DOCSLIB.ORG

Isolation of the Chlamydomonas Regulatory Gene NIT2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Isolation of the Chlamydomonas Regulatory Gene NIT2 Copyright 0 1993 by the Genetics Society of America Isolation of the Chlamydomonas Regulatory GeneNIT2 by Transposon Tagging Rogene A. Schnell and Paul A. Lefebvre Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Plant Molecular Genetics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Manuscript received September 22, 1992 Accepted for publication March 8, 1993 ABSTRACT Genetic evidence suggests that the NIT2 gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes a positive regulator of the nitrate-assimilation pathway. To learn more about the function of the NIT2 gene product, we isolated the gene using a transposon-tagging strategy. A nit2 mutation caused by the insertion of a transposon was identified by testing spontaneous nit2 mutants for the presence of new copies of Gulliver or TOCI, transposable elements that have been identified in Chlamydomonas. In 2 of the 14 different mutants that were analyzed, a Gulliver element was found to be genetically and phenotypically associated with the nit2 mutation. Using the Gulliver element as a probe, one of the transposon-induced nit2 alleles was isolated, and a sequence adjoining the transposon was used to isolate the corresponding wild-type locus. The NIT2 gene was delimited by mapping DNA re- arrangements associated with nit2 mutations and mutant rescue by genetic transformation. The NIT2 gene encodes a 6-kb transcript that was not detected in cells grown in the presence of ammonium. Likewise, NIT2-dependent genes are repressed in ammonium-grown cells. These results suggest that repression of the NIT2 gene may mediate metabolite repression of the nitrateassimilation pathway in Chlamydomonas. HE assimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammo- trate permease, and nitrite uptake activities are un- T nium by plants, algae and some fungi and bac- detectable or greatly reduced compared to their wild- teria is the predominant point of entry of inorganic type levels (FERN~NDEZ MATAGNE and 1984; GALVAN, nitrogen into the biological realm (GUERRERO, VEGA CARDENASand FERN~NDEZ 1992;NICHOLS, SHEHATA and LOSADA1981). In this process, nitrate is trans- and SYRETT 1978; E. FERN~NDEZ,personal commu- ported into the cell and is reduced to nitrite and to nication). Comparison of NITl transcript levelsin ammonium by the consecutive action of nitrate and wild-type and nit2 mutant strains confirmed that the nitrite reductases. In the unicellular green alga Chlam- wild-type NIT2 gene is required for accumulation of ydomonas reinhardtii, mutations in seven genes (NITI- the NITl transcript (FERNANDEZet al. 1989). To our NIT7)have been described that block the assimilation knowledge, NIT2 is the first regulatory gene involved of nitrate (AGUILARet al. 1992; FERNANDEZand MA- in nitrate assimilation to be identified in a photosyn- TAGNE 1984; NICHOLSand SYRETT 1978;SOSA, OR- theticeukaryote. Progress toward identifying the TEGA and BAREA 1978). These mutations were iso- product of the NIT2 gene and understanding its reg- lated because they confer resistance to chlorate, an ulatory role is contingent upon isolation of the gene. analog of nitrate. It has been suggested that chlorate Transposable elements have provided an invaluable toxicity in wild-type cells is mediated by nitrate reduc- means for isolating genes whose productsare un- t!se, which converts chlorate to a toxic compound known (BINGHAM,LEVIS and RUBIN198 1 ; MOERMAN, (ABERG 1947), althoughother mechanisms of chlorate BENIANand WATERSTON1986; OKKEMA andKIMBLE toxicity have been proposed (BAEUERLEand HUTTNER 1991; SCHMIDT,BURR and BURR1987; TOMLINSON, 1986; COVE 1976; PRIETOand FERNANDEZ1993). KIMMELand RUBIN1988). Cloning a geneby transpo- The NITI gene encodes the nitrate reductase apoen- son tagging requires an active transposable element zyme and NIT3 through NIT7 are required for syn- for which a molecular probe is available, and a readily thesis of a molybdopterin cofactor that is essential for identifiable mutation caused by insertion of the trans- nitrate reductase activity (AGUILARet al. 1992; FER- posable element into or near the gene of interest. In NANDEZ and AGUILAR1987; FERNANDEZand MA- Chlamydomonas, two transposableelements have TAGNE 1984; FERNANDEZet al. 1989). been identified. The TOCI element has an unusual The NIT2 gene is proposed to encode a positive long terminal direct repeat structure at its ends and regulator of the nitrateassimilation pathway (FERN~N- resembles RNA-mediated transposons (DAY and Ro- DE2 and MATAGNE 1986; FERNANDEZet al. 1989). In CHAIX 1991a,b; DAY et al. 1988). The Gulliver ele- nit2 mutants, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, ni- ment has a short inverted repeat at its ends and is Genetics 134: 737-747 (July, 1993) 738 R. A. Schnell and P. A. Lefebvre flanked by an 8-bp target site duplication, hallmarks Where appropriate, NH4NOJ (5 mM) was replaced by of DNA-mediated transposons (FERRIS1989). KNOJ(4 mM), KN02 (2 mM), or urea (2 mM). Filter- sterilized solutions of KNOn, urea and potassium chlorate members thetransposable element families If of were added to media after autoclaving. Solid media con- described in Chlamydomonastranspose during mi- tained 1%agar thathad been washed extensively with toticgrowth, and if integrationoccurs randomly distilled water. Chlamydomonas strains were grown at 25" throughout the genome, then it shouldbe possible to under continuouslight, except that strains containing recover mutations causedby insertion of a transposon supcsl-2 were grown at 33" and maintained at 25". Standard methods were used for tetrad analysis (LEVINE into a particular is well-suited gene. The NIT2 gene and EBERSOLD1960). For complementation testing, Nit- for testingthe feasibility of transposontagging in mutant strains were mated with nit2 and nit1 tester strains Chlamydomonas because loss-of-function nit2 muta- (B20, B2 1, B14, B 15) andstable diploids were selected using tions can be selected on medium containing chlorate complementing mutations (EBERSOLD1967). For this selec- and wild-type revertants can be selected on medium tion, cold-sensitive supcsl-2 strains were mated with acetate- requiring ac17 strains and the mating mixtures were plated containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. onto solid medium without acetate (M) and incubated at the In thisstudy a transposon-induced nit2 mutation restrictive temperature for supcsl-2 (15 ") for 10 days. To was identified by analyzing spontaneous nit2 mutant assay complementation, at least three colony-purified dip- strains for the presence of additional or rearranged loid isolates were spotted onto medium containing nitrate copies of transposable elements. A Gulliver element as the sole nitrogen source. Growth was scored after 3 days at 25". Noncomplementing mutations should result in dip- associated with a nit2 mutation was isolated, and se- loid strains that are unable to grow on nitrate. quences contiguous to the transposon were used to Chlamydomonas cells were transformed withplasmid clone the wild-typeNIT2 gene. Analysis of transcript DNA using a previously described method (KINDLE 1990). abundance revealed that expressionof the NIT2 gene Briefly, cells containing nit2-203 and m15 were grown in was repressed in medium containing ammonium. In SGII medium and cells (2-5 X 10') were vigorously mixed with supercoiled plasmid DNA (5-10 pg), glass beads (1- light of these observations, working models for the mm diameter), and polyethylene glycol (M, 8,000) using a role of NIT2 in the regulation of nitrate assimilation Vortex mixer (Scientific Products) at top speed for 45 sec. are discussed. Plasmids used for transformation were obtained by subclon- ing restriction fragments from X47-7 (Fig. 5) into pUCl18 or pUCll9 (VIERA and MESSING 1987): pMN60 contains MATERIALS AND METHODS the 6.2-kb HindIII fragment, pMN68 contains the 12-kb Strains: Chlamydomonas strains usedin this study are SstI fragment and pMN72 contains the 10.5-kb Sal1 frag- listed in Table 1. Mutant alleles nitl-305 and nit2-203 were ment. obtained from strains 305 and 203,which were provided by Spontaneous, chlorate-resistant mutants were obtained E. FERN~NDEZ(University of Cordoba,Cordoba, Spain; by plating cells from 16 independent cultures on solid R SOSA,ORTECA and BAREA 1978). Mutant alleles nitl-137 medium containing urea as the sole nitrogen source and and nit2-137 arose spontaneously in the Ebersold-Levine either 2.5 or 5 mM potassium chlorate. Chlorate-resistant line 137c (FERN~NDEZand MATAGNE 1984). Strains A54 colonies arose at frequencies of 0.8 X to 5.6 X and A55 were progeny from a cross between strain 305 per cell. Mutants were named according to the strain and (nitl-305,mt-) and strain C6+(ac17, srl, mt'). The supcsl-2 culture from which they were isolated. For example, mutant mutation confers a cold-sensitive growth phenotype and was A55-c9 is the ninth mutant obtained from culture "c" of originally isolated as an extragenic suppressor of oryl-1 strain A55. (Rcs2) (JAMES et al. 1989).Strains C6+and T897-B2 (supcsl- Revertibility of Nit- mutations was assayed qualitatively 2 mt-) were provided by S. JAMES (Gettysburg College, by plating approximately loficells (100 p1 of a 200-pl cul- Gettysburg, Pennsylvania). Strains D66 and D67 were ob- ture), grown nonselectively from a single colony, onto me- tained from the fifth consecutive cross inwhich meiotic dium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Rever- progeny containing the cell wall mutation cw15 (DAVIESand sion frequencies from 1O-' to 1 O-fi revertants per cell were PLASKITT197 1; HYAMS andDAVIES
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cerevls Ae RNA14 Suggests That Melanogaster by Suppressor Of
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 25, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Homology with Saccharomyces cerevls ae RNA14 suggests that phenotypic suppression in Drosophila melanogaster by suppressor of f. o.rked occurs at the level of RNA stabd ty Andrew Mitchelson, Martine Simonelig, 1 Carol Williams, and Kevin O'Hare 2 Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK The suppressor of forked [su(f)] locus of Drosophila melanogaster encodes at least one cell-autonomous vital function. Mutations at su(f) can affect the expression of unlinked genes where retroviral-like transposable elements are inserted. Changes in phenotype are correlated with changes in mRNA profiles, indicating that su(f) affects the production and/or stability of mRNAs. We have cloned the su(f) gene by P-element transposon tagging. Alterations in the DNA map of eight lethal alleles were detected in a 4.3-kb region. P-element- mediated transformation using a fragment including this interval rescued all aspects of the su(f) mutant phenotype. The gene is transcribed to produce a major 2.6-kb RNA and minor RNAs of 1.3 and 2.9 kb, which are present throughout development, being most abundant in embryos, pupae, and adult females. The major predicted gene product is an 84- kD protein that is homologous to RNA14 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a vital gene where mutation affects mRNA stability. This suggests that phenotypic modification by su(f) occurs at the level of RNA stability. [Key Words: Drosophila; modifier gene; transposable element; suppression] Received October 12, 1992; accepted November 23, 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • Transposon Insertion Mutagenesis in Mice for Modeling Human Cancers: Critical Insights Gained and New Opportunities
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Transposon Insertion Mutagenesis in Mice for Modeling Human Cancers: Critical Insights Gained and New Opportunities Pauline J. Beckmann 1 and David A. Largaespada 1,2,3,4,* 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; [email protected] 2 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 3 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 4 Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-612-626-4979; Fax: +1-612-624-3869 Received: 3 January 2020; Accepted: 3 February 2020; Published: 10 February 2020 Abstract: Transposon mutagenesis has been used to model many types of human cancer in mice, leading to the discovery of novel cancer genes and insights into the mechanism of tumorigenesis. For this review, we identified over twenty types of human cancer that have been modeled in the mouse using Sleeping Beauty and piggyBac transposon insertion mutagenesis. We examine several specific biological insights that have been gained and describe opportunities for continued research. Specifically, we review studies with a focus on understanding metastasis, therapy resistance, and tumor cell of origin. Additionally, we propose further uses of transposon-based models to identify rarely mutated driver genes across many cancers, understand additional mechanisms of drug resistance and metastasis, and define personalized therapies for cancer patients with obesity as a comorbidity. Keywords: animal modeling; cancer; transposon screen 1. Transposon Basics Until the mid of 1900’s, DNA was widely considered to be a highly stable, orderly macromolecule neatly organized into chromosomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ac/Ds-Transposon Activation Tagging in Poplar: a Powerful Tool for Gene Discovery Fladung and Polak
    Ac/Ds-transposon activation tagging in poplar: a powerful tool for gene discovery Fladung and Polak Fladung and Polak BMC Genomics 2012, 13:61 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/61 (6 February 2012) Fladung and Polak BMC Genomics 2012, 13:61 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/61 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Ac/Ds-transposon activation tagging in poplar: a powerful tool for gene discovery Matthias Fladung* and Olaf Polak Abstract Background: Rapid improvements in the development of new sequencing technologies have led to the availability of genome sequences of more than 300 organisms today. Thanks to bioinformatic analyses, prediction of gene models and protein-coding transcripts has become feasible. Various reverse and forward genetics strategies have been followed to determine the functions of these gene models and regulatory sequences. Using T-DNA or transposons as tags, significant progress has been made by using “Knock-in” approaches ("gain-of- function” or “activation tagging”) in different plant species but not in perennial plants species, e.g. long-lived trees. Here, large scale gene tagging resources are still lacking. Results: We describe the first application of an inducible transposon-based activation tagging system for a perennial plant species, as example a poplar hybrid (P. tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.). Four activation-tagged populations comprising a total of 12,083 individuals derived from 23 independent “Activation Tagging Ds” (ATDs) transgenic lines were produced and phenotyped. To date, 29 putative variants have been isolated and new ATDs genomic positions were successfully determined for 24 of those. Sequences obtained were blasted against the publicly available genome sequence of P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Endogenous Transposable Element Tgm9 Is Suitable for Generating Knockout Mutants for Functional Analyses of Soybean Genes and Genetic Improvement in Soybean
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The endogenous transposable element Tgm9 is suitable for generating knockout mutants for functional analyses of soybean genes and genetic improvement in soybean Devinder Sandhu1*, Jayadri Ghosh2, Callie Johnson3, Jordan Baumbach2, Eric Baumert3, Tyler Cina3, David Grant2,4, Reid G. Palmer2,4², Madan K. Bhattacharyya2* a1111111111 1 USDA-ARS, US Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 2 Department of Agronomy, a1111111111 Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin- a1111111111 Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, United States of America, 4 USDA-ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genomics a1111111111 Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States of America a1111111111 ² Deceased. * [email protected] (DS); [email protected] (MKB) OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Sandhu D, Ghosh J, Johnson C, In soybean, variegated flowers can be caused by somatic excision of the CACTA-type trans- Baumbach J, Baumert E, Cina T, et al. (2017) The posable element Tgm9 from Intron 2 of the DFR2 gene encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reduc- endogenous transposable element Tgm9 is suitable for generating knockout mutants for tase of the anthocyanin pigment biosynthetic pathway. DFR2 was mapped to the W4 locus, functional analyses of soybean genes and genetic where the allele containing Tgm9 was termed w4-m. In this study we have demonstrated improvement in soybean. PLoS ONE 12(8): that previously identified morphological mutants (three chlorophyll deficient mutants, one e0180732. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. male sterile-female fertile mutant, and three partial female sterile mutants) were caused by pone.0180732 insertion of Tgm9 following its excision from DFR2.
    [Show full text]
  • An Everlasting Pioneer: the Story of Antirrhinum Research
    PERSPECTIVES 34. Lexer, C., Welch, M. E., Durphy, J. L. & Rieseberg, L. H. 62. Cooper, T. F., Rozen, D. E. & Lenski, R. E. Parallel und Forschung, the United States National Science Foundation Natural selection for salt tolerance quantitative trait loci changes in gene expression after 20,000 generations of and the Max-Planck Gesellschaft. M.E.F. was supported by (QTLs) in wild sunflower hybrids: implications for the origin evolution in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA National Science Foundation grants, which also supported the of Helianthus paradoxus, a diploid hybrid species. Mol. 100, 1072–1077 (2003). establishment of the evolutionary and ecological functional Ecol. 12, 1225–1235 (2003). 63. Elena, S. F. & Lenski, R. E. Microbial genetics: evolution genomics (EEFG) community. In lieu of a trans-Atlantic coin flip, 35. Peichel, C. et al. The genetic architecture of divergence experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and the order of authorship was determined by random fluctuation in between threespine stickleback species. Nature 414, genetic bases of adaptation. Nature Rev. Genet. 4, the Euro/Dollar exchange rate. 901–905 (2001). 457–469 (2003). 36. Aparicio, S. et al. Whole-genome shotgun assembly and 64. Ideker, T., Galitski, T. & Hood, L. A new approach to analysis of the genome of Fugu rubripes. Science 297, decoding life. Annu. Rev. Genom. Human. Genet. 2, Online Links 1301–1310 (2002). 343–372 (2001). 37. Beldade, P., Brakefield, P. M. & Long, A. D. Contribution of 65. Wittbrodt, J., Shima, A. & Schartl, M. Medaka — a model Distal-less to quantitative variation in butterfly eyespots. organism from the far East.
    [Show full text]
  • Throughout the Maize Genome for Use in Regional Mutagenesis Judith M. Kolkman* , Liza J. Conrad
    Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on November 1, 2004 as 10.1534/genetics.104.033738 Distribution of Activator (Ac) Throughout the Maize Genome for Use in Regional Mutagenesis Judith M. Kolkman*1, Liza J. Conrad*†1, Phyllis R. Farmer*, Kristine Hardeman††, Kevin R. Ahern*, Paul E. Lewis*, Ruairidh J.H. Sawers*, Sara Lebejko††, Paul Chomet†† and Thomas P. Brutnell*2 *Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; †Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; ††Monsanto/Mystic Research, Mystic, CT 06355 Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Libraries under accession nos. AY559172-AY559221, AY559223-AY559234, AY618471-AY618479 1 Running Head: Ac Insertion Sites in Maize Key words: transposition, transposon tagging, mutagenesis, Ac, maize 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 2 Corresponding author: Thomas P. Brutnell Boyce Thompson Institute Cornell University 1 Tower Road Ithaca, NY 14853 Phone: 607-254-8656 Fax: 607-254-1242 email: [email protected] 2 ABSTRACT A collection of Activator (Ac) containing, near-isogenic W22 inbred lines has been generated for use in regional mutagenesis experiments. Each line is homozygous for a single, precisely positioned Ac element and the Ds reporter, r1-sc:m3. Through classical and molecular genetic techniques, 158 transposed Ac elements (tr-Acs) were distributed throughout the maize genome and 41 were precisely placed on the linkage map utilizing multiple recombinant inbred populations. Several PCR techniques were utilized to amplify DNA fragments flanking tr-Ac insertions up to 8 kb in length. Sequencing and database searches of flanking DNA revealed the majority of insertions are in hypomethylated, low or single copy sequences indicating an insertion site preference for genic sequences in the genome.
    [Show full text]
  • 483.Full.Pdf
    Copyright 8 1988 by the Genetics Society for America Molecular Analysis of the Neurogenic Locus mastermind of Drosophila melanogaster Barry Yedvobnick, David Smoller, Pamela Young and Diane Mills Department of Biology, Emoq University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Manuscript received August 25, 1987 Revised copy accepted November 21, 1987 ABSTRACT The neurogenic loci comprise a small group of genes which are required for proper division between the neural and epidermal pathways of differentiation within the neuroectoderm. Loss of neurogenic gene function results in the misrouting of prospective epidermal cells into neuroblasts. A molecular analysis of the neurogenic locus mastermind (mam)has been initiated through transposon tagging with P elements. Employing the Harwich strain as the source of P in a hybrid dysgenesis screen, 6000 chromosomes were tested for the production of lethal mam alleles and eight mutations were isolated. The mam region is the site of residence of a P element in Harwich which forms the focus of a chromosome breakage hotspot. Hybrid dysgenic induced mum alleles elicit cuticular and neural abnormalities typical of the neurogenic phenotype, and in five of the eight cases the mutants appear to retain a P element in the cytogenetic region (50CD) of mum. Utilizing P element sequence as probe, mam region genomic DNA was cloned and used to initiate a chromosome walk extending over 120 kb. The physical breakpoints associated with the hybrid dysgenic alleles fall within a 60- kb genomic segment, predicting this as the minimal size of the mam locus barring position effects. The locus contains a high density of repeated elements of two classes; Opa (CAX), and (dC-dA), * (dG-dT),.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of the Maize Gravitropism Gene Lazy Plant1 by a Transposon-Tagging Genome Resequencing Strategy Thomas P
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty Publications Cell and Molecular Biology 2014 Identification of the Maize Gravitropism Gene lazy plant1 by a Transposon-Tagging Genome Resequencing Strategy Thomas P. Howard III Andrew P. Hayward See next page for additional authors Creative Commons License /"> This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication 1.0 License. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cmb_facpubs Citation/Publisher Attribution Howard TP, Hayward AP, Tordillos A, Fragoso C, Moreno MA, Tohme J, Kausch AP, Mottinger JP, Dellaporta SL. (2014). "Identification of the maize gravitropism gene lazy plant1 by a transposon-tagging genome resequencing strategy." PLoS One. 9(1): e87053. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087053 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Cell and Molecular Biology at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Thomas P. Howard III, Andrew P. Hayward, Anthony Tordillos, Christopher Fragoso, Maria A. Moreno, Joe Tohme, Albert P. Kausch, John P. Mottinger, and Stephen L. Dellaporta This article is available at DigitalCommons@URI: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cmb_facpubs/12 Identification of the Maize Gravitropism Gene lazy plant1 by a Transposon-Tagging Genome Resequencing Strategy Thomas
    [Show full text]
  • 1471-2164-8-116.Pdf
    BMC Genomics BioMed Central Research article Open Access Sequence-indexed mutations in maize using the UniformMu transposon-tagging population A Mark Settles*1, David R Holding2, Bao Cai Tan1, Susan P Latshaw1, Juan Liu3, Masaharu Suzuki1, Li Li1, Brent A O'Brien1, Diego S Fajardo1, Ewa Wroclawska1, Chi-Wah Tseung1, Jinsheng Lai4, Charles T Hunter III1, Wayne T Avigne1, John Baier1, Joachim Messing4, L Curtis Hannah1, Karen E Koch1, Philip W Becraft3, Brian A Larkins2 and Donald R McCarty1 Address: 1Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, 3Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA and 4Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Email: A Mark Settles* - [email protected]; David R Holding - [email protected]; Bao Cai Tan - [email protected]; Susan P Latshaw - [email protected]; Juan Liu - [email protected]; Masaharu Suzuki - [email protected]; Li Li - [email protected]; Brent A O'Brien - [email protected]; Diego S Fajardo - [email protected]; Ewa Wroclawska - [email protected]; Chi-Wah Tseung - [email protected]; Jinsheng Lai - [email protected]; Charles T Hunter - [email protected]; Wayne T Avigne - [email protected]; John Baier - [email protected]; Joachim Messing - [email protected]; L Curtis Hannah - [email protected]; Karen E Koch - [email protected]; Philip W Becraft - [email protected]; Brian A Larkins - [email protected]; Donald R McCarty - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 9 May 2007 Received: 29 August 2006 Accepted: 9 May 2007 BMC Genomics 2007, 8:116 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-116 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/116 © 2007 Settles et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Floral Homeotic Mutations Produced by Transposon-Mutagenesis in Antirrhinum Majus
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 23, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Floral homeotic mutations produced by transposon-mutagenesis in Antirrhinum majus Rosemary Carpenter ~ and Enrico S. Coen John Innes Institute, AFRC Institute of Plant Science Research, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK To isolate and study genes controlling floral development, we have carried out a large-scale transposon- mutagenesis experiment in Antirrhinum majus. Ten independent floral homeotic mutations were obtained that could be divided into three classes, depending on whether they affect (1) the identity of organs within the same whorl; (2) the identity and sometimes also the number of whorls; and (3) the fate of the axillary meristem that normally gives rise to the flower. The classes of floral phenotypes suggest a model for the genetic control of primordium fate in which class 2 genes are proposed to act in overlapping pairs of adjacent whorls so that their combinations at different positions along the radius of the flower can specify the fate and number of whorls. These could interact with class 1 genes, which vary in their action along the vertical axis of the flower to generate bilateral symmetry. Both of these classes may be ultimately regulated by class 3 genes required for flower initiation. The similarity between some of the homeotic phenotypes with those of other species suggests that the mechanisms controlling whorl identity and number have been highly conserved in plant evolution. Many of the mutations obtained show somatic and germinal instability characteristic of transposon insertions, allowing the cell-autonomy of floral homeotic genes to be tested for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Analysis of Tomato Genes Expressed During the Cf-4/Avr4-Induced Hypersensitive Response Suzan Gabriëls
    Functional analysis of tomato genes expressed during the Cf-4/Avr4-induced hypersensitive response Suzan Gabriëls Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. P.J.G.M. de Wit, hoogleraar in de Fytopathologie Co-promotor: Dr. ir. M.H.A.J. Joosten, universitair docent, Laboratorium voor Fytopathologie Promotiecommissie: Dr. D.A. Jones, Australian National University, Canberra, Australië Prof. dr. ir. C.M.J. Pieterse, Universiteit Utrecht Dr. ir. M.B. Sela-Buurlage, De Ruiter Seeds CV, Bergschenhoek Prof. dr. A.H.J. Bisseling, Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool Experimental Plant Sciences. Functional analysis of tomato genes expressed during the Cf-4/Avr4-induced hypersensitive response Suzan Gabriëls Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 15 mei 2006 des namiddags te half twee in de Aula Functional analysis of tomato genes expressed during the Cf-4/Avr4-induced hypersensitive response Suzan Gabriëls Thesis Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2006 With references – with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN 90-8504-405-7 CONTENTS Chapter 1 General introduction and outline 7 Chapter 2 cDNA-AFLP£, combined with functional analysis, reveals novel genes involved in the hypersensitive response 19 Chapter 3 Functional analysis of Avr-responsive tomato genes reveals their role in resistance to Cladosporium fulvum 63 Chapter 4 An NB-LRR protein required for HR signaling mediated by both extra- and intracellular resistance proteins 87 Chapter 5 General discussion 117 Summary 131 Samenvatting 133 Dankwoord 137 Curriculum Vitae 141 CHAPTER 1 General Introduction and Outline Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Plant diseases can cause severe losses to field and glasshouse crops and have threatened global food and feed security several times in the history of mankind.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Application of the En Transposable Element and Genetic Study of Resistance to Bipolaris Maydis in Maize Ru-Ying Chang Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1995 Analysis and application of the En transposable element and genetic study of resistance to Bipolaris maydis in maize Ru-Ying Chang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Genetics Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Chang, Ru-Ying, "Analysis and application of the En transposable element and genetic study of resistance to Bipolaris maydis in maize " (1995). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10767. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10767 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directfy from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aiQr type of conq)uter printer. The qnali^ of this reprodnction is dependent npon the qnali^ of the copy snbmitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard marging, and inqiroper alignment can adversefy affect reproduction. In the tmlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]