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Protective Clothing Risk-Based Selection of Chemical- Protective Clothing April 2018 Publication of this material is for the purpose of circulating information and opinion among those concerned for fire and elec- trical safety and related subjects. While every effort has been made to achieve a work of high quality, neither the NFPA nor the NATIONAL FIRE contributors to this material guarantee the accuracy or completeness of or assume any liability in connection with this infor- mation. Neither the NFPA nor the contributors shall be liable for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature PROTECTION ASSOCIATION whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use The leading information and knowledge resource of, or reliance upon this material. Neither the NFPA nor the contributors are attempting to render engineering or other profes- on re, electrical and related hazards sional services. If such services are required, the assistance of a professional should be sought. This material does not repre- sent the position of the NFPA or any of its Technical Committees which is represented solely by the NFPA documents in their entirety. For free access to the complete and most current version of all NFPA documents, please go to nfpa.org/standards. By Jeffrey O. Stull and Grace C. Stull, International requirements. Thus, when a first responder or other Personnel Protection, Inc. and Christina M. Baxter, operator dons a certified ensemble, NFPA standards Emergency Response TIPS, LLC provide assurance that the ensemble and its compo- nent parts have been designed and tested to meet a INTRODUCTION specific hazardous environment. Specific benefits of NFPA standards include: Hazardous material emergencies can occur anywhere, involve any number of substances, and result in a di- • Uniform product testing and evaluation. verse set of environmental and operational conditions. • Criteria based on specific end user needs. In these situations, when action is needed to save lives • Minimum requirements for clothing design, perfor- and protect property, personal protective equipment mance, documentation, and labeling. (PPE) is the only viable protection for responders who Required third-party certification for both initial may come into contact with hazardous substances. • product qualification and continued review of man- In 1983, a rail car was leaking anhydrous dimethyl- ufacturer compliance and quality. amine in Benicia, California, and the local hazmat team To take advantage of the benefits associated with the responded. During this event, a team member noticed NFPA standards, some understanding is needed on the visor lens of his totally encapsulated suit began to the different performance characteristics and features crack. The team quickly exited the vapor cloud, but not that form the basis of the standards. In addition, the before the visor had broken open and the team member was exposed. Fortunately, the self-contained breathing history of how standards have evolved to establish the apparatus prevented respiratory injury, but the team protection levels that exist today is fundamental for member developed severe dermatitis as a result of being able to select the correct ensemble based on the clothing failure. A subsequent National Transpor- risks associated with a given response environment tation Safety Board (NTSB) report determined that, and other circumstances. although the manufacturer recommended its suits for the chemical involved, the visor was susceptible to degradation and permeation by the chemical. Informa- HISTORY OF CHEMICAL-PROTECTIVE tion on the visor was not addressed or provided by the CLOTHING STANDARDS manufacturer. As consequence, NTSB recommended the development of national consensus standards to In order to provide protection to the entire body, address all parts and relevant performance properties chemical-protective ensembles must be part of an of ensembles used in emergency response. overall ensemble of PPE. As defined by the U.S. En- vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) and in the ROLE OF STANDARDS Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for hazardous waste site remediation and Standards and regulations are often developed in re- emergency response (OSHA Title 29 CFR 1910.120)[1], sponse to a specific problem. The incident described four different levels of protection are established above, and other similar incidents that have occurred based on different ensembles. These ensembles, over the years, helped create the protective equipment further described in Table 1, consist of chemical- standards that exist today. This result illustrates that, protective clothing (CPC), a respirator, gloves and in fact, these standards are based on the hard lessons boots, hard hats, communications equipment, cooling of the real world where people can be hurt, or worse. devices, and various types of undergarments. Before NFPA standards, first responders chose First responders generally use Level A- and Lev- from a selection of protective clothing products used el B-protective ensembles. Level A ensembles provide by the military as chemical warfare suits. These prod- the highest level of protection and consist of a totally ucts lacked broad compatibility and performance encapsulating suit, a self-contained breathing appara- against the multitude of chemicals and conditions be- tus (SCBA) or combination SCBA and supplied-air res- ing encountered by emergency responders in a vast pirator, chemically resistant gloves and footwear, and range of industry and transportation accidents. Prod- a communications system. Level A ensembles are for uct testing was limited and manufacturer claims var- use in situations where the highest level of respiratory, ied considerably, presenting a very confusing picture skin, and eye protection are needed. Level B ensembles to the emergency responder community. employ the same respiratory protection, but pertain to Today, emergency services end users and pro- situations where hazards to the skin and eyes are not as tective clothing manufacturers depend on the stan- significant as those encountered in Level A situations. dards developed by NFPA to help define the appro- Consequently, for Level B ensembles, one- or multi- priate PPE for hazardous materials and other related piece chemical splash suits replace the totally encapsu- emergency incidents. These standards have become lating suits used in Level A ensembles. Though used to the benchmarks for establishing protective clothing a much lesser extent in the emergency response com- and equipment minimum design and performance munity, Level C ensembles use the identical clothing © 2018 National Fire Protection Association 1 TABLE 1 EPA Levels of Protection Level Equipment Protection Provided Should Be Used When Limiting Criteria A Recommended: The highest available level The chemical substance has been Fully encapsulating suit material • Pressure-demand, of respiratory, skin, and eye identified and requires the highest must be compatible with the full facepiece protection level of protection for skin, eyes, substances involved SCBA or pressure- and the respiratory system based demand, supplied- on either: air respirator with • measured (or potential for) high escape SCBA concentration of atmospheric • Fully encapsulating vapors, gases, or particulates, or chemical-resistant • site operations and work suit functions involving a high • Inner chemical- potential for splash, immersion, resistant gloves or exposure to unexpected • Chemical-resistant vapors, gases, or particulates safety boots/shoes of materials that are harmful • Two-way radio to skin or capable of being communications absorbed through the intact skin Optional: Substances with a high degree of • Cooling unit hazard to the skin are known or • Coveralls suspected to be present, and skin • Long cotton contact is possible underwear Operations must be conducted in • Hard hat confined, poorly ventilated areas • Disposable gloves until the absence of conditions and boot covers requiring Level A protection is determined B Recommended: The same level of The type and atmospheric Use only when the vapor or gases • Pressure-demand, respiratory protection but concentration of substances have present are not suspected of full facepiece less skin protection than been identified and require a high containing high concentrations SCBA or pressure- Level A level of respiratory protection but of chemicals that are harmful demand supplied- less skin protection. This involves to skin or capable of being air respirator with It is the minimum level atmospheres: absorbed through the intact skin escape SCBA recommended for initial site entries until the hazards • with IDLH concentrations of Use only when it is highly • Chemical-resistant specific substances that do not clothing (overalls have been further identified unlikely that the work being represent a severe skin hazard, done will generate either high and long-sleeved or jacket; hooded, concentrations of vapors, gases, • that do not meet the criteria for or particulates or splashes of one- or two-piece use of air-purifying respirators chemical splash suit; material that will affect exposed disposable chemical- Atmosphere contains less than skin resistant one-piece 19.5% oxygen suit) • Inner and outer Presence of incompletely chemical-resistant identified vapors or gases is gloves indicated by direct-reading organic vapor detection • Chemical-resistant instrument,
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