Physical Geology Laboratory I. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
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Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS
Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS ▪ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material IGNEOUS ROCKS ▪ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material ▪ Molten rock material below Earth’s surface is called magma ▪ Molten rock material erupted above Earth’s surface is called lava ▪ The name changes because the composition of the molten material changes as it is erupted due to escape of volatile gases Rocks Cycle Consolidation Crystallization Rock Forming Minerals 1200ºC Olivine High Ca-rich Pyroxene Ca-Na-rich Amphibole Intermediate Na-Ca-rich Continuous branch Continuous Discontinuous branch Discontinuous Biotite Na-rich Plagioclase feldspar of liquid increases liquid of 2 Temperature decreases Temperature SiO Low K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz 700ºC BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES Rock Forming Minerals Olivine Ca-rich Pyroxene Ca-Na-rich Amphibole Na-Ca-rich Continuous branch Continuous Discontinuous branch Discontinuous Biotite Na-rich Plagioclase feldspar K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES Rock Forming Minerals High Temperature Mineral Suite Olivine • Isolated Tetrahedra Structure • Iron, magnesium, silicon, oxygen • Bowen’s Discontinuous Series Augite • Single Chain Structure (Pyroxene) • Iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen • Bowen’s Discontinuos Series Calcium Feldspar • Framework Silicate Structure (Plagioclase) • Calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen • Bowen’s Continuous Series Rock Forming Minerals Intermediate Temperature Mineral Suite Hornblende • Double Chain Structure (Amphibole) -
Geology, Geochemistry, and Mineral Resources of The
GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE UPPER CAURA RIVER AREA, BOLIVAR STATE, VENEZUELA by Gary B. Sidder1 and Felix Martinez2 Open-File Report 90-231 1990 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Denver, Colorado 2CVG-TECMIN, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela TABLE OF CONTENTS 'age ABSTRACT..............................^ 1 INTRODUCTION......................... 2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY......................................................................................... 4 LOCAL GEOLOGY................................................................................................. 5 Description of Rock Units................................................................... 6 Structure................................................................................................... 8 GEOCHEMSTRY.............................................^ 9 Analytical Results................................................................................. 10 ECONOMC GEOLOGY................................. 21 REGIONAL CORRELATION.............................................................................. 22 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................................................... 23 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................^ 26 REFERENCES CITED............................................................................................ 27 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Location map and geologic sketch -
Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, West-Central British Columbia
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-10-24 A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia Kuehn, Christian Kuehn, C. (2014). A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25002 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1936 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia by Christian Kuehn A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS CALGARY, ALBERTA OCTOBER, 2014 © Christian Kuehn 2014 Abstract Alkaline and peralkaline magmatism occurred along the Anahim Volcanic Belt (AVB), a 330 km long linear feature in west-central British Columbia. The belt includes three felsic shield volcanoes, the Rainbow, Ilgachuz and Itcha ranges as its most notable features, as well as regionally extensive cone fields, lava flows, dyke swarms and a pluton. Volcanic activity took place periodically from the Late Miocene to the Holocene. -
Laboratory 5 in Your Lab Book on Pages 129-152 to Answer the Questions in This Work Sheet
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): ____________________________________ FIRST NAME: _________________________ 6. IGNEOUS ROCKS AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS Instructions: Refer to Laboratory 5 in your lab book on pages 129-152 to answer the questions in this work sheet. Your work will be graded on the basis of its accuracy, completion, clarity, neatness, legibility, and correct spelling of scientific terms. Some rocks that you would be working with may have sharp edges and corners, therefore, be careful when working with them! When you are done with your lab work, please clean the desk and leave all materials you worked with in the same way you found them! INTRODUCTION MAFIC COLOR INDEX (MCI): Is an estimate of the % of mafic (dark) minerals by volume. Mafic minerals are dark colored minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite; Felsic minerals are light colored minerals such as quartz, plagioclase feldspar, k-feldspar, and muscovite. Ultramafic rocks: CI > 85% (made up of more than 85% mafic minerals) Mafic rocks: CI 46-85% Intermediate rocks: CI 16-45% Felsic rocks: CI 0-15% ORIGIN OF ROCK (INTRUSIVE/EXTRUSIVE) Intrusive (plutonic): formed from magma; made up of large minerals (coarse-grained) Extrusive (volcanic): formed from lava; made up of microscopic crystals (fine-grained) TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS Phaneritic: Coarse grain size; visible grains (1-10 mm); result of slow cooling Pegmatitic: Minerals are exceptionally large: > 1 cm long Porphyritic: Composed of crystals of 2 different sizes indicative of multistage cooling history (intrusive/extrusive) long period of slow partial cooling from a magma forms the large crystals sudden extrusion of the remaining magma and the already formed crystals Aphanitic: Fine grain size (< 1 mm); result of quick cooling Glassy: Lack crystals; superfast cooling Vesicular: Contains tiny holes called vesicles which formed due to gas bubbles in the lava. -
Report 82-830, Cascades of Southern Washington Have Radiometric Ages 77 P
1.{) 0 0 C\.1 ..!. 0.. <C ~ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF UPPER EOCENE TO HOLOCENE VOLCANIC AND RELATED ROCKS IN THE CASCADE RANGE, WASHINGTON By James G. Smith ....... (j, MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS SERIES 0 0 Published by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993 ·a 0 0 3: )> i:l T t'V 0 0 (J1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-2005 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF UPPER EOCENE TO HOLOCENE VOLCANIC AND RELATED ROCKS IN THE CASCADE RANGE, WASHINGTON By James G. Smith INTRODUCTION the range's crest. In addition, age control was scant and limited chiefly to fossil flora. In the last 20 years, access has greatly Since 1979 the Geothermal Research Program of the U.S. improved via well-developed networks· of logging roads, and Geological Survey has carried out a multidisciplinary research radiometric geochronology-mostly potassium-argon (K-Ar) effort in the Cascade Range. The goal of this research is to data-has gradually solved some major problems concerning understand the geology, tectonics, and hydrology of the timing of volcanism and age of mapped units. Nevertheless, Cascades in order to characterize and quantify geothermal prior to 1980, large parts of the Cascade Range remained resource potential. A major goal of the program is compilation unmapped by modern studies. of a comprehensive geologic map of the entire Cascade Range Geologic knowledge of the Cascade Range has grown rapidly that incorporates modern field studies and that has a unified in the last few years. -
Andesites on Mars: Implications for the Origin of Terrestrial Continental Crust
ANDESITES ON MARS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF TERRESTRIAL CONTINENTAL CRUST. Paul D. Lowman Jr., Mail Code 921, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD 20771, USA. The Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer ferentiation" in Mars has been confirmed by (APXS) on the Mars Pathfinder rover the SNC meteorites. Unlike the Earth, this (Rieder et al., 1997) produced analyses in evolutionary path has not involved plate the X-ray mode of 5 rocks with chemical tectonics, beyond the initial crustal fragmen- compositions (62.0+2.7% SiO2 "soil-free tation indicated by the Valles Marineris and rock") corresponding to andesite. The similar features. APXS soil analyses resemble those from the The bulk chemical composition of the Viking landers, providing a field compari- crust of Venus is not known, although ba- son. Furthermore, the Mariner 9 mission in salts have been found by two Soviet landers. 1972 had produced thermal emission spectra However, the unimodal topography of Ve- of suspended dust indicating a composition nus, and the typically continental tectonic averaging 60+10% SiO2, corresponding to style revealed by the Magellan radar "an intermediate igneous rock"(Hanel et al., (Solomon et al., 1992), are consistent with 1972a,) and implying "substantial geo- global differentiation, but as for Mars, with- chemical differentiation of Mars." An iden- out the involvement of plate tectonic proc- tical instrument on a Nimbus satellite had esses. previously produced similar dust spectra Collectively, these discoveries imply that over Africa (Hanel et al., 1972b), which,if silicate planets can undergo early global representative of the surface, support the differentiation by igneous processes not de- similarity between the terrestrial and mar- pending on sea-floor spreading and subduc- tian crusts. -
Description of Map Units
GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE LATIR VOLCANIC FIELD AND ADJACENT AREAS, NORTHERN NEW MEXICO By Peter W. Lipman and John C. Reed, Jr. 1989 DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS [Ages for Tertiary igneous rocks are based on potassium-argon (K-Ar) and fission-track (F-T) determinations by H. H. Mehnert and C. W. Naeser (Lipman and others, 1986), except where otherwise noted. Dates on Proterozoic igneous rocks are uranium-lead (U-Pb) determinations on zircon by S. A. Bowring (Bowring and others, 1984, and oral commun., 1985). Volcanic and plutonic rock names are in accord with the IUGS classification system, except that a few volcanic names (such as quartz latite) are used as defined by Lipman (1975) following historic regional usage. The Tertiary igneous rocks, other than the peralkaline rhyolites associated with the Questa caldera, constitute a high-K subalkaline suite similar to those of other Tertiary volcanic fields in the southern Rocky Mountains, but the modifiers called for by some classification schemes have been dropped for brevity: thus, a unit is called andesite, rather than alkali andesite or high-K andesite. Because many units were mapped on the basis of compositional affinities, map symbols were selected to emphasize composition more than geographic identifier: thus, all andesite symbols start with Ta; all quartz latites with Tq, and so forth.] SURFICIAL DEPOSITS ds Mine dumps (Holocene)—In and adjacent to the inactive open pit operation of Union Molycorp. Consist of angular blocks and finer debris, mainly from the Sulphur Gulch pluton Qal Alluvium (Holocene)—Silt, sand, gravel, and peaty material in valley bottoms. -
Rock Classification – Best for Coarse-Grained Rocks – Useful for Field Work Chapter 2, Pp
Basis for Classification • Minerals present in the rock Rock Classification – Best for coarse-grained rocks – Useful for field work Chapter 2, pp. 17-26 • Chemical Composition – Works for fine-grained rock – Expensive and takes time Mineralogical Classification Monomineralic Rocks • Color Index = % of dark minerals • Plagioclase Anorthosite • Felsic < 35% mafic minerals • Olivine Dunite • Mafic = 35% – 90% mafic minerals • Augite Clinopyroxenite • Ultramafic > 90% mafic mineral • Hypersthene Orthopyroxenite QAPF Chemical Classification Diagram • CIPW norm • Useful for most – Calculated minerals from Common rocks chemical analysis • Saturation concept – Si saturation • Recalculate the • Acid to basic minerals to – Al saturation 100% QAP or • Harker-Peacock index FAP – Alkalies vs calcium 1 Silica Saturation Aluminum Saturation Acid SiO2 > 66 % Based on the feldspar ratio 1:1:3 (NaAlSi3O8) Intermediate SiO2 52 to 66 % Basic SiO2 45 to 52 % Peraluminous Al2O3 > (CaO + Na2O + K2O) Ultrabasic SiO2 < 52 % Peralkaline (Na2O + K2O) > Al2O3 Classification of Igneous Rocks Classification of Igneous Rocks Figure 2-1a. Method #1 for plotting a point with the components: 70% X, 20% Y, and 10% Z on Figure 2-1b. Method #2 for plotting a point with the components: 70% X, 20% Y, and 10% Z on triangular triangular diagrams. An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, John Winter, Prentice Hall. diagrams. An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, John Winter, Prentice Hall. Feldspar Classification Pyroxene Classification 2 Classification -
High-Mg# Andesitic Lavas of the Shisheisky Complex, Northern Kamchatka: Implications for Primitive Calc-Alkaline Magmatism
Contrib Mineral Petrol DOI 10.1007/s00410-010-0565-4 ORIGINAL PAPER High-Mg# andesitic lavas of the Shisheisky Complex, Northern Kamchatka: implications for primitive calc-alkaline magmatism J. A. Bryant • G. M. Yogodzinski • T. G. Churikova Received: 27 August 2009 / Accepted: 4 August 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract Primitive arc magmatism and mantle wedge phenocrysts in basalts have in general, higher CaO and Mn/ processes are investigated through a petrologic and geo- Fe and lower Ni and Ni/Mg at Fo88 compared to the ande- chemical study of high-Mg# (Mg/Mg ? Fe [ 0.65) basalts, sites. The absence of plagioclase phenocrysts from the basaltic andesites and andesites from the Kurile-Kamchatka primitive andesitic lavas contrasts the plagioclase-phyric subduction system. Primitive andesitic samples are from the basalts, indicating relatively high pre-eruptive water con- Shisheisky Complex, a field of Quaternary-age, monoge- tents for the primitive andesitic magmas compared to bas- netic cones located in the Aleutian–Kamchatka junction, alts. Estimated temperature and water contents for primitive north of Shiveluch Volcano, the northernmost active com- basaltic andesites and andesites are 984–1,143°C and posite volcano in Kamchatka. The Shisheisky lavas have 4–7 wt% H2O. For primitive basalts they are 1,149–1,227°C Mg# of 0.66–0.73 at intermediate SiO2 (54–58 wt%) with and 2 wt% H2O. Petrographic and mineral compositions low CaO (\8.8%), CaO/Al2O3 (\0.54), and relatively high suggest that the primitive andesitic lavas were liquids in Na2O([3.0 wt%) and K2O([1.0 wt%). -
Self-Guiding Geology Tour in Seymour Provincial Park from the Downhill Ski Area to the Peak of Mt Seymour
1 Self-guiding geology tour in Seymour Provincial Park from the downhill ski area to the peak of Mt Seymour David Cook B.Sc., P. Eng, FGAC December 2017 Introduction The non-granitic rocks of the Seymour Provincial Park area are primarily Lower Cretaceous in age (97 to 144 million years) and have been assigned to the Gambier Group. “The Gambier Group of the southern Coast Belt was developed on the eastern edge of the Wrangellia terrane . A U–Pb zircon age determination from rhyolite produced a date of 112.0 ± 0.3 million years” (Lynch 1995). The Gambier Group is named after the type locality on Gambier Island and is considered to have formed within a volcanic island arc. They consist of intermediate, felsic and mafic volcanic flows and pyroclastics which form what Roddick (1965) and Roddick & Hutchison (1973) called the Mount Seymour “compound” pendant . They cover 3 x 6 km (2 x 4 miles) from the parking lot to First Pump Peak, west to Dog Mountain, and east down to Indian Arm. For some unexplained reason the Gambier Group was not involved in the main period of regional metamorphism so that its rocks have undergone only medium-grade metamorphism with chloritization , sericitization and very minor silicification (Roddick 1965) . The Gambier Group in the Seymour area grades irregularly into plutonic rocks of early Tertiary age (~60 million years ago). The rocks encountered during this tour were various types of pyroclastic volcanics. No flow volcanics were recognized. Rock identifications have been made from hand specimens and using a compound binocular microscope. -
Exploring Geosciences –
Block 1 Geology Lesson 2 Rocks and Minerals Exploring Geosciences – February 13th, 2020 12 Thematic Lessons- Your Host: Francine Fallara, P. Geo., M.Sc.A (OGQ #433) Exploration geologist with over 25 years of field experience in various difficult geological environments Consultant in analytical data analysis specialized in complex geological exploration studies Expert in 3D geological modeling and www.ffexplore3d.com digital targeting of minerals Thematic Bloc 1 - Overview Thematic Block 1 Lesson Subtitle Date - 2020 English 1 Introduction to geology January 30th 1:30 - 3:30 PM 2 Rocks and Minerals February 13th 1:30 - 3:30 PM Geology 3 Rock Deformation February 27th 1:30 - 3:30 PM Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 3 Lesson 2 – Rocks and Minerals Lesson 2 Sub-lessons February 13th a. Intrusive rocks b. Volcanic rocks Types of Rocks 1:30 - 2:30 PM c. Sedimentary rocks d. Metamorphic rocks a. Classification Minerals 2:30 - 3:30 PM b. General composition Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 4 Types of Rocks Rocks are solid masses and classified into three fundamentally different types: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/classes-of-rocks Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 5 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks: General Description The Oldest types of rocks: Formed at depths within the Earth's crust, which slowly solidifies below the Earth's surface o May be later exposed by erosion Formed from magma* forced into older -
Petrography and Petrology of Volcanic Rocks in the Mount Jefferson Area High Cascade Range, Oregon
Petrography and Petrology of Volcanic Rocks in the Mount Jefferson Area High Cascade Range, Oregon GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1251-G PETROGRAPHY AND PETROLOGY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN THE MOUNT JEFFERSON AREA HIGH CASCADE RANGE, OREGON Mount Jefferson from the north. Jefferson Park is in the foreground. Photograph by G. W. Walker. ^etrography and Petrology of Tolcanic Rocks in the Mount Jefferson Area High Cascade Range, Oregon B > ROBERT C. GREENE CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1251-G JNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1968 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract-. _ _____-______-________________-__---____-_-_-__---__--_- Gl Introduction---_--_________-____-_______--____--___-_-_---_-_---__ 2 Scope ________________________________________________________ 2 Location and geography._______________________________________ 2 Previous work.._______________________________________________ 2 Accessibility. _________________________________________________ 6 Fieldwork and acknowledgments.-.----------------------------- 6 Rock nomenclature.___________________________________________ 7 Laboratory work and petrographic techniques._________--___-__--_ 7 Fused beads.____--_____________-_-___-____-__-_---------- 8 Plagioclase_ ___--___________________-__--_____-_-_----_-- 9 Olivine________-_________._.______-.____-_________-__-_---