VOC Ionization Potentials
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Butenes Separation, Supp. A
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 71A BUTTLENES (October 1982) Demand is fast increasing for lsobutylene, especially that used in manufacturing methyl tertiary-butyl ether, and for high purity butene-1 to use as a copolymer in linear low density polyethylene. Because of their wide availability, mixed butane-butylene streams from oleflns plants and petroleum refineries are being increasingly fed to plants to separate butylenes for use in chemicals. This first supplement to Report No. 71 updates demand projections, production capacities, and separation techniques for high purity butene-1 and lsobutylene. The processes that are now available for separating and purifying both butene-1 and lsobutylene from mixed butyl- ene streams are evaluated and compared. Other procedures for obtaining butylenes, such as dehydrogenatlon, lsomerleatlon, and disproportion&ion, are not updated in this report. PEP’81 JLC Report No. 71A - BUTYLENES SUPPLEMENT A by JOHN L. CHADWICK I I October 1982 f-F0 0 A private report by the m PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM 0 Menlo Park, California 94025 0 For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI programs specializing in marketing research. The CHEMICALECONOMICS HANDBOOK Program covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the United States and the WORLDPETROCHEMICALS Program covers major hkdrocarbons and their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition, the SRI DIRECTORYOF CHEMICALPRODUCERS services provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company, prod- uct, and plant for the United States and Western Europe. ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 SUMMARY . -
Hydrocarbon Processing Overview
Hydrocarbon Processing Overview Hydrocarbon Processing – The Solutions Start Here Full Spectrum Product Line Other support comes from Praxair R&D, where teams of Today’s hydrocarbon processing industries (HPI) requires scientists are dedicated to the development of specialty high precision measurement, uniform stability, specialty gas products and services. mixes, and reference standards. Praxair’s Spectrum Reliable Production and Distribution products offer a wide range of certified mixes, industry Praxair possesses multiple ISO 9001:2000 certified plants reference standards, and high purity organics. The pro- with 5 specialty gas plants and North America’s largest gas duction of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, engine production facility working to provide the highest quality fuels, and ethane are analyzed to meet process feed and products, product availability, and meeting on time delivery salable product specifications. Spectrum gases and liquid requirements. With over 600 US locations, our distribution mixes are formulated to certifiable references and to meet network accompanied by our ability to supply custom standards for your low sulfur fuels and natural gases, vapor delivery solutions for packaged and bulk products allows pressure, LPG standards, and HVOC requirements. Praxair Praxair to offer packaged and bulk options that may help possesses an extensive portfolio of assayed chemicals to you increase your productivity. customize your requirements. A Complete Range of Gas Delivery Equipment Centers of Excellence Praxair’s offers a wide range of essential equipment to meet To effectively service North America, Praxair has three the demands of today’s hydrocarbon processing facility centers of excellence dedicated for hydrocarbons. These laboratories and process feed monitoring instrumentation centers are located in Geismar, Louisiana; Edmonton, gas delivery solutions. -
Supplement of Compilation and Evaluation of Gas Phase Diffusion Coefficients of Reactive Trace Gases in the Atmosphere
Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5585–5598, 2015 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/5585/2015/ doi:10.5194/acp-15-5585-2015-supplement © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Compilation and evaluation of gas phase diffusion coefficients of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere: Volume 2. Diffusivities of organic compounds, pressure-normalised mean free paths, and average Knudsen numbers for gas uptake calculations M. J. Tang et al. Correspondence to: M. J. Tang ([email protected]) and M. Kalberer ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence. Table of Contents 1 Alkanes and cycloalkanes ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 CH 4 (methane), C 2H6 (ethane), and C 3H8 (propane) ............................................. 1 1.2 C 4H10 (butane, methyl propane) ............................................................................ 3 1.3 C 5H12 (n-pentane, methyl butane, dimethyl butane) ............................................. 5 1.4 C 6H14 (n-hexane, 2,3-dimethyl butane) ................................................................ 7 1.5 C 7H16 (n-heptane, 2,4-dimethyl pentane).............................................................. 9 1.6 C 8H18 (n-octane, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) .......................................................... 11 1.7 C 9H20 (n-nonane), C 10 H22 (n-decane, 2,3,3-trimethyl heptane) and C 12 H26 (n- dodecane) ................................................................................................................. -
Technical Notes
Technical notes New tools to manage common taint problems Wine producers can proactively manage potential taint issues through a new set of tools available from the AWRI Analytical Service. In recent years, several taint problems have occurred in Australia resulting in serious financial consequences for the wine producers involved. The AWRI provides assistance in resolving these issues and we continue to develop services that enable winemakers and suppliers to proactively reduce the risk of wine contamination. The implementation of preventative measures and controls can minimise the development of taints. A broad suite of analytical services tailored for QC testing for the presence of taints in winemaking additives, closures and oak products as well as taint assessment of juices and wines is available through the Analytical Service. Recently, we have also developed a new sensory training tool to help winemakers recognise the most common taints. Minimising risk Early identification of the potential sources of contamination is critical. Testing of additives and juices/wines at critical control points proactively detects and eliminates any taints before they develop into a problem. Just like taking out insurance it comes with a small price tag compared to the risk of losing large volumes of wines due to serious taint problems. Also, in today’s highly competitive market, the purchase of just one slightly tainted bottle of wine can be enough to influence a consumer to seek an alternative brand or label. So, it is crucial to have the ability to monitor and prevent taint and, if necessary, treat wines to prevent further tainting. Analytical services to prevent and control taint problems This article provides detailed information on three examples of commercial taint services developed by the AWRI Analytical Service in collaboration with staff at the AWRI and our stakeholders. -
Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
05 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, making up items such as packing foam, plastic bottles, and plastic utensils (top: © Jon Larson/iStockphoto; middle: GNL Media/Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc.; bottom: © Lakhesis/iStockphoto). Inset: A model of ethylene. KEY QUESTIONS 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? 5.8 How Can Alkynes Be Reduced to Alkenes and 5.2 What Is a Reaction Mechanism? Alkanes? 5.3 What Are the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Additions HOW TO to Alkenes? 5.1 How to Draw Mechanisms 5.4 What Are Carbocation Rearrangements? 5.5 What Is Hydroboration–Oxidation of an Alkene? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 5.6 How Can an Alkene Be Reduced to an Alkane? 5A Catalytic Cracking and the Importance of Alkenes 5.7 How Can an Acetylide Anion Be Used to Create a New Carbon–Carbon Bond? IN THIS CHAPTER, we begin our systematic study of organic reactions and their mecha- nisms. Reaction mechanisms are step-by-step descriptions of how reactions proceed and are one of the most important unifying concepts in organic chemistry. We use the reactions of alkenes as the vehicle to introduce this concept. 129 130 CHAPTER 5 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? The most characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the carbon–carbon double bond in such a way that the pi bond is broken and, in its place, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or groups of atoms. Several examples of reactions at the carbon–carbon double bond are shown in Table 5.1, along with the descriptive name(s) associated with each. -
1-Butanol Dehydration and Dehydrogenation Over Vanadium Aluminium Oxynitride Catalysts
ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ Rev. Roum. Chim., Revue Roumaine de Chimie 2011, 56(2), 151-159 http://web.icf.ro/rrch/ 1-BUTANOL DEHYDRATION AND DEHYDROGENATION OVER VANADIUM ALUMINIUM OXYNITRIDE CATALYSTS Mihaela FLOREA,a* Stephanie DELSARTE,b Elisabeth van KEULENb and Paul GRANGEb** aDepartment of Chemical Technology and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, B-dul Regina Elisabeta 4-12, Bucharest 030018, Roumania bCatalyse et chimie des matériaux divisés, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Boite 17, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium Received July 5, 2010 Amorphous high surface area vanadium aluminium oxynitrides (VAlON) are prepared by nitridation of vanadium aluminium oxide precursors. The acid-base and redox properties of VAlON depend on their nitrogen content, as well as on the V/Al ratio of the reactive precursor. The influence of these parameters over the catalytic properties of VAlON for 1-butanol dehydration/dehydrogenation was studied. For the studied samples, the only detected products were 1-butene, butane and butanal. The presence of butane as a major product could be explained by a hydrogen transfer mechanism. INTRODUCTION∗ nitrogen species, may cause important differences in the catalytic behavior .6 Oxynitride systems become extensively studied The reactivity of 1-butanol over catalysts has as a new class of catalysts because of their been extensively used to evaluate the nature, the particular acid-base properties. Nitridation of strength and the concentration of the acid-base amorphous oxide precursors induces a decrease of sites 7-10 since the product selectivities are the number of acid sites and the creation of basic influenced by the acid-base properties of the centers as is shown for aluminophosphate catalysts. -
Supplement of OH and HO2 Radical Chemistry in a Midlatitude Forest: Measurements and Model Comparisons
Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9209–9230, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9209-2020-supplement © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Supplement of OH and HO2 radical chemistry in a midlatitude forest: measurements and model comparisons Michelle M. Lew et al. Correspondence to: Philip S. Stevens ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4.0 License. Table S1: Characterization of measured compounds by various institutions (IU: Indiana University, UMass: University of Massachusetts, LD: IMT Lille Douai) into RACM2 groups. RACM2 VOCs Source RACM2 VOCs Source NO NO UMass HCHO Formaldehyde LD NO2 UMass Acetaldehyde LD NO2 ACD Water vapor IU Acetone LD H2O ACT HONO Nitrous Acid IU EOH Ethanol LD ACE Acetylene LD CH4 Methane est ISO Isoprene LD ETH Ethane LD MACR Methacrolein est* Propane, isobutene, butane, HC3 neopentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, LD MEK Methyl ethyl ketone LD 2,2-diemthylpentane Isopentane, pentane, propyne, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, HC5 LD MVK Methyl vinyl ketone LD 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, 3,3-dimethylpentane, 2,3-diemthylpentane, isooctane Butyne, cyclopentane + 2,3- diemthylbutane, cyclohexane, α-pinene, β-pinene, HC8 2-methylhexane, heptane, octane, LD API LD 3-carene nonane, undecane, dodecane, nC13, nC14 ETE Ethene LD ROH Borneol LD Propene, 1-butene, isobutene, OLT 3-methyl-1-butene, 1- pentene, LD BENZENE Benzene LD 2- methyl-1-butene, hexene Toluene, chlorobenzene, -
High-Temperature Unimolecular Decomposition Pathways for Thiophene Angayle K
Article pubs.acs.org/JPCA Modeling Oil Shale Pyrolysis: High-Temperature Unimolecular Decomposition Pathways for Thiophene AnGayle K. Vasiliou,*,† Hui Hu,‡ Thomas W. Cowell,† Jared C. Whitman,† Jessica Porterfield,∥,§ and Carol A. Parish‡ † Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753, United States ‡ Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23713, United States § Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States ABSTRACT: The thermal decomposition mechanism of thiophene has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Thermal decomposition experiments were done using a 1 mm × 3 cm pulsed silicon carbide microtubular Δ → reactor, C4H4S+ Products. Unlike previous studies these experiments were able to identify the initial thiophene decomposition products. Thiophene was entrained in either Ar, Ne, or He carrier gas, passed through a heated (300−1700 K) SiC microtubular reactor (roughly ≤100 μs residence time), and exited into a vacuum chamber. The resultant molecular beam was probed by photoionization mass spec- troscopy and IR spectroscopy. The pyrolysis mechanisms of thiophene were also investigated with the CBS-QB3 method using UB3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) optimized geometries. In particular, these electronic structure methods were used to explore pathways for the formation of elemental sulfur as well as for fi the formation of H2S and 1,3-butadiyne. Thiophene was found to undergo unimolecular decomposition by ve pathways: C4H4S → − − (1) S C CH2 + HCCH, (2) CS + HCCCH3, (3) HCS + HCCCH2, (4) H2S + HCC CCH, and (5) S + HCC CH fi CH2. The experimental and theoretical ndings are in excellent agreement. -
UNITED STATES PATENT of FICE 2,40,149 STABLIZED 2-CHLOR-BUTENE-2 Clyde B
Patented Sept. 3, 1946 2,40,149 UNITED STATES PATENT of FICE 2,40,149 STABLIZED 2-CHLOR-BUTENE-2 Clyde B. Gardenier, Belleviiie, N. J., assignor to Thomas A. Edison, Incorporated, West Orange, N.J., a corporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Application September 8, 1944, Serial No. 553,280 6 Claims. (C. 252-364) 2 This invention relates to novel compositions of pounds that may be added thereto for this pur matter and to methods for preparing the same. pose are alcohols, amines, chloroform and the More particularly this invention is directed to like. The compounds which are added either stabilized 2 chlor butene 2 and to ninethods for alone or in combination to the 2 chlor butene 2 preparing the Sane. 5 must be capable of forming a solution therewith In the production of butadiene, one of the by and may be in the liquid, Solid or gaseous state. product fractions contains 2 chlor buttene 2 in These alcohols may be primary, secondary or both the cis and trans forms, 3 chlor buttene 1, tertiary alcohols and they may be saturated or and 1 chlor butene 2 having the following ac unSaturated by having one or more acetylenic cepted formulas respectively, CH3CCI:CHCH3, () Or ethylenic linkage. These alcohols may be CH2:CHCHCCH3, and CH3CH:CHCH2Cl. This monohydric or polyhydric. The amines may be fraction containing Said compounds, is a black primary, Secondary, or tertiary amines. Among liquid when it is about two weeks old and to the Some of the specific compounds that are particu best of my knowledge has found no application larly Suitable for this purpose and may be used and consequently practically all of it is dumped either alone or in combination are methyl al as a waste product. -
Soot Formation in Diluted Laminar Ethene, Propene and 1-Butene Diffusion Flames at Elevated Pressures
Combustion and Flame 197 (2018) 378–388 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Combustion and Flame journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/combustflame Soot formation in diluted laminar ethene, propene and 1-butene diffusion flames at elevated pressures ∗ Elizabeth A. Griffin, Ömer L. Gülder University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, 4925 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Soot formation characteristics of ethene, propene, and 1-butene, the most abundant unsaturated interme- Received 5 April 2018 diates in thermal decomposition of paraffinic hydrocarbons, were investigated in laminar diffusion flames Revised 4 June 2018 stabilized on a co-flow burner installed in a high-pressure combustion chamber with optical access. All Accepted 18 August 2018 three olefins were diluted with nitrogen to produce sooting but non-smoking diffusion flames at desired pressures. Pressure range was 1–2.5 bar with 1-butene, and 1–8 bar with propene and ethene. Upper Keywords: pressure limits of 1-butene and propene were established by their respective vapour pressure charac- High-pressure soot teristics. The spectral soot emission technique, in which radiation emitted by the soot within the flame Sooting propensity of propene was collected as line-of-sight intensity and spectrally resolved over the range 690–945 nm, was used Sooting propensity of 1-butene to measure radially-resolved temperature and soot volume fraction. The carbon mass flow rates of the Soot in olefin flame three fuels were kept constant at 0.505 mg/s to facilitate direct comparison among the fuels at elevated High-pressure laminar flames pressures. -
Ethene, Propene, Butene and Isoprene Emissions from a Ponderosa Pine Forest Measured by Relaxed Eddy Accumulation
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13417–13438, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13417-2017 © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Ethene, propene, butene and isoprene emissions from a ponderosa pine forest measured by relaxed eddy accumulation Robert C. Rhew1, Malte Julian Deventer1,*, Andrew A. Turnipseed2,*, Carsten Warneke3,4, John Ortega5, Steve Shen1, Luis Martinez6, Abigail Koss3,4, Brian M. Lerner3,4,a, Jessica B. Gilman3,4, James N. Smith5,b, Alex B. Guenther7, and Joost A. de Gouw3 1Department of Geography and Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-4740, USA 22B Technologies, Boulder CO 80301, USA 3Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80309, USA 4NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA 5Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling (ACOM), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA 6Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship program, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305, USA 7Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA anow at: Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA bnow at: Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Robert C. Rhew ([email protected]) Received: 21 April 2017 – Discussion started: 4 May 2017 Revised: 9 September 2017 – Accepted: 28 September 2017 – Published: 10 November 2017 Abstract. Alkenes are reactive hydrocarbons that influence tober flux, based on measurements and modeling, averaged local and regional atmospheric chemistry by playing impor- 62, 52, 24 and 18 µg m−2 h−1 for ethene, propene, butene tant roles in the photochemical production of tropospheric and isoprene, respectively. -
VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM DATA COLLECTION Chemistry Data Series
J. Gmehling U. Onken W. Arlt VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM DATA COLLECTION Aliphatic Hydrocarbons c4-c6 Chemistry Data Series Vol. I, Part 6a Published by DECHEMA Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chemisches Apparatewesen Editors: Dieter Behrens, Reiner Eckermann Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection 6a Aliphatic Hydrocarbons C4-Ce Tables and diagrams of data for binary and multicomponent mixtures up to moderate pressures. Constants of correlation equations for computer use. ' ,, J. Gmehling, U. Onken, W. Arlt Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie 8 (Prof. Dr. U. Onken) Universitat Dortmund © 1980 DECHEMA Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Chemisches Apparatewesen 6000 FrankfurtiMain, Federal Republic of Germany ISBN 3-921 567-30-0 All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or taping, or information storage and retrieval systems·- without written permission of the publishers. Printed by Schon & Wetzel GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, F. R. Germany 6a Aliphatic Hydrocarbons C4-Cs Systems with: 1 ,3-Butadiene 2-Methylbutane Butane 2-Methyl-1-butene i-Butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 1-Butene Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexane 2-Methylpentane Cyclohexene 3-Methylpentane Cyclopentadiene 2-Methyl-1-pentene ·' ' Cyclopentane 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2,2-Dimethylbutane Neopentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane trans-1,3-Pentadiene Hexane Pentane 1-Hexene 1-Pentene Isoprene Vinylacetylene VI SUBJECTS OF VOLUME I The table lists the parts of Volume I already publ'ished or being in preparation. Subtitle Vol. I, Part Aqueous-Organic Systems 1 published Supplement 1 1a in prep. Organic Hydroxy Compounds Alcohols 2a published Alcohols and Phenols 2b published Supplement 1 2c ,in prep.