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Tesisfinal.Pdf Facultad de Psicología Departamento de Psicología Básica Factores psicosociales asociados al fenómeno y a la practica de Street Workout. Doctorado en Investigación en Psicología TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Dña. Nora Susana Taipe Nasimba Dirigida por Dr. D. Enrique Cantón Chirivella Valencia, Junio 2019. 1 2 “El deporte tiene el poder de transformar el mundo. Tiene el poder de inspirar, de unir a la gente como pocas otras cosas. Tiene más capacidad que los gobiernos de derribar barreras raciales.” -Nelson Mandela. 3 4 Agradecimientos Durante mucho tiempo soñé con este momento, llegar al final del camino que tanto me costó recorrer y el que tanto deseé realizar. Me dijeron que sería difícil pero jamás imaginé cuán complicado sería, ha sido un proceso lleno de altibajos y baches que hicieron que este día pareciera cada vez más lejano. Fueron tantas las noches en vela, que hoy soy increíblemente feliz, en gran parte por las personas que caminaron conmigo. A todas esas personas que tuvieron palabras de ánimo para mí, cerca o lejos, me hicieron llegar su apoyo… ¡Gracias! A mi madre, Martha, la primera persona que se me viene a la cabeza en este momento, la que ha estado a mi lado desde siempre, en las buenas y en las no tan buenas. Sin ella jamás habría tenido el valor ni las fuerzas para continuar este camino. Ha sido, es y será el ejemplo más claro de superación, amor y apoyo incondicional. Por estar, a pesar de la distancia y del tiempo, por ser mi fortaleza. A mi familia, por quererme y apoyarme siempre. A Rocío, por escucharme y ayudarme a encontrarme cuando más perdida estaba, por confiar en mí y animarme a continuar. Eres el mejor ejemplo de bondad, amor y lucha. Gracias por ser la hermana que necesito, sé que en ti puedo confiar ciegamente. A Carmen y a Cecilia por haber sido mis pilares cuando más las necesité, cuando más vulnerable fui. Gracias por estar siempre pendientes y apoyarme tanto durante toda mi vida, a pesar del océano que nos separa supieron hacerme sentir querida y cerca de ellas. 5 A Leo y Romi, por estar y acompañarme. Por no dejar mi lado ni un momento, de no ser estrictamente necesario; por enseñarme a aprovechar el tiempo y a amar incondicionalmente, por ser mi felicidad. Los quiero, mis pequeñitos angelitos. A las primas/hermanas que me recuerdan constantemente que las cosas pueden salir bien, a las primas que los años y kilómetros separó pero supieron volver a mi vida para convertirse en parte fundamental de ella. Las quiero con locura: Mayra, Carolina, Lady. A esos amigos únicos, esos que solo encuentras una vez en la vida. A ellos que me brindaron su apoyo y me animaron en los momentos más complicados. A Gisela, por estar incondicionalmente, siempre dispuesta y aliviando los sentimientos de añoranza cuanto ésta hacía acto de presencia. A Katherin, por estar cuando más la necesito, desde tiempos inmemorables y en situaciones muy dispares, incluso a pesar de la distancia. A Jose Carlos, por estar siempre dispuesto a escucharme y a debatir sobre cualquier tema. A esas amigas que no dudaron ni un segundo en ayudarme en mi caminar. A Rosa, por enseñarme tanto de la vida y, sobre todo, que la cordura está sobrevalorada; por estar siempre dispuesta a echarme una mano y por sacarme siempre una sonrisa. A Gabi, por ser la inspiración que dio pie a esta investigación y por transmitirme siempre buena energía. A Nuria, por recibirme, acompañarme y ayudarme con este proceso que asustaba a ratos. Sin duda, contar contigo fue de lo mejor que me pudo pasar. A Sara, por ser mi guía en este proceso y por ayudarme en todo momento. No sé qué habría sido de mí sin tus palabras de ánimo y calma. Gracias por contestar siempre con tu mejor sonrisa. A las amigas que encontré por casualidad, aquellas que no hizo falta aprender a quererlas, que supieron escuchar mis quejas y celebraron conmigo los pequeños logros y sueños académicos, pero sobre todo los no académicos. A todo el team Z, principalmente a Tania, Sofi y Dani por hacerme parte de su alegría y celebrar la mía como suya. A las personas que, con sus voces, se convirtieron en la banda sonora inesperada de mi caminar. Gracias por ser esa fuerza extra, tan necesaria para llegar a este 6 momento. Fueron el aire fresco que necesitaba para volver al camino, fueron la ilusión que necesité para continuar. Se atrevieron a convertir las cenizas de mi motivación en fuego. Gracias a la persona que me acercó a mis sueños y contribuyó a hacerlo posible, queda grabada en mi alma tu amabilidad, M. A mi director, Enrique, por saber guiarme y devolverme al camino cuando lo necesité, por confiar más en mí que yo misma. Gracias por ayudarme a cumplir un sueño y por ser un ejemplo como profesional, pero sobre todo como persona. A todas y cada una de las personas que participó en esta investigación, a aquellos que me regalaron su tiempo y sus experiencias. A las personas que siempre tuvieron un momento para explicarme y mostrarme su mundo, principalmente a Pepe, Carlos y Diego. ¡Gracias! 7 8 ÍNDICE 9 10 INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................... 13 MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................................................................. 17 1. INTEGRACIÓN SOCIAL ............................................................................................... 19 2. INTEGRACIÓN SOCIAL Y DEPORTE ........................................................................ 22 3. EL DEPORTE COMO UN DERECHO .......................................................................... 24 4. BENEFICIOS DE LA PRÁCTICA DEPORTIVA .......................................................... 28 4.1. Beneficios sobre la salud ......................................................................................... 28 4.2. Beneficios sociales del deporte ................................................................................ 31 5. VALORES Y CONDUCTAS PROSOCIALES .............................................................. 34 5. 1. Tipología de los valores .......................................................................................... 35 5. 2. Transmisión de los valores ...................................................................................... 37 5. 3. Valores, actitudes y conducta .................................................................................. 39 6. CONDUCTAS PROSOCIALES ..................................................................................... 42 7. DUALIDAD DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA PRÁCTICA DEPORTIVA ........................... 45 7. 1. Dependencia al ejercicio ......................................................................................... 46 7.1. 1. Dependencia y modalidades deportivas ......................................................................................... 52 7.1. 2. Auto-concepto ................................................................................................................................ 54 7. 2. Dopaje ..................................................................................................................... 55 7. 2. 1. Definición y concepto ................................................................................................................... 56 7. 2. 2. Mecanismos involucrados ............................................................................................................. 58 7. 2. 3. Factores de riesgo y protección ..................................................................................................... 59 8. PARTICIPACIÓN DEPORTIVA EN ESPAÑA ............................................................. 62 9. DEPORTES DE NUEVA GENERACIÓN: STREET WORKOUT ............................... 65 9. 1. Historia y origen del Street Workout ...................................................................... 66 9. 2. Características del Street Workout ......................................................................... 68 9. 2. 1. Modalidades dentro del Street Workout ........................................................................................ 69 9. 2. 2. Faceta social del Street Workout ................................................................................................... 70 9. 2. 3. Localización de los principales grupos de SW .............................................................................. 72 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................................... 77 METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................................... 81 1. DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN .................................................................................... 83 1. 1. Primera fase. Estudio cualitativo ............................................................................ 84 1. 2. Segunda fase. Estudio cuantitativo ......................................................................... 84 2. MUESTRA ...................................................................................................................... 85 2. 1 . Primera fase. Estudio cualitativo ........................................................................... 85 2. 2. Segunda fase. Estudio cuantitativo ......................................................................... 86 3. INSTRUMENTOS Y ESTRATEGIAS DE RECOGIDA DE DATOS ........................... 86 3. 1. Primera fase. Estudio cualitativo ...........................................................................
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