DOCSLIB.ORG

Bending Shoots Stimulates Flowering and Influences Hormone Levels In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bending Shoots Stimulates Flowering and Influences Hormone Levels In CROP PRODUCTION HORTSCIENCE 34(7):1224–1228. 1999. lected and arranged in a completely random- ized design with two treatments: control trees and trees subjected to the bending treatment. Bending Shoots Stimulates Flowering Each group was subdivided into three sub- groups consisting of eight trees each to allow and Influences Hormone Levels in for replication. One tree from each subgroup was used for anatomical data (determination Lateral Buds of Japanese Pear of shoot length and bud developmental stage), and the remaining seven trees for hormonal Akiko Ito1, Hideaki Yaegaki, Hiroko Hayama, Shinnosuke Kusaba, analyses. 2 3 One hundred similarly formed, vertical Isomaro Yamaguchi , and Hirohito Yoshioka shoots were tagged per tree between 20 and 27 National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and June, avoiding the basal section of the branches. Fisheries, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan The length of the tagged shoots ranged from 55 to 90 cm. Bent shoots were inclined at 45° Additional index words. Pyrus pyrifolia, shoot elongation, auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, from the vertical and tied with strings to the cytokinins trellis at a height of 180 cm, whereas control shoots remained vertical. Abstract. Flower development of the lateral buds was accelerated in Japanese pear [Pyrus Lateral buds (sample fresh weight ≈10 g) pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak.] when vertical shoots were bent at a 45° angle in late June. The were collected randomly on 16 June, 4 and 17 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration in lateral buds on vertical (control) shoots July, and 2 and 15 Aug. from the tagged shoots increased in mid-July, while remaining nearly constant in bent shoots. The abscisic acid of each subgroup (seven trees). Immediately (ABA) concentration of buds in bent shoots rose between 4 July and 15 Aug., whereas following collection, the samples were frozen control shoots exhibited an increase in concentration followed by a decline. Gibberellin 4+7 in liquid N and stored at –80 °C until ana- (GA ) concentration was high on 16 June, and then declined by 4 July, with the decline 2 4+7 lyzed. The length of 15 shoots per plot on the being greatest in bent shoots. Gibberellin concentration was higher in the buds on 4+7 trees for anatomical study were measured vertical shoots than in those on bent shoots for much of July. The concentrations of zeatin- weekly from 5 June to 17 July. Bud develop- type cytokinins (CKs) in lateral buds were higher in bent shoots than in vertical shoots. mental stage was determined microscopically Bending of pear shoots may weaken competition between buds and other organs through in buds of five uniform shoots per plot. The altering hormone levels in lateral buds, resulting in acceleration of flower development. nine stages of flower bud development as described by Peng and Iwahori (1994) were Flower initiation in Japanese pear occurs pear growers bend vertical shoots to a 45° used, viz.: 0 = vegetative; 1 = early stage of in late June after shoot elongation ceases angle between mid-June and early July. initiation; 2 = final stage of initiation; 3 = (Banno et al., 1986). Floral primordia appear Plant hormones are involved in the regula- lateral flower bud apparent; 4 = bract and in apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) buds only tion of flower bud initiation and/or develop- lateral flower buds beginning to develop; 5 = when a critical number of nodes has formed on ment in trees (Buban and Faust, 1982; Luckwill, sepal primordia developing; 6 = petal primor- the axis (Abbott, 1970; Fulford, 1966). If the 1970; Lyndon, 1994; Owens, 1991). Attempts dia forming; 7 = stamen primordia forming; 8 critical node number is not reached by the end to regulate the number of flower buds in trees = pistil primordia forming; 9 = petal and pistil of the growing season, the bud remains veg- through the application of plant growth regu- well-developed. Each of the selected shoots etative. This suggests that every bud can be- lators (reviewed by Owens, 1991) have in- bore between 19 and 23 lateral buds. Apical come a flower bud, but not all buds form cluded the application of GAs (Banno et al., buds, and lateral buds located at the fifth node flowers because of unsuitable conditions 1985a, 1985b; Huet, 1973; Looney et al., 1985; below the apex, the center node, and the fifth (Tsujikawa et al., 1990). Luckwill, 1970), auxins (Banno et al., 1985b; node from the base were also examined. The In Japanese pear, flower buds usually are Luckwill, 1970; Marcelle and Sironval, 1963), lateral buds were located near the center of the formed on apices of spurs, and on terminal and CKs (Banno et al., 1985b; McLaughlin and distal third, central third, and proximal third of lateral buds of shoots. The degree of flower Greene, 1984), ABA (Banno et al., 1985b; the shoot, respectively, and will be referred to bud formation differs among cultivars. ‘Kosui’, Hoad, 1984; Rakngan et al., 1995), and ethyl- as apex, bud node 15–19, bud node 10–12, and the leading cultivar in Japan, has few flower ene (Banno et al., 1985b; Mor and Zieslin, bud node 5, respectively. Shoots were still buds per shoot. Sax (1962) and Wareing (1970) 1987). The relationship between endogenous growing at the beginning of bud observations; reported that, in apple, bending an annual hormones and flower development in fruit thus, the stage of development of bud node shoot increased the number of lateral flower trees remains obscure. Part of the reason is 15–19 differed over time. Buds were sampled buds. Banno et al. (1985a) reported that ‘Kosui’ that, in most studies, the levels of endogenous four times: on 21 June, 21 July, 21 Aug., and pear responded in a similar manner. In Japan, hormones were determined in large organs 18 Sept. (shoots), but not in apices due to the difficulty Hormone extraction and purification. Buds Received for publication 20 Oct. 1998. Accepted for of collecting sufficient tissue for analysis. Gas were analyzed for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), publication 26 Apr. 1999. This paper is contribution chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA1+3, No.1141 of the National Institute of Fruit Tree and immunologic methods have increased sen- GA ), trans-zeatin (Z), and trans- Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fish- 4+7 eries. We thank A. Kohno and H. Morimoto for sitivity; thus, small samples may be analyzed. zeatinriboside ([9R]Z). Hormonal analysis was technical assistance, and Dr. Kashimura for statisti- The objectives of this study were to quan- performed according to Takahashi and cal advice. The cost of publishing this paper was tify the seasonal changes in endogenous hor- Yamaguchi (1986) with a slight modification. defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. mone levels in buds of Japanese pear, and to Each hormone was extracted from frozen buds Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must determine the effects of bending shoots on and fractionated with high-performance liq- be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate endogenous hormone levels during flower bud uid chromatography (HPLC, Model LC-6AD, this fact. development. Shimazu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) equipped with 1 To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E- a UV detector. Indole-3-acetic acid and ABA mail: [email protected] were estimated by gas chromatography–mass 2Dept. of Applied Biological Chemistry, The Univ. Material and Methods of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, spectrometry (GC-MS), and GAs and cytoki- Japan. Plant material. Forty-eight 18-year-old nins (CKs) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent 3 Present address: Apple Research Center, National trees of ‘Kosui’ pear growing in an experi- assay (ELISA). Gibberellin1 and GA3 and GA4 Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Morioka, Iwate 020- mental orchard at the National Institute of and GA7 cannot be separated by the HPLC 0123, Japan. Fruit Tree Science (Ibaraki, Japan) were se- method used, so these GAs were estimated and 1224 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 34(7), DECEMBER 1999 evaluated as GA1+3 and GA4+7, respectively. centrated to give an aqueous solution which Identification and semi-quantification of Each sample was divided in half; one half was subjected to solvent partitioning (Fig. 2) GA and CK. GA and CK were identified and was used for GA, IAA, and ABA analyses and to obtain a fraction soluble in n-buthyl alcohol estimated based on their retention times on the other for CK analyses. Samples for GAs, (n-BuOH). HPLC and immuno-reactivities to specific an- IAA, and ABA were homogenized and ex- The AE and n-BuOH fractions were dried tibodies. tracted in 40 mL of 80% aqueous acetone in vacuo and then dissolved separately in a The GA1+3 fractions were analyzed with containing butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) at 0.1 small amount of methanol. Each methanol polyclonal antibodies raised against GA1-bo- –1 13 g·L . At this point 50 ng of [ C6]-IAA and 100 solution was loaded on a Pegasil ODS HPLC vine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate via the 2 × ng of [ H(D)3]-ABA were added as internal column (10 mm i.d. 150 mm; Senshu Scien- C-7 carboxyl group of the GA, as reported by standards for quantification. The solution was tific Co. Ltd., Tokyo) equilibrated with 5% Atzorn and Weiler (1983), and the GA4+7 frac- then filtered and the residue was re-extracted acetonitrile, and eluted with a gradient of tions were analyzed with monoclonal antibod- twice with 40 mL of 80% acetone. The pooled water-acetonitrile containing 0.5% acetic acid. ies against GA4 prepared by Nakajima et al. extracts were then evaporated in vacuo to an The elution conditions were as follows: 0–5 (1991).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fruits, Roots, and Shoots: a Gardener's Introduction to Plant Hormones
    The Dirt September 2016 A quarterly online magazine published for Master Gardeners in support of the educational mission of UF/IFAS Extension Service. Fruits, Roots, and Shoots: A Gardener’s September 2016 Issue 7 Introduction to Plant Hormones Fruits, Roots, and Shoots: A Gardener's By Shane Palmer, Master Gardener Introduction to Plant Hormones Butterfly Saviors What are hormones? Pollinators Critical to Our Survival Preserving Florida Yesterday, Today Have you ever wondered why trimming off the growing tips Tomorrow of a plant stems often causes more compact, bushy growth? Important Rules (and some plant advice) for Perhaps you’ve heard of commercial fruit producers using a Cats gas called ethylene to make fruits ripen more quickly. Both of these cases are examples of plant hormones at work. Report on the 2016 South Central Master Gardener District Hormones are naturally occurring small molecules that organisms produce which serve as chemical messengers Pictures from the Geneva, Switzerland Botanical Garden inside their bodies. Plants and animals both use hormones to deliver "messages" to their cells and control their growth Send in your articles and photos and development. A plant’s hormones tell it how to behave. They determine the plant's shape. They determine which cells develop into roots, stems, or leaf tissues. They tell the plant when to flower and set fruit and when to die. They also provide information on how to respond to changes in its environment. Knowing more about the science behind these processes helps gardeners and horticulturalists better control the propagation and growth of plants. In some cases, herbicides incorporate synthetic hormones or substances that alter hormone function to disrupt the growth and development of weeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Unit Notes
    Chapter 7 Unit Notes Lesson 1: Energy Processing in Plants cellular respiration series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into ATP energy usable power photosynthesis series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and give off oxygen A. Materials for Plant Processes 1. To survive, plants must be able to move materials throughout their cells, make their own food, and break down food into a usable form of energy. 2. Just like cells in other organisms, plant cells require water to survive and carry on cell processes. 3. Roots absorb water, which travels inside xylem cells in roots and stems up to leaves. 4. Leaves produce sugar, which is a form of chemical energy. B. Photosynthesis 1. Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen. 2. Green leaves are the major food-producing organs of plants. 3. The cells that make up the top and bottom layers of a leaf are flat, irregularly shaped cells © Copyright Glencoe/McGraw called epidermal cells. 4. On the lower epidermal layer of leaves are small openings called stomata. 5. Mesophyll cells contain the organelle where photosynthesis occurs, the chloroplast. 6. In the first step of photosynthesis, plants capture the energy in light. - Hill, a division of The McGraw 7. Chemicals that can absorb and reflect light are called pigments. 8. The pigment chlorophyll reflects green light, absorbs other colors of light, and uses this energy for photosynthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Hormone Endogenous Levels Are
    Acta Physiologiae Plantarum (2019) 41:10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2804-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chloroplast ultrastructure and hormone endogenous levels are differently affected under light and dark conditions during in vitro culture of Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P. M. Peterson Luiza Giacomolli Polesi1 · Hugo Pacheco de Freitas Fraga2 · Leila do Nascimento Vieira1 · Angelo Schuabb Heringer1 · Thiago Sanches Ornellas1 · Henrique Pessoa dos Santos3 · Miguel Pedro Guerra1,4 · Rosete Pescador1 Received: 11 April 2018 / Revised: 17 December 2018 / Accepted: 29 December 2018 / Published online: 4 January 2019 © Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2019 Abstract Guadua chacoensis (Poaceae) is a woody bamboo native from the Atlantic forest biome. Morphogenetic and physiological studies are scarce in bamboos, and tissue culture-based biotechnologies tools can be used to investigate ultrastructure and physiological processes as well as to mass-propagate specific genotypes. This study evaluated the effect of light and dark conditions on chloroplast biogenesis as well as in the endogenous levels of zeatin (Z), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA4), and jasmonic acid (JA) during in vitro culture of G. chacoensis. An increase was observed, followed by a decrease in starch content in response to light treatment, and in contrast, in darkness, an accumulation of starch which is associated to amyloplast formation at day 30 was observed. No etioplast formation was observed even in the dark and this was associ- ated with the presence of fully developed chloroplast at the beginning of the experiment. Z levels quantified showed distinct behavior, as in light, no difference in the levels was observed, except at day 10, and in darkness, the levels increased along the evaluation time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Auxin in Cell Differentiation in Meristems Jekaterina Truskina
    The role of auxin in cell differentiation in meristems Jekaterina Truskina To cite this version: Jekaterina Truskina. The role of auxin in cell differentiation in meristems. Plants genetics. Université de Lyon, 2018. English. NNT : 2018LYSEN033. tel-01968072 HAL Id: tel-01968072 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01968072 Submitted on 2 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Numéro National de Thèse : 2018LYSEN033 THESE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LYON opérée par l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon en cotutelle avec University of Nottingham Ecole Doctorale N°340 Biologie Moléculaire, Intégrative et Cellulaire Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie des plantes Discipline : Sciences de la Vie Soutenue publiquement le 28.09.2018, par : Jekaterina TRUSKINA The role of auxin in cell differentiation in meristems Rôle de l'auxine dans la différenciation des cellules au sein des méristèmes Devant le jury composé de : Mme Catherine BELLINI, Professeure, Umeå Plant Science Center Rapporteure Mme Zoe WILSON, Professeure, University of Nottingham Rapporteure M. Joop EM VERMEER, Professeur, University of Zurich Examinateur M. Renaud DUMAS, Directeur de recherche, Université Grenoble Alpes Examinateur M. Teva VERNOUX, Directeur de recherche, ENS de Lyon Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Hormone Conjugation
    Plant Molecular Biology 26: 1459-1481, 1994. © 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium. 1459 Plant hormone conjugation Gtlnther Sembdner*, Rainer Atzorn and Gernot Schneider Institut far Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06018 Halle, Germany (* author for correspondence) Received and accepted 11 October 1994 Key words: plant hormone, conjugation, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonate, brassinolide Introduction (including structural elucidation, synthesis etc.) and, more recently, their biochemistry (including Plant hormones are an unusual group of second- enzymes for conjugate formation or hydrolysis), ary plant constituents playing a regulatory role in and their genetical background. However, the plant growth and development. The regulating most important biological question concerning the properties appear in course of the biosynthetic physiological relevance of plant hormone conju- pathways and are followed by deactivation via gation can so far be answered in only a few cases catabolic processes. All these metabolic steps are (see Conjugation of auxins). There is evidence in principle irreversible, except for some processes that conjugates might act as reversible deactivated such as the formation of ester, glucoside and storage forms, important in hormone 'homeosta- amide conjugates, where the free parent com- sis' (i.e. regulation of physiologically active hor- pound can be liberated by enzymatic hydrolysis. mone levels). In other cases, conjugation might For each class of the plant hormones so-called accompany or introduce irreversible deactivation. 'bound' hormones have been found. In the early The difficulty in investigating these topics is, in literature this term was applied to hormones part, a consequence of inadequate analytical bound to other low-molecular-weight substances methodology.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Hormone Receptors: New Perceptions
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Plant hormone receptors: new perceptions Angela K. Spartz and William M. Gray1 Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA Plant growth and development require the integration of when grass seedlings were exposed to a lateral light a variety of environmental and endogenous signals that, source, a transported signal originating from the plant together with the intrinsic genetic program, determine apex promoted differential cell elongation in the lower plant form. Central to this process are several growth parts of the seedling that resulted in it bending toward regulators known as plant hormones or phytohormones. the light source. This signal was subsequently shown to Despite decades of study, only recently have receptors be indole-3-acetic acid (IAA or auxin), the first known for several of these hormones been identified, revealing plant hormone. Once identified, the effects of each hor- novel mechanisms for perceiving chemical signals and mone were initially elucidated largely by observing the providing plant biologists with a much clearer picture of physiological responses elicited by exogenous applica- hormonal control of growth and development. tions. However, the identification of hormone biosyn- thesis and response mutants, particularly in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, has verified many of these The hormonal control of the growth and development of roles, as well as established new functions for each hor- multicellular organisms has intrigued generations of bi- mone. ologists. In plants, virtually every aspect of the plant’s Central to comprehending hormonal control of plant life is regulated by a handful of small organic molecules growth and development is the understanding of how the collectively referred to as the phytohormones.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Watering with Willow Water Stimulate Faster Root Growth? Michelle Terrazino
    Does watering with willow water stimulate faster root growth? Michelle Terrazino Citrus College 100 W Foothill Blvd Glendora, California Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Gardens 1500 N College Ave Claremont, California Keckielia antihirrhinoides Keckielia antihirrhinoides Abstract Many nursery grown container plants are produced by taking cuttings of stems material and rooting them. In order to optimize this process, a number of treatments are often applied to unrooted cuttings. Studies have shown that watering cuttings with a solution made from branches of Willow trees (Salix sp.) can increase the percentage of cuttings that develop roots. (Karmini and Mansouri 2012). In order to test this, I watered two flats each of five species, one with tap water and the other with a willow water solution. In order to approximate typical nursery practices, each cutting was initially treated with Dip N’ Gro Liquid Rooting Concentrate, a chemical rooting hormone. Throughout the experiment I monitored the development of roots to see if willow water solution improves rooting in a typical nursery setting. Two species; Myrica californica and Keckielia antihirrhinoides, showed positive results for root growth when • Keckiella antihirrhinoides root growth after 5 weeks. • Number of roots per plant on Keckielia watered with willow water while the rest of the plants required longer time to root. antihirrhinoides after 5 weeks. Myrica caifornica Myrica californica Background Willow (Salix sp.) contains both Salicylic acid and Indolebutyric acid (IBA). Salicylic acid is a natural compound that is involved in fruit maturity and senescence, and IBA is a naturally occurring plant hormone that is used in many commercial plant rooting products such as fertilome Root Stimulator and Plant Starter Solution 4-10-3, Dip N’Gro Liquid Rooting Concentrate, Greenlight Concentrate Root Stimulator and Starter Solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Root Development and Hormone Signalling During Drought Stress
    Plant Root Development and Hormone Signalling during Drought Stress Xiaoqing Li B.S. Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University (CAU), China M.Agr. Plant Nutrition, CAU, China Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. at Lancaster University March 2016 Declaration Except where reference is made to other sources, I declare that the contents in this thesis are my own work and have not been previously submitted, in part or in full, for the award of a higher degree elsewhere. Xiaoqing Li Lancaster University March 2016 i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Bill Davies and Professor Brian Forde for your precious support of my PhD study. Your patience, encouragement, immense knowledge and wisdom helped me overcome various difficulties and challenges during this research and assisted me to develop as a researcher. I am grateful to Professor Fusuo Zhang and Professor Jianbo Shen in China Agriculture University (Beijing, China) for recommending me to study in Lancaster University four years ago. I also appreciate Dr. Sally Wilkinson for her guidance in the very beginning of this research. This thesis would not have progressed smoothly without the collaboration with my colleague and friend Dr. Lin Chen. Thank you for training me important laboratory skills and discussing some of the experiments with me. I also thank you for your companionship during my studies. I express my gratitude to Dr. Alfonso Albacete and his friendly colleagues in CSIC (Murcia, Spain) for their assistance in the analysis of plant hormone samples. I am also grateful to Professor Ian Dodd for his help with my studies and building up the collaboration with Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Control of Cell Expansion, Cell Division, and Vascular Development by Brassinosteroids: a Historical Perspective
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Control of Cell Expansion, Cell Division, and Vascular Development by Brassinosteroids: A Historical Perspective Man-Ho Oh 1 , Saxon H. Honey 2 and Frans E. Tax 2,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 22 February 2020; Published: 4 March 2020 Abstract: Steroid hormones are important signaling molecules in plants and animals. The plant steroid hormone brassinosteroids were first isolated and characterized in the 1970s and have been studied since then for their functions in plant growth. Treatment of plants or plant cells with brassinosteroids revealed they play important roles during diverse developmental processes, including control of cell expansion, cell division, and vascular differentiation. Molecular genetic studies, primarily in Arabidopsis thaliana, but increasingly in many other plants, have identified many genes involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and responses. Here we review the roles of brassinosteroids in cell expansion, cell division, and vascular differentiation, comparing the early physiological studies with more recent results of the analysis of mutants in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling genes. A few representative examples of other molecular pathways that share developmental roles with brassinosteroids are described, including pathways that share functional overlap or response components with the brassinosteroid pathway. We conclude by briefly discussing the origin and conservation of brassinosteroid signaling. Keywords: brassinosteroids; cell expansion; cell elongation; cell division; vascular differentiation; Arabidopsis thaliana 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey As an Alternative Rooting Stimulant for Cuttings Candace S
    Honey as an alternative rooting stimulant for cuttings Candace S. Firth, Kauaʻi Master Gardener Ashly Trask, Nursery Manager, McBryde National Tropical Botanical Garden Abstract This project was a series of experiments to test diluted honey as an alternative to commercial root- ing hormones to stimulate new root growth on cuttings with ground cover and woody shrub plant spe- cies. The species used for these experiments included Hemigraphis alternata, Plumbago zeylanica, Arachis hypogaea, Vitex rotundifolia, and Hibiscus clayii. The hope was to discover if honey was a safer and more cost effective way to propagate native species. Tip cuttings were dipped in diluted honey; either Hormex #1 or Rhizopon #3, or, as controls, no treatment. The cuttings were then placed in prepared trays of ¾ perlite and 1/4 vermiculite substrate. The ground cover species rooted within 1 to 3 weeks, whereas the Hibiscus clayii took 11 weeks to root. All cuttings were weighed on a gram scale both before treatment and after removal from the substrate. The ground cover species (Hemigraphis, Arachis, Plum- bago) rooted at a higher percentage or at a similar rate, but with higher gram weights than those cuttings exposed to hormone treatment or controls. The Vitex suffered a high death rate, probably because of snail predation and exposure to cool temperatures. The Hibiscus rooted bet- ter with the hormone treatment, but only with an overall total of 24% rooted. Further research efforts could in- clude using higher percentages of honey in the diluted water, higher percentages of synthetic auxin in the com- mercial rooting hormones, trying a combination of honey Hemigraphis alternata and hormone treatment, and taking cuttings during the Photo: Candace Firth warmest summer months.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Concepts in Plant Hormone Action
    In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.—Plant 39:85–106, March–April 2003 DOI: 10.1079/IVP2002393 q 2003 Society for In Vitro Biology 1054-5476/03 $18.00+0.00 CHANGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT HORMONE ACTION 1,2 1 1 2 2 2 1 TH. GASPAR *, C. KEVERS , O. FAIVRE-RAMPANT , M. CRE` VECOEUR , CL. PENEL , H. GREPPIN , AND J. DOMMES 1Biologie Mole´culaire et Hormonologie Ve´ge´tales, Universite´ de Lie`ge, Institut de Botanique, Sart Tilman B 22, BE-4000 Lie`ge, Belgium 2Physiologie et Biochimie Ve´ge´tales, Universite´ de Gene`ve, 3, place de l’Universite´, CH-1211 Gene`ve 4, Switzerland (Received 17 September 2002; accepted 4 November 2002; editor T. A. Thorpe) Summary A plant hormone is not, in the classic animal sense, a chemical synthesized in one organ, transported to a second organ to exert a chemical action to control a physiological event. Any phytohormone can be synthesized everywhere and can influence different growth and development processes at different places. The concept of physiological activity under hormonal control cannot be dissociated from changes in concentrations at the site of action, from spatial differences and changes in the tissue’s sensitivity to the compound, from its transport and its metabolism, from balances and interactions with the other phytohormones, or in their metabolic relationships, and in their signaling pathways as well. Secondary messengers are also involved. Hormonal involvement in physiological processes can appear through several distinct manifestations (as environmental sensors, homeostatic regulators and spatio-temporal synchronizers, resource allocators, biotime adjusters, etc.), dependent on or integrated with the primary biochemical pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Intricate Web of Phytohormone Signalling in Modulating Root System Architecture
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Understanding the Intricate Web of Phytohormone Signalling in Modulating Root System Architecture Manvi Sharma †, Dhriti Singh †, Harshita B. Saksena †, Mohan Sharma † , Archna Tiwari ‡, Prakhar Awasthi ‡, Halidev Krishna Botta ‡, Brihaspati Narayan Shukla § and Ashverya Laxmi * National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (H.B.S.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (H.K.B.); [email protected] (B.N.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-11-26741612 (ext. 180) † Equal first authors. ‡ Equal second authors. § Third author. Abstract: Root system architecture (RSA) is an important developmental and agronomic trait that is regulated by various physical factors such as nutrients, water, microbes, gravity, and soil compaction as well as hormone-mediated pathways. Phytohormones act as internal mediators between soil and RSA to influence various events of root development, starting from organogenesis to the formation of higher order lateral roots (LRs) through diverse mechanisms. Apart from interaction with the external cues, root development also relies on the complex web of interaction among phytohormones to exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects to improve crop performance. However, there are considerable Citation: Sharma, M.; Singh, D.; gaps in understanding the interaction of these hormonal networks during various aspects of root Saksena, H.B.; Sharma, M.; Tiwari, A.; development. In this review, we elucidate the role of different hormones to modulate a common Awasthi, P.; Botta, H.K.; Shukla, B.N.; phenotypic output, such as RSA in Arabidopsis and crop plants, and discuss future perspectives to Laxmi, A.
    [Show full text]