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TIDAK TERHAD * Tesis Dimaksudkan Sebagai Tesis Bagi Ijazah Doktor

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TIDAK TERHAD * Tesis Dimaksudkan Sebagai Tesis Bagi Ijazah Doktor PUMS 99:1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS SESI PENGAJlAN:__ :)_o_o_b_ ~_;l_o....;IO____ _ -Ya___ H~~_I_RO_N_N_~~$~A_e_'_~ __ t_T._~_N __m~o_H~~m~A....;O __~_~~ij~'~~~I _______________________ (HURUF BESAR) ~ngaku membenarkan tesis (LPSI Srujanal Doktor Falsafah) ini di simpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah llgan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan rnembuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. ** Sila tandakan (I ) (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan _ atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di SULIT dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang te~ah ditentukakan -TERHAD oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) L....-__/_-' TIDAK TERHAD ----to 1NIrw.!/<\- ----------------------(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) lll.atTetap: ~O~, JALrtN LIN1l\tU" PH Nap. G>1I/f1Jl.\J l. I J.:l~ ~~t( 4!.-r 010 \tD Nool/. Nama Penyelia \ l'AN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. * Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampiran surat daripada pihak berkuasalorgansasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan seb.agai SULIT danTERHAD. * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan. atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (LPSM). CIRI-CIRI ANTIPROLIFERATIF BAGI EKSTRAK TEH HITAM, SISA TEH DAN KOMPOS BAGI TEH SABAH TERHADAP DUA lENIS lALUR SEL KANSER HAIRUNNESA BT TAN MOHAMAD SUHIRI . LATIHAN ILMIAH INI DIKEMUKAKAN BAGI MEMPEROLEHI I1AZAH SARlANA MUDA SAINS MAKANAN DENGAN KEPU1IAN DALAM BIDANG SAINS MAKANAN DAN PEMAKANAN SEKOLAH SAINS MAKANAN DAN PEMAKANAN UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH 2010 PENGAKUAN Saya akui bahawa karya ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan, ringkasan dan rujukan yang setiap satunya telah saya jelaskan sumbernya. 24 Mei 2010 (HAIRUNNESA BINTI TAN MOHAMAD SUHIRI) ii PENGESAHAN NAMA HAIRUNNESA BINn TAN MOHAMAD SUHIRI NO KAD PELAJAR HN2006-2026 TAJUK eIRI-ORI ANnPROUFERATIF BAGI TEH HITAM, SISA TEH DAN KOMPOS TERHADAP DUA lENIS SEL KANSER MANUSIA DAZAH DAZAH SARlANA MUDA SAlNS MAKANAN DAN PEMAKANAN DENGAN KEPUllAN (SAINS MAKANAN DAN PEMAKANAN) TARIKH VIVA 13 MEl 2010 DISAHKAN OLEH TANDATANGAN 1. PENYEUA TESIS Puan Nor Qhairul Izzreen bt Mohd Noor 2. PENYEUA BERSAMA EN. Ruzaidi Azli bin Mohd. Mokhtar 3. PEMERIKSA PERTAMA Prof. Madya Dr. Chye Fook Vee .............................................~ 4. PEMERIKSA KEDUA ---Jld- · Prof Madya Dr. Mohd Ismail b Abdullah ...........................................-- 5. DEKAN SEKOLAH SAlNS MAKANAN DAN PEMAKANAN Prof Madya Dr. Mohd. Ismail b. Abdullah iii PENGHARGAAN Pertama sekali saya ingin melahirkan rasa kesyukuran ke had rat Illahi kerana dengan izin-Nya, maka terlaksana jua disertasi saya ini dengan jayanya. Sepanjang menjalankan kajian ini, banyak pengalaman dan ilmu telah ditimba, tidak terkecuali juga pelbagai halangan dan cabaran telah dilalui. Walaubagaimanapun, saya tetap berasa gembira kerana telah berjaya mengatasi segala cabaran dalam melengkapkan disertasi ini. Jutaan ucapan terima kasih saya tujukan khas buat penyelia saya, Puan Nor Qhairul Izzreen bt. Mohd Noor dan kepada Encik Ruzaidi Azli bin Mohd. Mokhtar, pensyarah Institut Penyelidikan Bioteknologi, Sekolah Sains dan Teknologi selaku penyelia bersama kerana di atas kesediaan untuk berkongsi segala pengalaman, ilmu pengetahuan serta tunjuk ajar di samping luangan masa yang telah diberikan sepanjang melengkapkan disertasi ini. Terima kasih juga saya ucapkan kepada seluruh kakitangan Sekolah Sains Makanan dan Pemakanan dan Institut Penyelidikan Bioteknologi di atas segala kerjasama yang telah diberikan. Penghargaan dan terima kasih juga ditujukan kepada pihak Sabah Tea Sdn. Bhd, kerana telah sudi memberikan kerjasama yang amat baik sepanjang proses persampelan dijalankan. Di Slnl Juga saya ingin merakamkan jutaan penghargaan buat rakan seperjuangan, Cik Siti Anith Atiqah bt. Tahir di atas segala bantuan, kata-kata semangat dan sokongan yang telah diberikan, serta tidak dilupakan kepada rakan seperjuangan yang lain yang telah banyak member sokongan moral kepada saya. Penghargaan dan terima kasih ini juga ditujukan buat keluarga tersayang kerana berkat doa daripada kalian, saya telah berjaya melengkapkan disertasi ini. Akhir kata, semoga dengan adanya disertasi ini dapat memberi sedikit manfaat kepada kajian - kajian yang bakal dijalankan pada masa akan datang, insya ALLAH. Sekian, wassalam. iv ABSTRAK Komponen bioaktif di dalam teh telah banyak memberi kesan positif kepada unsur biologi termasuklah memberi kesan antimutagenik, antimikrobial serta antiproliferatif. Namun kajian terhadap kesan antikanser dan antiproliferatif bagi teh hitam sisa teh hitam dan kompos belum dijalankan secara meluas. Dalam kajian ini, dua kaedah pengekstrakan digunakan iaitu kadeah air panas dan kaedah methanolik. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kaedah pengekstrakan air panas memberikan hasil ekstrak yang lebih tinggi berbanding kaedah methanolik dengan sampel kompos mencatatkan berat hasil ekstrak sebanyak 17.58g, diikuti sisa teh sebanyak 14.31g dan sampel teh hitam sebanyak 12.94g. Bagi kaedah methanolik, sampel kompos mencatatkan berat hasil ekstrak sebanyak 6.33g, teh hitam dengan hasil seberat 6.02g dan sisa teh dengan hasilan ekstrak sebanyak 4.43g. Nilai kepekatan rencatan, ICso bagi kedua-dua jenis sel kanser dikira dan didapati bahawa sampel teh hitam dengan kaedah pengekstrakan air panas memberikan nilai ICso terendah (ICso MDA­ MB231=27.89±4.97, dan ICso Hep G2=147.05±37.21mg/mL). v ABSTRACT ANTIPROLIFERA TIVE PROPERTIES OF BLACK TEA, TEA WASTE AND COMPOST EXTRACTS OF SABAH TEA ON TWO TYPES OF CANCER CELL LINES The bioactive components in tea have been proved to give some beneficial effects on the biological entities including the antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative properties. But there are limited studies involving the usages of tea waste and compost as an antiproliferative and anticancer. In this study, two type of extraction methods are used, namely hot water extraction method and methanolic extraction method. The results give that the hot water extract give the highest extraction yield as the compost gives yield of 17.58g of extract, followed by the tea waste that gives 14.31g and lastly the black tea that gives the yield of 12.94g of the extract. For the methanolic extraction, compost gives the yield weighed 6.33g, followed by black tea that gives yield of 6.02g and tea waste gives the extraction yield of 4.43g. The antiproliferative properties of the samples can be determined by calculating the inhibitory concentration, ICso and can be found that the black tea with both extraction method gives the lowest [Cso value (1Cso MDA-MB231=27.89±4.97/mL, and 1C50 Hep G2= 147. 05±37.21/mL). vi SENARAIJADUAL Jadual Muka surat Jadual 1 - Jenis dan komposisi teh 9 Jadual 2 - Komposisi daun teh segar 12 Jadual 3 - Contoh radikal bebas dan spesies yang berkaitan 15 Jadual 4 - Jumlah hasil ekstrak bagi dua jenis kaedah pengekstrakan 38 Jadual 5 - Nilai kepekatan rencatan bagi sel kanser MDA-MB231 dan 44 Hep G2 vii SENARAI RAJAH Rajah Muka surat Rajah 1 - Proses pembentukan karsinogenesis bagi pembentukan sel 20 neoplastik Rajah 2 - Perbandingan antara peratusan sel dan kepekatan terhadap 39 sel kanser payudara Rajah 3 - Perbandingan antara peratusan sel dan jenis sampel 40 terhadap sel kanser payudara Rajah 4 - Perbandingan antara peratusan sel dan kepekatan terhadap 43 sel kanser hati Rajah 5 - Perbandingan antara peratusan sel dan jenis sam pel 44 terhadap sel kanser hati viii KANDUNGAN HALAMAN PENGAKUAN ii PENGAKUAN PEMERIKSA iii PENGHARGAAN iv ABSTRAK v ABSTRACT vi SENARAIJADUAL vii SENARAI RAJAH vii SENARAIKANDUNGAN ix SENARAI UNIT x BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1 BAB 2 ULASAN KEPUSTAKAAN 6 2.1 Amalan meminum teh dalam budaya masyarakat dunia 6 2.2 Varieti, penanaman dan pemprosesan teh 8 2.3 Komposisi daun teh 11 2.4 Radikal bebas: Mekanisme dan kesan 13 2.5 Radikal bebas dan molekul biologi 17 2.6 Teh dan kanser 19 2.7 Teh hitam 25 BAB 3 BAHAN DAN KAEDAH 3.1 Sampel dan persampelan 29 3.2 Bahan dan instrumen 30 3.3 Selengara sel 31 ix 3.4. Pengekstrakan sampel 33 3.4.1 Kaedah air panas 33 3.4.2 Kaedah methanolik 34 3.5 Asai MTT 34 3.6 Analisis statistik 36 BAB 4 HASIL DAN PERBINCANGAN 4.1 Hasil ekstrak sam pel 38 4.2 Asai proliferasi ke atas dua jenis jalur sel kanser 39 4.3 Penentuan nilai kepekatan rencatan, lC50 43 4.3.1 Penentuan nilai lC50 bagi sel kanser MDA-MB231 dan Hep 44 G2 4.3.2 Nilai kepekatan rencatan dan sifat antiproliferatif sel 45 , BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN CADANGAN 5.1 Kesimpulan 47 5.2 Cadangan 48 SENARAI RUJUKAN 49 LAMPIRAN Lampiran A - Regresi linear bagi sel kanser payudara 56 Lampiran B - Regresi linear bagi sel kanser hati 60 Lampiran C - Output SPSS MDA-MB231 64 Lampiran D - Output SPSS Hep G2 70 Lampiran E - Ujian ANOVA sehala 78 Lampiran F - Senarai gambarajah 80 x SENARAI UNIT em senti meter g gram mL milliliter L liter ~L mikroliter atau 10-6 liter rpm rotation per minutes atau pusingan per minit °C darjah Celcius nm nano meter atau 10-9 meter 0/0 peratus xi BAB 1 PENGENALAN Hampir kesemua penduduk dunia mengenali minuman teh. Teh merupakan minuman kedua paling kerap diambil oleh penduduk dunia selepas air dan merupakan minuman yang dihasilkan daripada rendaman
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