Les Period Rooms Européennes Au Royal Ontario Museum

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Les Period Rooms Européennes Au Royal Ontario Museum Université de Montréal L’histoire de l’art mise en pièces Analyse matérielle, spatiale et temporelle de la period room comme dispositif muséal par Marie-Ève Marchand Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosohiæ Doctor (Ph. D.) en Histoire de l’art Août, 2014 © Marie-Ève Marchand, 2014 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée L’histoire de l’art mise en pièces Analyse matérielle, spatiale et temporelle de la period room comme dispositif muséal présentée par Marie-Ève Marchand a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Élise Dubuc, présidente du jury Johanne Lamoureux, directrice de recherche Didier Prioul, membre du jury Pascal Griener, examinateur externe Anne Bruneau, représentante du doyen de la FESP Résumé Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la period room présentée dans le musée d’art. À travers un examen de sa spécificité matérielle, spatiale et temporelle, nous analysons les mécanismes propres à cette stratégie de mise en exposition et nous identifions ses principales conditions de possibilité. Ce faisant, nous étudions les différents savoirs qui sont sollicités par la period room, leurs interactions ainsi que l’apport réciproque de cette stratégie de mise en exposition à la construction de ces savoirs et ce, de manière à établir les fondements d’une épistémologie de la period room. Nous montrons ainsi quelle est sa contribution particulière à l’élaboration et à la médiation de l’histoire dans l’espace muséal. Grâce à cette étude, nous posons des assises conceptuelles qui permettent de repenser le rôle de la period room pour la discipline de l’histoire de l’art, déjouant par le fait même les apories de l’historicisme et de l’authenticité en vertu desquelles la period room est le plus souvent discréditée. Nous procédons par études de cas à partir d’un corpus principalement composé de period rooms ayant pour référents des intérieurs français de la seconde moitié du 18e siècle et qui sont présentées dans des musées d’art américains (Frick Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art) et dans un musée canadien d’histoire naturelle et culturelle (Royal Ontario Museum). Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous établissons la typologie muséographique de la period room et nous envisageons les enjeux, notamment idéologiques, associés à la question de son « authenticité » à travers une analyse de son double statut de pastiche et de simulacre. Nous posons en outre l’un des fondements théoriques de notre étude en montrant que, parce qu’elle est formée de l’articulation entre pouvoirs et savoirs, la period room est un dispositif au sens où l’entendent Michel Foucault (1977) et Giorgio Agamben (2007). Dans la seconde partie, nous examinons la spécificité matérielle de la period room en démontrant comment elle est simultanément une réunion d’objets et un « tout », c’est-à- dire un objet muséographique en elle-même. Nous étudions les implications épistémologiques de cette idée pour la représentation de l’histoire proposée au moyen de la period room, tout en portant une attention particulière aux enjeux politiques qui informent cette représentation dans l’espace muséal. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous i concentrons sur les particularités spatiales et temporelles de cette stratégie de mise en exposition et nous démontrons que, en dépit de son apparente unité de lieu et de temps, la period room est composée de plusieurs espaces et concentre plusieurs temps. En puisant dans la spécificité même de ce dispositif, nous élaborons des outils théoriques et méthodologiques inédits qui contribuent à repenser la fonction de la period room pour la mise en forme et la transmission de l’histoire. En conclusion, nous présentons une dernière étude de cas qui, examinant l’intervention de Valerie Hegarty dans trois period rooms du Brooklyn Museum (2013), synthétise les principaux enjeux traités dans la thèse et défend la valeur d’actualité de la period room. Mots clefs : études muséales, period room, arts décoratifs, Amérique du Nord, histoire matérielle. ii Abstract This dissertation is a study of the period room as exhibited in the art museum. Through an examination of its material, spatial, and temporal specificity, I analyze the mechanisms proper to this exhibition strategy and identify its main conditions of possibility. I study the several knowledges at play in this exhibition strategy and their interactions, as well as the period room’s reciprocal contribution to the construction of these knowledges. In so doing, I establish the basis for an epistemology of the period room and argue for the period room’s singular contribution to the elaboration and mediation of history within the museum space. This study allows me to lay down conceptual foundations for rethinking the period room’s role for art historical practice, and thus to overcome the aporias of historicism and authenticity for which the period room is most often discredited. My dissertation is organized around case studies. Most of them are of period rooms representing French domestic interiors dating from the second half of the eighteenth century. They are exhibited in American art museums (Frick Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art) and in one Canadian museum of natural and cultural history (Royal Ontario Museum). In the first part of this dissertation, I establish the period room’s museographic typology. Through an analysis of its double status as pastiche and simulacrum, I consider the issues, especially ideological, related to the question of the period room’s “authenticity.” In addition, I elaborate one of this dissertation’s theoretical premises by demonstrating that, because it consists of the articulation of powers and knowledges, the period room is an apparatus (dispositif) as understood by Michel Foucault (1977) and Giorgio Agamben (2007). In the second part, I examine the period room’s material specificity by showing that it is simultaneously a gathering of objects and a “whole,” that is to say, a museographic object in itself. I study the epistemological implications of this idea for the representation of history that the period room offers, while paying special attention to the political stakes informing this representation in the museum space. In the third part, I concentrate on the spatial and temporal particularities of this exhibition strategy. I demonstrate that, despite its seeming unity of place and time, the period room is composed of multiple spaces and concentrates various times. By drawing on its specificity, I develop new theoretical and iii methodological tools that contribute to the renewal of the period room’s function for the shaping and transmitting of history. My conclusion centres on a final case study, Valerie Hegarty’s intervention in three Brooklyn Museum period rooms (2013), in order to synthesize the principal stakes addressed in this dissertation and defend the period room’s value today. Keywords: Museum studies, period room, decorative arts, North America, material history. iv Table des matières RÉSUMÉ .............................................................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ III TABLE DES MATIÈRES ................................................................................................................... V LISTE DES FIGURES ......................................................................................................................VIII LISTE DES DIAGRAMMES ............................................................................................................ XIX REMERCIEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... XX INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 LA PERIOD ROOM ENTRE HISTORICISME ET VALORISATION DE L’INTÉRIEUR DOMESTIQUE .......................... 3 L’historicisme ........................................................................................................................................ 4 La valorisation de l’intérieur domestique .............................................................................................. 6 DÉFINIR LA PERIOD ROOM ........................................................................................................................... 8 LA PERIOD ROOM : UNE ARCHÉO-GENÈSE .................................................................................................. 18 Les débuts de la period room au musée ............................................................................................... 18 La period room avant la period room .................................................................................................. 23 RETOUR SUR LA DÉFINITION ..................................................................................................................... 26 POUR UNE ÉTUDE DES ENJEUX MATÉRIELS ET CONCEPTUELS DE LA PERIOD ROOM .................................... 30 PARTIE I. FORME ET COMPOSITION : SPÉCIFICITÉ MUSÉOGRAPHIQUE DE LA PERIOD ROOM COMME DISPOSITIF .........................................................................................................
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