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The Externally Derived Portion of the Hyperosmotic Shock-Activated Cytosolic Calcium Pulse Mediates Adaptation to Ionic Stress in Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells

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The Externally Derived Portion of the Hyperosmotic Shock-Activated Cytosolic Calcium Pulse Mediates Adaptation to Ionic Stress in Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Plant Physiology 164 (2007) 815—823 www.elsevier.de/jplph The externally derived portion of the hyperosmotic shock-activated cytosolic calcium pulse mediates adaptation to ionic stress in suspension-cultured tobacco cells Stephen G. Cessnaa,Ã, Tracie K. Matsumotob, Gregory N. Lamba, Shawn J. Ricea,1, Wendy Wenger Hochstedlera,2 aDepartments of Biology and Chemistry, Eastern Mennonite University, 1200 Park Road, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA bUSDA-ARS-PWA-PBARC, Tropical Plant Genetic Resource Management Unit, Hilo, HI, USA Received 9 October 2006; received in revised form 16 November 2006; accepted 27 November 2006 KEYWORDS Summary Aequorin; The influx of Ca2+ into the cytosol has long been suggested to serve as a signaling Calcium; intermediate in the acquisition of tolerance to hyperosmotic and/or salinity stresses. Inositol-1,4,5-tris- Here we use aequorin-transformed suspension-cultured tobacco cells to directly phosphate; assess the role of cytosolic calcium (Ca2+ ) signaling in salinity tolerance acquisition. Salinity; cyt Aequorin luminescence recordings and 45Ca influx measurements using inhibitors of Signal transduction Ca2+ influx (Gd3+ and the Ca2+-selective chelator EGTA), and modulators of organellar Ca2+ release (phospholipase C inhibitors U73122 or neomycin) demonstrate that hyperosmolarity, whether imposed by NaCl or by a non-ionic molecule sorbitol, 2+ 2+ induces a rapid (returning to baseline levels of Ca within 10 min) and complex Cacyt pulse in tobacco cells, deriving both from Gd3+-sensitive externally derived Ca2+ influx and from U73122- and neomycin-sensitive Ca2+ release from an organelle. To determine whether each of the two components of this brief Ca2+ signal regulate adaptation to hyperosmotic shock, the Ca2+ pulse was modified by the addition of Gd3+, U73122, neomycin, or excess Ca2+, and then cells were treated with salt or sorbitol. After 10 min the cell culture medias were diluted with additional hyperosmotic media to reduce the toxic affects of the modulators, and the growth of cells was measured after 1 week. Gd3+ treatment reduced growth in salt relative 2+ Abbreviations: Cacyt, cytosolic calcium; 2, 4-D, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; EGTA, ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, 0 0 N N -tetraacetic acid; IP3, inositol-1, 4, 5-trisphosphate; MES, 2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid; PI(4, 5)P2, phosphatidylinositol- (4, 5)-bisphosphate; PLC, phospholipase C ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 540 432 4403; fax: +1 540 432 4488. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.G. Cessna). 1Current address: Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA 17551, USA. 2Current address: Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA. 0176-1617/$ - see front matter & 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2006.11.002 ARTICLE IN PRESS 816 S.G. Cessna et al. to control cells but not in sorbitol, and exposure to excess Ca2+ increased growth in salt but not in sorbitol. In contrast, exposure to inhibitors of IP3 formation had no effect on growth in salt or sorbitol. Therefore, although hyperosmotic treatment stimulates both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from an internal Ca2+ depot, only Ca2+ influx has a measurable impact on ionic stress tolerance acquisition in tobacco cell suspensions. In contrast, osmoadaptation in these cells appears to occur indepen- dent of Ca2+ signaling. & 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Introduction While much is known about the events occurring downstream of Ca2+ during salt-activated signaling, Plant cells in high saline environments must relatively little is known about the events occurring respond immediately to more than one stress: upstream of Ca2+ entry. Cell-wall and plasma hyperosmolarity (osmotic stress) and the toxicity membrane-embedded turgor receptor-protein ki- imposed by an excess of sodium ions (ionic stress) nases may initiate the osmotic signaling cascade (Pasternak, 1987; Hasegawa et al., 2000; Kawasaki (Urao et al., 1999; Tamura et al., 2003; Chinnusamy et al., 2001; Tester and Davenport, 2003). Thus, et al., 2004; Kacperska, 2004), and stretch-acti- cells adapt to saline conditions by not only vated Ca2+ channels might be turgor-sensors, increasing their production of intracellular osmo- initiating Ca2+ influx directly (Kacperska, 2004). In lytes (e.g. proline), thereby regulating their osmo- addition, changes have been observed in mem- tic pressure and preventing plasmolysis, but also by brane phosphoinositide metabolism in hyperosmo- increasing their capacity to extrude Na+ from the tically challenged plant cells that are coincident cytoplasm to thereby maintain ionic homeostasis with Ca2+ pulses, leading to the hypothesis that 2+ (Pasternak, 1987; Hasegawa et al., 2000; Tester inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-regulated Ca and Davenport, 2003). channels in an internal organelle(s) might be Nearly all environmental stresses stimulate cyto- responsible for the observed cytosolic calcium 2+ 2+ solic Ca transients in the plant cell cytosol that (Cacyt) increases (Drobak and Watkins, 2000; theoretically lead to stress resistance by way of Takahashi et al., 2001; DeWald et al., 2001; Ca2+-dependent signal transduction (Knight et al., Chinnusamy et al., 2004; Kaur and Gupta, 2005). 1991, 1997; Trewavas and Malho, 1997; Rudd and Thus, it can be reasonably hypothesized that both Franklin-Tong, 2001; Sanders et al., 2002; White trans-plasma membrane Ca2+ entry and internal and Broadley, 2003). Molecular and genetic ana- organelle Ca2+ release are stimulated by hyper- lyses in Arabidopsis have identified several cal- osmotic shock. It remains unclear, however, cium-binding signaling proteins including SOS3 (Salt whether both influx and organelle release of Ca2+ Overly Sensitive) (Ishitani et al., 2000), calcineurin are involved in signaling to ionic and/or osmotic B-like (CBL) proteins (Cheong et al., 2003), and one tolerance. or more calcium-dependent protein kinases Hyperosmotic (manitol)- and NaCl-activated cy- (CDPKs) (Sheen, 1996; Harmon et al., 2000) that tosolic Ca2+ signaling has previously been demon- are activated in response to salt treatments (Zhu, strated to activate three genes (P5CS, LTI78, and 2003). SOS3 transmits the Ca2+ signal to activate RAB18) that were presumed to be involved in other downstream protein kinases such as SOS2, osmotic stress tolerance (Knight H. et al., 1997), which mediate ionic stress resistance by regulating but the direct relevance of those genes to osmotic transcription factors for stress tolerance genes, and adjustment was not assessed. In contract, we have directly activating enzymatic activities such as previously utilized genetic mutants, inhibitors, plasma membrane (SOS1) and vacuolar (NHX) Na+/H+ supplemental Ca2+, and hyperosmotic stress to antiporters, resulting in increased tolerance to salt demonstrate that externally derived Ca2+ is re- (Hasegawa et al., 2000; Zhu, 2003; Chinnusamy et sponsible for ion homeostasis but not osmotic stress al., 2004; Boudsocq and Lauriere, 2005; Kaur tolerance in yeast (Matsumoto et al, 2002). and Gupta, 2005). In contrast, osmotic stress The purpose of this study is thus two-fold: first, tolerance (e.g. osmotic adjustment via osmolyte to clearly delineate the origins of the Ca2+ entering synthesis) appears to arise by way of Ca2+-indepen- the cytosol during hyperosmotic treatment in dent signaling through Ca2+-independent protein Nicotiana tabacum suspension cultures, and in the kinases (Boudsocq and Lauriere, 2005; Kaur and process to identify signaling modulators of the Gupta, 2005). hyperosmotically activated Ca2+ pulse. Secondly, to ARTICLE IN PRESS Characterization of the hyperosmotic Ca2+ signal 817 use the same signaling modifiers to determine the pharmacological blockade was not sufficient 10 min whether the Ca2+ entering from a particular after application to still activate Ca2+ influx, and any cellular location specifies ionic or osmotic stress effect of the modulator on growth was limited to its 2+ tolerance acquisition in tobacco cells. We find that effect on the first 10 min of signaling, i.e. during the Ca while the hyperosmotically induced Ca2+ transient pulses shown in Fig. 1A. To further rule out any toxicity effects of any of the in tobacco suspension cells is derived from both modulators, after 1 d of treatment 1 mL aliquots of cells Gd3+-sensitive externally derived Ca2+ influx and 2+ from each treatment group were withdrawn in the sterile from U73122- and neomycin-sensitive Ca release hood and assessed with visible microscopy. No visible 2+ from an organelle, neither Ca influx nor orga- difference in the number of plasmolyzed cells or the 2+ nelle-derived Ca contributes to osmotic stress amount of accumulated cellular debris could be seen in tolerance. Rather, similar to yeast, only the influx any of the treatment groups (data not shown), indicating of Ca2+ leads to ionic tolerance. To the best of our that our protocol for modulator treatment was mild knowledge, this is the first study to correlate a salt enough to only report their effects on the Ca2+ pulses, tolerance phenotype with modulation of the Ca2+ and did not cause significant cell death or plasmolysis. transient in a plant system. Luminometry and Ca2+ quantization Materials and methods Luminometry was performed as previously described, with some minor changes (Cessna and Low, 2001). Plant material and cell culture Briefly, cultures were incubated in 3 mM coelenterazine Suspension cultures of aequorin-transformed tobacco (N. tabacum
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