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Selected Papers No.17 November 2013 D irector's Message As mankind moves into the 21st century, integrated policies of ocean governance are necessary for the sustainable development and use of our oceans and their resources and for the protection of the marine environment. Towards this end, the Ocean Policy Research Foundation (formerly: Ship & Ocean Foundation) orients its research on ocean issues in line with the mission statement "Living in Harmony with the Oceans". The Ocean Policy Research Foundation aims to conduct cross-sectoral research in ocean related issues in order to initiate debate on marine topics and to formulate both domestic and international policy proposals. We publish a Japanese-language newsletter called the "Ship & Ocean Newsletter" twice a month. "Ship & Ocean Newsletter Selected Papers No.17" contains English- language versions of papers from the Japanese Newsletter edition, published from No.291 (2012.9.20) to No.310 (2013.7.5). From issue No. 311 of 2013.7.20 we have changed the title of the newsletter to “Ocean Newsletter,” though we will continue to include articles on shipping topics as we work to make the newsletter more compre- hensive and make ocean policy proposals in harmony with a global perspective. The Ocean Newsletter seeks to provide people of diverse viewpoints and backgrounds with a forum for discussion and to contribute to the formulation of maritime policies conducive to coexistence between mankind and the ocean. Our Foundation believes that the newsletter can expand effective communication on these issues by introducing timely research abroad to an informed readership. It also welcomes responses from readers, some of which appear in the Newsletter. It is our sincere hope that these Selected Papers will provide useful insights on policy debate in Japan and help to foster global policy dialogue on various ocean issues. Hiroshi TERASHIMA Executive Director ■The Newsletter Editorial Committee ●Chief Editors Tomoya AKIMICHI Professor Emeritus, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Toshio YAMAGATA Principal Scientist, JAMSTEC / Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo ●Members Masahiko ISOBE Vice President, Kochi University of Technology / Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Naoya OKUWAKI Professor, School of Law, Meiji University / Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Hideaki KANEDA Director, Okazaki Institute Shin KISUGI Vice President, The Open University of Japan / Professor Emeritus, Yokohama National University Yoichi SUMI Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University Anne McDONALD Professor, Graduate School of Global Emvironmental Studies, Sophia Univershity Kunio MIYASHITA Professor, Department of Foreign Stuidies, Kansai Gaidai University / Professor Emeritus, Kobe University ■Publisher Hiroshi TERASHIMA Executive Director, Ocean Policy Research Foundation Ocean Policy Research Foundation Toranomon 35 Mori Bldg., 3-4-10 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN 105-0001 Tel. 81-3-5404-6828/Fax. 81-3-5404-6810 URL. http://www.sof.or.jp/en/index.php ©2013 Ocean Policy Research Foundation Ship & Ocean Newsletter Selected Papers/No.17 ●2 C o n t e n t s The Senkaku Islands: Post-nationalization Issues Shigeki SAKAMOTO Professor, Graduate School of Law, Kobe University 4 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.292, October 5, 2012) Rio+20 and the Oceans Hiroshi TERASHIMA Executive Director, Ocean Policy Research Foundation 6 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.293, October 20, 2012) The Role of the Reconstruction Agency and Ocean Initiatives Ryo TSUZUKIHASHI Leader, Legislative Group, Reconstruction Agency 9 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.295, November 20, 2012) Fisheries Depend on Productivity of the Oceans Yoshiro WATANABE Professor, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo 11 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.296, December 5, 2012) Expectations for the Revision to the Remote Islands Development Act Hirokazu SHIRAKAWA President, National Institute for Japanese Islands / Mayor, Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture 13 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.298, January 5, 2013) Understanding the Earth through “Tsunagari,” or Connections Mamoru MOHRI Selected Papers No.17 Chief Executive Director, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation (Miraikan), Japan Science and Technology Agency 17 November 2013 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.298, January 5, 2013) Interview:Living together with the Ocean Yohei SASAKAWA Chairman, The Nippon Foundation (interviewer: Toshio YAMAGATA, Editor, Ship & Ocean Newsletter) 18 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.300, February 5, 2013) The Iwate/Sanriku Implementation of a Recovery Based on Ocean Energy Resources Takuya TASSO Governor, Iwate Prefecture 22 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.302, March 5, 2013) My Desire for Reinventing Shima City Hidekazu OGUCHI Mayor, Shima City, Mie Prefecture 24 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.304, April 5, 2013) Japan’s Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands Shigeyoshi OZAKI Professor Emeritus, University of Tsukuba 26 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.307, May 20, 2013) Prospects for the Marine Logistics Hub Initiative —Technical Challenges— Masanori SHUKU Chief Director, Japan Offshore Design and Engineering Platform (J-DeEP) 28 (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.310, July 5, 2013) ●The affiliation of the author and the contents of the article are exactly as they appear in the Ship & Ocean Newsletter. Ship & Ocean Newsletter Selected Papers/No.17 ●3 The Senkaku Islands: Post-nationalization Issues [KEYWORDS] Senkaku Islands / nationalization / “policy of calm” Shigeki SAKAMOTO Professor, Graduate School of Law, Kobe University (Ship & Ocean Newsletter No.292, October 5, 2012) As the Japanese government has maintained the position regarding the Senkaku islands that “they are an inherent part of Japanese territory and an issue doesn’t exist as to their territorial rights,” conditions have arisen in international society in which Japan’s assertion of its territorial rights is not sufficiently understood. While the government has made the decision to nationalize the Senkakus, their maintenance and management will require a shift to a different strategy from heretofore. China successfully destabilizes the issue perspective of the “bigger picture” to improve ties between On August 15, 2012, 14 activists from Hong Kong landed the two countries, the top priority in Japanese policy toward on Uotsuri-shima in the Senkaku Islands, and several of China has been not to provoke China over this issue. them went ashore to claim Chinese sovereignty over the islands. In the interest of avoiding a prolonged uproar, the Japan fails to communicate the basis of its Japanese government deported these activists on August 17 sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands after a brief arrest. It was decided that their actions, which In response, the Japanese policy regarding the Senkaku included throwing chunks of brick at a Japan Coast Guard Islands, as presented in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ vessel, would not be deemed obstruction of performance of (MOFA) “External Response Manual,” has shifted to a official duties. Despite such arrangements by the Japanese two-step approach: (1) to engage in no discussion over the government, China was furious, and anti-Japanese demon- issue as there is no argument and (2) to repeat the “Basic strations were organized throughout the country. In the eyes View” of MOFA in response to any further questions 1). of the world, the whole situation must have appeared to be Therefore, this very stance has obscured the Japanese claim a territorial dispute between Japan and China over the Sen- of sovereignty in the international community. In contrast, kaku Islands. China has missed no opportunity to voice the basis for its The Japanese government has consistently maintained claim to territorial sovereignty to the world via the Internet that the Senkaku Islands “are an inherent part of the terri- in various languages. Consequently, a journalist from the tory of Japan and there is no issue of territorial sovereignty New York Times opined in a report on the September 2010 to be resolved.” The first person to bring about a turning incident, which led to the arrest of a Chinese shipping boat point was then-Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, who proposed captain, that “the islands seem to belong to China.” shelving the issue of the Senkaku Islands. Japan accepted The basis given by this journalist, however, was the fact that proposal, but did not agree with the Chinese stance that the Senkaku Islands had long been used by Chinese that there was an issue of territorial sovereignty. From the ships as navigational markers. Indeed, the islands were Uotsuri-shima Senkaku Islands (Both photos by Mr. Masahiro Akiyama, 2007) Ship & Ocean Newsletter Selected Papers/No.17 ●4 The Senkaku Islands: Post-nationalization Issues described as Diaoyu Yu, Huangwei Yu, or Chiwei Yu in they should be aware that “shelving the issue” has become the records of Chinese envoys to neighboring kingdoms virtually impossible when dealing with such an assertive during the Ming and Qing dynasties and in other records. party. However, the fact that these islands had been known as The Japanese government adopted a policy to nationalize seamarks for imperial Chinese missions obviously does not the Senkaku Islands in an attempt to block the planned pur- constitute valid grounds for Chinese sovereignty. Following chase of the islands by then-Governor of Tokyo Shintaro such logic, Okinawa (which was mapped as Ryukyu) would Ishihara, who wanted to strengthen Japan’s effective con-
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