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Alienation in Edward Hopper's and Jackson Pollock's

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Alienation in Edward Hopper's and Jackson Pollock's ALIENATION IN EDWARD HOPPER’S AND JACKSON POLLOCK’S PAINTINGS: A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST A Thesis by Zohreh Dalirian Bachelor of Fine Arts, Shahed University, 2005 Submitted to the Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2010 © Copyright 2010 by Zohreh Dalirian All Rights Reserved ALIENATION IN EDWARD HOPPER’S AND JACKSON POLLOCK’S PAINTINGS: A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in Liberal Studies. _________________________________ Dorothy Billings, Committee Chair _________________________________ David Soles, Committee Member __________________________________ Mary Sue Foster, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my lovely mother, my dear husband, and the memory of my father. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to committee chair, Dr. Dorothy Billings, for encouraging me to develop my ideas, and my advisor, Dr. Soles, who supported me during my degree program, and also Professor Foster for serving on my thesis committee and for her valuable comments. I am very grateful to my father, who passed away a few days before my thesis defense, and my mother and my sisters for their impeccable help and support. Finally, I would like to express my exclusive appreciation to my beloved husband, Ruhola, who supported me from the beginning to the very end. v ABSTRACT In this thesis I study alienation in Edward Hopper’s and Jackson Pollack’s paintings. Each of these American painters expressed alienation in his art in a distinctive way. The source of their alienation is different, too, yet they share some personality traits. While alienation in Pollock’s paintings is mainly derived from his psychological characteristics, the source of alienation in Hopper’s paintings is mostly sociological. The alienation in Hopper’s paintings is the manifestation of man’s new status in the world, which is defined by Modernity. He is warning about the situation, in which despite the superficial achievements, man is alone. And, I believe, Pollock is the offspring of that situation. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. LITERATURE REVIEW: ALIENATION ..............................................................................1 1.1. Definitions of Alienation .........................................................................................4 1.2. Philosophical Approach ...........................................................................................5 1.3. Psychological Approach ..........................................................................................6 1.4. Sociological Approach .............................................................................................8 1.5. Alienation: Negative or Positive ............................................................................11 1.6. Human Nature and Personality ..............................................................................12 1.7. Alienation: Subjective or Objective .......................................................................16 1.8. Alienation from What? ..........................................................................................18 1.9. Linguistic or Empirical Definition .........................................................................19 1.10. Alienation: General or Context Specific ................................................................20 1.11. General or Context Specific Response ..................................................................20 1.12. General or Specific Context Cause(s) ....................................................................22 1.13. Alienation: Unidimensional or Multidimensional .................................................23 1.14. Alienation in Art ....................................................................................................25 2. EDWARD HOPPER: AMERICAN REALIST PAINTER (1882-1967) ...............................29 2.1. Biography ...............................................................................................................30 2.2. Hopper’s Alienation ...............................................................................................36 2.3. Personality..............................................................................................................43 2.4. Subject Matter ........................................................................................................47 2.5. Technique ...............................................................................................................50 3. JACKSON POLLOCK: AMERICAN ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONIST (1912-1956) ..............................53 3.1. Biography ...............................................................................................................53 3.2. Pollock’s Alienation...............................................................................................60 3.3. Personality..............................................................................................................60 3.4. Technique ...............................................................................................................62 4. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................69 4.1. Comparison and Contrast .......................................................................................69 4.2. Philosophical Alienation ........................................................................................69 4.3. Psychological Alienation .......................................................................................70 4.4. Sociological Alienation ..........................................................................................70 4.5. Positive/ Negative Alienation ................................................................................72 4.6. Personality..............................................................................................................73 4.7. Alienation from What? ..........................................................................................74 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page 4.8. Alienation in Art ....................................................................................................75 REFERENCES……... ...................................................................................................................79 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Edward Hopper and Josephine Nivision ............................................................................34 2. Edward Hopper and his wife, Jo. ......................................................................................35 3. Morning Sun .....................................................................................................................37 4. Automat.............................................................................................................................38 5. Nighthawks .......................................................................................................................39 6. First Row Orchestra. .........................................................................................................40 7. New York Corner ..............................................................................................................41 8. Early Sunday Morning .......................................................................................................42 9. Self-Portrait .......................................................................................................................44 10. Locomotive D & RG. ........................................................................................................45 11. Soir Bleu ...........................................................................................................................46 12. Lee Krasaner and Jackson Pollock at his studio . .............................................................56 13. Lee Krasner and Jackson Pollock ......................................................................................59 14. Going West ........................................................................................................................63 15. Male and Female ................................................................................................................64 16. Jackson Pollock during action-painting .............................................................................65 17. Jackson Pollock during action-painting. ...........................................................................66 18. Number 8 ...........................................................................................................................68 19. Lavender Mist: Number I ..................................................................................................77 20. Chop Suey .........................................................................................................................77 ix CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW: ALIENATION The popularity of the concept of alienation as a research project has slumped, it seems. The peak of its popularity was in the 1950s, when
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