CLASSIC DOCTORS ISSUE 89 • JULY 2016 WWW.BIGFINISH.COM • NEW AUDIO ADVENTURES NEW MONSTERS!

DOCTOR WHO THE RETURN OF MEL!

FRIENDS REUNITED

COUNTER-MEASURES IN GLORIOUS TECHNICOLOUR!

INTO THE 70s

THE AVENGERS APPROACHING THE END!

LOST EPISODES

WELCOME TO BIG FINISH! We love stories and we make great full-cast audio dramas and audiobooks you can buy on CD and/or download

Big Finish… Subscribers get more We love stories! at bigfinish.com!

Our audio productions are based on much- If you subscribe, depending on the range you loved TV series like , , subscribe to, you get free audiobooks, PDFs Dark Shadows, Blake’s 7, The Avengers and of scripts, extra behind-the-scenes material, a Survivors as well as classic characters such as bonus release, downloadable audio readings of Sherlock Holmes, The Phantom of the Opera new short stories and discounts. and Dorian Gray, plus original creations such as Graceless, Charlotte Pollard and The You can access a video guide to the site at Adventures of . www.bigfinish.com/news/v/website-guide-1

WWW.BIGFINISH.COM @ BIGFINISH THEBIGFINISH

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 3 VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 4 EDITORIAL SNEAK PREVIEW THE CHIMES OF MIDNIGHT

OR YEARS, Doctor Who fans have come up with their own ideas for stories – heck, F it‘s what Big Finish was founded on. One of the most common thoughts we often have is mixing and matching Doctors and monsters. Okay, we‘ve not had the facing the Tetraps in the Chronicles, but you get the idea. And now, this month, we‘ve got it happening, as old and new Doctor Who collide. Classic Doctors, New Monsters is something I‘ve been itching to hear for over a year now. INYL is a bit like Doctor Who. It‘s made a comeback In June last year, whilst on a work placement at recently, having been considered obsolete for many the Daily Mirror in (yes, I was effectively V years, and is now something that‘s in demand. The on work experience, despite having been pair will combine for the special edition release of two working for 20 years!), I was able to pop into classics from the Big Finish early years, in The Chimes of the Big Finish office for the first . Whilst Midnight (out October) and Spare Parts (out April 2017). there, after recording a couple of podcasts with Executive producer says: “We just Nick Briggs and Joe Smith, I asked if there was thought it would be a great idea to celebrate these two anything exciting coming up. great stories.” The pair of them grinned and Joe opened a file But it‘s not just a straight re-release, as there‘s a host on his computer – and up popped two covers, of extras being added to each package, which are being the first for Doom Coalition 2, and then Classic produced by Martin Montague. Back in the early Noughties, Doctors, New Monsters. Let‘s just say I was a Big Finish plays didn’t include the CD extras we‘re little surprised! accustomed to today. Martin reveals: “We’ve gone purely It‘s a set that promises so much – how will the for a production angle on this, so there’s none of the cast Weeping Angels work on audio? ‘s interviewed. This is down to logistics, the availability of moral Doctor encountering a … Sylvester talent, etc. McCoy‘s pronunciation of the Sycorax… An Eighth “It’s been great fun – rather like revisiting old friends. Doctor story set during the … Just four Chimes of Midnight is a particular favourite of mine thoughts that have crossed my head, ahead of anyway and one which I listen to when decorating the tree, this new batch of stories. most Christmases. You kind of forget it wasn’t actually a I‘m excited to hear them – and just wait until Christmas release – it came out in February! you hear who‘s in season two… “And Rob Shearman is someone I’ve known for a long time – we first met when I was a BBC reporter in Yorkshire KENNY and he was working with Alan Ayckbourne in Scarborough in the early 1990s. I met him again through Doctor Who connections about 10 years later and it took us both a while to work out where we’d met before!” ISSUE 89 • JULY 2016 Amongst the interviewees are Gary Russell (producer on The Chimes of Midnight and Spare Parts, the latter of which Managing Editor: Jason Haigh-Ellery Marketing Consultant: Kris Griffin he also directed), Nick Briggs (current executive producer at Editor: Kenny Smith Web Services: Hughes Media Big Finish and voice of the Cybermen on Spare Parts), Jason Haigh-Ellery (producer of both stories), Robert Shearman Executive Producer: Nicholas Briggs BFP Administration: Miles Haigh-Ellery, Cheryl Bly (writer of The Chimes of Midnight), Line Producer: David Richardson & Alison Taylor (director of The Chimes of Midnight), Andy Hardwick (sound designer on The Chimes of Midnight) Russell Stone (music Design: Mark Plastow Publisher: Ltd. on both stories), with another to be confirmed.

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 5 MODERN

CLASSICSIt‘s time for the old and the new collide in four exciting new …

HEN WE got the licence to do Sylvester McCoy meets the Sycorax, the definitive Doctor Who monsters. “ post-2005 Doctor Who,” and Paul McGann takes on the The Judoon and Sycorax are both W says producer David . brilliantly rich creatures – Russell Richardson, “we had a long think David continues: “Of course, when T Davies invested so much detail about inventive stuff we could do you look closely, there are quite a into them that there’s plenty to play with new series characters. A mash few new series monsters you can’t with. And I like the idea of having up of new series monsters with the do with the original Doctors for an established old series monster classic Doctors just seemed continuity reasons. But fortunately that had been revamped – hence the irresistible to me.” we were clear for Weeping Angels, Sontarans, here played of course by And this month, the result is the Judoon, the Sycorax and the and Christopher Ryan.” revealed – Classic Doctors, New new Sontarans. And we’ve got some The four plays have been directed Monsters, volume one. We‘ve got much-loved creatures for volume by Barnaby Edwards – who is a new ‘s Doctor encountering two as well. series monster himself, as a the Weeping Angels, Colin Baker “I was very keen to have the operator – and David is delighted by faces off against the Judoon, Weeping Angels. They are now one of how the box set has come together.

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 6 DOCTOR WHO: CLASSIC DOCTORS • NEW MONSTERS

back and watch them in Blink, they‘re just so brilliant as a visual monster, so it was a challenge to do on audio. “People have seen them in episodes other than Blink, though, and we know there‘s a lot more to them now, so that gave me more to work with. “When Big Finish does a monster like, say, the , they have a very distinctive voice, and people also have the image of a Dalek very clearly in their minds. You don‘t need to put in bits of dialogue about the way they look. “People know what the Angels are like, and because of that, there‘s ways to make them work on audio, without you having to put in dialogue that‘s Left to right: Rebecca Callard, Giles Watling, too clunky with exposition. Sylvester McCoy, Jonathan Firth and Nisha Nayar “There‘s lots of ways to make all kinds of threats work on audio.” Guest star Dan Starkey adds: “I really enjoyed my old mate Phil Mulryne‘s script. For such a ‘visual’ monster from the new series, I think that they were really intelligently deployed in the audio script, and I‘m really looking forward to hearing how their menace is conveyed with full sound design!”

HE encounters the space rhinos for hire in T Judoon in Chains, by Simon Barnard and Paul Morris. The pair were delighted to be given ‘ creations to work with. They tell Vortex: “It‘s always a thrill to be handed a well-loved – or Above: Christopher Ryan and Sean Connolly indeed hated – character from Doctor Who to play with, and the Judoon are no exception. Hand in hand with He adds: “It was a special incredibly exciting when they said, that is the fact that we were being atmosphere, and that was ‘Do you want to do one with the allowed to take the shiny new Judoon complemented by some glorious Weeping Angels?’ figure and play with it in the classic casting by director Barnaby Edwards. “Of all the modern series monsters Who sandpit! I think it‘s fair to say we So it felt special in every way.” that have been created, it feels to were excited at the possibilities. me that the Weeping Angels are the “To capture the Judoon voice, HE BOX set kicks off with one that have gone up there with the and their general attitude, we went Fallen Angels by Phil classic monsters, like the Daleks and back to the start – Smith and Jones. T Mulryne, with Peter Davison. the Cybermen. To play around with However, our hero Judoon, Kybo, Phil says: “It was a bit of a them and to put them in a story was is a rather unusual example of his head-scratcher at first, but it was a privilege and exciting. When you go species. Without wishing to give too

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 7 DOCTOR WHO: CLASSIC DOCTORS • NEW MONSTERS

DOCTOR WHO CLASSIC DOCTORS NEW MONSTERS

OUT JUNE! CD/DOWNLOAD

Written By: Phil Mulryne, Left to right: Matthew Kelly, Sacha Dhawan, Joe Jameson, Simon Barnard and Paul Morris, Dan Starkey, Diane Morgan and Peter Davison James Goss, Andrew Smith Directed By: Barnaby Edwards

much away, our research for the is always joshing and taking the CAST character who comes to be known mickey out of me!” Peter Davison () Sacha Dhawan (Joel Finch), as ‘The Rhinocerous Man’ consisted Simon and Paul add: “Mixing Diane Morgan (Gabby Finch), of watching a similarly-titled classic old and new Doctor Who has its Matthew Kelly (Michelangelo), film from 1980. Oh, and asking Nick challenges. The aspect that took us Joe Jameson (Piero), Dan Briggs just how talkative it was longest was getting the pace of a Starkey (Priest), Colin Baker physically possible for a Judoon to new series episode, which took a (The Doctor), Nicholas Briggs (Captain Kybo), Kiruna Stamell be. Luckily he was happy to let us couple of drafts to get a handle on (Eliza Jenkins), Trevor Cooper push that aspect quite a way…” – not helped by the tricky structure (Jonathan Jaggers Esq), Tony Nick interjects: “It’s much worse we‘d adopted for the story. But Millan (Justice Burrows/Jonty), on the throat than Daleks, actually. watching the story get tighter and Sabina Franklyn (Herculania), Yes, it’s a really silly voice to have more focussed with every draft is a (Business Owner), Sylvester McCoy (The Doctor), chosen. I once completely lost my reward in itself.” Nisha Nayar (Zanzibar), Jonathan voice doing it for Judgement of the Firth (Cadwallader), Rebecca Judoon, a Judoon audiobook I did HE TENTH Doctor‘s first Callard (Shadrak), Giles Watling for AudioGo. On the second day, I enemies come to Big Finish (The Sycorax Chief), Paul had virtually no voice at all, so it T for Harvest of the Sycorax, McGann (The Doctor), Josette had to be remounted a couple of by James Goss. James‘ brief for the Simon (Sarana Teel), Dan Starkey (Jask), Christopher Ryan (General weeks later. I was very embarrassed, story was an ever-changing process Stenk/Flitch), Sean Connolly (Tag but I’d been recording having just between his first commission and Menkin/Ensign Stipe) recovered from a cold and throat the finished play. He grins: “Ooh! It infection I’d caught of Daphne was fun watching the brief evolve – Ashbrook. I never let her forget it! it was originally practically a better pronounce their name?” “It‘s always great fun doing the Doctor-free adventure (like those Unlike the Judoon and the Judoons. Not least because other early Doctor Who Weekly strips) Weeping Angels, the Sycorax have members of the cast always find featuring plucky humans versus a only had one TV adventure in them amusing. Colin Baker said, terrifying outer-space menace, then which they play a prominent role, ‘Wait a minute, are you just doing it became ‘you can have a bit of the as well as making some comic strip that yourself without any electronic in it,’ until finally it appearances. Did James go back trickery?’ I was proud to reply, was, ‘Unleash Sylvester McCoy on and rewatch The Christmas Invasion, ‘Yes.’ Nice to get a feeling of pride the Sycorax’. Which was enormously and re-read the Sycorax‘s printed like that, especially since Colin exciting – what other Doctor could adventures?

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 8 DOCTOR WHO: CLASSIC DOCTORS • NEW MONSTERS

“Both. The problem with Andrew says: “Originally, they Doctor and they come across rewatching The Christmas were going to be partly narrated, the .” Invasion is getting distracted but fairly soon afterwards, it was Andrew picked up on a major by Jackie Tyler. It‘s such a decided to make it full cast and difference between classic series great story and they‘re such fully dramatised. I think I had Sontarans and their 21st century a formidably horrid monster, delivered the final version of the selves. He explained: “The thing but they get upstaged by, ‘I‘m storyline, and was just about to that has struck me about the new gonna get killed by a Christmas start on the first draft of the script, series Sontarans is their leaders. Tree.’ Every time. They were the when I was told we could go ahead They‘re very Colonel Blimp-like, first grim original villains of the and put the Time War in it. very much a caricature – an alien new series. The were “What we now have is a battle based on an old British officer sinister and charming – the across time that intrudes in the real stereotype. With that in my head, I used it as my template. “I went back and watched The Sontaran Strategem and The Poison Sky, just to get their voices in my “MIXING OLD AND NEW head – and we‘ve got in the rallying cry of ‘Sontar - ha!’ DOCTOR WHO HAS ITS “We‘ve got Dan Starkey and Christopher Ryan back together CHALLENGES…” again, with Dan playing the Sontaran who has been disgraced. Dan is Sycorax were just totally alien magnificent as always, and Chris, and almost unredeemably alien. who is playing the general, is just There was the language barrier, fantastic. He had a big smile on his their lack of empathy, their face the whole time – he‘s one of the utterly bullying nature.” loveliest people you‘ll ever meet.” Was there a bit of a thrill, in Dan adds: “Andrew Smith‘s script bringing old and new Doctor is a great addition to the Sontaran Who elements together? “There canon. As well as a pacy plot that was a real joy in immersing the cracks along, it‘s full of really Seventh Doctor in that lovely new nice details which deepen what series world of humans with real we know about Sontaran culture relationships and plausibly ludicrous and legal processes. It‘s lovely to names. It‘s a civilisation with tablets see a bit of world-building going and apps and people called Zanzibar into it, and of course Andrew has Hashtag. He has no truck with it all, Above: Josette Simon form here, having written The First and promptly gets on with wiping out Sontarans a few years ago. Trust the bits of it he doesn‘t approve of. me, I was taking notes. “It was terribly tempting to time of this planet where it has a “The ‘power play’ elements have the Seventh Doctor speak devastating effect. between the two chief Sontarans Sycoraxic, but I ducked it in the end. “The population of the planet was great fun to explore as well.” Sylvester‘s such a lovely man that it aren‘t aware of what‘s happening seemed mean to inflict it on him!” but the Doctor is, and we deal with ITH SERIES one all set for the ramifications of that battle. We release, what can David HE SONTARAN Ordeal by also have a Sontaran who has been W tease about the next? Andrew Smith rounds off dishonoured – he wants justice and He grins: “I’ve got two complete T the first box set, and his honour back. scripts for series two, and I’m brings former Blake‘s 7 star “It‘s got a ‘feel’ to it, a gritty, awaiting two. Here’s a Josette Simon into the Big Finish grainy feel, with this world thing – two of the scripts feature fold for the first time, with Dan that they are in. We‘ve also got the same monster, with a story that Starkey playing Sontaran Jask, Josette Simon as Sarana Teel, connects with two different eras of while his old TV boss Christopher who is a Paladin – a people‘s Doctor Who. It’s going to be grand.” Ryan plays General Stenk. champion - who meets the

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 9 MEL AND BACK! The Doctor and are reunited with their old friend Mel in the new Doctor Who monthly range triology…

S DOCTOR Who companions that the pair didn‘t get the chance to They were only ever together on go, Melanie Bush and Ace spend more time together. TV in Dragonfire, but I thought they A are like chalk and cheese. It‘s been 29 years (for us) since the were a companion combination One is middle class, the other comes Doctor, Ace and Mel parted company, with a huge amount of untapped from a council estate. One speaks but this month the trio reunite in the potential – earnest, perky Mel politely, the other uses slang. Mel Doctor Who monthly range. makes for a fantastic contrast with and Ace are diametric opposites, but Script editor Alan Barnes says: untamed, sarky Ace. when they come together in “I‘ve loved teaming the Seventh “With the conclusion of the Hex Dragonfire, they work. It is a shame Doctor up with both Mel and Ace. saga, it seemed an opportune

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 10 DOCTOR WHO: MONTHLY RANGE

not always doing the right thing. “At heart, she‘s still a good egg, but she‘s definitely more worldly-wise.”

INCE BONNIE first returned to play Mel for Big Finish in S 2000‘s The Fires of Vulcan, she‘s been delighted with the way the character is being given real depth. And in the new trilogy, she particularly enjoys the reunion with her old co-stars. She reveals: “Working with Sylvester and Sophie is such good fun – it‘s always a really friendly, warm atmosphere. We‘re all doing the same job and it‘s great fun, keeping ourselves going – we‘ve all Left to right: , Sylvester McCoy been there, done it, and worn the and Bonnie Langford t-shirt, which means we can just get on and enjoy ourselves. When you‘re working with nice people, “IT LOOKS LIKE MEL and we‘ve all come from the same place, it‘s just joyous. “When we recorded these, HAS MAYBE TURNED Sylvester had just done The Real Marigold Hotel, and I loved A BIT BAD...” watching it. The vision of him trying Bonnie Langford to get on a bunk bed head first was just fantastic and it made me laugh! “I think, when I was in the show Ace, who likes going around and before, I was in a very different throwing explosives, but now Mel headspace and time changes that as is more of a go-getter than she well. Things change and you don‘t was – and more argumentative! mind doing things that way that “She‘s still completely loyal maybe in the past you weren‘t so to the Doctor and Ace, but she‘s sure of.” worried about Ace‘s welfare and there‘s quite a few lovely moments LAN BARNES says: “This between her and the Doctor. new trilogy kicks off with “We‘ve got the team with the A Matt Fitton‘s A Life of Crime, Above: Ginny Holder three of us, with a lot of diversity in which an on-the-run Mel pitches in their experiences and different up on the paradise planet Ricosta moment to look in on Mel, and find strengths Mel gets more to do with – a sort of space Costa del Crime for out what she‘s been up to since computers and programming now, lowlifes seeking to retire with the leaving the TARDIS. Quite a lot, as it while you have Ace doing things proceeds of their illegal activities. turns out!” like being a freedom fighter. But when she runs into the Doctor Returning to play Mel once “There‘s an interesting side to it and Ace, will they even recognise again is Bonnie Langford. Winner all, where, from the outside, it looks her as the Mel they once knew…?” of the Best Newcomer at the like Mel has maybe turned a bit bad Matt continues: “It‘s nice to come British Soap Awards Bonnie says: and her morals and ethics are more back to the monthly range and I was “Mel‘s like a big sister to Ace, like Sabalom Glitz‘s, so it looks like very pleased when Alan asked me in some respects. You‘ve got he‘s been a big influence on her by to write such a pivotal story in the

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 11 DOCTOR WHO: MONTHLY RANGE

given her a different perspective on life. “The Doctor and Ace are not sure she‘s the same Mel, and Mel isn‘t sure if they are the same people she used to know. “And, of course, there‘s also the question of who that lady is on the cover, the one wearing the Doctor‘s hat…”

T‘S A trip to Spain in the August release, with Fiesta I of the Damned, but it‘s no summer holiday for the TARDIS travellers when they arrive amid the horrors of the Spanish Civil War. What kind of brief was writer Guy Adams given? “Just to pitch Left to right: Stephen Hagan, John Banks, something for the Doctor, Ace and Ginny Holder and Harry Myers Mel. I ran through a few ideas and we settled on this. “The characters have always “WHO IS THAT been dear to me, I was 11 and taking both myself and Doctor Who LADY ON THE terribly seriously when Sylvester sat up on that BBC studio floor COVER, THE ONE and started sticking his nose into strange matter. So I was a junior WEARING THE apprentice back then, soaking their voices up like a sponge. “I’ve been lucky enough to write DOCTOR‘S HAT?” for Sylvester and Sophie a few Alan Barnes times now but this was my first time with Bonnie so, really, I just wanted DOCTOR WHO to please her. That’s the main next stage of the Seventh Doctor A LIFE OF CRIME thing any scriptwriter wants to do, and Ace‘s journey. please his actors and the listeners “Having been part of the whole OUT JUNE! to come.” Hex arc, it‘s good to pick up on CD/DOWNLOAD what was happening in You Are The OUNDING OFF the trio of Doctor and Other Stories, and who Written By: Matt Fitton tales is Maker of Demons, the TARDIS was really trying to find. Directed By: R the first four-part story for “We don‘t specifically say how Matthew J Elliot. long Mel has been away with Glitz CAST The TARDIS lands on the planet Sylvester McCoy (The Doctor), after the events of Dragonfire, Prosper, which the Doctor and Mel Bonnie Langford (Mel), Sophie but we pick up on how that visited previously. Aldred (Ace), Ginny Holder experience might have changed Matthew says: “I was told simply (Gloria/Secretary), Des McAleer her, having left the TARDIS as a very (Lefty Lonnigan), Stephen to come up with a four-parter for upright, slightly naive but morally Hagan (Nathan Later), Harry the Doctor, Ace and Mel, set some correct girl from Pease Pottage. Myers (Atomon/Sperovore time after Dead to the World, my It‘s a change to look at how her Banker/Steward), John Banks contribution to You Are the Doctor experiences with an intergalactic (Mayor/Sperovore Auditor/ and Other Stories. That said, the plot conman have changed her and Sperovore Financer) went through quite a few changes

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 12 DOCTOR WHO: MONTHLY RANGE

Left to right: Sylvester McCoy, Sophie Aldred and Bonnie Langford Above: Harry Myers

very own conspiracy theorist, who “THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS INSTEAD OF has his own notions about what‘s really happening on the planet Prosper, and who‘s responsible for HEADING DOWN TO THE VIC, YOU JUST it. The realisation of that character turned out to be more fun than I Bonnie Langford GO TO ANOTHER PLANET!” could ever have imagined.”

ONNIE, WHO fitted in the recording sessions around B her role in EastEnders as Carmel Kazemi, adds: “What I particularly love is the fact that it‘s audio drama – the listener can use their own imagination, which makes the storylines much more powerful – when we did it on TV, there was a reduced budget but here, the only limit is how far you can push your mind. “I just love coming into the studio – they‘re such lovely before it eventually became Maker by the sort of people who concoct people, it‘s great to work there of Demons.” insanely elaborate explanations and they always get in such good Without wanting to give too of shadowy organisations being guest artists as well – it keeps much away, Matthew – writer responsible for the constantly your brain working! of Lost in Time and Space: An chaotic nature of existence. “It‘s quite different to Albert Unofficial Guide to the Uncharted “Watching the YouTube videos Square, but in other ways, it‘s still Journeys of Doctor Who – explains: of the likes of Alex Jones and Dr‘ about people. The only difference “One of my personal hobbies is William Mount is, for me, a little like is instead of heading down to the conspiracy theorists. Not theories, slowing down for a traffic accident. Vic, you just go to another planet!” theorists. I‘m kind of fascinated So, naturally, this story features its

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 13 Kenny Smith tunes in to more… SOUNDS OF THE SIXTIES

LL GOOD things must come of the Big Finish gang. Every time Episodes – these are far funnier. to an end, and sadly, that‘s we come back to make an episode, “The other thing I‘ve noticed is A the case with The Avengers it’s like a bunch of pals getting back there‘s been a change in Steed, – the Lost Episodes. together and catching up. as he‘s now quite far from the This box set of three plays is “And now we only have a handful outrageously sexist character we the penultimate release in this left to make – none of us can believe meet in the earlier stories.” series, and it‘s something that it’s all gone so quickly, and that the production team are very soon it’ll all be over. But all three ICKING OFF the set is an aware of, as their studio days with are wonderful actors who I will cast adaptation of The Anthony Howell as Dr David Keel, again in other things.” K Frighteners, originally Julian Wadham as , It‘s a return to a more earnest era written by Berkeley Mather. The and Lucy Briggs-Owen as Carol of The Avengers for Julian, fresh from story – one of only two first season Wilson, are numbered. the success of The Avengers – The Avengers stories to exist in its Producer David Richardson says: Comic Strip Adaptations, alongside entirety – has been adapted by “Actually, I’m starting to sense a Olivia Poulet as . Rae Leaver. bit of sadness as we make these Speaking of the comic tales, Julian She says: “It‘s a corker of a story final episodes of The Avengers. feels: “There‘s a big change in the with some genuinely bits, The whole project has been such emphasis from the original series which was good to get my teeth a happy experience, and Julian, – these are far lighter. Yes, that‘s into. I really like the story of this Anthony and Lucy have become part the big difference from the Lost one, the blackmail angle, and the

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 14 THE AVENGERS: THE LOST EPISODES

Left to right: Julian Wadham and Anthony Howell

of the time. I hope everybody else “I THINK THE CAST HAD A LOT OF FUN, ESPECIALLY WITH enjoys it as much as we did!”

ECOND IN this set is Death Rae Leaver THE ‘LONDON GANGSTER’ DIALOGUE.” on the Slipway, by Ian T Potter from a storyline by levels of bluffing going on by all James Mitchell. the involved parties. There‘s a lot Ian reveals: “Death on the Slipway to play with. It was certainly a lot is quite an interesting story in that more straightforward than The Girl we have only a tiny synopsis but on the Trapeze too, as far as turning lots of other clues. it into a story that works well on “We have all the John Cura tele- audio. And I got to play with Steed snaps which I found were a useful finally, after being very jealous spine in developing a full story of all the fun other people were – working out what the locations having with him!” were, who was where when What did Rae learn from adapting (occasionally tricky) and giving me Girl on the Trapeze, that she brought specific emotional beats to hit. I to The Frighteners? actually wrote the script with the “I learned the first thing to do is tele-snaps embedded in so I knew Above: Anthony Howell to identify what the trouble points exactly where I was up to with them are in the adaptation, what won‘t in every scene. work on audio, what‘s too visual, She also had the chance to attend “I was quite keen to make the and spend your time mulling the play being brought to life. story reflect the kind of work the over them… but don‘t put off the Rae adds: “I was lucky enough author James Mitchell was doing nitty-gritty of adapting whilst you to be able to attend the recording around that time. ponder! Most of the time, you‘ll for this one, and it was an absolute “So in preparation I watched be out at the supermarket and delight. I think the cast had a lot his other Avengers episodes (or suddenly how to fix the problem of fun, especially with the ‘London listened in the case of Kill the King), will hit you, it won‘t come to you Gangster’ dialogue and vocabulary. a surviving Armchair Theatre by just because you‘re sat very still It‘s all very of its era, a wonderful him, binged on his series Callan and contemplating it.” example of the tone of dialogue When the Boat Comes In, and read

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 15 THE AVENGERS: THE LOST EPISODES

one of his novels A Way Back which are never even mentioned in the fits together. That gives you a bit of seems to share a tiny bit of DNA synopsis? The TV Times cast listing a stronger starting point. with Death on the Slipway. gives us some clues, and suggests “The process was largely a case of “This gave me, I hope, a bit of they may well have appeared looking at the picture and figuring a feel for his sensibilities, a few earlier and dodged Mr Cura‘s out what was happening in them, names for characters like the non- camera, but it was up to me to give compared with the synopsis and speaking agent we meet in the first them roles.” using that, I was able to pull together scenes and an absolute certainty the nucleus of the storyline. You just he‘d have put the shipyard in his ONCLUDING THE latest want it to feel plausible. story in the North East of .” batch of sounds from the “You still don’t have everything, Ian found there was a particular C Sixties is Tunnel of Fear, though, but there’s enough there to issue which he had to deal with, as adapted from Terrence Feeley‘s edge you towards knowing where it’s there were no clues in the existing storyline by John Dorney, who is all going, especially with the photos. story notes or in the tele-snaps. also the Big Finish series script “It’s an interesting process He reveals: “The biggest problems editor. John says: “It was a rather because of the detective work that’s

THE AVENGERS: THE LOST EPISODES “BY WORKING WITH THE VOLUME SIX TELE-SNAPS AND THE Tunnel of Fear by John Dorney, DETAILED SYNOPSIS, from a storyline by Terrence Feeley

Directed By: Ken Bentley YOU CAN WORK OUT

CAST FAIRLY WELL HOW THE Anthony Howell (Dr Keel), Julian Wadham (John Steed), Lucy PLOT ALL FITS TOGETHER.” Briggs-Owen (Carol Wilson), Hugh Ross (Sir Thomas Weller), John Dorney Eve Webster (Marilyn Weller), Michael Lumsden (The Deason), Laurence Spellman (Moxon), Chris needed and I’d liken it to a puzzle. Pavlo (Nature Boy), Ferdy Roberts You just need to put all the parts OUT JULY! (Kolchek), Jon Culshaw (Sir William together. Writing anything is like the CD/DOWNLOAD Bonner), Niky Wardley (Liz Wells), world’s hardest puzzle – especially Barnaby Edwards (Sam Pearson), when you’re pulling everything The Frighteners by Berkeley Dan Starkey (One-Ten), Pete Collis together to make it work.” Mather, adapted by Rae Leaver (Harry Black), Charlotte Strevens (Mrs Black), Amy Embank (Claire), Like his producer, John is not Death on the Slipway by Ian Potter, Tony Turner (Wickram), Charles looking forward to the end of this from a storyline by James Mitchell Davies (Maxie Lardner) Avengers series. He adds: “I’m sad because we’ll not be back with the three members of the regular cast again. I actually had a moment of I faced were questions that might different experience from my panic because in set seven, we’ve have been solved with a line of previous stories where I wasn’t a solo Keel story and a solo Steed dialogue that no visuals would working from a script. I had the story and I wasn’t sure if Carol help with. What motivates the tele-snaps to work with, while there appeared in the other. I checked – secondary villain? Why doesn‘t the was a rather more detailed and fortunately she does. It would main villain just run off when his storyline available. For Diamond Cut have been awful if we’d done the initial plan goes wrong? And, most Diamond, I had virtually nothing. last story with the three of them taxingly for me – who on Earth are “By working with the tele-snaps and not realised it. It’s been a real the characters who turn up towards and the detailed synopsis, you can privilege to be involved with The the end of the tele-snaps who work out fairly well how the plot all Avengers.”

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 16 LISTENAGAIN SHADOWS OF THE PAST

for new scripts we could record with her. Everyone had so much respect and affection for her.” Shadow of the Past was written by Simon Guerrier, who was delighted to write for Liz. He recalls: “Yes, great fun. Though I realised with horror as I watched Spearhead from Space that’s she’s got degrees in physics and medicine, and is a proper, professional scientist. If I was going to get in her head to tell the story, I’d need back- up. So I asked a proper scientist and he did the hard bits.” The alien menace in the tale comes in the form of the Mim, making their “If I was going to get in her head to first appearance in the Doctor Who universe, after Simon created them tell the story, I’d need back-up. So I for the Bernice Summerfield range. Mostly made up of nervous tissue, asked a proper scientist and he did the Mim are purple sponges with the hard bits.” Simon Guerrier tentacles, and possessed the ability to take on the form of Time Lords and humans like. HERE’S NO denying that studios to record more adventures Simon explains: “I invented the Caroline John’s portral of Liz as Liz. Mim to be a cheap audio baddie, T Shaw was one of the most Liz features in this month’s Short and then never quite used them beloved in the Companion Trip, The Blame Game, read by Rufus in a CD. They were a natural fit for Chronicles range. Caroline was a Hound, and Caroline John was a real the story.” latecomer to the worlds of Doctor favourite with the production team. Capturing Liz’s unique character Who beyond the confines of the Producer David Richardson says: was something of a challenge for television screen, waiting until 1992 “My over-riding memory of Shadow Simon. He adds: “The main thing to make her convention debut, as she of the Past is that it was the first time was that David didn’t think I’d quite believed that Liz was neither loved I got to work with Caroline John, captured Liz, so I did a rewrite with nor important. How wrong she was. who just stepped back into the role Inferno on in the background. I think When Big Finish launched the of Liz Shaw so effortlessly. I’d made Liz a little too serious, like Companion Chronicles range in “Liz is one of my favourite she was peering over her spectacles 2007, Liz was the companion who companions – my earliest Doctor at us the whole time.” was chosen for the initial Third Who memory is Spearhead from Although the Mim were defeated, Doctor release, The Blue Tooth. Until Space – and Caroline was one of my they did return to the range, where her sad passing in 2012, Caroline favourite people to work with at Big they faced the , in The regularly returned to the Big Finish Finish. I was always on the lookout Library of Alexandria.

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 17 Kenny Smith discovers that Sir Toby Kinsella‘s team are alive and kicking in the seventies…

HEY‘RE BACK – and it‘s release, Who Killed Toby Kinsella? and we knew where it would go about time! At the end of Counter-Measures had been a in series five. So it was all about T the last season of Counter- huge hit with Big Finish fans, story – which is, of course, how it Measures, our regular characters, so what led to the decision to should be. Dr Rachel Jensen, Group Captain revamp the established format? “We’ve moved on to the next Ian Gilmore and Dr Alison Williams, Producer David Richardson decade. Rachel, Allison and appeared to be dead. says: “Actually it wasn’t planned Gilmore are dead, and Toby And now, here they are, as a revamp… the shift came Kinsella is killed. That’s the apparently alive and well in a organically out of the storyline beginning of The New Counter- new series, The New Counter- we had planned. We’d known the Measures, which stars all of the old Measures, in a special two-story end of series four for a long time, team. Confused?”

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 18 THE NEW COUNTER-MEASURES

The first story in this set, Who series four the way we did, and imagined Counter-Measures as if it Killed Toby Kinsella? was written by we knew they were all still alive. was being shot in black and white John Dorney, while story two, The But we hadn‘t made any decisions so created the world around that – Dead Don‘t Rise, has been written by about what The New Counter- and everyone got what we meant. Ken Bentley. John says: “We always Measures might be.” This time, it’s now more like an ITC knew what the plan was after the Actor Hugh Ross is back as Sir action drama. end of the last series and that it was Toby, and adds: “At the end of the “This special is a bit of a mix, going to end on a cliffhanger. last series, we were told what was between the style of the Counter- “We got as far as the season going to happen next – we would all Measures we’ve had so far in the planning document, but with all of hopefully rise from the dead.” 60s and what’s to come in The New Counter-Measures.” Ken continues: “I don‘t think it was a challenge to reboot the series so much as an enjoyable exercise in developing the existing story world and deciding how it should and could change. There were certain things we wanted to leave behind. Aspects of the world of Counter- Measures that were in some ways restrictive. The period itself was one thing. “We wanted to jump ahead into the 1970s when genre television became technicolor with a much more international and exotic flavour. We were also keen to cut their ties to the British Government and to the military. They could investigate so much more without the baggage of an army to lug Above: Simon Williams Above: Pamela Salem about! And I was keen to have them out on a limb, on their own, and for once see them on the receiving end of military intervention! “THIS TIME, IT’S NOW MORE LIKE AN “Counter-Measures was well- known for being set in the 1960s, and David was keen to make it clear John Dorney ITC ACTION DRAMA.” that New Counter-Measures was set in the 1970s, so the historical the new series Doctor Who releases HERE‘S A change in tone on context became a key factor. coming along, the schedules got a the way with The New Conveniently the world was in bit frenetic. The plan was to bring T Counter-Measures, with social and political turmoil at the out this special release ahead of the this release acting as a bridge time, so I used that as the backbone next Counter-Measures series, with before the first box set of this new of the idea. Ken coming up with the storyline series is released in December. “I knew I wanted the story to be for the special and I got one of the John explains: “If you look at about Sir Toby. He‘s such a shady discs to write.” The New Avengers, it’s kind of figure, I wanted to hint at his past Ken also directed this set, and the opposite of what we’ve done and explain how he became the says: “We finished series four of with Counter-Measures. The New man we know and distrust! So really Counter-Measures long before we Avengers is a bit more gritty than it was a case of connecting factual started planning what to do next. the 60s series, and I think we’ve political events with our fictional We decided we wanted to reboot perhaps gone a bit in the reverse. characters and story world. It took the series, that‘s why we ended From the word go, we always a little digging to establish those

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 19 THE NEW COUNTER-MEASURES

parameters, but once they became clear the rest of the pieces fell into place quite quickly.” Talking of the decade, Hugh recalls: “The Seventies were an interesting time. I‘ve been rewatching a programme on television recently looking back at what was on TV at the time, and it‘s absolutely incredible some of the things that were shown. “The attitudes were really quite shocking when compared to today, with things like sexism and racism – I was watching it with an open mouth!”

UGH IS delighted to be back as Sir Toby, and is H delighted with the latest Above: Hugn Ross Above: Karen Gledhill adventures for the team. He says: “These two new scripts are really, really good – and we had such a good time doing them. “From my point of view, I can tell “I CAN TELL THE WRITERS HAVE REALLY the writers have really taken to Toby – it‘s great for me!” Sir Toby is a fascinating character, TAKEN TO TOBY – IT‘S GREAT FOR ME!” as it’s never easy to predict exactly Hugh Ross how he will react when placed in a difficult situation. Hugh laughs: “I think there‘s lots THE NEW COUNTER-MEASURES of people like that in real life, aren‘t there? Over the years we‘ve seen WHO KILLED TOBY KINSELLA? politicians that are exactly like that. I‘ve even been told Boris Johnson Directed By: Ken Bentley is like that – apparently he‘s really CAST nice if you get to know him! He just Simon Williams (Group Captain doesn‘t do it for me, though. Gilmore), Pamela Salem (Rachel “Just look at the newspapers just Jenson), Karen Gledhill (Allison now, with all of the things that have Williams), Hugh Ross (Sir Toby come out about the private lives Kinsella), Raad Rawi (Prince Hassan Al-Nadyr), Justin Avoth of people in the public eye – it just (Mikhail), Belinda Stewart- shows you never can tell what‘s Wilson (Overton), Ian Lindsay really going on with people. (Routledge), Jot Davies (Avery), “Nobody is completely black and Alan Cox (Fanshawe) white – there are a lot of shades of grey there and the greyness is a lot OUT JUNE! of fun for me to play. CD/DOWNLOAD “A few years ago, I did the play Who Killed Toby Kinsella? Death and the Maiden, where I was by John Dorney playing the torturer. “Some nights when I went The Dead Don’t Rise on stage, I was convinced I was by Ken Bentley

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 20 THE NEW COUNTER-MEASURES

Left to right: Belinda Stewart-Wilson, Alan Cox. Jot Davies, Justin Avoth, Simon Willians , Pamela Salem, Hugh Ross, Karen Gledhill and Raad Rawi

we made a good call when planning the series, in that we wanted it to “WE WANTED [COUNTER-MEASURES] TO have its own distinct flavour, and to feel very much like a product of the era in which it is set. The New FEEL VERY MUCH LIKE A PRODUCT OF Counter-Measures will also reflect that – though now our audio series has gone from being in black and THE ERA IN WHICH IT IS SET.” white to being in full colour!” DAVID RICHARDSON Ken agrees: “All the leads are such endearing characters. responsible but on others I was OUNTER-MEASURES has a They contrast and compliment certain that it hadn‘t been me. very strong fan following, each other well, and they‘re That‘s a lovely thing to bring to C which isn‘t bad for a show delightfully British which I think is the part. based around three characters who very appealing. But an important “We‘ve had Sir Toby flirting as featured in Remembrance of the factor is that their job is to keep well, which is another side of him Daleks. the rest of us safe. That‘s a really we don‘t often get to explore, so David says: “I think we have some compelling characteristic and there‘s still plenty of areas to look really strong characters that were is the reason so many hero and at. We think we know what he‘s like, created by Ben Aaronovitch, and are superhero stories are popular.” but there‘s still a lot to examine.” played by some great actors. I think

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 21 VORTEXMAIL EMAIL: [email protected] AND REMEMBER TO PUT ‘VORTEX MAIL’ AS THE SUBJECT…

WRITTEN WORD as other stories when the budget so it’s worth doing an internet I am a fan from South Korea allows. Keep up the good work. search for them. Oh, and I loved who wants to buy the SANDRA SMITH it at Timegate 2016. A lovely Tenth Doctor Adventures Nick: Thanks, Sandra. Have a convention. audiobook. I have a question. good look around the site. There If I buy this audiobook, can I are loads of offers and even some JOURNEY‘S END? have or download the script? releases available for free. Dip in When you posted “the 2017 Because English is not my and see what you fancy. Christmas title – and the last tongue, I need the in the current run of Doctor script to understand the MISSING LINKS? Who Short Trips” in the audiobook fully. Does Outbreak require a announcement, does this mean YUJIN listener to have listened to past that Short Trips is ending with Torchwood audios or is this that title in December 2017, Nick: Yes indeed, these stand alone? because it reads that way? scripts are available as CHRIS METZGER RONALD J MAUTI supplementary material when you access your downloads Director Scott Handcock: It’s Nick: Actually… sssh… we haven’t via the Big Finish site. a brand-new, self-contained announced it yet, but another story set between series two and year’s worth of Short Trips has Children of Earth. just been commissioned. Cue applause. COMPACT DISCWORLD Thank you for attending MISSING CHAPTERS Timegate 2016 in ! It In the cover notes for The Child was a pleasure meeting you (Companion Chronicle 7.06) gentlemen. Nigel Fairs says this is (intended During the Q&A, a guest asked to be) the first play in a third if you‘d consider productions trilogy of stories. Will other than Doctor Who. I would this trilogy ever be resolved by like to suggest the Discworld a special release Companion series by Sir Terry Pratchett. I Chronicle? PERFECT TENTH very much enjoy reading them DAVE I am a new Big Finish fan. I just and would be delighted to listen received my first story, the to them as a radio show. Producer David Richardson: Tenth Doctor Limited Edition L. MICHELLE POOLE I’m afraid there are currently 1240 of 5000 box set. I am in no plans, as this was shelved love with it! I didn‘t know what Nick: A great idea. I think those when the range ended. Of to expect when I ordered it and works already have their audio course, Companion Chronicles I am definitely impressed with rights allocated to different has since been revived as an it. Thank you Big Finish, I look companies. There were some BBC annual box set, but these will be forward to more Tenth Doctor Radio adaptations. They may concentrating on the First and and Donna adventures, as well have been commercially released, Second Doctors for now.

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 22 COMINGSOON FORTHCOMING AUDIO RELEASES

JULY 2016 n DOCTOR WHO: THE EARLY ADVENTURES: JANUARY 2017 n DOCTOR WHO: A LIFE OF CRIME THE FIFTH TRAVELLER (3.2, First Doctor, Ian, (214, Seventh Doctor, Mel and Ace) Barbara, Vicki and Jospa) n DOCTOR WHO: THE STAR MEN n DOCTOR WHO – ADVENTURES: n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: RULEBOOK (221, , , Tegan and ) THE PURSUIT OF HISTORY (6.10, Fifth Doctor, Peri, download only) n DOCTOR WHO – FOURTH DOCTOR ADVENTURES: (5.7, Fourth Doctor, II and ) n DOCTOR WHO: THE CHIMES OF MIDNIGHT THE BEAST OF KRAVENOS (6.1 Fourth Doctor, n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: THE BLAME GAME LIMITED VINYL EDITION Romana II, K9, Jago & Litefoot) (6.07, , Liz, download only) n CHARLOTTE POLLARD: SERIES 02 (Box Set) n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: TBA n DOCTOR WHO: CLASSIC DOCTORS NEW n JAGO AND LITEFOOT: SERIES 12 (Box Set) (7.01, TBA, Download only) MONSTERS (Volume 1) n THE CONFESSIONS OF DORIAN GRAY: SERIES 5 n DOCTOR WHO – THE DIARY OF RIVER SONG: n THE NEW COUNTER-MEASURES: n DOCTOR WHO: THE THIRD DOCTOR SERIES 02 (Box Set, River Song, Sixth Doctor, WHO KILLED TOBY KINSELLA? ADVENTURES: (Volume 2) Seventh Doctor) n TORCHWOOD: BROKEN (2.5) n GRACELESS: SERIES 4 (Box Set) NOVEMBER 2016 n THE AVENGERS – THE LOST EPISODES: n THE PRISONER VOLUME 02 (Box Set) VOLUME 6 (Box Set) n DOCTOR WHO: ORDER n THE AVENGERS – THE LOST EPISODES: (218, Sixth Doctor and Constance) VOLUME 07 (Box Set) AUGUST 2016 n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: TBA FEBRUARY 2017 n DOCTOR WHO: FIESTA OF THE DAMNED (6.11, TBA, Download only) (215, Seventh Doctor, Mel and Ace) n DOCTOR WHO: THE EARLY ADVENTURES: n DOCTOR WHO: THE CONTINGENCY CLUB n DOCTOR WHO – FOURTH DOCTOR ADVENTURES: THE RAVELLI CONSPIRACY (222, Fifth Doctor, Adric, Tegan and Nyssa) CASUALTIES OF TIME (3.3 First Doctor, Vicki, Steven) n DOCTOR WHO - FOURTH DOCTOR ADVENTURES: (5.8, Fourth Doctor, Romana II and K9) n DOCTOR WHO: THE THIRD DOCTOR THE BATTLE (6.2 Fourth Doctor, Romana n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: DAMASCUS ADVENTURES: VOLUME 2 II and K9) (6.08 Third Doctor, Jeremy, download only) (Third Doctor and Jo) n DOCTOR WHO - NEW SERIES: THE WAR DOCTOR n THE NEW ADVENTURES OF BERNICE n SURVIVORS – SERIES 5: BOX SET VOLUME 4 (4. War Doctor, Leela) SUMMERFIELD – VOLUME 03: THE UNBOUND (Full Cast) n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: TBA UNIVERSE (Box Set) n THE AVENGERS – STEED AND MRS PEEL: (7.02, TBA, Download only) n SHERLOCK HOLMES: THE GRAPHIC NOVEL MARCH 2017 THE SACRIFICE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES (Box Set) n THE AVENGERS – STEED AND MRS PEEL: n TORCHWOOD: MADE YOU LOOK (2.6, Gwen) ADAPTATIONS n DOCTOR WHO: ZALTYS (223,Fifth Doctor, Adric, n YOU’RE HIM, AREN’T YOU? (Volume 2) Tegan and Nyssa) (Audiobook, Paul Darrow) n UNIT: THE NEW SERIES: SILENCED n DOCTOR WHO - FOURTH DOCTOR ADVENTURES: (3, Kate Stewart) THE SILENT SCREAM (6.3 Fourth Doctor, Romana SEPTEMBER 2016 n TORCHWOOD: OUTBREAK II and K9) n DOCTOR WHO: MAKER OF DEMONS (Box Set, Jack, Ianto, Gwen, Rhys, Andy) n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: TBA (216, Seventh Doctor, Mel and Ace) (7.03, TBA, Download only) DECEMBER 2016 n DOCTOR WHO: THE WAR DOCTOR: AGENTS OF n DOCTOR WHO: DOOM COALITION 4 CHAOS (Box Set, The War Doctor) n DOCTOR WHO: ABSOLUTE POWER APRIL 2017 n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: A FULL LIFE (219, Sixth Doctor and Constance) (6.09 Fourth Doctor, Romana II and Adric, n DOCTOR WHO: QUICKSILVER DOCTOR WHO - SPECIAL RELEASES download only) (220, Sixth Doctor and Constance) SPARE PARTS (LIMITED VINYL EDITION) n DOCTOR WHO: THE EARLY ADVENTURES: n THE NEW COUNTER-MEASURES: SERIES 1 (Fifth Doctor and Nyssa) THE AGE OF ENDURANCE (3.1 First Doctor, Susan, n DOCTOR WHO: SHORT TRIPS: THE HESISTATION DOCTOR WHO - SHORT TRIPS: TBA (7.04, TBA) Ian and Barbara) DEVIATION (6.12, Seventh Doctor, Bernice DOCTOR WHO - MAIN RANGE: TBA (224, TBA) n DOCTOR WHO: PHILIP HINCHCLIFFE PRESENTS Summerfield, Download only) DOCTOR WHO - FOURTH DOCTOR ADVENTURES The Genesis Chamber (2.1 Fourth Doctor, Leela) n DOCTOR WHO – THE NOVEL ADAPTATIONS: DETHRAS (6.4, Fourth Doctor and Romana II) ORIGINAL SIN (Seventh Doctor, Roz, Chris) OCTOBER 2016 n DOCTOR WHO – THE NOVEL ADAPTATIONS: COLD FUSION (TBA) Secure online ordering and n DOCTOR WHO: THE MEMORY BANK AND OTHER details of all our products n DOCTOR WHO: THE EARLY ADVENTURES: STORIES (217, Fifth Doctor, Turlough) can be found at THE SONTARANS (3.4, First Doctor, Steven, Sara) n DOCTOR WHO: DOOM COALITION 3 WWW.BIGFINISH.COM (Eighth Doctor, Liv and Helen) n DARK SHADOWS: HAUNTING MEMORIES

VORTEX MAGAZINE • PAGE 23