A Study on Tumor Suppressor Genes Mutations Associated with Different Pppathologicalpathological Cccolorectalcolorectal Lllesions.Lesions
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Meat, Fish and Dairy Products and the Risk of Cancer: a Summary Matrix 7 2
Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer 2018 Contents World Cancer Research Fund Network 3 Executive summary 5 1. Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer: a summary matrix 7 2. Summary of Panel judgements 9 3. Definitions and patterns 11 3.1 Red meat 11 3.2 Processed meat 12 3.3 Foods containing haem iron 13 3.4 Fish 13 3.5 Cantonese-style salted fish 13 3.6 Grilled (broiled) or barbecued (charbroiled) meat and fish 14 3.7 Dairy products 14 3.8 Diets high in calcium 15 4. Interpretation of the evidence 16 4.1 General 16 4.2 Specific 16 5. Evidence and judgements 27 5.1 Red meat 27 5.2 Processed meat 31 5.3 Foods containing haem iron 35 5.4 Fish 36 5.5 Cantonese-style salted fish 37 5.6 Grilled (broiled) or barbecued (charbroiled) meat and fish 40 5.7 Dairy products 41 5.8 Diets high in calcium 51 5.9 Other 52 6. Comparison with the 2007 Second Expert Report 52 Acknowledgements 53 Abbreviations 57 Glossary 58 References 65 Appendix 1: Criteria for grading evidence for cancer prevention 71 Appendix 2: Mechanisms 74 Our Cancer Prevention Recommendations 79 2 Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer 2018 WORLD CANCER RESEARCH FUND NETWORK Our Vision We want to live in a world where no one develops a preventable cancer. Our Mission We champion the latest and most authoritative scientific research from around the world on cancer prevention and survival through diet, weight and physical activity, so that we can help people make informed choices to reduce their cancer risk. -
Evaluation of the Frequency of Patients with Cancer Presenting to an Emergency Department
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of the frequency of patients with cancer presenting to an emergency department Cem Isikber1 Muge Gulen1 Salim Satar2 Akkan Avci1 Selen Acehan1 Gulistan Gul Isikber3 Onder Yesiloglu1 1. Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Adana, Turkey. 2. Associate Professor, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Adana, Turkey. 3. Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Adana, Turkey. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.10.1402 SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the demographic characteristics of cancer patients admitted to an emergency department and determine the relationship between the frequency of admission to the emergency department and oncological emergencies and their effect on mortality. METHODS: This observational, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study was performed in the ED of a tertiary care hospital. Patients over the age of 18 who were previously diagnosed with cancer and admitted to the emergency service for medical reasons were included in the study. We recorded baseline characteristics including age, gender, complaints, oncological diagnosis, metastasis status, cancer treatments received, the number of ED admissions, structural and metabolic oncological emergency diagnoses in the ED, discharge status, length of hospital stay, and mortality status. RESULTS: In our study, 1205 applications related to the oncological diagnosis of 261 patients were examined. 55.6% of the patients were male, and 44.4% were female. The most common metabolic oncological emergency was anemia (19.5%), and the most common structural oncological emergency was bone metastasis-fracture (4.6%.) The mean score of admission of patients to the emergency department was four times (min: 1 max: 29) during the study period. -
Understanding Your Pathology Report: Benign Breast Conditions
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Understanding Your Pathology Report: Benign Breast Conditions When your breast was biopsied, the samples taken were studied under the microscope by a specialized doctor with many years of training called a pathologist. The pathologist sends your doctor a report that gives a diagnosis for each sample taken. Information in this report will be used to help manage your care. The questions and answers that follow are meant to help you understand medical language you might find in the pathology report from a breast biopsy1, such as a needle biopsy or an excision biopsy. In a needle biopsy, a hollow needle is used to remove a sample of an abnormal area. An excision biopsy removes the entire abnormal area, often with some of the surrounding normal tissue. An excision biopsy is much like a type of breast-conserving surgery2 called a lumpectomy. What does it mean if my report uses any of the following terms: adenosis, sclerosing adenosis, apocrine metaplasia, cysts, columnar cell change, columnar cell hyperplasia, collagenous spherulosis, duct ectasia, columnar alteration with prominent apical snouts and secretions (CAPSS), papillomatosis, or fibrocystic changes? All of these are terms that describe benign (non-cancerous) changes that the pathologist might see under the microscope. They do not need to be treated. They are of no concern when found along with cancer. More information about many of these can be found in Non-Cancerous Breast Conditions3. What does it mean if my report says fat necrosis? Fat necrosis is a benign condition that is not linked to cancer risk. -
Environmental Causes of Cancer
British Toxicology Society http://www.thebts.org/ Environmental Causes of Cancer What is cancer? Cancer is the uncontrolled replication of cells. Such cells have different characteristics from regular cells, enabling them to escape the normal mechanisms controlling cell division and fate. Cancer develops when cells progressively acquire several of these characteristics. Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. During their lifetime, approximately 50% of the population will develop cancer and, globally, almost 17% will die of cancer. Cancer is spoken of as if it were a single disease, but it is a multiplicity of diseases, each with its own aetiology, risk factors and population trends. Nevertheless, amongst adverse health effects, it is amongst those diseases treated with most dread, not surprisingly given that some forms of cancer are untreatable and have a very high mortality rate. Cancer is a progressive and persistent disease and it typically takes approx. 25% of a lifespan to develop cancer in a solid tissue, such as the liver or lung. A corollary of this is that most cancers are diseases of older age, and almost 50% of cancer deaths are in the over 70s. Hence, as the population ages, the proportion dying of cancer increases. This, in part, reflects the effectiveness of improving population longevity. Given the above, there has been intense focus over the last 50 years in trying to identify the causes of cancer, in that prevention would be the most effective public health strategy. Early studies concluded that the majority of cancer was environmental in origin and some inferred that this was because of the presence of chemicals in the environment, whereas in fact it meant that most cancers were not obviously inherited, i.e. -
Case Presentation
Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2892 Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma with Skull Base and Orbital Involvement: Case Presentation Denis A. Golbin 1 , Anastasia P. Ektova 2 , Maxim O. Demin 3 , Nikolay Lasunin 4 , Vasily A. Cherekaev 1 1. Skull Base and Craniofacial Surgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, RUS 2. Pathology, Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow, RUS 3. Pediatric Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko, Moscow, RUS 4. Neuro-Oncology, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, RUS Corresponding author: Denis A. Golbin, [email protected] Abstract Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH) is a rare benign tumor of the sinonasal tract in children with possible orbit and skull base involvement. We present the 57th published observation of this kind of tumor. A 25-month-old female patient presented with recurrent mass lesion of the sinonasal tract. According to her history, she had feeding difficulties and nasal obstruction since birth. She underwent partial resection at eight months of age via transfacial approach in the local hospital. Due to progression of tumor remnants, a second surgery was performed using an endoscopic endonasal approach resulting in subtotal resection. At 12 months of follow-up, a good postoperative result was observed with no signs of tumor progression despite incomplete resection. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the biopsy specimens is presented. Comparison of specimens obtained from each of the two surgeries showed a difference in histological patterns. Endoscopic endonasal approach is the mainstay of surgical management. In case of incomplete resection, careful follow-up MRI studies should be recommended. -
BRAIN TUMORS Info Sheet
ROSWELL PARK COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER BRAIN TUMORS Info Sheet FAST FACTS WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW When cells in the brain grow and multiply out of control, they can form a tumor which may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (not cancerous). Roswell Park treats both malignant and benign tumors in the brain. Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells and tend to grow rapidly and invade healthy brain tissue. Many of these are treatable and new therapies can help patients live longer and preserve quality of life. THERE ARE Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells. They rarely invade nearby MORE THAN tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Although a benign tumor is not DIFFERENT cancerous, it still needs treatment because it can press on the brain as it 120 TYPES OF grows in the skull. BRAIN TUMORS ARE YOU AT RISK? Brain tumors are relatively rare. They can occur at any age but are most Brain tumors common in children and older adults. You may have an increased risk for occur mostly in developing a brain tumor if you have one of these factors: children younger in adults Prior radiation treatment for other medical conditions such as leukemia. than older than Certain genetic conditions in your family. About 5% of brain tumors are linked to: 15 65 Neurofibromatosis Tuberous sclerosis & Von Hippel-Lindau disease Li-Frameni syndrome SYMPTOMS TO TELL YOUR DOCTOR The chance Persistent daily headaches of developing Changes in speech, vision or hearing a malignant Problems balancing or walking brain Changes in mood, personality or ability to concentrate tumor Confusion or difficulty with memory is LESS Muscle jerking or twitching THAN (seizures or convulsions) Numbness, weakness or 1% tingling in arms or legs 1-800-ROSWELL (1-800-767-9355) | RoswellPark.org If you have a brain tumor, WHY ROSWELL PARK FOR BRAIN TUMORS? you need a second opinion. -
Inflammation and Cancer: a Comparative View
Review J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:18–31 Inflammation and Cancer: A Comparative View Wallace B. Morrison Rudolph Virchow first speculated on a relationship between inflammation and cancer more than 150 years ago. Subse- quently, chronic inflammation and associated reactive free radical overload and some types of bacterial, viral, and parasite infections that cause inflammation were recognized as important risk factors for cancer development and account for one in four of all human cancers worldwide. Even viruses that do not directly cause inflammation can cause cancer when they act in conjunction with proinflammatory cofactors or when they initiate or promote cancer via the same signaling path- ways utilized in inflammation. Whatever its origin, inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has many cancer-promot- ing effects and aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. Mediators of inflammation such as cytokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, and growth factors can induce DNA damage in tumor suppressor genes and post-translational modifications of proteins involved in essential cellular processes including apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle checkpoints that can lead to initiation and progression of cancer. Key words: Cancer; Comparative; Infection; Inflammation; Tumor. pidemiologic evidence suggests that approximately that has documented similar or identical genetic E25% of all human cancer worldwide is associated expression, inflammatory cell infiltrates, cytokine and with chronic inflammation, chronic infection, or both chemokine expression, and other biomarkers in (Tables 1 and 2).1–5 Local inflammation as an anteced- humans and many domestic mammals with morpho- ent event to cancer development has long been recog- logically equivalent cancers.65–78 The author is una- nized in cancer patients. -
Evaluation of Circulating Tumor DNA in Patients with Ovarian Cancer Harboring Somatic PIK3CA Or KRAS Mutations
pISSN 1598-2998, eISSN 2005-9256 Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(4):1219-1228 https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.688 Original Article Open Access Evaluation of Circulating Tumor DNA in Patients with Ovarian Cancer Harboring Somatic PIK3CA or KRAS Mutations Aiko Ogasawara, MD1 Purpose Taro Hihara, PhD2 Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is an attractive source for liquid biopsy to understand Daisuke Shintani, MD1 molecular phenotypes of a tumor non-invasively, which is also expected to be both a diag- nostic and prognostic marker. PIK3CA and KRAS are among the most frequently mutated Akira Yabuno, MD1 genes in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In addition, their hotspot mutations have already MD, PhD1 Yuji Ikeda, been identified and are ready for a highly sensitive analysis. Our aim is to clarify the signifi- 2 Kenji Tai, MSc cance of PIK3CA and KRAS mutations in the plasma of EOC patients as tumor-informed 1 Keiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhD ctDNA. Keisuke Watanabe, BSc2 Materials and Methods Kosei Hasegawa, MD, PhD1 We screened 306 patients with ovarian tumors for somatic PIK3CA or KRAS mutations. A total of 85 EOC patients had somatic PIK3CA and/or KRAS mutations, and the correspon- ding mutations were subsequently analyzed using a droplet digital polymerase chain reac- 1Department of Gynecologic Oncology, tion in their plasma. Saitama Medical University International Results Medical Center, Hidaka, 2Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan The detection rates for ctDNA were 27% in EOC patients. Advanced stage and positive peritoneal cytology were associated with higher frequency of ctDNA detection. Preopera- tive ctDNA detection was found to be an indicator of outcomes, and multivariate analy- sis revealed that ctDNA remained an independent risk factor for recurrence (p=0.010). -
Brain Tumors
Understanding Brain Tumors Jana, diagnosed in 1999, with her husband, Paul. SAMPLE COPYRIGHTED What Is a Brain Tumor? A brain tumor, like other tumors, is a collection of cells that multiply at a rapid rate. The tumor may cause damage by pressing on or spreading into healthy parts of the brain and interfering with function. Brain tumors can be benign or malignant. They can develop outside or inside the brain. A benign tumor is noncancerous but not necessarily harmless. Benign tumors tend to grow slowly. Symptoms may not appear for a long time. These tumors are often detected incidentally, or by accident. For example, a benign tumor may be discovered when a brain scan is performed because of a headache or after a car accident. A benign tumor usually has distinct borders and is less likely to cause damage to surrounding tissue. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Malignant tumors tend to grow aggressively and spread to surrounding tissues. Despite treatment, they may recur either in the same place or in another location. A malignant tumor, if left untreated, can ultimately lead to death. Malignant brain tumors are among the most difficult types of cancer to fight. Malignant brain tumors are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary tumor means the cancerous cells start in the brain. In a secondary—or metastatic—tumor, the cancerous cells start elsewhere in the body. They then spread through the bloodstream to the brain. This process is known as metastasis. More than 120 different types of brain tumors have been identified. What Causes Brain Tumors? When diagnosed with a brain tumor, a person might wonder, why me? Unfortunately, the current understanding of the causes and possible risk factors for brain tumors is limited. -
Cancer Cause: Biological, Chemical and Physical Carcinogens
Merit Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences (ISSN: 2354-323X) Vol. 6(9) pp. 303-306, September, 2018 Available online http://www.meritresearchjournals.org/mms/index.htm Copyright © 2018 Merit Research Journals Review Cancer Cause: Biological, Chemical and Physical Carcinogens Asst. Prof. Dr. Chateen I. Ali Pambuk* and Fatma Mustafa Muhammad Abstract College of Dentistry / University of Cancer arises from abnormal changes of cells that divide without control Tikrit and are able to spread to the rest of the body. These changes are the result of the interaction between the individual genetic factors and three *Corresponding Author Email: categories of external factors: a chemical carcinogens, radiation, hormonal [email protected]. imbalance, genetic mutations and genetic factors. Genetic deviation leads to Mobile phone No. 009647701808805 the initiation of the cancer process, while the carcinogen may be a key component in the development and progression of cancer in the future. Although the factors that make someone belong to a group with a higher risk of cancer, the majority of cancers actually occur in people who do not have known factors. The aim of this descriptive mini-review, generally, is to shed light on the main cause of cancer and vital factors in cellular system and extracellular system that may be involved with different types of tumors. Keywords: Cancer, Cancer cause, physical Carcinogens, Chemical carcinogens, biological carcinogens INTRODUCTION Carcinogen is any substance (radioactive or radiation) .Furthermore, the chemicals mostly involve as the that is directly involved in the cause of cancer. This may primary cause of cancer, from which dioxins, such as be due to the ability to damage the genome or to disrupt benzene, kibon, ethylene bipromide and asbestos, are cellular metabolism or both rendering the cell to be classified as carcinogens (IUPAC Recommendations, sensitive for cancer development. -
Risk Factors and Causes of Cancers in Adolescents
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Risk Factors and Causes of Cancers in Adolescents A risk factor is anything that increases a person's chances of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. In older adults, many cancers are linked to lifestyle-related risk factors such as smoking, being overweight, eating an unhealthy diet, not getting enough exercise, and drinking too much alcohol. Exposures to things in the environment, such as radon, air pollution, asbestos, or radiation during medical tests or procedures, also play a role in some adult cancers. These types of risk factors usually take many years to influence cancer risk, so they are not thought to play much of a role in cancers in children or teens. Cancer occurs as a result of changes (mutations) in the genes1 inside our cells. Genes, which are made of DNA, control nearly everything our cells do. Some genes affect when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die. Changes in these genes can cause cells to grow out of control, which can sometimes lead to cancer. Some people inherit gene mutations from a parent that increase their risk of certain cancers. In people who inherit such a mutation, this can sometimes lead to cancer earlier in life than would normally be expected. But most cancers are not caused by inherited gene changes. We know some of the causes of gene changes that can lead to adult cancers (such as the lifestyle-related and environmental risk factors mentioned above), but the reasons for gene changes that cause most cancers in teens are not known. -
Molecular Mechanisms of the Preventable Causes of Cancer in the United States
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Molecular mechanisms of the preventable causes of cancer in the United States Erica A. Golemis,1 Paul Scheet,2 Tim N. Beck,1,3 Ed Scolnick,4 David J. Hunter,5 Ernest Hawk,6 and Nancy Hopkins7 1Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA; 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; 3Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA; 4Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; 5Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; 6Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas 77030, USA; 7Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA Annually, there are 1.6 million new cases of cancer and cause skin cancer, only a small fraction of the public is nearly 600,000 cancer deaths in the United States alone. aware that smoking increases the incidence of cancer in The public health burden associated with these numbers more than a dozen sites or that viruses cause essentially has motivated enormous research efforts into understand- all cervical cancers, all head and neck cancers (HNCs) ing the root causes of cancer. These efforts have led to the not caused by smoking, and most liver cancers not caused recognition that between 40% and 45% of cancers are as- by obesity or hepatotoxins (such as chronic alcohol use).