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Curcumin: Modern Applications for a Versatile Additive

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Curcumin: Modern Applications for a Versatile Additive coatings Review Curcumin: Modern Applications for a Versatile Additive Florentina Monica Raduly , Valentin Raditoiu * , Alina Raditoiu and Violeta Purcar Laboratory of Functional Dyes and Related Materials, National Research and Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (F.M.R.); [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (V.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The recent development of several methods for extracting curcumin from the root of the plant Curcuma longa has led to intensified research on the properties of curcumin and its fields of application. Following the studies and the accreditation of curcumin as a natural compound with antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties, new fields of application have been developed in two main directions—food and medical, respectively. This review paper aims to synthesize the fields of application of curcumin as an additive for the prevention of spoilage, safety, and quality of food. Simultaneously, it aims to present curcumin as an additive in products for the prevention of bacterial infections and health care. In both cases, the types of curcumin formulations in the form of (nano)emulsions, (nano)particles, or (nano)composites are presented, depending on the field and conditions of exploitation or their properties to be used. The diversity of composite materials that can be designed, depending on the purpose of use, leaves open the field of research on the conditioning of curcumin. Various biomaterials active from the antibacterial and antibiofilm point of view can be intuited in which curcumin acts as an additive that potentiates the activities of other compounds or has a synergistic activity with them. Citation: Raduly, F.M.; Raditoiu, V.; Keywords: curcumin; antibiofilm; antibacterial activity; food additive; additive for health care Raditoiu, A.; Purcar, V. Curcumin: Modern Applications for a Versatile Additive. Coatings 2021, 11, 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1. Introduction coatings11050519 Curcumin has been known since antiquity and used as a spice, preservative, dye for dyeing fabrics, and in traditional medicine. It is one of the three main colored compounds Academic Editors: Lluís Palou and (demethoxy and bisdemethoxy derivatives) which are extracted from Curcuma longa plant Diana Anderson roots grown in Asian countries. It is found in the Color Index with the names: Yellow 3 (natural compound) and Gelb 6 (synthetic), it is also known as: turmeric, curcumin, Indian Received: 27 February 2021 saffron, and saffron of Indians, with the reference number C.A.S. number: 458-37-7 [1]. Accepted: 22 April 2021 Published: 28 April 2021 Considering the epidemiological events caused by the appearance of the COVID-19 virus, in the last two years, there has been an intensification of studies on the methods to ob- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral tain [2–20] curcumin and its bioactivity properties [21–30]. If, in 2017, the global curcumin with regard to jurisdictional claims in market was valued at USD 52.45 million, due to the diversification of application areas, it is published maps and institutional affil- estimated that the size of the global curcumin market will reach USD 151.9 million by 2027. iations. The estimates were made after an evaluation of the increasing number of articles published (Figure1) on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anticancer properties, increasing the availability and accessibility of Ayurvedic medicinal products, cosmetics, food supple- ments, and the natural additives consumer market in developed countries. In this regard, in North America, which is the largest market followed by Europe, food, nutritional sup- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. plements, and cosmetics with the main ingredient as curcumin had the biggest sales in This article is an open access article 2019, while India is the most important producer of curcumin extracted from turmeric and distributed under the terms and represents more than 78% of its global production [31–34]. However, the forecasts made conditions of the Creative Commons have a high degree of uncertainty due to operational problems regarding the supply of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// raw materials [35–37] and the distribution of finished products on the consumer market, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ affected by the COVID-19 pandemic [38–40]. Curcumin is used extensively as a phyto- 4.0/). chemical in studies of various diseases [28,41] and, in particular, in cancer treatments [6] Coatings 2021, 11, 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050519 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings Coatings 2021, 11, 519 2 of 23 Coatings 2021, 11, 519 2 of 23 consumer market, affected by the COVID-19 pandemic [38–40]. Curcumin is used exten- sively as a phytochemical in studies of various diseases [28,41] and, in particular, in cancer treatments [6] targeting its antioxidant [42,43] and anti-inflammatory properties [43]. The consumercurrent revision market, isaffected made to by highlight the COVID-19 the new pandemic fields of application[38–40]. Curcumin regarding is used the exploita- exten- Coatings 2021, 11, 519 2 of 22 sivelytion ofas antiviral,a phytochemical antifungal, in studies and antibacterial of various diseases properties. [28,41] We and,will discussin particular, methods in cancer of con- treatmentsditioning [6]curcumin targeting to itsincrease antioxidant its solubility [42,43] andin water anti-inflammatory and the influence properties or synergistic [43]. The ac- currenttion of revision the compounds is made to found highlight in delivery the new sy fieldsstems. of This application study updates regarding the the conditioning exploita- targeting its antioxidant [42,43] and anti-inflammatory properties [43]. The current revision tionmethods of antiviral, for curcumin antifungal, to improve and antibacterial the photosta properties.bility and We solubility will discuss properties, methods which of con- are is made to highlight the new fields of application regarding the exploitation of antiviral, ditioningimportant curcumin in medical to increase and food its applications. solubility in Inwater addition, and the the influence advantages or synergisticand the need ac- to tionantifungal, of the andcompounds antibacterial found properties. in delivery We will sy discussstems. methods This study of conditioning updates the curcumin conditioning touse increase natural its compounds solubility in water in areas and therelated influence to the or protection synergistic actionof, and of contribution the compounds to, human methods for curcumin to improve the photostability and solubility properties, which are foundhealth in will delivery be discussed. systems. This study updates the conditioning methods for curcumin to importantimprove the in photostability medical and andfood solubility applications. properties, In addition, which are the important advantages in medical and the and need to usefood natural applications. compounds In addition, in areas the advantagesrelated to the and protection the need to of, use and natural contribution compounds to, in human healthareas relatedwill be to discussed. the protection of, and contribution to, human health will be discussed. Figure 1. Total number of articles on “curcumin”, published between 2016 and 2020, in different databases. FigureFigure2. Methods 1. 1. Total number numberof Obtaining of articlesof articles on and “curcumin”, on Antiviral, “curcumin”, published Antifungal, published between 2016 between and and Antibacterial 2020, 2016 in differentand 2020, databases.Activity in different databases. 2. MethodsThe study of Obtaining of the different and Antiviral, types Antifungal, of turmeric and species Antibacterial in the Zingiberaceae Activity family [2– 4,7] regarding the content of bioactive compounds suggests a growing trend in the pro- 2. MethodsThe study of Obtaining of the different and types Antiviral, of turmeric Antifungal, species in theand Zingiberaceae Antibacterial family Activity [2–4,7 ] regardingduction of the curcumin content of in bioactive the coming compounds years due suggests to the a growingdevelopment trend inof the new production areas of use (Fig- ofure curcuminThe 2). Duestudy into the ofits the comingantioxidant different years and duetypes anti-inflamma to of the turmeric development toryspecies ofproperties, new in the areas Zingiberaceae curcumin of use (Figure is presentedfamily2). [2– in 4,7]Duemany regarding to itsspecialized antioxidant the content studies and anti-inflammatory of as bioactive a potential co mpoundsadjuva properties,nt for suggests curcumin treating a isgrowingcancer presented [6] trend and in many neurodegen-in the pro- ductionspecializederative of diseases curcumin studies [21]. as in a potentialThethe comingapplications adjuvant years forofdue curcumin, treating to the cancerdevelopment which [6] andreflect neurodegenerativeof thenew antioxidant areas of use proper- (Fig- urediseasesties, 2). are Due [21also to]. itsfound The antioxidant applications in the field and of of curcumin,anti-inflamma textile dyei whichngtory and, reflect properties, as thea consequenc antioxidant curcumine, properties, textiles is presented with anti- in manyaremicrobial also specialized found or in anti-UV the studies field ofproperties as textile a potential dyeing were and, adjuvaobtained as a consequence,nt for [22,44]. treating The textiles
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