate, restoration management and where for States and their habitats within the United and plant resources generations of Americans. and future the benefit of present Committee Works and Public Environment Senate http://epw.senate.gov/ and Infrastructure on Subcommittee Transportation http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Subcommittees.Su bcommittee&Subcommittee_id=674f3658-3031-4d47-b4ad- 5308cb97e7f5 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers http://www.usace.army.mil/ engineering responsive quality, mission is to provide The Corps’s services envi- to the nation including navigation, flood control, military disaster response, protection, constructionronmental and support for other defense and federal agencies. Agency Protection U.S. Environmental http://www.epa.gov/ the nat- mission is to protect human health and safeguard EPA’s water and land—upon which life depends. ural environment—air, Service Wildlife and U.S. Fish http://www.fws.gov/ within the Service is a bureau Wildlife and The U.S. Fish with others to mission is to work Its Department of the Interior. conserve, and enhance fish, wildlife plants their protect habitats for the continuing benefit of American people. public buildings, and constructs infrastructure. environmental 254 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 257 APPENDIX I-90 Wildlife Bridges Coalition Bridges Wildlife I-90 http://www.i90wildlifebridges.org/ set of organizations and agencies to ensure with a diverse Works state meets a high standard Washington the I-90 expansion in as human safety and transporta-for wildlife connectivity as well tion efficiency. Give States: of the United Society The Humane a Brake Wildlife http://www.hsus.org/wildlife/issues_facing_wildlife/wildlife_cross- ings_wild_animals_and_roads/suggestions_for_driving_with_wildlif e_in_mind.html for driving with wildlife in mind. Suggestions Practices League of America-Alternative Walton Izaak Management Stormwater for Highway http://www.iwla.org/index.php?id=397 series outlines the latest techniques available Webcast A four-part comply with water to help transportation money, agencies save water quality and improve quality and water supply regulations, stormwater management practices. with context-sensitive Alliance Land Trust http://www.lta.org/ voluntary land conservation the land and strengthens Promotes information, skills the leadership, providing by trust movement land trusts need to conserveand resources land for the benefit of communities and natural systems. Census Land Alliance – National Trust Land Trust http://www.lta.org/census/ Alliance has been tracking Trust decades, the Land several For land conservation, in private with each five-year national trends before. than ever land protected dramatically more showing report Preservation for Historic National Trust http://www.nationaltrust.org/index_flash.html leadership, provides Preservation for Historic Trust The National historic places diverse to save America’s education and advocacy our communities. and revitalize Defense Council Resources Natural http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/roads/eotrinx.asp an overview of pri- 1999 provides Annotated bibliography from and impacts of roads mary documenting the adverse research ecosystems. American forest logging on North vation into transportationvation planning. roads, and for reducing future impacts by incorporating wildlife impacts by future and for reducing roads, conser Defenders of Wildlife Habitat and Highways Habitat Wildlife of Defenders to SAFETEA-LU Guide Campaign http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/safetea/ it An in-depth look at the policies of 2005 bill and how and wildlife. affects the environment Defense-Transportation Environmental http://www.environmentaldefense.org/cleanairforlife.cfm?subnav=ps_traffic level influencing policy at the national, state and regional From focuses on Defense to organizing local carpools, Environmental to here the best, most equitable way for America to get from without harming the environment. there and Energy Institute Environmental Study http://www.eesi.org/ environ- promotes Institute and Energy Study Environmental public policy mentally sustainable societies. EESI produces that encourage social and economic patterns sus- initiatives and the natural resources. tain people, the environment Center Foundation http://www.foundationcenter.org/ leading authority on phi- Center is the nation’s The Foundation connecting nonprofits and the grantmakers supporting lanthropy, The them to tools they can use and information trust. database on U.S. grant- center maintains the most comprehensive education and They also operate research, makers and their grants. at every designed to advance philanthropy training programs level. of the Earth Friends http://www.foe.org/camps/eco/r2r.html and groups with conservative of the Earth taxpayer works Friends the nation to oppose many unneeded community activists across and unwise roadways. Groundspring http://www.groundspring.org/ integrated services for small to medium- provides Groundspring effective organizations to help them become more nonprofit sized users of internet technology in their fundraising and management of donors and supporters. 256 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 259 APPENDIX Surface Transportation Policy Project Policy Surface Transportation http://www.transact.org/ that trans- goal is to ensure Project’s Policy Transportation Surface protect portation help conserve policy and investments energy, the economy, strengthen and aesthetic quality, environmental livable. and make communities more promote social equity, to TEA-21 Project-Guide Policy Surface Transportation http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=74 an in-depth look at policies and TEA-21 gives This users guide to and key opportunities for mak- funding, explains major features potential pitfalls. and explores ing progress, Campaign Transportation Tri-State http://www.tstc.org/ Campaign is an alliance of public Transportation Tri-State The organiza- planning and environmental transit advocacy, interest, transportation policies in the New to reform tions working region. metropolitan Jersey-Connecticut York-New Land Institute Urban http://www.uli.org/ leadership is to provide Land Institute The mission of the Urban use of land to enhance the total environment. on the responsible for Better Transportation Utahns http://www.utahnsforbettertransportation.org/index.html The purpose of this organization is to balanced transportation choices that will serve our environ- our neighborhoods, respect while enhancing our access for all Utahns ment and provide quality of life. future Roads Center for Preventing Wildlands http://www.wildlandscpr.org/ and restore works to protect Roads Center for Preventing Wildlands and limiting roads and removing preventing wildland ecosystems by a national clearinghouse and network, are We recreation. motorized construction, with tools and strategies to fight road citizens providing and revegeta- road removal and promote recreation, deter motorized by native ecosystems and biodiversity seek to protect We tion. public wildlands. of roadless an interconnected network recreating Organization-100 Environmental Top World Sites Transportation http://www.world.org/weo/transportation have located Organization Environmental World at the Editors sites. web related 1,000 of the most useful environment over categories, each con- been arranged into several These sites have sites. taining 100 web smart growth communities that increase transportation choices, communities that increase smart growth Natural Resources Defense Council: Smart Growth Defense Council: Smart Resources Natural http://www.nrdc.org/cities/smartGrowth/default.asp on smart-growth a range of projects, NRDC is working Through sustainable solutions that can help curtail sprawl and build more communities for the 21st century. NatureServe http://www.natureserve.org a are of natural heritage programs and its network NatureServe and endangered for information about rare high-quality source ecosystems. species and threatened Conservancy Rails-to-Trails http://www.railtrails.org/ of Conservancy a nationwide network is creating Rails-to-Trails former rail lines and connecting corridors to build trails from healthier places for people. Scenic America http://www.scenic.org/ Scenic America is dedicated to preserving and enhancing the sce- communities and countryside. nic character of America’s Campaign Club Challenge to Sprawl Sierra http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/ and promotes to fight poorly planned runaway development Works our natural places. air and water pollution, protect reduce Network Growth Smart http://www.smartgrowth.org/ that better serves development Encourages the economic, environ- a provides The Network mental and social needs of communities. forum for information sharing, education, tool development and issues. application, and collaboration on smart growth Project Ecosystem Rockies Southern http://www.restoretherockies.org/about.html is a Project Ecosystem Rockies in 1992, the Southern Founded conservation to protect, non-profit science organization working of Rockies and connect ecosystems in the Southern restore Mexico. and New Wyoming Colorado, Internet ARC Ecosystem Project Rockies Southern Server Map http://www.restoretherockies.org/arc_ims.cfm important Server is a mapping tool which provides Map Internet on behalf of wildlands in working that are data to local groups Rockies. the Southern 258 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 261 APPENDIX development, providing the most current research information research the most current providing development, of wildlife, fisheries, wetlands, water and best practices in the areas policy issues. ecosystems management and related overall quality, inter-agency supported event. ICOET is a multi-disciplinary, Europe Network Eco Infra http://www.iene.info/ in the of authorities and experts network involved A European the constructionphenomena of habitat fragmentation caused by and use of linear transport especially motorways, infrastructure, railways and canals. H. Berryman Institute Jack http://www.berrymaninstitute.org/ State at Utah Resources Wildland in the Department of Based at and Fisheries Wildlife and the Department of University the Berryman is dedicated Institute University, State Mississippi human- and resolving human-wildlife relationships to improving and extension. teaching, research, wildlife conflicts through Institute Transportation Mineta http://www.transweb.sjsu.edu/ Institute Transportation in 1991, Mineta Congress Established by focuses on international surface transportation policy issues as education and primary research, to three responsibilities: related technology transfer. Center Research Highway Turner-Fairbank http://www.tfhrc.gov/ and Center is a federally owned Research Highway Turner-Fairbank is the home TFHRC Virginia. facility in McLean, operated research Technology. and Development of Research, Office of the FHWA’s Ecology Road Davis Center of California University http://johnmuir.ucdavis.edu/road_ecology/ and policy makers from The center brings together researchers ecology and transportation to design sustainable transportation on nat- systems based on an understanding of the impact roads ural landscapes and human communities. Ecology Road Davis Center of California University – eScholarship Repository http://repositories.cdlib.org/jmie/roadeco/ papers on road for download Catalogues and makes available ecology. Intitute Policy Victoria Transport http://www.vtpi.org/ is an independent research Institute Policy Transport Victoria The ildlife: A Research, Monitoring and Adaptive Monitoring ildlife: A Research, ACADEMIC/RESEARCH on Effects Highway (Canada) Park National Banff W Study Mitigation http://www.praxis.ca/banfftwinning/pdfs/ProgressReport3.PDF and monitoring pro- ecologists began a research 1996, park In the potential effects of highways on wildlife gram that addresses corridor in the park. Trans-Canada populations along the and the Environment The Center for Transportation http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/ is a U.S. and the Environment Transportation Center for transportation university center, Transportation Department of CTE seeks to mitigate University. State Carolina located at North the impacts of surface transportation through on the environment education and technology transfer. programs of research, Conservation GeoPortal http://www.conservationmaps.org/index.jsp effort and for the conservationA collaborative by community to and publishing of geographic information facilitate the discovery systems (GIS) data and maps. Clearinghouse Crash Information Deer-Vehicle (DVCIC) http://www.deercrash.com/ Clearinghouse is a project Information Crash The Deer-Vehicle that Transportation Department of Wisconsin the funded by transportation involves departments states cooperatively of the five in the Wisconsin. and Minnesota Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, region: and Procedures Practices, Stewardship Environmental Construction and Maintenance for Highway Policies http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/con- struct_maint_prac/compendium/manual/ stewardship a compendium of environmental presents This report practices in construction from the lit- and maintenance, developed and state transportation agency manuals and procedures, erature, by and practitioners. Sponsored the contributions of state DOTs Transportation and Highway the American Association of State and conducted in cooperation with FHWA (AASHTO) Officials Program. Research Cooperative Highway the National by on Ecology & Conference International ICOET: Transportation http://www.icoet.net/index.asp Conducted every the two years, ICOET is designed to address to surface transportation range of ecological issues related broad 260 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 263 APPENDIX nonprofit, membership organization established in 1994 to servenonprofit, Organizations Planning of Metropolitan the needs and interests for urban planning, responsible nationwide. MPOs are (MPOs) of federal highway and transit programming and coordination investments. AND DATABASES MAPPING, INFORMATION, Statistics of Bureau Transportation http://www.bts.gov/ was established as a statistical Statistics Transportation of Bureau agency in 1992 to administer data collection, analysis, and the most cost-effective use of transporta- and to ensure reporting, tion-monitoring resources. Guide – Pocket Statistics of Bureau Transportation 2007 to Transportation http://www.bts.gov/publications/pocket_guide_to_transporta- tion/2007/pdf/entire.pdf to the changes in U.S. trans- as a quick reference Designed affected the they have portation system since 1970 and how energy use and the environment. safety, economy, nation’s and Environment- Center for Transportation Research and Fisheries Transportation Wildlife, Database http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/gateway/wildlife.htm database. Searchable Solutions Context Sensitive http://www.contextsensitivesolutions.org/ interdisciplinary is a collaborative, Solutions Context Sensitive a transportation all stakeholders to develop that involves approach facility that fits its physical setting and preserves scenic, aesthetic, while maintaining safety and resources, historic and environmental that considers the total context CSS is an approach mobility. project will exist. within which a transportation improvement Software ESRI GIS and Mapping http://www.esri.com/industries/transport/index.html and maintain- GIS is useful for managing, planning, evaluating, can learn about what GIS you ing transportation systems. Here has to offer for transportation. Enhancements Transportation National Clearinghouse http://www.enhancements.org/ Clearinghouse is an Enhancements Transportation The National and Rails-to-Trails information service by FHWA sponsored Transportation America use Communities across Conservancy. tation problems to help improve transporta- to help improve tation problems organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical innovative organization dedicated to developing solutions to transpor The Volpe Center The Volpe http://www.volpe.dot.gov/ and pursue solutions to decision-makers define problems Helps engineer- and development, lead transportation research through ing and analysis. Institute Transportation Western http://www.coe.montana.edu/wti/ Center specializing in rural trans- Transportation A University and education. portation research Crossings Wildlife Toolkit http://www.wildlifecrossings.info/ problems wildlife crossing database of cases where A searchable links, a glossary also provides been attempted to be solved. It have of terms and a selection articles that discuss wildlife and highway issues. and Roads: Wildlife http://www.wildlifeandroads.org/ on wildlife using for mitigating the effects of roads A resource underpasses and crosswalks. such as overpasses, wildlife crossings Cooperative is a dynamic partThis website of a National titled: project research sponsored Program Research Highway Crossings. Wildlife of and Effectiveness of the Use Evaluation engine. search Includes and the Environment – Roads Bank World http://www.worldbank.org/transport/publicat/reh/toc.htm a description of of this handbook is to provide The objective useful in designing and executing practical methods which are environmental assessments (EAs) to those who are effective planning to projects, from aspects of road in various involved construction to maintenance. ASSOCIATIONS PROFESSIONAL Agencies Wildlife and Association of Fish http://www.fishwildlife.org/ fish and wildlife agencies. America’s all of North represents AFWA Association of Metropolitan Transportation Organizations http://www.ampo.org/ is a Organizations Transportation Association of Metropolitan tion planning and policy analysis. 262 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 265 APPENDIX . http://www.contextsensitivesolutions.org/ [email protected] LISTSERVS AND NEWSLETTERS LISTSERVS News The BEAT organi- is an all-volunteer Team Action Environmental Berkshire the environment of Berkshire zation dedicated to protecting supported contributions by They are Massachusetts. County, a small grant from the New and by like you from citizens Fund. Environmental Grassroots England subscribe visit: To http://www.thebeatnews.org/News/news.html Alert. BNA Transportation/Environment Alert e-mail news is a weekly service Transportation/Environment Washington, in Affairs, Inc., of National the Bureau published by Highway by the American Association of State and sponsored Committee on the Standing Officials’ Transportation and Assistance Program. Technical Environmental Environment, customer service changes and including subscriptions, address For #4; fax: 202-452- call 1-800-372-1033, Option retransmission, 4644, e-mail; CARGO-L in international transactions involved list for anyone Discussion CARGO-L anywhere. cargo to and from to move or that have of transportation, goods and informa- should debate the future aspects in legal, practical and theoretical tion flows, transportation. to subscribe: [email protected] Address Last (Your Name) First to send: subscribe cargo-l (Your Message Name) Newsletter Solutions Context Sensitive The bi-monthly CSS newsletterup-to-date on the lat- keeps you news and information in the transportationest CSS-related community. subscribe visit: To Wildlife Defenders eNews stories E-mailed once a month, the newsletter is filled with great and features on the newtimely action alerts ways to help protect with exciting are about. Also featured all care animals we wildlife and the habitat it needs to survive. el choice, strengthen the local economy, improve the quality improve the local economy, el choice, strengthen Enhancements funds from the federal government to expand the federal government funds from Enhancements trav National Transportation Library Transportation National http://ntl.bts.gov/ Library was established in 1998 and Transportation The National serves as a repository public, academic and pri- of materials from access to the mission is to increase organizations. NTL’s vate opera- research, information that supports transportation policy, tions and technology transfer activities. Google Engine by Search DOT State http://www.google.com/coop/cse?cx=006511338351663161139%3A cnk1qdck0dc as at once, as well users to search all 50 DOTs allows This website such as public transit groups other transportation-related search transportation plan- agencies, university centers and metropolitan ning organizations. Thomas: to Congress Guide The Ultimate http://thomas.loc.gov/ and other Thomas makes federal legislative Launched in 1995, available to the public online. information freely Bibliographic Roads Center for Preventing Wildlands Database http://www.wildlandscpr.org/databases/index.html 10,000 citations documenting the database of over Bibliographic vehicles. and off-road physical and ecological effects of roads at keywords by Search http://www.wildlandscpr.org/Search/search.php of life and protect the environment. of life and protect 264 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 267 APPENDIX http://www.herpdigest.org/ [email protected] Fish and Wildlife Service National and Regional Service National Wildlife and Fish Listserves bulletins, and other information the latest news releases, Provides about U.S. Washington Affairs in of Public the Office issued by in fish interested Service activities. Everyone Wildlife and Fish and wildlife conservation is invited to subscribe. newsletters visit: subscribe to national or regional To http://www.fws.gov/news/NewsReleases/listser.html GIST-L and trans- Systems Information list about Geographic Discussion portation. to subscribe: [email protected] Address Last (Your Name) First to send: subscribe gist-l (Your Message Name) Roadsides Greener is a quarterly publication of the Federal Roadsides Greener and Environment Office of Planning, Administration, Highway weeds, native focuses on: information sharing, noxious It Realty. management and public policy. vegetation plants, restoration, subscribe: To an email to Send the subject header blank Leave roadsides” type “subscribe the body, In not include a signature Do & Commentary News Environmental Magazine: Grist news environmental with a sense of humor. and weekly Daily newsletters, visit: six free subscribe to any of Grist’s To http://www.grist.org/cgi-bin/signmeup.pl News Headwaters news about provides News Headwaters politics, conservation, species issues in the western water and endangered development, States United subscribe visit: To http://www.headwatersnews.org/HeadwatersSub.html HerpDigest newsletter on the latest news electronic that reports weekly Free on herpetological conservation and science. subscribe visit To and start a free trial or subscribe to and start a free (a daily publication of the Federal govern- (a daily publication of the Federal http://www.elistore.org/nwn.asp UIRED=URI_ACTION_USER_REQUESTS http://www.eenews.net/ Federal Register Federal one or more of its many servicesone or more and newsletters. Federal agency regulations, proposed rules proposed and public notices, agency regulations, Federal documents. and other presidential proclamations orders, executive visit: Register of the Federal subscribe to a daily email version To http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/email- signup.html To subscribe visit: To http://action.defenders.org/site/Survey?SURVEY_ID=1220&ACTIO N_REQ DOT DOT runA privately mailing list for transit supporters and anti-road activists. to subscribe: [email protected] Address (without quotes) in “subscribe” the word to subscribe: Put How than most lists. that this is different line. Note the “Subject:” handled manually. are Subscriptions and Land Letter Greenwire E&E Daily, for com- is the leading source & Energy Publishing Environment and energy politics of environmental daily coverage prehensive, original reporting hard-hitting, E&E’s day, Every and policy. White House, plugs subscribers into the issues facing the courts, federal agencies and the states. Congress, Visit Wetlands National Law Institute Environmental Newsletter this newsletter takes you behind the headlines times a year, Six agenda. on issues dominating the wetland and reports subscribe visit: To in Successes Administration Highway Federal Newsletter Stewardship environmental monthly newsletter highlighting current FHWA’s the country. practices from around streamlining newsletters or to subscribe visit: previous read To http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/strmlng/es4newsltrs.asp Notice Daily Register Federal The ment) is a legal newspaper published every the business day by contains: It Administration. and Records Archives National 266 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 269 APPENDIX http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/listserv.html [email protected] Red Lodge Clearinghouse Newsletter Lodge Clearinghouse Red Lodge Clearinghouse is to support, nur- The mission of the Red is a groups. It and connect collaborative natural resource ture forum for collaborators -practitioners, policy-makers, elected offi- donors and conservationists - cials, agency leaders and field staff, in resource of collaborative work to better understand the realities it happens, on the ground. management where subscribe to the periodic e-mail newsletter visit: To http://www.redlodgeclearinghouse.org/newslist/Subscribe.cfm EcologyRoad Center listserv Center brings Ecology Road of California Davis The University and policy makers from ecology trans- together researchers portation to design sustainable transportation systems based on on natural landscapes an understanding of the impact roads and human communities. subscribe visit: To Roadsides is a moderated listservRoadsides for transportation officials, scientists con- and private groups public interest and practitioners - universities, in working sultants, and agency partners of government, at all levels The list to highway corridors. management relevant vegetation of landscape, maintenance, in the areas includes subscribers who work services,environmental control and turf erosion establishment, nox- information-sharing and plants to increase and native ious weeds in active addition, the list includes subscribers who are In networking. of Noxious Committee for the Management Interagency the Federal is an Roadsides Borders. Across Weeds along with Weeds and Exotic and is hosted by the Administration Highway activity of the Federal and the Environment. Transportation Center for subscribe: To an email to Send the subject header blank Leave roadsides” type “subscribe the body, In not include a signature Do Transportation Rural by the National originally developed Transportation, Rural Association of Association of Counties and the National serves Organizations, as an information clearing- Development local government professionals, development house for regional in rural transportationofficials and others interested planning issues. and development subscribe visit: To http://www.ruraltransportation.org/peers/index.shtml http://www.enhance- http://www.bearbiol- http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/news/ http://www.iwla.org/index.php?id=253 http://www.newwest.net/index.php/member/register/ [email protected] alumni and friends, this newsletter information from ITS- reports and affiliated campus departmentsDavis that host programs. transportation-related subscribe visit: To contains PDF The archive TE projects. ples of outstanding new of all Connections quarterlyversions newsletters. visit: subscribe for paper or email versions To ments.org/connections.asp or email Izaak Walton League of America Highway League of America Walton Izaak Listserv Management Stormwater An open forum for the posting and discussion of news, information, ideas, success stories and questions about alternative devel- including low-impact practices to manage highway runoff, opment techniques. subscribe visit: To E-Newsletter News Inside Transportation information with trans- The purpose of the newsletter is to share Park portation and other National and planning professionals Service partners. subscribe visit: To http://www.nps.gov/transportation/alt/toolbox.htm International Association InternationalManagement, for Bear Bear information on subscription please visit: For News Research and E-News ITS-Davis of e-news newsletter is the electronic of the University ITS-Davis for Written Studies. Transportation of Institute California Davis Enhancements Transportation National Connections newsletter Clearinghouse Transportation quarterly newsletter contains NTEC’s technical articles news from Capitol Hill, Enhancements-related and exam- resources; TE-related new development; TE project on West New to the of online communities devoted is a network West New atmosphere politics, environment and overall economy, culture, West. Mountain of the Rocky subscribe visit: To ogy.com/membrshp.htm 268 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 271 APPENDIX . with “TRB your email address email address your http://lists.ncsu.edu To begin receiving the begin receiving To [email protected] Leave the subject line of e- Leave , editorials, job postings, upcoming scroll to the bottom and select “Click scroll http://www.y2y.net/media/news.asp [email protected] http://www.TRB.org http://www.TRB.org Y2Y network groups Y2Y network E-Newsletter” in the message’s subject field. in the message’s E-Newsletter” Y2Y supporters and other political cartoons,events, featured Transportation Research E-Newsletter Research Transportation Transportation (TRB) Board Research Transportation The transportation research covers regularly E-Newsletter Research and abroad. States in the United developments on also available are All articles appearing in the E-Newsletter web page TRB’s send an e-mail note to E-Newsletter Institute Policy Victoria Transport is an independent research Institute Policy Transport Victoria The and practical innovative organization dedicated to developing of a variety provides It solutions to transportation problems. transporta- to help improve at this website free available resources tion planning and policy analysis. subscribe to the quarterly newsletter go to: To http://www.vtpi.org/ right. in the lower our quarterly newsletter” receive (WFT) Listserv and Fisheries Transportation Wildlife, professionals with the opportunityWFT Listserv to The provides best prac- information about new research, post queries and share the way ecological improving tices, and policy issues that are in surface transportation addressed planning and project issues are The listserv is managed by the Center for development. State Carolina at North and the Environment Transportation information about the list, please visit more For University. at website Technology Information NCSU’s Service Y2Y Daily Conservation News The Y2Y news is a daily compilation of news stories collected The and local newspapersthe profiling 85 national, regional over from Eco- Yukon to Yellowstone wildlife, people and places within the also include other useful content such as: stories It region. featuring To subscribe to the WFT Listserv: subscribe to the To with the message. ture mail blank. In the body, type: subscribe wftlistserv the body, mail blank. In Send an email to: Send items. The Y2Y news is delivered everyY2Y news is delivered morning to subscribers’ The items. of charge. free inboxes subscribe visit To (Note: Listserv software is case sensitive.) Do not include a signa- Do Listserv is case sensitive.) software (Note: and stay tuned for [email protected] [email protected] Leave the subject header blank Leave transenviro” type “subscribe the body, In not include a signature Do Transit issues discussion list. Transit to subscribe: [email protected] Address Last (Your Name) First to send: subscribe transit (Your Message Name) - Alternatives Transit such as personal rapid tran- list for transit alternatives Discussion and monorails. sit, people movers to subscribe: [email protected] Address Name) First (Your to send: subscribe transit-alternatives Message Last Name) (Your TransEnviro officials, pub- is a moderated listserv for government TransEnviro in the sector working groups, and people in the private lic interest The list serves as an transportation fields. and environmental of news about current for the exchange informal network for advice discussion of problems and solutions, requests research, and and assistance announcements of upcoming conferences a very topics range of environmental broad This list covers events. to surface transportationrelated development planning, project and construction and maintenance. an email to subscribe: Send To Transp-l Mason the George discussion list hosted by Transportation Policy. of Public Institute University to subscribe: [email protected] Address Last (Your Name) First to send: subscribe transp-l (Your Message Name) Alliance TransWild Alliance is an informal TransWild 2005, in November, Founded alliance among conservation organizations striving to influence impacts on wildlife. transportation and policy reduce projects join, email To www.TransWildAlliance.org 270 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 273 APPENDIX Forman, T., D. Sperling, et al. 2003. Road Ecology: Science and et al. 2003. Road D. Sperling, T., Forman, DC. Washington, Press, Island Solutions. and Highways O. 2004. 20th-Century Sprawl: Gutfreund, Press, University of the American Landscape. Oxford Reshaping York. New York, New of Native Use 2000. Roadside Wilson. B., and M. Harper-Lore, DC. Washington, Press, Island Plants. & Dependence 1993. Automobile Hart, S. and A. Spivak. on the Economy Impacts in the Bedroom: The Elephant Denial: California. Books, Pasadena, Paradigm New and Environment. Island 1991. Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity. W. Hudson, DC. Washington, Press, A Road: the High Taking 2005. Katz, B., and R. Puentos. Brookings Reform. Transportation Agenda for Metropolitan DC. Washington, Press, Institution Over Took the Automobile How J. 1997. Asphalt Nation: Kay, of California University Back. It Take Can We America and how California. Berkeley, Press, San Jossey-Bass, for the Long Haul. Klein, K. 2000. Fundraising California. Francisco, San Change. Jossey-Bass, for Social Klein, K. 2001. Fundraising California. Francisco, to Common Guide A Field Fauna: Knutson, R. 2006. Flattened Press, Speed Ten and Highways. Streets, Animals of Roads, California. Berkeley, The Rise and of Nowhere: The Geography J. 1994. Kunstler, & Schuster, Landscape. Simon Man-Made of America’s Decline NY. York, New the 2006. From and A. Canby. M., K. McCarty, Maguire, Transportation to A Guide to the Mainstream: Margins Policy Transportation Surface Community. Your Opportunities in DC. Washington, Partnership, Banking: 1996. Mitigation and D. Salvesn. L., D. Porter, Marsh, DC. Washington, Press, Island Theory and Practice. and Sons, Wiley John with Nature. I. 1992. Design McHarg, York. New York, New Inc., Thesis Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands. Delft, Technology, of University Thesis Delft the Move: 2003. On J., and M. Sweeny. Davidson, Geographic, National and the American Story. Transportation DC. Washington, and J. K. Kozloff, N. Johnson, Faeth, P. R., D. Ditz, Dower, Environmentally of Sustainability: 1997. Frontiers MacKenzie. and Power Transportation, Forestry, Agriculture, Sound DC. Washington, Press, Island Production. of Open Space The Nature 2006. Law Institute. Environmental and Biodiversity. Linking Land Protection Programs: DC. Washington, Law Institute, Environmental BOOKS a 2006. Designing and H. Castro. Castro, R., F. Abadia, Conservation Workshop. the 4-P Communication Strategy: DC. Washington, International, Transportation and Highway American Association of State and Design of Highways on Geometric 2004. A Policy Officials. and American Association of State Edition. Fifth Streets, DC. Washington, Officials, Transportation Highway Were There K., M. Raimi, and D. Chen. 1991. Once F. Benfield, America’s is Undermining Sprawl Urban How Greenfields: Resources Natural Fabric. and Social Economy, Environment, Partnership, Policy Transportation Council and Surface Defense DC. Washington, to Approach An Ecosystem J. 2006. Eco-Logical: Brown, Highway Federal Projects. Infrastructure Developing DC. Washington, Administration, and Loans Directory. Canada Books. 2007. American Grants Quebec. Canada Books, Prevost, 2004. and J. Dunstan. R.A. Smith, Chadde, J., L. Rulison, and Community Appearance to Enhance Guidelines Design University, Technological Michigan Resources. Natural Protect Michigan. Houghton, and Civil Engineering Bohemen, H.D. 2004. Ecological of Ecological Engineering Set A Practical Works: Engineering PhD and Coastal Management. Infrastructure for Road Principles 272 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 275 APPENDIX , monthly. Thomson , monthly. , quarterly. The Wildlife Society. Wildlife The , quarterly. , quarterly. Institute of Physics Institute , quarterly. , quarterly. Society for Conservation Society , quarterly. , bi-weekly. Society for Conservation Society , bi-weekly. , bi-monthly. The Ecological Society of Society The Ecological , bi-monthly. , bi-monthly. Society for Conservation Society , bi-monthly. , eight issues per year. Springer Life Sciences. Springer , eight issues per year. , bi-monthly. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Federal , bi-monthly. , monthly. The Ecological Society of America. Society The Ecological , monthly. , weekly. Nature Publishing Group. London, England. Group. Publishing Nature , weekly. Scientific. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Scientific. Philadelphia, Journal of Environmental Management of Environmental Journal Bethesda, Maryland. Bethesda, Landscape Ecology York. New York, New Journal of Wildlife Management Wildlife of Journal Nature Roads Public Virginia. McLean, Union of Concerned Scientists. 1991. Steering a New Course: a New of Concerned Scientists. 1991. Steering Union of Union and the Environment. Energy, Transportation, Concerned Scientists, Boston, Massachusetts. Improving Nature: 2003. Second and M. Ernst. White, P. of Defenders Second. Nature Putting Without Transportation Partnership, Policy Transportation and Surface Wildlife DC. Washington, Laws of Successful The Nine This: Hear K. 2001. Now Wolf, Communications, Communications. Fenton Advocacy DC. Washington, JOURNALS ACADEMIC Conservation Biological Virginia. Arlington, Biology. Conservation Biology Virginia. Arlington, Biology. Practice Conservation In Virginia. Arlington, Biology. America. Washington, DC. America. Washington, Ecology Ecological Applications Ecological DC. Washington, Letters Research Environmental DC. Washington, Publishing. etwork Vision: A Science-Based Approach to Rewilding the to Rewilding Approach A Science-Based Vision: etwork Miller, B., D. Foreman, et al. 2003. Southern Rockies Wildlands Rockies et al. 2003. Southern B., D. Foreman, Miller, N Southern Rockies, The Colorado Mountain Club Press, Golden, Club Press, The Colorado Mountain Rockies, Southern Colorado. Toward Moving Gridlock: J. 2001. Breaking Motavalli, Francisco, Club Books, San Sierra Works. That Transportation California. Tax How Subsidies: 2001. Perverse N. and J. Kent. Myers, Island and the Economy. the Environment Can Undercut Dollars DC. Washington, Press, Wetland Council. 2001. Compensating for Research National Press, Academy National Act. Water the Clean Losses Under DC. Washington, the Council. 2005. Assessing and Managing Research National Academies The National Roads. of Paved Impacts Ecological DC. Washington, Press, Action and Environmental Federation Wildlife National to Guide A Citizen’s of the Road: The End 1997. Foundation. and Federation Wildlife National Problemsolving. Transportation DC. Washington, Foundation, Action Environmental Wild Reviving It: Through Runs R. 2006. A Road T. Petersen, Books, Johnson Roads. Center for Preventing Wildlands Places. Colorado. Boulder, Board Groups:A for Small Gifts A. 2004. Big Robinson, of $500 to $5,000. Gifts to Securing Guide 1-Hour Member’s Massachusetts. Medfield, & Church, Emerson to Guide An Activist’s Grants: A. 2004. Grassroots Robinson, Francisco, San Jossey-Bass, Edition. Second Grantseeking, California. Press, Island and the Law. III. 1996. Biodiversity W., Snape, DC. Washington, The Heritage: 2000. Precious and J. Adams. B., L. Kutner, Stein, University Oxford States. in the United of Biodiversity Status England. Oxford, Press, a Sustainable Toward 1997. Board. Research Transportation Vehicle of Motor Effects the Long-Term Addressing Future: 251. Report on Climate and Ecology. Transportation DC. Washington, Board. Research Transportation 274 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 277 APPENDIX American Society of Civil Engineers Annual Conferences Annual Conferences of Civil Engineers American Society http://www.asce.org/conferences/ Association of Conservation Annual Conference Engineers http://conservationengineers.org/conferences/ problems and solutions of common developments, Engineering to conservationinterest agencies. Association for ConservationAnnual Meeting Information http://www.aci-net.org/conferences.htm trains and informs the staffs of member agencies pro- ACI ideas and newvides forums concepts, and to improve to exchange skills and craftsmanship. Agencies Annual Conference Wildlife and Association of Fish http://www.fishwildlife.org/annualmeet.html conference regional Northeast http://www.neafwa.org/ conferences regional Midwest http://mafwa.iafwa.org/meetings.htm conferences regional Southern http://www.sdafs.org/events/events.htm conference regional Western http://www.wafwa.org/4.2.1.html Lands for Public Association of Partners http://www.appl.org/News_Events/calendar.htm and stewardship to public understanding, appreciation Dedicated natural and cultural heritage. of America’s and Creation on Ecosystems Restoration Annual Conference http://www.hccfl.edu/depts/detp/ecoconf.html Urbanism for New Congress http://www.cnu.org/ with newcollaboration and education. Deals urbanist networking, Construction Superconference http://www.constructionsuperconference.com/ the construction industry. For Conference National Solutions Contact Sensitive http://www.contextsensitivesolutions.org/community/calendar/view in applying CSS progress national CSS leaders reviewing Features the country throughout principles to key projects and discussing of CSS. the future , quarterly. The Wildlife Society. Bethesda, Society. Wildlife The , quarterly. ashington, DC. , quarterly. The Wildlands Project. Richmond, Vermont. Richmond, Project. Wildlands The , quarterly. , bi-monthly. Transportation Research Board, National Board, Research Transportation , bi-monthly. , weekly. American Association for the Advancement of American Association for the Advancement , weekly. TR News DC. Washington, Council. Research Science Science. W CONFERENCES of Science American Association for the Advancement http://www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/ segment of the science, technology A gathering for the growing in—or impacted by— and engineering communities interested interactions among a range of topics and disciplines. Transportation and Highway American Association of State (AASHTO) Officials associations and subcommittees regional Annual Meeting, http://www.transportation.org/meetings/ Conference National Trust’s American Farmland http://www.farmland.org/news/events/ best farm and ranch land the nation’s Commits to protecting the economic viability of agriculture. improving Annual Meeting Society American Fisheries http://www.fisheries.org/afs/annualmeetings.html of fisheries the sustainability and sound stewardship Promotes and aquatic ecosystems, encourages members to be resources professionals. by decision makers and natural resource recognized Sciences Annual Meeting of Biological American Institute http://www.aibs.org/annual-meeting/ focused discussion of timely subjects at the science-pol- Provides educators, students, icy interface for an audience of professionals, scientists, government organizations staff, non-governmental and the media. members of Congress Conference Association National American Planning http://planning.org/conferences/future.htm Chapter conferences http://www.planning.org/chapters/conferences.html Maryland. Wild Earth Wild Society Bulletin Wildlife 276 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 279 APPENDIX and economic benefits that flow from well-planned and environ- from and economic benefits that flow mentally sound transportation networks. Land Conservation Annual and Alliance National Trust Land Conferences Regional http://www.lta.org/training/index.html members, 1,700 land trust volunteers, board Over professionals, attorneys, appraisers and land conservation public agency staff, advocates. Association of Conservation Massachusetts Commissions Annual Conference http://www.maccweb.org/edu_aec.html England Conservation Commissioners, other 1000 New Over officials, consult- local officials, state and federal environmental ants, attorneys and others. and Highway of State Conference Valley Mississippi Officials Transportation each year. website DOT to be found at host state’s Website Association of ConservationAnnual Meeting Districts National http://www.nacdnet.org/meetings/ to unify districts concerned with conservation.A national group Legislators Caucus of Environmental National http://www.ncel.net/ Washington, coincident with the national and times a year Three Legislatures of State Conference DC meetings of the National and the Environment on Science, Policy Conference National http://www.ncseonline.org/NCSEconference/ that brings a topical conference NCSE convenes Each year, of scientific, educational, business, civil society together hundreds leaders. and government Legislatures of State Conference National http://www.ncsl.org/annualmeeting/ Summit Partnership Environmental National http://www.environmentalsummit.org/ into a national community of activists The summit has evolved collabora- committed to making the world a better place through from professionals and assistance providers tion of environmental sectors. diverse and Conservation Conference Mitigation Banking National http://www.mitigationbankingconference.com/ ffice, NatureServe and Defenders of Wildlife hosted workshops to hosted workshops Wildlife of and Defenders ffice, NatureServe Defenders of Wildlife Habitat and Highways Campaign Workshops Campaign Habitat and Highways Wildlife of Defenders http://www.defenders.org/habitat/highways/workshops/home.html Review and Environmental Development Project The FHWA O improve linkages between conservation and transportation planning. improve Conference Carnivores Wildlife of Defenders http://www.carnivoreconference.org to together academics, activists and wildlife professionals Brings conservation. in carnivore discuss a wide array of issues involved of America Annual Meeting Society Ecological http://esa.org/member_services/eventsCalendar/ Science Forum Information Biodiversity Annual Global Symposium http://www.gbif.org/GBIF_org/gbif_symposia digitization and global dissemination of primary biodi- Facilitates data. versity Challenges – Open Change: Regional Environmental Global Science Conference http://www.essp.org/en/open-science-conferences.html fields to diverse from brings together researchers The conference and structure undertake an integrated study of the Earth system’s functioning, the changes occurring to system, and implications of those changes for global sustainability. Council Building Green GreenBuild-U.S. http://www.greenbuildexpo.org/ is an industry the transforma- gathering to advance Greenbuild tion of the marketplace. Annual Association for Landscape Ecology International (U.S. Chapter) Conference http://www.usiale.org/ Transportation on Ecology and Conference International http://www.icoet.net range of ecological issues a broad addressing biennially, Held to surface transportationrelated including wildlife, development, ecosystems management overall water quality, fisheries, wetlands, policy issues. and related and the Environment on Roads Conference International http://www.irfnet.org/cms/pages/en/ViewPage.asp?id=84&mTitre=% 20-%20Conferences%20&%20Seminars entities committed to A global platform for public and private social promotes Federation Road International development. road 278 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 281 APPENDIX Northeastern Transportation and Wildlife Conference Wildlife and Transportation Northeastern http://www.maine.gov/mdot/ntwc/ the on the years Biennially or Maine. Hampshire, New Vermont, In (ICOET) Transportation on Ecology and Conference International of ICOET. equivalent is the regional is not taking place. It Annual Managers Information Wildlife and of Fish Organization Meeting http://www.ofwim.org/meetings/index.html and the meeting is held in a vary to year, year widely from Topics state each year. different Annual Meeting Planners Wildlife of Organization http://www.owpweb.org/AnnualConf/ their annually to help fish and wildlife agencies improve Hosted management effectiveness. Comes of Age Planning Regional http://www.rpa.org/ and helps region, Jersey-Connecticut York-New Serves the New open spaces, and promote shape transportation systems, protect continued growth. better community design for the region’s for ConservationAnnual Meeting Society Biology http://www.conbio.org/Activities/Meetings/ the scientific study of phenomena to promoting Dedicated of biological that affect the maintenance, loss and restoration diversity. and Comparative for Integrative of the Society Annual Meeting Biology http://www.sicb.org/meetings/ in numerous symposia during the society’s is presented Research Annual Meeting. Annual Conference Conservation Society’s Water and Soil http://www.swcs.org/en/swcs_conferences/ on Conservation Conference Science Student http://www.sccs-cam.org/ conservation young scientists gain experience, learn new ideas Helps careers. for their future and make contacts that will be valuable Annual Meeting Board Resource Transportation http://www.trb.org/meeting/ 10,000 transportation from professionals approximately Attracts all transportation modes, The meeting covers around the world. in 500 sessions addressing than 2,800 presentations with more topics. many various ashington, DC. It brings together professional scientists, engi- ashington, DC. It National Roadside Vegetation Management Association Conference Management Vegetation Roadside National http://www.nrvma.org/conferenceinformation.html Design Expo Sustainable National http://es.epa.gov/ncer/p3/expo/index.html in Mall on the National The expo is held in the spring each year W neers and business leaders around innovations designed to innovations neers and business leaders around impact. environmental while reducing economic growth advance Conference Areas Association – Annual Natural Areas Natural http://www.naturalarea.org/conference.asp to inform, unite and supportThe association works persons managing and studying natu- engaged in identifying, protecting, landscapes and ecosystems. and biological diversity across ral areas Annual Conference Growth for Smart Partners New http://www.newpartners.org/ communities. safe, healthy and livable Promoting Conference Resources and Natural Wildlife American North http://www.wildlifemanagementinstitute.org/ to the conservation,Dedicated enhancement and professional wildlife and other natural America’s management of North resources. Annual Officials Transportation Association of State Northeast Conference https://www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/portal/nasto/repository/index.html from the state transportation together representatives Brings and the Canadian States departments of the northeastern United and Quebec. of Ontario provinces Annual Conferences International NatureServe http://www.natureserve.org/visitLocal/conferencesTraining.jsp a are of natural heritage programs and its network NatureServe species and endangered for information about rare good source ecosystems. and threatened Conference Transportation Northwest http://kiewit.oregonstate.edu/nwtc/ Annual Program Evaluation Product Transportation National Meeting http://www.ntpep.org/ContentManagement/PageBody.asp?PAGE_ID=34 and industry to discuss national side-by-side work DOTs State products. engineered to proprietary, policy as it relates 280 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 283 APPENDIX Major Highways Major Alfred E. Johnson Achievement Award Award Achievement E. Johnson Alfred Award Memorial Thomas H. MacDonald Awards Transportation President’s Service of Meritorious Award 25-Year Awards Engineering Value Award Globe Local or Secondary Roads Bridges Transit Public Airports Railroads and Ports Waterways Awards Wetlands National Design in Highway Excellence Awards Excellence Environmental FHWA Resources and Historical Cultural Wildlife and Habitat Ecosystems, Leadership Environmental Research Environmental Streamlining Environmental Communities Livable/Sustainable Transportation Non-motorized and Reuse Recycling and Maintenance Management Resource Roadside Scenic Byways Quality Water and Watersheds Wetlands, ransportation Officials AWARDS and Highway Association of State American T http://www.transportation.org/?siteid=37&pageid=1981 Builders & Road The American Transportation Association http://www.artba.org/pdf/2007_Globe_Award_Brochure.pdf Law Institute Environmental http://www2.eli.org/nwa/nwaprogram.htm Administration Highway Federal http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/eihd/index.htm http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/eea.htm Improvement Air Quality ersity, sustain productivity and ensure responsible use of responsible and ensure sustain productivity ersity, U.S. Green Building Council – Events Calendar Council – Events Building U.S. Green http://www.usgbc.org/Events/EventsConferenceCalendar.aspx?CMSPa geID=143 Show Trade and Annual Conference Society’s Wildlife The http://www.wildlife.org/conference/index.cfm to conserveAims to enhance the ability of wildlife professionals div TRAININGS Service Wildlife & U.S. Fish http://training.fws.gov/ of Land Management Bureau http://www.ntc.blm.gov/ Service U.S. Forest http://www.fs.fed.us/biology/education/ Alliance Land Trust http://www.lta.org/training/index.html wildlife resources for the benefit of society. wildlife resources Research Transport on Conference World http://www.uctc.net/wctrs/ brings together transportation the conference years, three Every managers, policy analysts, advisers, operators and academics, all in promoting state of the art and state of with a common interest of transport research. the practice in all areas on Ecosystem Services Symposium Kathryn Fuller http://worldwildlife.org/fellowships/fuller_symposium.cfm World the by sponsored Symposium, Each Science for Nature in a practical research is designed to result Federation, Wildlife agenda that would most benefit conservation on a particular work topic; a number of specific collaborations among scientists and conservationists to pursue that agenda; and summary documents on the content of symposium. 282 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Appendix 285 APPENDIX Partnering the Mold Breaking Risk Taking Communication Public Partnership Quality Star Presidential Award Presidential State Winners State A Difference Making Preserve America Preserve http://www.preserveamerica.gov/presidentialaward.html METAPHORS TRANSPORTATION up to speed Getting the wheel Reinventing the rubber meets the road Where the right track On side of the tracks the wrong From get there that bridge when we Cross bridges Burning out of control Spinning to the metal Pedal to hell Highway to nowhere Bridge Light at the end of tunnel That train has left the station way or the highway My it for a spin Take the wheel Take the high road Taking the brakes on Put the road down Further end Dead on truckin’ Keep Jack! the road, Hit 66 kicks on Route your Get Asset Management and Planning Asset Management Training and Education Planning Freight Security and Personal Homeland and Operations Linking Planning Applications Technology and Modeling Leadership Planning and Outreach Involvement Public Planning Safety Integration and Land Use Transportation and Environment Planning Transportation Planning Transportation Tribal Transportation Planning Excellence Awards Excellence Planning Transportation Award Transport Sustainable program Awards Achievement Road Global Construction Design Mitigation Environmental Finance Innovative Management Maintenance Management Program Management Quality Research Safety and Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Systems Transportation and Intelligent Management Traffic Award Excellence Environmental President’s Award Excellence Environmental National Award Achievement National Project for a Small Recognition Special Project for a Structure Recognition Special Winners Level Gold Federal Highway Administration and Federal and Federal Transit Administration Highway Federal Administration http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/tpea/ Policy and Development for Institute Transportation http://www.itdp.org/events.html Federation Road International http://www.irfnet.org/cms/pages/en/ViewPage.asp?id=67&mTitre=% 20-%20Global%20Road%20Achievement%20Awards and Lobbying Advocacy Professionals Association of Environmental National http://www.naep.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=12 Quality on Highway Partnership National http://www.nphq.org/awards_success.cfm 284 GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation for Conservationists | Defenders of Wildlife GETTING UP TO SPEED: A Guide to Transportation

Appendix Defenders of Wildlife Habitat and Highways Campaign 1130 17th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036-4604