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Proquest Dissertations ORIBATID MITE (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) ASSEMBLAGE RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN LITTER DEPTH AND HABITAT TYPE IN A BEECH-MAPLE FOREST IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC By ZACHARY A. SYLVAIN Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal December 2007 This thesis is submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science, Entomology © Zachary A. Sylvain 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-51346-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-51346-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 3 LIST OF FIGURES .4 LIST OF APPENDICES 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 PREFACE 7 CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS 8 ABSTRACT 9 RESUME 10 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 11 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning 11 The soil/litter system in forest ecosystems 13 Arthropod study in ecology 15 Ecology of the oribatid mites 17 THESIS OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 22 LITERATURE CITED..... 25 CONNECTING STATEMENT 31 CHAPTER 2: HABITAT TYPE AS A DETERMINANT OF ORIBATID MITE (ACARI: ORIBATID A) ABUNDANCE, SPECIES RICHNESS AND ASSEMBLAGE COMPOSITION 32 ABSTRACT 32 INTRODUCTION 33 METHODS 35 RESULTS.... 40 1 DISCUSSION 42 LITERATURE CITED 45 CONNECTING STATEMENT 57 CHAPTER 3: THE EFFECTS OF LITTER DEPTH ON ORIBATID MITE (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) ASSEMBLAGES IN A BEECH-MAPLE FOREST IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC 58 ABSTRACT 58 INTRODUCTION 59 METHODS 61 RESULTS 66 DISCUSSION 68 LITERATURE CITED 72 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUSION 84 LITERATURE CITED 86 2 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: ANOVA comparing oribatid species richness and oribatid abundance in soil (four forest stand and three open field site types) and litter (four forest stand site types) samples. Data were log transformed prior to analysis, and bold type denotes significant effects 48 Table 2.2: MRPP of oribatid assemblage composition in litter from four forest stand types at the Morgan Arboretum. Differences between groups (A) were evaluated with the Sorenson (Bray-Curtis) distance measure. Data were log transformed prior to analysis, and bold type denotes significant effects 48 Table 2.3: Indicator species analysis reporting significant indicator values (a < 0.05) for oribatid mites by forest stand type. Data were pooled among dates. Monte Carlo test of 1000 runs used to test significance of maximum indicator value (IV) 49 Table 3.1: Experimental design for one set of replicates within each stand type. Four replicates were used for each treatment, with samples taken on two dates from the Morgan Arboretum 75 Table 3.2: ANOVA comparing oribatid species richness and oribatid abundance in soil and litter samples collected from beech stands. Data were log transformed prior to analysis 75 Table 3.3: ANOVA comparing oribatid species richness and oribatid abundance in soil and litter samples collected from maple stands. Data were log transformed prior to analysis 75 Table 3.4: Results of two-tailed Student's t-test comparing mean oribatid abundance and raw species richness of control treatments from beech and maple stands (a = 0.05) 76 Table 3.5: MRPP of oribatid assemblage composition in litter treatments collected from maple and beech stands at the Morgan Arboretum. Differences between groups (A) were evaluated with the Sorenson (Bray-Curtis) distance measure. Data were log transformed prior to analysis, and bold type denotes significant effects 76 Table 3.6: Indicator species analysis reporting significant indicator values (a < 0.05) for oribatid mites by litter depth. Data were pooled among sampling dates. Monte Carlo test of 1000 runs used to test significance of maximum indicator value (IV). .77 3 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1: Site locations within the Morgan arboretum of southwestern Quebec. The solid line indicates border of the Arboretum. Agricultural samples were taken from a corn field 1.6 km southwest of the Arboretum 50 Figure 2.2: Rank abundance curve for the ten most common species (full names can be found in Appendix 2.1) collected from all samples, and by contribution by forest stand type 51 Fig. 2.3: Means for a) log abundance (± SE) and b) log species richness (± SE) of oribatid mites collected from leaf litter in four forest stands at the Morgan Arboretum; log-transformed data was used in analysis, and significant differences (p < 0.05) indicated by different letters above error bars 52 Fig. 2.4: Rarefaction curve showing species richness (+ S.D.) of oribatid mites collected from leaf litter in a) July 2005, b) September 2005, and c) June 2006, separated by habitat type .53 Fig. 2.5: Three-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of log-transformed oribatid mite data pooled by date. Percent variation by axis shown in figure (final stress = 8.61, axis 1: p = 0.020, axis 2: p = 0.020, axis 3: p = 0.020) 54 Fig. 3.1: Site locations within the Morgan Arboretum of southwestern Quebec. Solid line indicates border of the Arboretum 78 Fig. 3.2: Rank abundance plot for the fourteen species most commonly collected (>100 individuals from all samples), separated by stand type (beech and maple). Species codes are found in Appendix 2.1 79 Fig. 3.3: Rarefaction curves showing species richness (±S.D.) of oribatid mites collected from leaf litter in a) maple stands and b) beech stands, separated by litter depth treatment 80 Fig. 3.4: Three-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordinations of log-transformed oribatid mite data pooled by date. Percent variation by axis shown in figure (Final stress = 9.22, axis 1: p = 0.020, axis 2: p = 0.020, axis 3: p = 0.020) 81 4 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 2.1: Oribatid mites collected from soil and litter samples within seven habitat types at the Morgan Arboretum of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec 55 Appendix 3.1: Oribatid mites collected from soil and litter samples within litter depth treatments at the Morgan Arboretum of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec 82 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr, Chris Buddie, for first introducing me to the world of soil ecology and for all the help and advice he has provided over the last two years. Through his unending support, motivation and enthusiasm, Dr. Buddie served to deepen my understanding of and appreciation for the field of ecology, and I greatly appreciate the opportunity to have worked with him. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Terry Wheeler and Dr. Frederic Beaulieu, who in addition with Dr. Buddie provided assistance and guidance in the development of my project. This research was partially funded by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Le Fonds quebecois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies, and the Department of Natural Resource Sciences (McGill University). I would also like to extend my thanks to Christina Idziak, the director of the Morgan Arboretum, for her help in allowing me to conduct my research and for providing me with materials such as maps and site information regarding various aspects of the forest. Working my way through the mire of mite identifications would have been impossible without the infinitely patient help of Dr. Valerie Behan- Pelletier of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the long hours at the microscope were made more enjoyable by the company of fellow mite-researcher, Andrea Dechene. I would also like to thank all the members of the Insect Ecology laboratory, for all the aid, entertainment and experiences they've provided me with. Lastly (but certainly not least), I would like to thank my family for their limitless support and understanding in my pursuit of this degree. 6 PREFACE This thesis contains four chapters. Chapter 1 This chapter provides a general introduction and literature review for the thesis Chapter 2 This chapter is a manuscript in preparation for submission to Pedobiologia. Sylvain, Z.A. and Buddie, CM. Habitat type as a determinant oforibatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) abundance, species richness and assemblage composition. Chapter 3 This chapter is a manuscript in preparation for submission to The Canadian Entomologist.
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