DOCSLIB.ORG

Counter-Memorial of Myanmar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Counter-Memorial of Myanmar COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF MYANMAR COUNTER-MEMORIAL - MYANMAR 261 INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA DISPUTE CONCERNING DELIMITATION OF THE MARITIME BOUNDARY BETWEEN BANGLADESH AND MYANMAR IN THE BAY OF BENGAL BANGLADESH I MYANMAR COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR VOLUME I 1 DECEMBER 2010 262 BAY OF BENGAL TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... l I. PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 1 II. THE DISPUTE SUBMITTED TO THE TRIBUNAL .................................................................. 3 III. THE EXTENT OF THE JURISDICTION OF THE TRIBUNAL .................................................... 5 IV. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPECTIVE CLAIMS OF THE PARTIES ........................... 9 V. STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTER-MEMORIAL ................................................................... 13 CHAPTER2 THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 15 I. THE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION ................................................................................... 15 A. The Geography of Myanmar and its Rakhine Coast... ........................................... 16 B. The Geography of Bangladesh and its Coastline ................................................... 22 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 24 III. MARITIME DELIMITATIONS IN THE REGION .................................................................. 27 CHAPTER3 THE HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE ................................................................................... 35 I. THE PARTIES' MARITIMELEGISLATION ........................................................................ 35 A. Myanmar ................................................................................................................ 35 B. Bangladesh ............................................................................................................. 37 II. THE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN BANGLADESH AND MYANMAR REGARDING MARITIME DELIMITATION ............................................................................................. 38 A. The First Eight Rounds (1974-1986) ..................................................................... 39 B. The Resumed Talks 2008-2010 ............................................................................ .49 CONCLUSIONS .....•••. : ........................................................................................................... 54 COUNTER-MEMORIAL - MYANMAR 263 CHAPTER4 DELIMITATION OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA ............................................................ 57 I. APPLICABLE LAW ..........••......•..•....•.•............................................................................ 57 A. Summary of Applicable Law ................................................................................. 57 B. Absence of Any "Agreement to the Contrary" or of an Estoppel... ....................... 58 1. Bangladesh's Claim that the 1974 Agreed Minutes Constitute a Binding Agreement........................................................................................... 5 8 2. Bangladesh's Claim that the Conduct ofthe Parties Establishes a Tacit or de facto Agreement ...................................................................................... 69 3. Bangladesh's Claim that Myanmar is Estopped from Denying the Existence ofan Agreement ............................................................................... 71 II. THE DELIMITATION BETWEEN THE TERRITORIAL SEAS OF MYANMAR AND BANGLADESH, AND BETWEEN THE TERRITORJAL SEA OF BANGLADESH AND THE EEZ/CONTINENTAL SHELF OF MYANMAR .................................................................... 73 A. St. Martin's Island as a Special Circumstance ....................................................... 73 B. The Delimitation Line Proposed by Myanmar ...................................................... 78 CONCLUSIONS ..............••......•.••....•.••••.....•........................................................................... 84 CHAPTERS DELIMITATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF AND THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE .............................................................................................................. 87 I. THE APPLICABLE LA w ·································································································· 89 A. The Sources of the Relevant Rules ........................................................................ 89 B. Bangladesh's Distorted Approach of the Applicable Law .................................... 90 C. The Applicable Rules of Delimitation ................................................................... 94 D. The Unity of the Method ofDelimitation ............................................................ 102 II. THE RELEVANT COASTS AND THE RELEVANT AREA ..............................................•.... l 03 A. Preliminary Remarks ........................................................................................... 105 B. Bangladesh's Relevant Coast. .............................................................................. 107 C. Myanmar's Relevant Coast .................................................................................. 111 D. The Relevant Area ............................................................................................... 114 Ill. THE THREE STAGES OF THE DELIMITATION PROCESS ................................................. 121 A. Stage 1 -The Provisional Equidistance Line ...................................................... 121 1. The Provisional Equidistance Line beyond Point E ...................................... 122 2. The Appropriate Base Points .......................................................................... 129 ii 264 BAY OF BENGAL B. Stage 2- (Ir)relevant Circumstances ................................................................... 137 1. The Bangladesh Argument Based on its Alleged "Needfor Access to its Entitlement in the Outer Continental Shelf' .................................................. 138 2. The Bangladesh Argument Based on the Alleged "Cut-Off Effect" .............. 143 a. International Courts and Tribunals cannot Refashion Nature .................. 145 b. Concavity Does Not as such Result in an Inequitable Application ofEquidistance ......................................................................................... 146 c. There is No Right to "Have Broadly Comparable Rights to Extend its Maritime Jurisdiction as Far Seawards as International Law Permits" .................................................................................................... 152 C. Stage 3 -The Test ofDisproportionality ............................................................. 155 IV. THE DELIMITATION LINE ............................................................................................ 163 A. The Final Direction of the Boundary Line ........................................................... 163 B. Description of the Maritime Boundary between Myanmar and Bangladesh ....... 167 SUBMISSIONS .................................................................................................................... 171 APPENDIX MYANMAR'S ENTITLEMENT TO A CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES ..................................................................................................... 173 I. BANGLADESH'S ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 76 OF UNCLOS ............ 174 A. The Context .......................................................................................................... 174 B. The travaux preparatoires of Article 76 ofUNCLOS ........................................ 182 C. The Relevant Practice .......................................................................................... 186 II. MYANMAR'S ENTITLEMENT TO A CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 76 OF UNCLOS ............................................ 190 A. The Foot of the Continental Slope Points ............................................................ 190 B. The Implementation of the Article 76 (4) (a) Formulae ...................................... 197 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. :.. 201 III. THE SUBMISSIONS TO THE COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF ......................................................................................................................... 202 A. The Submission made by Myanmar .................................................................... 202 B. The Submiss_ions made by Sri Lanka and India ................................................... 205 iii COUNTER-MEMORIAL - MYANMAR 265 CHAPTERl INTRODUCTION 1.1. By its Order 2010/1 dated 28 January 2010, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (hereinafter "the Tribunal" or "ITLOS") fixed the dates for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-Memorial in the present case. The Union of Myanmar (hereinafter "Myanmar") submits this Counter-Memorial, pursuant to that Order, in response to the Memorial of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (hereinafter "Bangladesh") dated 1 July 2010. 1.2. In accordance with article 62 (2) of the Rules of the Tribunal, Myanmar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rohingya Crisis: an Analysis Through a Theoretical Perspective
    International Relations and Diplomacy, July 2020, Vol. 8, No. 07, 321-331 doi: 10.17265/2328-2134/2020.07.004 D D AV I D PUBLISHING Rohingya Crisis: An Analysis Through a Theoretical Perspective Sheila Rai, Preeti Sharma St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India The large scale exodus of Rohingyas to Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand as a consequence of relentless persecution by the Myanmar state has gained worldwide attention. UN Secretary General, Guterres called it “ethnic cleansing” and the “humanitarian situation as catastrophic”. This catastrophic situation can be traced back to the systemic and structural violence perpetrated by the state and the society wherein the Burmans and Buddhism are taken as the central rallying force of the narrative of the nation-state. This paper tries to analyze the Rohingya discourse situating it in the theoretical precepts of securitization, structural violence, and ethnic identity. The historical antecedents and particular circumstances and happenings were construed selectively and systematically to highlight the ethnic, racial, cultural, and linguistic identity of Rohingyas to exclude them from the “national imagination” of the state. This culture of pervasive prejudice prevailing in Myanmar finds manifestation in the legal provisions whereby certain peripheral minorities including Rohingyas have been denied basic civil and political rights. This legal-juridical disjunction to seal the historical ethnic divide has institutionalized and structuralized the inherent prejudice leveraging the religious-cultural hegemony. The newly instated democratic form of government, by its very virtue of the call of the majority, has also been contributed to reinforce this schism. The armed attacks by ARSA has provided the tangible spur to the already nuanced systemic violence in Myanmar and the Rohingyas are caught in a vicious cycle of politicization of ethnic identity, structural violence, and securitization.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Food and Disaster Management
    Situation Report Disaster Management Information Centre Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) Ministry of Food and Disaster Management Disaster Management and Relief Bhaban (6th Floor) 92-93 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh Phone: +88-02-9890937, Fax: +88-02-9890854 Email: [email protected] ,H [email protected] Web: http://www.cdmp.org.bdH ,H www.dmb.gov.bd Emergency Tsunami Warning and Flood Situation Title: Emergency Bangladesh Location: 20°22'N-26°36'N, 87°48'E-92°41'E, Covering From: TUE-11-SEP-2007:1800 Period: To: WED-12-SEP-2007:2359 Transmission Date/Time: WED-12-SEP-2007:2200 Prepared by: DMIC, DMB Tsunami Bulletin; Flood, Rainfall and River Situation; Summary of Water Levels; Flood Forecast (24 & 48 Hrs); Weather Warning and Forecast; District Wise Flood Situation; Relief Distribution Status of UK Government and Status of WFP Emergency Response (4th round) Current Situation: Maritime ports of Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Mongla have been advised to hoist local cautionary signal number three (r) three. All fishing boats and trawlers over North Bay and deep sea have been advised to come close to the coast and proceed with caution till further notice. The mighty Brahmaputra- Jamuna recorded rise at all points and the trend may continue till tomorrow and is expected to start falling from day after tomorrow. The Ganges-Padma continued rising and is likely to rise further at a lower rate. The flood situation in the South-central part of the country is deteriorating and is likely to continue. The prevailing flood situation in the districts of Sylhet & Sunamganj is likely to start improving in the next 48-72 hrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Site-Based Information on Species, Habitats, Threats, and Mitigation Measures
    Distr. GENERAL Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and MT-IOSEA/SS.5/Doc. 6.1 Agenda item 8b their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia 14 August 2008 FIFTH MEETING OF THE SIGNATORY STATES Bali, Indonesia, 20-23 August 2008 SITE-BASED INFORMATION ON SPECIES, HABITATS, THREATS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES 1. The national report template allows Signatory States to list the nesting beaches, feeding grounds and developmental habitat important for marine turtles in their country (Annex 1). Space is provided to describe the species occurring at each site and to identify the nature and intensity of 15 threats potentially impacting those sites. Enhancements made to the Online Reporting Facility in 2006-07 extended its versatility – allowing users to add a brief site description, to include basic information on research activities occurring at each location, to clarify the relative importance of a site for a given species, and to include additional data on numbers of turtles nesting. At the same time, the tools for querying the available data were upgraded substantially. 2. The site-based information contained in the IOSEA Online Reporting Facility (http://www.ioseaturtles.org/report.php) is intended to complement the existing IOSEA Interactive Mapping System (IMapS), which contains nesting and migration data from other published sources. The added value of the Online Reporting Facility lies in its capacity to perform rather powerful searches not only of species and habitat occurrence, but also of threats, mitigation measures and research activities. Its potential will be demonstrated with a few illustrations of the kinds of queries that can be generated from each of the online search modules, shown in Annexes 2a-c 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Documents On
    DOCUMENTS ON Jaideep Saikia Institute foi Defence Studies and Analyses Nf\\ I )i-llii Documents on North East India Compiled by Jaideep Saikia Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi SllfU All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers and copyright holder. ISBN: 978-81-7541-579-9 First Published in India in 2010 Documents on North East India © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi Published by: SHIPRA PUBLICATIONS H.O.: LG 18-19, Pankaj Central Market, I.P. Ext., Patparganj, Delh i-110092, Tel: 91 -11 -22235152, 22236152 Br.Off. 4617/18, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002, Tel: 65946453 E-mail: [email protected] www.shiprapublications.com Contents Preface v Compiler's Note xiii List ofAbbreviations xvii 1. Treaty of Yandaboo 1 2. Foreigners Act 6 3. The Naga-Akbar Hydari Accord 12 " 4. Instrument of Accession [Tripura] 15 5. Manipur State Constitution Act 19 6. Manipur Merger Agreement 29 7. The Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam)Act 32 8. Sixth Schedule [Articles 244(2) and 275(1)] 34 9. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 46 _J0. Naga Peoples'Convention and Government ofIndia Agreement '49~^ Assam Official Language Act 53 12. Speech by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, President of India (On the inauguration of the State of Nagaland) 5§5 X 13. Text of the Peace Mission's Proposals 6T) 14. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 66 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Flows for the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River Basin, Myanmar
    UNESCO-IHE Online Course on Environmental Flows Environmental Flows for the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River Basin, Myanmar Written by Alison Simmance MSc BSc April. 2013 E:[email protected] Environmental Flows for the Ayeyarwady River Basin, A.Simmance Environmental Flows for the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River Basin, Myanmar UNESCO-IHE Online Course on Environmental Flows Citation: Simmance, A. 2013. Environmental Flows for the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River Basin, Myanmar. Unpublished. UNESCO-IHE Online Course on Environmental Flows. Environmental Flows for the Ayeyarwady River Basin, A.Simmance Table of Contents 1. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Ayeyarwady River Basin 2 1.1. Overview- Country Context 2 1.2. Introduction to the Ayeyarwady River Basin 4 1.2.1. Hydrological Characteristics of the Ayeyarwady River Basin 4 1.2.2. Climate 5 1.3. The Ayeyarwady River Basin’s Natural Resources 6 1.3.1. Biodiversity and Conservation 6 1.3.2. Habitats 9 1.3.3. Watersheds and Freshwater Resources 10 1.3.4. Oil and Gas 11 1.3.5. Minerals 11 1.4. Socio-economic Conditions of the Ayeyarwady River Basin 11 1.5. Problems and Issues in the Ayeyarwady River Basin 12 1.5.1. Irrigation and drainage development 13 1.5.2. Hydropower Developments 13 1.5.3. Land-use change and Deforestation 15 1.5.4. Oil and Gas Extraction 16 1.5.5. Mining 16 1.5.6. Climate Change 17 1.5.7. Unsustainable Fishing Practices 18 1.5.8. Biodiversity Loss 18 1.5.9. Conclusions 18 2. Chapter 2: Governance of Natural Resource Management in the Ayeyarwady River Basin 19 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Letter of King Alaungphaya to King George II of Great Britain (1756) Jacques Leider
    The Golden Letter of King Alaungphaya to King George II of Great Britain (1756) Jacques Leider To cite this version: Jacques Leider. The Golden Letter of King Alaungphaya to King George II of Great Britain (1756). 2019. halshs-02324811 HAL Id: halshs-02324811 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02324811 Submitted on 25 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ______________________ _________________________________________________________ Report/ Research/ Translation The Golden Letter of King Alaungphaya to King George II of Great Britain (1756) . (With Translations into English, French, and German ) by Jacques P. Leider Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek. The Golden Letter of King Alaungphaya to King George II of Great Britain was inscribed into the Memory of the World Register in 2015. Its inclusion in MoW resulted from a coordinated submission by three countries in two continents, Germany, the United Kingdom and Myanmar, hinting at the exceptional status of this unique epistolary document. The synchronized move to gain recognition of the Golden Letter as a world - class piece of cultural heritage reflects outstanding good -will between institutions from three nations, but first of all the transnational character of the letter itself, the compl ex historical context of its production and ultimately, as the present article will also try to show, some of the forgotten links between monarchies and trading companies in the 18 th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Preparatory Survey Report on the Provision of Equipment for Rural Water Supply Project in the Central Dry Zone (Phase 2) in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
    DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (DRD) MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MLFRD) THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR THE PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROVISION OF EQUIPMENT FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT IN THE CENTRAL DRY ZONE (PHASE 2) IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR JANUARY 2016 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY(JICA) EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD. (JAPAN) ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. (JAPAN) 環境 CR(3) 16-003 PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey and entrust the survey to the consortium consist of Earth System Science Co., Ltd. and Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Myanmar, and conducted a field investigations. As a result of the further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Myanmar for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. January, 2016 Kunihiro Yamauchi Director General Global Environment Department Japan International Cooperation Agency Summary SUMMARY 1. OUTLINE OF MYANMAR (1) LAND AND NATURAL CONDITIONS Myanmar is located in the westernmost of Southeastern Asia and bordered with India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thai, and facing the Bengal Bay and Andaman Sea. It occupies about 680 x 103 km2 of land (About 1.8 times that of Japan). The population is 51.49 million persons (2014, the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census).
    [Show full text]
  • Unclassifie Unclassified
    UNCLASSIFIE coPY-7-OF S 4,, DECLASSIFIED JANUARY 24, 1975 AtER 1EVIEW BT TUREN J. G01N, TDIECTOR, OFFICE OF PUBLIC SAFETY, AID/W December 1957 Roo1i- 56~ITS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATIO Washington, D.C. K 1iering VanB ,s!drk UNCLASSIFIED IAnl::oy USASIFIED REPORT ON THE CIVIL POLICE FORCES OF THE UNION OFBnRMA by A.E. KIEBERLING, Public Safety Division, ICA ROBERT BOWLING, Consultant, ICA JANES PATTERSON, t. Col., Department of Defense RUFUS Z. SMITH, Department of State November-December 1957 1101 A88 Fif '4 TBMLO IFED TABLE OF CONTENTS .ame Chapter I INTRODUCTION........ ............. 0..0............. ...... 1 ft ,-s,---- - .'0 rn. ±... -- .10 .020... fl....±.. Ao *Physica teato oos ootoeCouo . .. ooooooooooocecooooooo..o 1. General 0 0............................................. 2o Mountains 0 00006...... &0.. .000.000000 ..0...00.000 0*000.0000 3.* Rivers. .... 0.000.0000...00.000.0.00.0.........0000000000 4. Climate. .oosooooco.oooooooeoo.oooocooeoo .oooooo 0. 2 2' B. Communicati ons 00ooo0o0o.o 00o.o.oo.oooo000.0.0a0ooo 0 0. 000 2 1. External........ 0............................... ... 00 2. Inter a ,o ..oooo .o.. o .o...o .. o .oo...o..o.co..o.... 3 3. Railwaysecoo..o.. c.c .... o...oo0.00o.000 c0.0c0ooo 0o o 3 40 Inland Water Transport.... .............. *0 ....... 00 3 C. The People of Burma..................... 0 ................. 4 1. General.o.oco..oo....c .. oo ..o e..o.. .....oo .o .o.o.o..o 4 2. Kachins.............................................. 3. The Burmese Tai (Shan).................................. 4 4. Karens........................... 00.........00 00 00. 0. 5 5. Chinso.. oo. o 0o...... oo..ono0o.. o.. ***. *. *.. *********0 $, '5 6. N gas.....******. *.. ....*.o* . 0000000000* ..... 000 00 00 0 5 D.
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics of Rakhine Region: a Bangladesh Perspective by Shafqat Munir Policy Brief Series No
    POLICY BRIEF SERIES Geopolitics of Rakhine Region: A Bangladesh Perspective By Shafqat Munir Policy Brief Series No. 119 (2020) 1. Introduction 2. Taking Advantage of the Future Highway and Myanmar and Bangladesh are two states which form a bridge Railway from Myanmar to Yunnan (China) for between South and Southeast Asia. With one of the fastest Bangladeshi Exports growing economies in the region, Bangladesh has been at the Myanmar holds enormous potential to become a regional trans- centre of significant international attention in recent years. port and logistics hub.1 As part of its Belt and Road Initiative Bangladesh’s progress in terms of socio-economic develop- – which aims to revive land and sea trade routes connecting ment has attracted interest around the world. Myanmar has China with Africa, the Middle East and Europe – the Chinese been a subject of intense international attention as well. A nas- government is investing heavily in port and highway projects. cent and growing democracy with a lingering shadow of mil- Highway development plans also reflect current cross-border itary rule, Myanmar has been plagued by ethnic divisions and trade trends in Myanmar, with three planned links expected strife. On the other hand, it enjoys a high degree of geo-stra- to connect China’s Yunnan province2 to ports in the Bay of tegic significance due to its location between India, China, Bengal and the Andaman Sea, as well as a new border crossing and other states in the Southeast Asian region. Over the years, with Thailand. Another prominent initiative is the proposed Myanmar has been the focus of attention not only for India India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 China and the World
    CHAPTER 3 CHINA AND THE WORLD SECTION 1: CHINA AND SOUTH ASIA Introduction Although China’s assertiveness in Southeast Asia—particularly when it comes to the South China Sea—tends to dominate discourse about China’s growing global ambitions, China has also been active in cultivating infl uence among South Asian countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). This section surveys China’s economic, diplomatic, and se- curity engagement with South Asia. In addition to discussing Chi- na’s overarching objectives in the region, it profi les China’s relation- ships with South Asia’s two largest countries: India and Pakistan. It concludes with an examination of how China’s South Asia policies impact the United States, which also has signifi cant and evolving interests in the region. This section draws from the Commission’s March 2016 hearing on China-South Asia relations; its June 2016 fact-fi nding trip to China (Beijing and Kunming) and India (New Delhi and Mumbai); consultations with experts on Chinese and South Asian economics, foreign policy, and security affairs; and open source research and analysis. China’s Objectives in South Asia China has not publicly articulated a formal South Asia “strategy,” although Beijing’s key objectives and interests in the region can be observed in its activities in and diplomacy toward these countries. The key interests, concerns, and objectives of China’s South Asia strategy fall into four broad categories: (1) checking India’s rise by exploiting the India-Pakistan rivalry, (2) expanding economic activ- ity and infl uence in the region, (3) enhancing access to the Indian Ocean, and (4) countering terrorism and religious extremism (often at the expense of religious freedom and other human rights).
    [Show full text]
  • Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration
    IN THE MATTER OF THE BAY OF BENGAL MARITIME BOUNDARY ARBITRATION - between - THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH - and - THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA AWARD The Arbitral Tribunal: Judge Rüdiger Wolfrum (President) Judge Jean-Pierre Cot Judge Thomas A. Mensah Dr. Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao Professor Ivan Shearer Registry: Permanent Court of Arbitration The Hague, 7 July 2014 this page intentionally blank AGENTS, COUNSEL AND OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PARTIES AGENT OF BANGLADESH AGENT OF INDIA Dr. Dipu Moni, MP Dr. Neeru Chadha Government of the People’s Republic of Joint Secretary & the Legal Adviser Bangladesh Ministry of External Affairs DEPUTY AGENT OF BANGLADESH CO-AGENT OF INDIA Rear Admiral Md. Khurshed Alam (Retd) Mr. Harsh Vardhan Shringla Secretary, Maritime Affairs Unit Joint Secretary (BSM) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of External Affairs Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh DEPUTY AGENT OF INDIA Mr. Puneet Agrawal Deputy Agent, Director (BSM) Ministry of External Affairs COUNSEL AND ADVOCATES FOR BANGLADESH CHIEF COUNSEL FOR INDIA H.E. The Honourable A.H. Mahmood Ali, MP H.E. Mr. G. E. Vahanvati Foreign Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Attorney General of India Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh COUNSEL FOR INDIA Mr. Md. Shahidul Haque Professor Alain Pellet Foreign Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense Government of the People’s Republic of Former Member & Chairman of the International Bangladesh Law Commission, Associate Member of the Institut de Droit International Mr. Mohammad Shahidul Haque Secretary, Legislative & Parliamentary Affairs Professor W.M. Reisman Division, Ministry of Law, Justice and McDougal Professor of Law, Yale University Parliamentary Affairs, Dhaka Member of the Institut de Droit international Professor Payam Akhavan Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... i List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviation and Acronyms ................................................................................................ ix Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Rationale ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4. Past initiatives of Greenbelt .............................................................................. 3 1.5. Overall Approach ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]