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Magmatic Evolution and Petrochemistry of Xenoliths Contained Within an Andesitic Dike of Western Spanish Peak, Colorado

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Magmatic Evolution and Petrochemistry of Xenoliths Contained Within an Andesitic Dike of Western Spanish Peak, Colorado Magmatic Evolution and Petrochemistry of Xenoliths contained within an Andesitic Dike of Western Spanish Peak, Colorado Thesis for Departmental Honors at the University of Colorado Ian Albert Rafael Contreras Department of Geological Sciences Thesis Advisor: Charles Stern | Geological Sciences Defense Committee: Charles Stern | Geological Sciences Rebecca Flowers | Geological Sciences Ilia Mishev | Mathematics April the 8th 2014 Magmatic Evolution and Petrochemistry of Xenoliths contained within an Andesitic Dike of Western Spanish Peak, Colorado Ian Albert Rafael Contreras Department of Geological Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Abstract The Spanish Peaks Wilderness of south-central Colorado is a diverse igneous complex which includes a variety of mid-Tertiary intrusions, including many small stocks and dikes, into Cretaceous and early Tertiary sediments. The focus of this thesis is to determine whether gabbroic xenoliths found within an andesitic dike on Western Spanish Peak were accidental or cognate, and their implications for the magma evolution of the area. A total of twelve samples were collected from a single radial dike, eleven of which were sliced into thin sections for petrological analyses. From the cut thin sections, six were chosen for electron microprobe analysis to determine mineral chemistry, and billets of ten samples were subject to ICP-MS analysis to determine bulk rock, trace element chemistry. Xenoliths were dominated by amphiboles, plagioclase feldspars, clinopyroxenes and opaques (Fe-Ti oxides) distributed in mostly porphyritic to equigranular textures. Pargasitic and kaersutitic amphiboles are present in both the xenoliths and the host dike. Additionally, plagioclase feldspars range from albite to labradorite, and clinopyroxenes range from augite to diopside. All xenoliths were found to be enriched in elements Ti, Sr, Cr and Mn compared to the host dike and other Spanish Peak radial dikes. The data and fractionation models suggest that the xenoliths were incorporated within the andesitic, radial, host dike from a subsurface pluton that shares a genetic relation not only to the host dike but also to other radial dikes within the area implying a ubiquitous parent magma body. i Table of Contents Page Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………..…… i Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………….. ii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….………….………. iii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………….…... iv Acknowledgement/Dedication ……………………………………………………………….…. v Chapter 1. Introduction General ………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Geological Background …………………………………………………………………. 2 Methods …………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Chapter 2. Petrology Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 9 West Spanish Peak Stock…………………….…………………………………………. 10 Host Dike……………………………………………………………………….………. 12 Xenolith Group 1……………………………………………………………………..… 13 Xenolith Group 2……………………………………………………………………….. 16 Xenolith Group 3……………………………………………………………….………. 19 Xenolith Group 4………………………………………………..……………………… 21 Xenolith Group 5……………………………………………………………………….. 22 Xenolith Group 6……………………………………………………………………….. 24 Chapter 3. Mineral Chemistry…………………………………………………………………... 31 Chapter 4. Rock Trace-Element Chemistry…………………………………………………….. 39 Chapter 5. Discussion/Conclusions ……………………………………………………………. 45 ii Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………………………. 50 List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Photo of hand sample IC-1…………………………………………………….….. 1 1.2 - Geographic location of Raton Basin and Spanish Peaks, CO……………..….…… 2 1.3 - Geologic Map of the Raton Basin…………………………………………………. 4 1.4 - Chronologic Age chart of Spanish Peaks Igneous Complex………………………. 5 1.5 - Spanish Peaks Regional Genesis Model …………………………………………... 6 1.6A, B - Photos of Sample Collection Site…………………………………………...… 8 2.1A, B - Photos of IC-1, and W. Spanish Peak Granite Stock in hand sample……….... 9 2.2A, B - Photomicrographs of IC-16…….……………….………………….………… 11 2.3A, B - Photomicrograph/photo of host dike……………...…………………………. 12 2.4A, B - Photos of Group I Xenoliths in hand sample………………………………… 14 2.5A, B, C, D - Photomicrographs of Group I Xenoliths………………………………. 15 2.6A, B - Photos of Group II Xenoliths in hand sample………………………………... 17 2.7A, B, C, D - Photomicrographs of Group II Xenoliths……………………………… 18 2.8A, B, C, D - Photomicrographs of Group III Xenoliths……………………………... 20 2.9A, B - Photomicrographs of Group IV Xenoliths…………………………………… 22 2.10A, B - Photomicrographs of Group V Xenoliths…………………….…………….. 23 2.11A, B, C, D - Photomicrographs of Group VI Xenoliths……………………...……. 25 2.12A, B - Photomicrographs of Great (radial) Dike……………………………………26 2.13A, B - Photomicrographs of radial dike SPD1……………………………….….…. 27 2.14A, B - Photomicrographs of radial dike SPD2……………………………………... 28 2.15A, B - Photomicrographs of radial dike SPD3……………………………………... 29 iii 2.16A, B - Photomicrographs of radial dike SPD4……………………………………... 30 3.1 - Plot of feldspars from electron microprobe analysis……………………………… 31 3.2 - Plot of clinopyroxenes from electron microprobe analysis……………………..… 34 4.1 - Whole rock trace element plot of Ti vs. Sr in ppm ……………………...…..….…40 4.2 - Whole rock trace element plot of Ti vs. Rb in ppm…………………………….… 40 4.3 - Whole rock trace element plot of Ti vs. Nb in ppm………………………….…… 41 4.4 - Whole rock trace element plot of Ba vs. La in ppm…………………………….… 41 4.5 - Whole rock trace element plot of Cr vs. Ni in ppm……………………………….. 42 5.1A, B - Magmatic Intrusion Sequence of Xenoliths………………………………….. 46 5.2 - Fractionation Plot of Ti and Rb ………………………….…………..…………… 48 List of Tables Table 2.1 - Summary of Xenolith Groups ……………………………………………………. 13 3.1 - IC-2, 6 and 8 plagioclase electron microprobe analysis………………….…….… 32 3.2 - IC-7 and 11 plagioclase electron microprobe analysis………………………….… 33 3.3 - IC-2, 8 and 14 clinopyroxene electron microprobe analysis……………………… 34 3.4 - IC-11 and 14 amphibole electron microprobe analysis…………….……………... 36 3.5 - IC-8 amphibole electron microprobe analysis……………………………………. 37 3.6 - IC-2, 6 and 7 amphibole electron microprobe analysis…………………………… 38 4.1 - IC-2A, 2B, 3, 4, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 10-12, 14A and 14B bulk trace elements…………. 43 4.2 - Host dike, radial dike and W. Spanish Peak stock bulk trace elements…………... 44 5.1 - 50% Fractionation of Amphibole ………………………………………………… 48 5.2 - 50% Fractionation of Clinopyroxene……………………………………………... 48 5.3 - 50% Fractionation of Plagioclase Feldspar……………………….…………….… 48 iv Acknowledgement First, I would like to deeply thank Chuck Stern for the privilege to work on this project, his numerous oversights and expert advice to help me through the entirety of this thesis. Many thanks to Becky Flowers, Ilia Mishev, Lang Farmer and the entire Department of Geological Sciences for their opinions, funding and support. I also recognize Paul Boni, Julian Allaz and Fred Luiszer for their assistance in preparation of my samples, patience and of course looking out for my safety. Additional thanks to the Honors Program for providing this chance to expand my education, and the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program for also supporting this endeavor. Dedication Most of all, I would like to thank my family – Jesse, Betsy, Elyse, Teddy, and Nan and Ol’ Grandad Fox – for their continuous and absolute support throughout this entire undertaking; this is for them. v Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION General Xenoliths are samples of foreign rocks, or rocks having a noticeably different mineralogy, texture and composition than the igneous host rock in which they are incorporated (Fig. 1.1). As magma moves towards the surface, it can incorporate either accidental or cognate (genetically related) xenoliths. Accidental xenoliths occur when the magma picks up fragments of older country rock as it rises toward the surface. Cognate xenoliths, however, derive from rocks related genetically to the magma itself from deep within the magma plumbing system, in which case they are referred to as “cognate xenoliths.” Figure 1.1. Sample IC-1 of a noticeably darker, coarse grained gabbroic xenolith found incorporated in a lighter grey andesite dike from Western Spanish Peak, CO. Scale is in inches. 1 This thesis focuses on xenolith samples (Fig. 1.1) I collected from within a single radial dike located on the southwestern slope of Western Spanish Peak (Fig. 1.2). I described their petrology and chemistry in order to understand their origin and implications for the genesis and evolution of magmas in the Spanish Peaks igneous complex. Geological Background The 30 square mile Spanish Peak Wilderness is located east of the Colorado Front Range and the Sangre de Cristo mountain range, and roughly 20 miles southwest of the town of Walsenburg, Colorado (Hutchinson, 1987). The wilderness bears the name for the conical, twin East and West Spanish Peaks towering to 12,708 feet (3870 m) and 13,623 feet (4150 m) above sea level respectively, both of which rise roughly 7,500 feet above the nearby Great Plains to the east (Hutchinson 1987; Johnson, 1968). Figure 1.2. The location of Spanish Peaks within the Raton Basin in south-central Colorado. Adapted from Penn and Lindsay (2009). 2 Spanish Peaks Wilderness, which lies within the Raton Basin, is characterized by numerous mid-Tertiary igneous intrusions into the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary age basin sediments (Figure 1.3). Continental rifting of the Rio Grande Rift is believed to have provided stresses to fold Tertiary Raton Basin sediments to form the La Veta syncline (Figure 1.2; Johnson, 1961) whose axis bisects the basin and into which the Spanish
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