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13-96. 2006 the Surface Area of the State of Mato Grosso

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13-96. 2006 the Surface Area of the State of Mato Grosso OTANY / B Rev. Biol. Neotrop. 3(1): 13-96. 2006 OTÂNICA B A SYNOPSIS OF THE R UBIACEAE OF THE STATES OF MATO GROSSO AND MATO GROSSO DO SUL , B RAZIL , WITH A KEY TO GENERA, AND A PRELIMINARY SPECIES LIST PIERO GIUSEPPE DELPRETE Federal University of Goiás, Campus II, Institute of Biological Sciences - ICB-1, Department of General Biology/Botany, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; email: [email protected] ROCIO C ORTÉS -B. Herbario Forestal, Universidad Distrital “Francisco José de Caldas”, Apartado 20305, Bogo- tá, Colombia; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The vegetation of the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, located in Central-Wes- tern Brazil, is undergoing rapid devastation due to escalating land use in the Cerrado Biome, and to the impact of timber companies in the Amazonian portion of Mato Grosso. Therefore, it is of extreme urgency to assess the diversity of plant and animal species present, in order to plan the appropriate measures for conservation efforts in these states. The Rubiaceae is one of the largest plant families of the area studied, and an updated list of genera and species is provided here. However, this study should be considered as a work in progress, due to the scarce knowledge of the flora of this area. An extensive study of bibliography and herbarium material provided the basic information for an updated synopsis of genera and a preliminary species list of the Rubiaceae encountered in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, with a total of 68 genera and 269 species. A key to the genera, as well as a full 13 description, synonymy and critical literature of each genus are provided. In addition, an extensive list of synonyms from the area studied and from most of the Neotropics, is given for each species. KEY WORDS : Brazil, flora, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rubiaceae. RESUMO : A vegetação dos Estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul, localizados no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, está sendo submetida a um rápido processo de devastação, devido ao uso exponencial do solo no Bioma Cerrado, e ao impacto das companhias madereiras na porção amazônica do Mato Grosso. Por isso, é de extrema urgência a catalogação da diversidade de espécies de plantas e animais presentes, com o objetivo de programar as medidas apropriadas para a conservação nestes estados. As Rubiaceae representam uma das maiores famílias na área estudada, e uma lista atualizada de gêneros e espécies é aqui apresentada. Ao mesmo tempo, este estudo deve ser considerado como um trabalho em andamen- to, devido ao escasso conhecimento da flora desta área. Um estudo extenso de bibliografia e de material de herbário foi a base de informação para uma sinopse atualizada dos gêneros e uma listagem prelimi- nar das espécies de Rubiaceae encontradas nos Estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul, por um total de 68 gêneros e 269 espécies. São aqui apresentados pela primeira vez uma descrição completa, lista de sinônimos e literatura crítica para cada gênero, e uma chave dicotomica para a determinação dos gêneros. Além disso, cada espécie é complementada por uma listagem de sinônimos relacionados com a área de estudo e com a maioria dos Neotrópicos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE : Brasil, flora, Rubiaceae, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, . INTRODUCTION The surface area of the state of Mato 2006); the total of 1,260,482.8 km 2 represents Grosso (MT) is 903,357.9 km 2, and that of Mato about 14% of the Brazilian territory. Several Grosso do Sul (MS) is 357,124.9 km 2 (IBGE, historical ex plorations have been undertaken by famous naturalists in “Matto Grosso” (as it powerful model for the study of vegetation, was called at that time, and including the two with many species that can be used as eco- present states), usually as part of a larger trips logical indicators for the analysis of areas of into the interior of Brazil. The rst naturalist to endemism, and for conservation biology. This set foot in this state was Alexandre Rodrigues biome is undergoing rapid devastation due to Ferreira in 1788 (Ferreira, 1970, 1975; Falcão, escalating land use, mostly because of soybe- 1970), followed by Riedel in 1825-1826, bota- an plantations and cattle ranching. It is esti- nist of the Langsdorff expedition (Silva, 1997, mated that less than 10% of the natural area 1998), Weddell in 1843-1845, botanist of the is left in MT and MS, and urgent conservation Castelnau expedition (Castelnau, 1850-1855), programs are necessary. and Tamberlik (year of the expedition unk- The second biome present in this area is nown). However, the rst extensive botanical the Pantanal, the largest wetland of the pla- exploration in Mato Grosso was accomplished net. It extends from Bolivia and Paraguay to by Spencer Le M. Moore, during 1891-1892. Brazil, with the largest portion located in the As a result of this expedition, Moore (1895) latter country. According to Silva & Moura published an extensive report about his iti- (1998) the Brazilian portion of the Pantanal nerary, geography, ecology, climatology and encompasses approximately 138,183 km 2, vegetation of Mato Grosso, which represented with about 65% in MS and 35% in MT. A com- the basic reference for subsequent botanical plete description of this area can be found in studies undertaken in the 20th century. Three Por (1995) and Swarts (2000). The vegetation major biomes are present in these two states: of the Pantanal is highly variable, ranging Cerrado, Pantanal, and the Amazonian Basin, from permanently !ooded areas, seasonally which are brie!y discussed below. inundated grasslands, gallery forests to sea- Regarding the Brazilian Cerrado, Men- sonally dry forests. The plant diversity in the donça et al. (1998) presented a checklist of Pantanal is poorly known. Pott & Pott (1994) 14 6,062 species of !owering plants; however, collected about 1,700 species of terrestrial !o - other estimates cite a much higher number of wering plants in the Brazilian Pantanal during species. For example, Castro et al. (1992, 1995) a period of ten years. They beautifully illus- suggested between 5,268 and 7,024 species, trated 500 of them in their book, which is also while Grisebach (apud Ule, 1894) estimated one of the primary references for the present 10,000 species. However, the most complete work. In a subsequent work, the same authors checklist produced remains that of Mendonça (Pott & Pott, 2000) published a comprehensi- et al. (1998), where the Rubiaceae are ranked ve book on aquatic and semi-aquatic plants of as fth in size, with 47 genera and 250 species, the Pantanal, where they described and illus- after the Leguminosae (777 spp.), Asteraceae trated 247 species. However, the number of (557 spp.), Orchidaceae (491 spp.) and Poa- plant species present in this biome is not yet ceae (371 spp.). Aside from this, in the Cerra- fully studied. This environment is also under do Biome, the Rubiaceae are represented by imminent threats, mostly due to extensive cat- all kinds of habits, from annual or perennial tle ranching. Although conservation programs herbs, subshrubs, geofrutices, shrubs (with have recently been initiated in the Pantanal, many rheophytic species), small to tall trees, much remains to be done in order to preserve to lianas, and are present in all vegetation this unique environment. types, i.e., cerrado sensu stricto , dry campos, se- The third biome of the area studied is the asonally !ooded campos, seasonally !ooded Amazonian Hylaea, present in the northern woodlands, rocky outcrops ( campos rupestres ), portion of Mato Grosso. Although several ex- savanna woodland ( cerradão ), gallery forests, peditions have been made in this area (e.g., evergreen forests, seasonal forests, semi-de- Hoehne, 1914, 1923, 1951; Prance & Schaller, ciduous forests, forest islands, swamps, and 1982; Ratter et al., 1989), this remains the most pond margins (Dubs, 1992; Prance & Schaller, poorly known portion of the state. This is 1982; Ratter et al., 1989). For the above rea- mostly due to the difculty of access, as the sons, the family Rubiaceae also represents a majority of the remote Amazonian areas can be reached only by river course. Within this species are complemented with an extensive area, many little-explored white sand areas list of synonyms of taxa with type specimens are also present, which are renowned for their from the area studied and, to an extent, from many endemic species. No estimate number most of the Neotropics. In addition, the !oris - of plant species is available for this area, whi- tic treatments recently published by Delprete ch needs most urgent exploration in MT. The et al. (2004, 2005) and Taylor et al. (2004) have Amazonian forests of this state are under the also been of much help for the delimitations of relentless advancement of timber exploita- many species occurring in this area. In order tion. It is probably subject to the fastest des- to keep this treatment succinct, we opted to truction rate of any Brazilian state within the eliminate the bibliographic references of the Amazon Basin. Although some vast territories taxa cited in synonymy. For the same reasons, of MT have been set aside for conservation, es- we decided to eliminate the specimen cita- pecially reserves dedicated to the protection tions for each species. As a result of this exten- of indigenous tribes, as the Parque Indigena sive bibliographic study and the many recent do Xingu, and the Indigenous Territories of collections that have become available, many Pareci, Nambikwara, Enawewnê-Nawê, Serra species were added to the initial checklist. At Morena, and Zoró. However, much remains the same time, several species were removed to be done for the biodiversity assessment and from the original list because of misidentied the conservation of Amazonian Mato Grosso.
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