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GLOBAL PLAN for INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE Management

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GLOBAL PLAN for INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE Management WHO GLOBAL MALARIA PROGRAMME GLOBAL PLAN FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT IN MALARIA VECTORS in malaria vectors ENT M ANAGE GLOBAL PLAN FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE M GLOBAL PLAN FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors (GPIRM). 1.Insecticide resistance. 2.Malaria - prevention and control. 3.Insecticides. 4.Pyrethrins - administration and dosage. 5.Insect control. I. World Health Organization. Global Malaria Programme ISBN 978 92 4 156447 2 (NLM classification: WA 240) © World Health Organization 2012 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in France Design: www.paprika-annecy.com Photo credits: Prashant Panjiar/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (p12); Pierre Guillet/WHO (p22); Prashant Panjiar/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (p48); Stephenie Hollyman/WHO (p78); Anna Kari/WHO (p88) CONTENTS Navigating the GPIRM ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Acronyms and abbreviations..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Contributors ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 PART 1 THE THREAT OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ...................................................................................................................................................23 1.1 Malaria vector control today .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 1.2 Status of insecticide resistance ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 1.3 Potential effect of resistance on the burden of malaria................................................................................................................................... 42 1.4 Available strategies for managing resistance ........................................................................................................................................................... 44 PART 2 COLLECTIVE STRATEGY AGAINST INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ............................................................................................ 49 2.1 Overall malaria community strategy ................................................................................................................................................................................ 49 2.2 Country activities ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52 2.3 Research agenda .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64 2.4 Enabling mechanisms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 2.5 Financial cost ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 PART 3 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COUNTRIES ........................................................................................................................... 79 3.1 Geographical areas with unknown levels of resistance ..................................................................................................................................... 80 3.2 Geographical areas in which indoor residual spraying is the main form of vector control .................................................. 80 3.3 Geographical areas in which LLINs are the main form of vector control ......................................................................................... 82 3.4 Geographical areas in which LLINs and IRS are already used in combination ........................................................................... 86 3.5 Choosing alternative insecticides ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 86 PART 4 NEAR-TERM ACTION PLAN ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 89 4.1 Role of each stakeholder group ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 89 4.2 Action plan ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 93 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100 Annex 1 Past use of malaria vector control tools ....................................................................................................................................................................102 Annex 2 Long-lasting insecticidal nets, indoor residual spraying and other vector control interventions ..................................107 Annex 3 History of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors .........................................................................................................................................109 Annex 4 Challenges in measuring the impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of vector control .....................110 Annex 5 Example of ‘tipping-point’ in resistant Aedes mosquitoes ...........................................................................................................................113 Annex 6 Selection pressure: role of public health, agriculture and other factors ..........................................................................................114 Annex 7 Implications of discriminating doses of insecticide on detection of resistance ..........................................................................116
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