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Stratigraphy and History of the Sakakawea Sequence, South-Central North Dakota William B

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Stratigraphy and History of the Sakakawea Sequence, South-Central North Dakota William B University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1972 Stratigraphy and history of the Sakakawea Sequence, south-central North Dakota William B. Bickley Jr. University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Bickley, William B. Jr., "Stratigraphy and history of the Sakakawea Sequence, south-central North Dakota" (1972). Theses and Dissertations. 22. https://commons.und.edu/theses/22 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRATIGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE SA.KAKAWEA SEQUENCE, SOUTH-CENTRAL NORTH DAKOTA by William B. Bickley, Jr. Bachelor of Arts, Muskingum College 1968 Master of Science, University of North Dakota 1970 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Dakota in part,ial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand .F'orks, North Dakota August 1972 ' This Dissertation submitted by William B. Bickley, Jr, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of North Dakota is hereby approved by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done. , ( chairman) ' . t Tlr . t1r1:tll~ Dean of t~aduate School ii Permission South-central North Dakota In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree tha·t the Library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in his absence, by the Chairman of the Department or the Dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or pub­ lication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of a.."ly material in my dissertation. July 5P 1972 1. ~... 1. ACKNOWLEJX;MENTS The five members of my committee, particularly my dissertation advisor Dr. Lee Clayton, are gratefully acknowledged for their con­ structive criticism, suggestions, and availability for discussion during t.he course of this work. The other four members of my committee are Drs. Walter L. Moore, Stephen R. Moran, Edwin A. Noble, and I Richard J. Baltisberger. Numerous other individuals offered helpful suggestions and made I themselves available for discussion of different aspects of this work (particularly the lithostratigraphy). They include Ken Harris, Frank Schulte, and Gerry Groenewald of the Department of Geology, University II ! of North Dakota; and Mike Ardnt, Sid Anderson, Kelly Carlson, and John .I Bluemle of the North Dakota Geological Survey. The North Dakota Geological Survey supplied funds for field I I support., laboratory analysis, and numerous other services. The person who offered the most help and encouragement during 1. this work was my wife Marcy. She t,yped and ed.i ted the manuscript and •t i did many other "little things" too numerable to mention. I cannot begin to express my appreciation to her. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • X ABSTRACT. • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • xiii INTRODUCTION. • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 General. • • • • • • • • • • • • • I I I • • • • • • • • • • 1 Purpose •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Location of Work. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Sequence Approach. • • • • • I I I • • • • • • • • • e • • 2 DESCRIPTIVE GEOil.)'.;Y, • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • $ • • • • • 7 Summary of the Stratigraphy of the Pre-Sa.kakawea Sequence •• 7 Preca1J1 brian rocks·. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Sauk Sequence • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Tippecanoe Sequence •••••••••••• • • • • • • • 12 Kaskaskia Sequence •••••••••••• • • • • • 1J Absaroka Sequence ••••••••••••• • • • • • • • " 15 Zuni Sequence. • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • " . • • • 16 Tejas (?) Sequence • • • • • • ••••• • • • .. • 2J Redefinition of the Tejas (?)Sequence. • • • • • • • 24 Stratigraphy of the Teja.s (?)Sequence. • • • • • • • 25 Stratigraphy of the Sakakawea Sequence •• • • • • • • 25 Definition of the Sakakawea Sequence. • • • • • • • 25 Na,.,"'Ile • , • • • • • • • , • • • • • .. • • , • • , • • • 25 Source of the name • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • 25 Definition abstract ••••••••••••••••• • 25 Type section • • • • ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 Description of the unit ••••••••••••••• • 28 Nature of the contacts •••••••••••••• • 29 Regional stratigraphy, distribution, and thickness • • 29 Origin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 Age. • • • • • • .. • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • J6 V Page Redefinition of the Coleharbor Formation. • • • • J6 Type section • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 Nature of the contacts • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 Regional stratigraphy• distribution, and thickness. 39 Differentiation from other units •••••••••• • 39 Origin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Age. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Remarks. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Definition of the Braddock Formation. • • • • • • • 40 Nam.e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Source of the name ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 Definition abstract. • • " . • • • • • • • • • 41 Type section ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 Reference section. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 Description of the unit. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 Nature of the contacts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42 Regional stratigraphy, distribution, and thickness • • 4J Differentiation from other units. • • • • • • • • 48 Origin. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 Age. • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • 48 Remarks. • • •• • • • • • • • • • • & • • • • • • 48 Definition of the Emmons Formation, • • • I I 0 • • 48 Name • • • • ••• • • • • & • • • • • • • 48 Source of the name • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 Definition abstract. • • • • • • • • • . "' . • • • 49 Type section. • •••••••••••••••• 49 Reference section. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Description of the unit. • ••• • • • • 49 Nature of the contacts • • , • • , • • , , • • • , • • 50 Regional stratigraphy, distribution, and thickness , .51 Differentiation from other units. • • • • • • • • .51 Origin • • • • • • • • • • , • , • • • • • • • • 51 Age.. • ,, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .51 Definition of the Four Bears Formation. • • • II, • • • • .52 Name , ., • • • • • • ,. • • • " • • • • • • • • • .52 Source of the name, •••••• , • • • • • • • • " .52 Definition abstract. e , • ••••• • • • • • • • • • .52 Type section. , •••••••••• • • • ft • • • • • .52 Reference section. • • • • • • • t 8 6 I II t I a • 52 Description of the unit ••• , •• , • • • • • • • • 52 Nature of the contacts. • •••• • • • • • • • • .58 Regional stratigraphy, distribution. and thickness. • .58 Differentiation from other units •• • • • • • • • • • 58 Origin, • • ••••••••• , • . .. • .59 Age• • • • - • • • • • • • • . .. 59 Definition of the Coteau Formation ••• • • • • • • • • • 59 Name • • • • •• " • • • • • • • • • .59 Source of the name • " . • • • • • • 59 Definition abstract, • • • • • • • • • • 60 vi Page Type section ••••••• . • • • • • • • • • 60 Reference section ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 Description of the unit •• . • • • • • • • • • • 60 Nature of the contacts • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 Regional stratigraphy, distribution, and thicklless • • 64 Differentiation from other units. • a II • • • • a • 64 Origin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64 Age.· • • • • .. • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • 6.5 Remarks. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65 Def'inition of the Denbigh Formation ••• • • • • • • • • 65 / Nam.e , • • • • e- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65 Source of the name. • • •• • • • • • • • • • • 65 Definition abstract ••••••••• .. • • • • • • • 65 Type section. • ••••••••• • • • • • • • • 65 Reference section. • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 Description o.f the unit. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 Nature of the contacts ••••••• • • • • • • • 66 Regional stratigraphy, distribution, and thickness • • 66 Differentiation from other units •• • • • • • • • • • 73 Origin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • e • • • • • • • 73 Age• • • • • • , , • , • • , • • • • • • • • • • 73 Definition of the Oahe Formation. • • • • • • • • • • 73 ./ Name • • • • • • • • • • • • • • e • • • 73 Source of the name • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 73 Definition abstract. • • • • • • • • • • • • 74 Type section ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 74 Reference section. • • • • • • • • • ••••••• • 71.~ Descr-lption of the unit ••••••••••••••• 74 Nature of the contacts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 Regional stratigraphy, distribution, and thickness. • 77 Differentiation from other unit.s • • • • • •• ., •• • 77 Origin • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • , • • • 80 Age. • • .. • • • • • • , • • • • • •
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